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1 TheVOICE Monday, April 21-27, 2014

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4 TheVOICE Monday, April 21-27, 2014LOCAL

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EDITORIAL

Chief Editor - Kyaw Min Swe, Editor in-Charge-Zeya Thu, Managing Editor-Kyaw Naing, Contributor -Nathan Maung, Senior Executive Editors - Kyaw San Min, Khine Cho Zaw Win Tin, Zin Zin Thaw, Thiri Zaw, Nwet Kay Khine, Senior Editors-Mya Hnin Aye, Thu Rein Hlaing @ Khunn Thu, Editorial Secretary- Aung Soe, Graphic Editors - Myo Htoo Htet, Ngu War Khine, Soe Han, Hein Tint, Photo Editor-Moe Kyaw Lwin, Foreign Affairs - Aung Kyaw Soe (Desk Editor), Tin Aye Kyaw, Thant Zin Soe, Aung Nyein Chan, Phyo Min Thant,Editors - Aung Bo Bo Shein, Kyaw Swar Soe, Min Myo, Kyi Kyi Lwin, Moe Khine, Kyu Kyu Thin (Moe Myay), Zin Marlar Htay@Green, Aung Aung Tun, Editorial Assistant- Swe Nyein Aye, Chan Nyein Phyu, Thiri Win Thu Lwin. Senior Reporters-Tin Linn, Pyae Phyo Lin, Aung Myint Htun, Le Yee Myint, Aung HtetReporters - Ye Zon Aung, Naw Ko Ko, Nyan Myo Aung , Kyaw Oo Naing, Sid Nyein Thu, Pyae Phyo Aung, Ye Naing Oo, Khine Cherry Htun, Thant Zin Oo, Thazin Oo, Kan Zaw, Photographer- Ye Pyae Zarni, Aung Naing, Mandalay- Ye Win Naing, Aye Thanda Tun,Win Shwe Yi Oo, Monywa - Ko Thet, Myat (Kalay),

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Monday, April 21 - 27, 2014

6 TheVOICE

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7Monday, April 21 - 27, 2014 TheVOICE

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8 TheVOICE

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vpmwdk;jcif;tay: 0efxrf;rsm; auseyfaecsdef rDwmcwdk;aumufjcif; tay: &efukef? rEÅav;tygt0if e,fNrKdUrsm;wGif qE´jyrIrsm;jzpfay:ae onf/

aiGaMu;azmif;yGjcif;

rl0g'tajymif;tvJtay: tjrif trsKd;rsK d;&S daeNyD; trsm;pkpd k;&drfae onfrSm aiGaMu;azmif;yGvmjcif;ESihf twl ukefaps;EIef; jrihfrm;vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ tajccHukefpnfrsm;tm;vkH; aps;EIef;jrihfrm;vmNyD; 0,fEdkiftm; avsmhenf;vmonhftajctaeudk aiG aMu;azmif;yGonf[k okH;EIef;Muonf/

]]vlawGu tpdk;&drfvGefaeMu wmyg/ ukefaps;EIef;wufwmu 0,f vdktm;? a&mif;vdktm;awGeJYqdkifw,f/ Oyrm-qefqdk&if *syefwdkY w½kwfwdkYu 0,fvdktm;&Sdvmawmh aps;wufvm w,f/ tJ'gudkukefaps;EIef;wufw,f rqdkEd kifbl;/ usefwJhxkwfukefawG wu,fwuf rwufMunhf&r,f}}[k pD;yGm;a&;wuúod kvfrS r[mbGJ U& OD;EdkifOD;u qdkonf/

aiGaMu;azmif;yGvQif bmjzpf rnfenf; ar;p&m&Sdvmonf/ aiGaMu; azmif;yGvQif 0,fEdkiftm; avsmhvm rnfjzpfonf/ (Oyrm-,cifaiG wpf axmifvQif qefwpfjynf 0,fEdkif&mrS aiGaMu;azmif;yGvmvQif aiGwpfaxmif udk qefav;vkH;cefYom0,fEdkifonhf tjzpfodk Y a&mufoGm;jcif;udkqd kvd k onf)wpfqufwnf; 0,fEdkiftm; avsmhvmvQif xkwfukefrsm; wdk;

