volcanoes - california state university, sacramento · this is all the major volcanoes in the...
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Volcanoes
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Volcanic Hazards
• Lava
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Kinds of lava
• Basalt
• Andesite
• Rhyolite
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Kinds of lava
Basalt - thin, runny, ocean floor
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Andesite - thicker, gooier,
continental. Makes lava flows
and explosions
Mt. Lassen, 1915
Mt. Shasta
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Rhyolite - thickest, gooiest, most
explosive
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Kalapana, 1990
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Now lets do the chart for lava
• Nature and severity of the hazard • How can it be avoided or mitigated?
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Volcanic Hazards
• Lava • Pyroclastics - broken fragments produced in
explosive eruptions
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Volcanic Hazards
• Lava • Pyroclastics - broken fragments produced in
explosive eruptions – Tephra: Bombs, cinders, ash
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Bombs
Hardened blob of lava or a chunk of blown-out debris
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Cinders
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Hazards from large tephra (bombs, cinders)
• Impact • Burial • Agricultural losses
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Heimaey, Iceland, 1973
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Let’s do the chart for bombs and cinders
• Nature and severity of hazard? • How can it be avoided or mitigated?
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Ash
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Volcanic ash - shards of glass
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Hazards from Ash
• Lung damage • Mechanical damage
– Aircraft engines, etc. • Burial • Agricultural damage • Climate change
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Let’s do the chart
• Nature and severity of hazard:
• Mitigation & avoidance:
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Volcanic Hazards
• Lava • Pyroclastics - broken fragments produced in
explosive eruptions – Bombs, cinders, ash – Pyroclastic flows
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Mont Pelee, Martinique, 1902
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Pyroclastic flow
• Superheated gas and droplets of magma • Rolls downslope as a fluid at high speed and
high temperature • Mt. Pelee, Krakatau • Mt Unzen – killed 43 geologists and
journalists • http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Cvjwt9nnwXY
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Let’s do the chart
• Nature and severity of hazard? • Avoidance or mitigation?
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Volcanic Hazards
• Lava • Pyroclastics - broken fragments produced in
explosive eruptions – Bombs, cinders, ash – Pyroclastic flows
• Mudflows (lahars) - volcanic ash and water
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Lahar
Volcanic ash and hot water run downhill as a mudflow
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Nevado Del Ruiz,
November 1985
Eruption melts
glacier, generates
lahars
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Lahar runs down
canyon
Village on high ground was spared
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23,000 dead as lahar hits Armero,
a downstream market town ���
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Mt. Rainier: Volcano has significant weathering of large ash deposits, making lahars possible without eruption
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Some Sirens Fail, Students Straggle In Lahar Test POSTED: 9:08 am PDT October 4, 2006TACOMA, Wash. -- Two of Pierce County's emergency sirens in Puyallup failed and some Orting students straggled during Tuesday's test for a possible mudflow from Mount Rainier. The system of 25 sirens is tested twice a year. Officials also tested a new automated phone-calling system yesterday and found that it reached more than one-thousand homes and businesses in Puyallup. In Orting, some of the children evacuating schools wouldn't have escaped a 30-foot wall of mud. School officials say it took 45 minutes for them to walk to safe ground -- about five minutes too long. The hike was especially hard on students younger than second graders.
Channel 7, Tacoma
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Sakurajima
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Let’s do the chart
• Nature and severity of hazard? • Avoidance and mitigation?
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Volcanic Hazards
• Lava • Pyroclastics - broken fragments produced in
explosive eruptions – Bombs, cinders, ash – Pyroclastic flows
• Mudflows (lahars) - volcanic ash and water • Gases - CO2, sulfur gases
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Lake Nyos, Cameroon
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CO2 release
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Water pumped up from
bottom - spray lets CO2
release into air
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One last time to the chart
• Nature and severity? • Avoidance and mitigation?
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Types of volcanoes
• Shield
• Composite (stratovolcano)
• Cinder Cone
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Shield
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, seen from Kilauea
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Shield volcanoes • Basaltic lava • Broad, gentle slope • Quiet lava eruptions
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Stratovolcanoes Fuji, Rainier, Hood, Vesuvius
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Stratovolcano hazards
• Lava - andesite/rhyolite
• Pyroclastics – Tephra – Ash – Pyroclastic flows
• Mudflows • Gases
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This is ALL the major volcanoes in the world, so we have to subtract out our hot-spot shield volcanoes to recognize where
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Cinder Cones
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Cinder cones
• Can be small independent volcanoes, or found on larger volcanoes
• Pockets of gas cause small explosions
• Basalt, andesite, less frequently rhyolite
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Now let’s do the chart
Type of volcano Lava?
Shield
Stratovolcano
Cinder cone
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Now let’s do the chart
Type of volcano Size and shape?
Shield
Stratovolcano
Cinder cone
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Now let’s do the chart
Type of volcano Plate setting?
Shield
Stratovolcano
Cinder cone
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Now let’s do the chart
Type of volcano hazards??
Shield
Stratovolcano
Cinder cone
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Social Policy and Volcanoes
• Monitoring and managing evacuations
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Monitor-ing
issues
• Who pays? • Who initiates? • Geopolitical stability
U.S. Volcano Disaster Assistance Program
USGS, http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/index.php
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Social Policy and Volcanoes
• Monitoring and managing evacuations • Managing property loss - volcanic zoning
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USGS, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/hazards/maps.html
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Miller, 1980, USGS Bulletin 1503
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USGS http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/lvo/hazards/pfzone_both.php
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Social Policy and Volcanoes
• Monitoring and managing evacuations • Managing property loss - volcanic zoning • Prediction