voices for development world conference social cohesionnaswsa.co.za/conference2013/presentations/26...
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Voices for Development World Conference
Social Cohesion Marlene de Beer [email protected]
1 26 Sept. 2013
Research Objectives in progress:
• clarify the conceptual meanings /
discourses of social cohesion (develop a
conceptual framework);
• identify philosophical and theoretical
underpinnings of the concept social
cohesion (economic, political,
sociological);
• present emerging models around social
cohesion;
• indicate the relation of social cohesion to
education [email protected] 2 26 Sept.2013
[email protected] 3 26 Sept.2013
Research design and methods
• integrate philosophical,
theoretical and conceptual
analysis and mapping
• combine qualitative empirical
fieldwork data (interviews)
• broad category of analytical
research [email protected] 5 26 Sept.2013
Theoretical considerations:
• Ëmile Durkheim’s mechanical and organic
solidarity; theory on suicide
• Ferdinand Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft und
Gesellschaft
• Max Weber; Talcott Parsons; Karl Marx
• Foucauldian spirit (Social theory)
– power-knowledge-discourse
• Postmodern / poststructural / postcolonial
• Critical theory /research
• Black Consciousness (Steve Biko) & Frantz
Fanon
• Education, e.g. Paulo Freire, John Dewey [email protected] 6 26 Sept.2013
7. Unity Serving humanity & the planet, social justice, future generations,
global governance - Globalism
6. Inclusion Making a difference in people’s lives, caring for disadvantaged,
environmentalism, strategic alliances - Regionalism
3. Self-Esteem Building a sense of self-worth, order & effectiveness, worthiness,
systems & rules, materialism, power - Feudalism
2. Belonging Developing supportive/harmonious interpersonal relationships -
Tribes
1. Survival Physical & economical survival, health, safety & security - Clans
5. Cohesion Finding meaning in existence, shared vision & values, community
spirit - Democracy
4. TRANSFORMATION Balancing self-interest with collective/group interest, self-
determination, citizen local governance involvement -
Nationalism
Self-inte
rest
Com
mon G
ood
integrated: Richard Barret
Levels of Consciousness & Life Themes: Motivations, positive focus, era of consciousness development
26 Sept.2013
Upper Left (UL)
I: interior-individual
intentional, subjective
self & consciousness
invisible states of mind…
Upper Right (UR)
IT: individual-exterior
brain and organism
behavioural-objective
(measure /quantify)
Lower Left (LL)
WE: interior-collective
cultural, inter-subjective
invisible web of culture
(relationships, norms,
boundaries, customs) &
worldview
Lower Right (LR)
ITS: exterior-collective
social, inter-objective
social systems (visible
social structures, e.g.
education, political) &
environment
KEN WILBER’S INTEGRAL 4 QUADRANTS
[email protected] 8 26 Sept.2013
Basic Physiological Needs
Safety, Security
Belonging, Social Activity
Status, Esteem
Self
actualization
Non Dual
Causal State
Subtle State
Psychic
State
A combination of Maslow and Wilber's Theories
Space given to Self
Focus on Self Interests
Space given to Spirituality
Focus on Common Good
Vision Logic, Post-
Conventional or Self-
Transcendence
Inte
gra
lN
ot
Inte
gra
l
Tra
nsp
ers
onal
also see: http://web.hec.ca/leadergraphies/dropdown/leadergraphies_series.htm
[email protected] 9 26 Sept.2013
8
Turquoise
Whole
View
Holistic
‘We expe-
rience’
Collective individualism; Cosmic Spirituality; Earth Changes;
Synergy of all life forms/forces; Planetary concerns 1st;
Transpersonal; Experientialistic
7Yellow
FlexFlow
Integral
‘I learn’
Big-picture views of living/Natural Systems; Integrative
structures/evolutionary flows; Align systems; Self-principle;
Multiple Realities; Knowledge; Existential; Chaos & change
6
Green
Human
Bond
Consensus
‘We
become’
Egalitarian; Humanitarian; Feelings; Sharing; Caring;
Community; Consensus Seeking Spirituality; Sociocentric;
Relativistic
5
Orange
Strive
Drive
Strategic
‘I improve’
Materialistic; Consumerism; Economic focus / competition;
Goal Orientated; Success; Image; Status; Growth; Analyze;
Rational; Scientific; Multiplistic
4
Blue
Truth Force
Authority
‘We are saved’
Meaning; Find purpose; Bring order; Stability; Discipline;
Traditions; Morality; Rules; Guilt-based obedience to higher authority; Absolutistic; Saintly; Sacrificial; ‘one right way’
3
Red
Power
Gods