rxkwfEdkifbJ xkwfvkyfrIrsm; avQmhcs &onhftajctaersKd; jzpfwwfonf/ ,if;od k Yqd kvQif tvkyform;rsm; vkyfcvpm? 0ifaiG ponfwdkYudk wpfywf vnf xdcdkufqufpyfaeayonf/

vuf&Sd jrefrmhaiGaMu;azmif;yG EIef;udk trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzKd;wdk;wufrI0efBuD;Xme? A[dkpm&if; tzGJUu tajccHukefpnf 150 ausmfudk tajccHNyD; wGufcsufjcif;jzpfonf/

tqdkyg0efBuD;XmerS 'kwd,0ef BuD; a':pkpkvdIif ajymMum;csuft& jrefrmEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIEIef;rSm 2012-13 b@mESpfwGif 2'or9 &mcdkifEIef;&SdcJhNyD; 2013-14 b@mESpf wGif 6'or 5 &mcdkifEIef;xd wdk;vm jcif;jzpfonf/

rDwmc tcif;tusif;

vQyfppfrDwmc aumufcH&mwGif ,cifu ukefusp&dwf\wpf0ufudk tpdk;&u tdwfpdkufay;jcif;jzihf b@m aiGudk okH;ay;aejcif;jzpfaomfvnf; NrKd Uaevlwef;pm;om okH;pG JcGih f&ae onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&\ 70 &mcdkif EIef;rSm vQyfppfrD;r&onhf tajctae jzpfaeonf/

]]ukefusp&dwfudk tpdk;&u pdkuf ay;aeNyD; wpfEdkifiHvkH;&JU 70 &mcdkifEIef; aom jynfolawGu rD;r&Mubl;/ tJ'g qdk w&m;&JUvm;}} [k jrefrmzGHU NzKd;wkd;wuf a&; t&if;tjrpftzGJ UrS a'gufwm wifarmifoef;u qdkonf/

,if;odkY ukefusp&dwf t½IH;cH vkyfudkifjcif;onf tpdk;&bufu NrKdU jy wdrf;nTwfonhfrl0g'okH;jcif;jzpf&m vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;twGufom tusKd; &SdaomaMumihf tm;vkH;rQrQww jzpf ap&ef ukefusp&dwf twdtusaumuf NyD; vuf&SdvQyfppf"mwftm; rokH;pGJ Ed ki fao;onhf jynfolrsm;twGuf okH;oihfaMumif; ¤if;uqdkonf/

odkYaomf vQyfppfrDwmcwuf onhftay: tao;pm;? tvwfpm; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u nnf;wGm;MuNyD; NrKdUtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif qE´jyrIrsm; vnf;&Sdaeonf/

aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI wapä

Green ? &JZGefatmif? ckdifcs,f&DxGef;

vm;&m

jynfolrsm;u ukefaps;EIef;wuf rnfudkpdk;&drfaecsdef pD;yGm;a&;ynm &Sifrsm;uvnf; aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIEIef; w&m;vGefjrihfwufNyD; wdkif;jynfpD;yGm; a&;wpfckvkH; xdcdkufvmrnfudk pdk;&drf rIrsm;&SdaeMuonf/

odkYaomfvnf; vuf&Sd ajymif;vJ vdkufonhfrl0g'rsm;aMumihf aiGaMu; azmif;yGEIef;wufrnf[k w&m;ao ajymqdkEdkifrnf r[kwfay/

tm&SzUGHNzKd;a&;bPf (ADB ) \ {NyDvtwGif; xkwfjyefcsuft& 2014 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmhaiGaMu;azmif;yGrI EIef;rSm 6 'or 6 &mcdkifEIef;&SdNyD; 2015 ckESpfwGif 6 'or 9 &mcdkifEIef;xdjrihf wufvmEdkifonf cefYrSef;xm;onf/