Egocentric
‘I control’
Gratification; Glitz; Conquest; Action; Impulsive; Break free;
Be strong; Exploitive; Lives for Now
2Purple
KinSpirits
Animistic
‘We are
safe’
Rites; Rituals; Taboos; Superstitions; Tribes; Traditional;
Folk Ways and Lore; Mysterious world / mystical
1
Beige
Survival
Sense
Instinctive
‘I survive’
Food; Water; Procreation; Warmth; Protection; Stay Alive;
Reactive; Automatic
[email protected] 10 26 Sept.2013
N Navigating - Self/System
Rational, Knowing
Integrated Local-Global GENE Pool
GENE – I - US E
Emerging - Self/Other Imaginal, Holistic,
Becoming, Consciousness
S Grounding- Self/Society
Experiential, Narrative live story, Being, Humanistic, Community, Living Together
W Effecting - self/Enterprise
Empirical, Practical, Doing
Source: Lessem, Trans-cultural Centre, Social & Economic Transformation [email protected]
11 26 Sept.2013
Sacred: Preparing the Soil G: Personal: Planting the Seed
E: Chthonic: the Roots Emerge
N: Relational: Growing the Tree
E: Transformative: Harvesting the Fruit
Organic Research: Feminine Spirituality meets Transpersonal Research (1998) & Organic Inquiry: If Research Were Sacred (2000) by Jennifer Clements, Dorothy Ettling, Diane Jenett & Lisa Shields & Integrating Psychology and Spirituality through the Feminine Principle (2003) by Makgathi Mokwena:
[email protected] 12 26 Sept.2013
SOCIAL COHESION TREE
Roots: (shared values)
Bill of Rights; Reconciliation; Nation building, Human Dignity
SA Constitution; Democracy
Branches – fruits: cohesive &
sustainable practices
for the greater good
Trunk:
integrated policies, systems & structures
Good Governance & Leadership
[email protected] 13 26 Sept.2013
Malay term: • Spiritual • Physical • Intellectual • Cultural • Emotional, Ethical Economic, Ecological • pSycological (mental)
S.P.I.C.E.S
sejahtera
[email protected] 15 26 Sept.2013
UBUNTU
…syllabuses:100
…Code of Conduct
…Pledge
…Moral Regeneration Movement
core (and associated) values:
humanness warmth, tolerance, understanding, peace, humanity;
caring empathy, sympathy, helpfulness, charitable, friendliness;
sharing giving, redistribution, openhandedness;
respect commitment, dignity, order, normative;
compassion love, cohesion, forgiveness,
spontaneity.
‘I am because you are’ - To be human is to affirm one’s
humanity by recognizing the humanity of others in its infinite
variety of content and form. It renders a human-ness, whole-
ness and flow of be-ing and becoming …plurality of its
voices… a spirit of fellowship…
26 Sept.2013
SA COHESION
TENSION-FIELD
PENDULUM
multiculturalism assimilation
UBUNTU
anti-racism
European
Colonialism
British Imperialism
Apartheid / Afrikaner Nationalism
African Renaissance
desegregation &
gradual integration
segregation
[email protected] 17 26 Sept.2013
MICRO
MACRO
MESO
groups religious; cultural;
linguistic; racial;
social; economical…
society
political
country
organisational
NGO’s
Business
schools
community (Tonnies)
individual (Durkheim)
global
international
continent AU & EU
regional Sub-Saharan
commonality
diversity
COMMONALITY AND DIVERSITY TENSION-FIELD PENDULUM
(adapted from Van Loggerenberg, ’90)
T
R
U
S
T
18
26 Sept.2013
‘Integrated or separate development’
(social cohesion spectrum)
separate
development
living
apart
integration
living
together
voluntary
statutory
interdependence
Peaceful
co-existence
tolerance
Critical
multiculturalism
Intercultural
understanding
Diversity /pluralism
Human rights
Social justice
26 Sept.2013
Horizontal Social Capital
Bridging
(cross-cutting ties)
Bonding
(kin, religious,
& ethnic based)
Communities
& individuals
State &
markets
(in Colletta & Cullen, 2000:14)
Low social cohesion = high conflict
•Exclusion
•Oppressive, authoritarian state
•Inequity / Inequality
•Corrupt, inefficient bureaucracy
•Closed society
High social cohesion = low conflict
•Inclusion
•Rule of law; democratic state
•Access & equality of opportunity
•Efficient, noncorrupt bureaucracy
•Open society
WB perspective:
20
26 Sept.2013
Jane Jenson and Martin Papillon (2001) “Canadian
Diversity Model: a Repertoire in Search of a
Framework” … choosing bipolar mix of dimensions:
(economic) freedoms - - - - - - - - - security
heterogeneity - - - - - - - - uniformity
Individual - - - - - - - - - group rights
asymmetry - - - - - - - - symmetry
26 Sept.2013
The Canadian Policy Research Network,
Social Cohesion Network,
Strategic Research and Analysis,
Department of Canadian Heritage,
University of Montreal
belonging - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - isolation
inclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - exclusion
participation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - non-involvement
recognition - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - rejection
legitimacy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - illegitimacy
equality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - inequality
ongoing process– reciprocity,
trust, hope & shared values
Social Cohesion bipolar dimensions…
[email protected] 22 26 Sept.2013
Spheres
of activity
Character of
the relation
Formal /
institutional
arrangements in
place in society
Substantial /
actual
behavioral
outcomes
Socio-cultural (4) Recognition /
rejection
(1) Belonging /
isolation
Political (5) Legitimacy /
illegitimacy
(3) Participation
/ non-
involvement
Economic (2) Inclusion /
exclusion
(6) Equality /
inequality
Typology of the dimensions of Social Cohesion
(taken and slightly adapted from Paul Bernard, 1999:20) [email protected]
23 26 Sept.2013
Wanting to take part
(vs. dropping out / opting out)
[willingness] Being allowed to take part
(vs. discrimination)
Being able to take part
(vs. deprivation, enabling)
[capacity]
Talja Blockland (2000) & Kees Schuyt (1997)
(Netherlands) Social Cohesion, Community and
Solidarity… Relationships…
Social cohesion involves three processes of…
‘SIMPLER THAN YOU THINK,
MORE COMPLEX THAN YOU IMAGINE’
[email protected] 24 26 Sept.2013
http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/uk/uk_sum_chartelogos.htm
2001-2010 UN Decade for a Culture of Peace and
Non-Violence for the Children of the World Manifesto & Pledge -
dignity;prejudice; discrimination
social; vulnerability; deprivation
exclusion;injustice; generosity spirit
cultural diversity; expression
development; balance
participation; women; community
UNESCO’s Culture of Peace
[email protected] 26 26 Sept.2013
T
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COHESION TENSION-FIELD PENDULUM
Evolutionary process of
building & braking…
RECONSTRUCTION
RECONCILIATION
RESOLUTION
CULTURE OF PEACE
Delors Report: Learning
the Treasure Within
[email protected] 27 26 Sept.2013
UNESCO / Delors Report: Four Pillars of Education – Learning to …Know …Do …Be …Live Together -
developing an understanding of others, of their history,
their traditions and their spirituality
http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/DELOR2_E.PDF http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/15_62.pdf http://www.unesco.org/delors/ltoknow.htm http://www.unesco.org/delors/ltodo.htm http://www.unesco.org/delors/ltobe.htm http://www.unesco.org/delors/ltolive.htm
Learning the Treasure Within /Education for the Twenty-first Century 1996) [email protected]
28 26 Sept.2013
Academically Relevant & Liberating
(‘pedagogy of the oppressed’)
Recreationally Enriched-ing &
Unifying (Olympic Team Spirit; healthy &
balanced human beings)
Socially Engaged /Immersed (community
service, caring, sharing, giving, humanitarian,
altruistic)
[email protected] 29 26 Sept.2013
SA EDUCATION &
SOCIAL COHESION:
Celebrating Difference: The Teacher (Mail&Guardian)
Kagiso TV, Electoral Institute of SA, Mott Foundation
http://www.teacher.co.za/menus/celebrate.html
Democracy for All: Centre for Social-Legal Studies, Natal
U & USAID http://www.csls.org.za/dfaintro.html
Tiisa Thuto
(strengthen education) http://www.tiisathuto.org.za/
DoE: Values, Education & Democracy (social justice &
equity, non-racism & non-sexism, Ubuntu, reconciliation) http://education.pwv.gov.za/DoE_Sites/Values/race_and_values_i
n_education%20Index.htm
Tirisano ( Working Together)
Simunye – We are one
[email protected] 30 26 Sept.2013
“Higher education itself is confronted
therefore with formidable challenges and
must proceed to the most radical change and
renewal it has ever been required to
undertake, so that our society, which is
currently undergoing a profound crisis of
values, can transcend mere economic
considerations and incorporate deeper
dimensions of morality and spirituality.” http://www.unesco.org/education/wche/declaration.shtml
World Declaration on Higher Education for the twenty-
first Century: Vision and Action, adopted by the World
Conference on Higher Education, 9 October 1998,
section from the preamble. [email protected] 31 26 Sept.2013
• ANC. 2012. Social Transformation. Policy Discussion
Document.
• Department of Arts and Culture convened the National
Social Cohesion Summit July 2013: social cohesion
was based on four key pillars - diversity,
inclusiveness, access and values
• “Working Together to Create a Caring and Proud
Society. Discussion Document: A National Strategy for
Developing an Inclusive and Cohesive South African
Society.”
• The Report of the Ministerial Committee on
Transformation and Social Cohesion and the Elimination
of Discrimination in Public Higher Education Institutions
(2008) and the Report of the Ministerial Committee on
Progress towards Transformation and Social Cohesion
and the Elimination of Discrimination in Public Higher
Education Institutions (2010) [email protected] 32 26 Sept.2013
…with two exceptions, i.e. UCT and UKZN, there
was no attempt by institutions to engage with the
concept of social cohesion (2008:39).
“...most of the institutional submissions were
silent on the concept of ‘social cohesion’”
(2010:15).
“The Committee correctly identifies the possibility
that the silence might relate to the fact that the
concept is contested” (2010:15-16).
“Indeed this is a concept which requires greater
interrogation and debate...” (2010:16). [email protected]
33 26 Sept.2013
Some meanings of social cohesion that
emerged from the submissions included
(2008:39-41 & 2010:15-17):
• social cohesion as in belonging (UFS);
• racial integration (UP);
• the value of ubuntu (NMMU);
• cultural integration around the institution’s
values (UJ);
• process of reconciliation and
transformation (UNISA);
• healing (UKZN); and
• unity in diversity (UCT).
26 Sept.2013
Parliament of the World’s Religions (PWR), Cape
Town, December 1999:
• UN Spiritual Forum
• Towards a Global Ethic -
A culture of -
• non-violence and respect for life
• solidarity and just economic order
• tolerance and a life of truthfulness
• equal rights and partnerships between men &
women
How? · Building community in diversity
· Commitment to sustainability
· Striving for justice
· Solidarity and service
· Seeking spiritual grounding
• A call to our Guiding Institutions… [email protected] 36
26 Sept.2013
The word religion derives from the Latin
re-ligio; “relinking”.
The very purpose of true religion, then, is to
heal the rifts and alienations which have
caused us to become separated from the
divine Source of Being: the rifts between
humanity and Nature; between matter and
spirit; between mind and body; between man
and woman; between our own egos and the
Soul of Nature; relinking of consciousness.
http://www.lkwdpl.org/wildideas/deepculture.html
Wild Ideas Lecture Series, Civilization and Crisis, Deep
Culture, Quotron, April 20, 2002 [email protected]
37 26 Sept.2013
•The Bahá’í International Community - Habitat II
conference 1996: ‘Our challenge, therefore, is
to redesign and develop our communities
around those universal principles - including
love, honesty, moderation, humility,
hospitality, justice and unity - which promote
social cohesion, and without which no
community, no matter how economically
prosperous, intellectually endowed or
technologically advanced, can long endure.’
Bahá’í Community: •‘order’ is the principle of ‘unity in diversity’
•Social Cohesion Institute (Jan 2001 UK) [email protected] 38 26 Sept.2013
• ‘Human ideal’ - common to the greater good
Social cohesion is about & affected by
• Conflict - ethnic / civil unrest or political violence;
tension // diversity & commonality
• Peace making/-keeping, or post-conflict peace
building, reconstruction, reconciliation & nation building
(social solidarity /coherence /belonging / values /ethics
/what binds us together?)
• going beyond treating symptoms of Exclusion &
discrimination e.g. poverty, racism, sexism, class,
Whiteness, Privilege
• greater Justice - human rights, diversity, equality,
well-being, quality of life, dignity and democratic
freedom, access [email protected]
39 26 Sept.2013
COHESION TENSION-FIELD PENDULUM
Social
order / control?
Social
disorder
/ chaos?
Self-organising system
Non-linear Oscillation
Bifurcation
Equilibrium
Gaia…?
T.S. Elliot – having gone full circle…
“and in the end, we arrive back at the
beginning, and know the place for the
first time.”
26 Sept.2013
[email protected] 41 26 Sept.2013
Social cohesion has a surface intellectual /
rational level and learning (left brain activity),
but the profoundness of it lies beneath and
being prepared to work with it on an
emotional, psychological (intra and inter) and
spiritual level of learning, doing, experiencing
and living (right brain activity). [email protected] 42 26 Sept.2013
[email protected] 43 26 Sept.2013
Acknowledgment to UKZN Centre for Critical Research
on Race & Identity (ccrri) for partial research funding
(through DHET & NRF)