2014 ESpfpyd kif;wGifrl Ed kifiH wumaiGaMu;&efykHaiGtzGJU (IMF ) u jrefrmEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIEIef;rSm jrihfwufvmEdkifonhf tvm;tvm rsm;&SdaeaomaMumihf xdef;csKyf&ef vd ktyfaeaMumif; ajymMum;xm; onf/ tpdk;&\bwf*suf tokH;p&dwf udk taeawmfjzpfap&efESihf aiGaMu; azmif;yGrIEIef;udk tNrJapmihfMunhfNyD; xdef;csKyf&ef jrefrmEdkifiHawmfA[dk bPfESihf b@ma&;0efBuD;XmewdkYudk tBuHjyKaqG;aEG;xm;aMumif;vnf; IMF rS jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m wm0ef&Sdol u ajymMum;xm;onf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm; t& rDwmcwufjcif;aMumihf tcsKd U vkyfief;&Sifrsm; xdcdkufonfrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/ xkwfvkyfrIp&dwfjrihfwuf vmvQif ¤if;wdkYu aps;wifa&mif;jcif; jzihf ukefaps;EIef;rsm;vnf; jrihfvmNyD; pm;okH;olrsm;yif uscH&ayvdrhfrnf/ ,if;rSm taxGaxGukefaps;EIef;jrihfrm; (aiGaMu;azmif;yG)apEdkifonhftaMumif; wpfcsufjzpfonf/

,if;tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH\ EdkifiH jcm;t&efaiGESihf a½TyrmPrSm jrefrm EdkifiHawmfA[dkbPf\ w&m;0ifajym Mum;xm;csuft& 2013 c kE Sp f atmufwdkbm 29 &ufaeYpm&if;t& EdkifiHjcm;okH;aiGydkifqdkifrIrSm 8 'or 13 bDvD,HcefY&SdNyD; a&TyrmPrSm 7 'or 1533 wef &Sdaeonf/

,ck{NyDvwGif &Sdaeonhf EdkifiH jcm;t&efaiGESihf a&TyrmPrSm wdk;vm vm;? avsmhoGm;vm;qdkonhftcsuf/ wdkif;jynf\b@ma&; vdkaiGjyae onhftcsuf/ jynfya<u;NrD tar&duef a':vmoef; 9500 ausmfESihf jynf wGif;a<u;usef usyfbDvD,Hwpfaomif; ausmf&SdaeNyD; jynfwGif;? jynfya<u;NrD ESihf jynfwGif; pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrI wefzdk; (GDP) tcsKd;rSm cefYrSef;ajc 37 &mcdkifEIef;wGuf&SdaeonhftwGuf

ukefaps;EIef;jrihfwuf&ef tm;aumif; onhftajctaejzpfaMumif; pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sif a'gufwmatmifudkudku okH;oyfajymMum;onf/

b,fvdkudkifwG,frvJ

tpdk;&taeESihf 0efxrf;vpm rsm; wdk;jr§ihfay;cJhjcif;aMumihf okH;aiG vdktyfcsufrsm;&SdvmEdkifNyD; ,if;tcsdef wGif aiGpuúL ykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&efvdktyfaMumif; oufqdkif &mtzG J UtoD;oD;u owday;xm; onf/ r[kwfvQif aiGaMu;azmif;yGvm rSm rvGJEdkifay/ tpdk;&\0ifaiG vdktyf vmygu tcGefaiGaumufcHjcif;uom taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfonf/

]]aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIu wdkuf ½dkufjyóemr[kwfbl;/ wdkif;jynfwdkif; rSm aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI&Sdw,f/ Infl ation &,f? ukefaps;EIef;&,f? vkyfcvpm&,f? ukefxkwfvkyfrI&,fu qufpyfrIawG &Sdaeaew,f/ wpfckwuf&if tjcm; wpfcku vdkufwufr,f/ Infl ation wufvm&if ukefaps;EIef;wufvm r,f/ ukefaps;EIef;wufwmudkxdef;zdkY vpmwdk Y ukefxkwfvkyfrIwdk Y jynfy ydkYukefwdkY wufzdkYvdkr,f}} [k tpdk;& 0efxrf;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfol OD;EdkifOD;u qdkonf/

wdkif;jynf\aiGaMuazmif;yGrI yrmPvdktyfonfxuf ydkrdkjrihfwuf vmrnf? rwufrnf? raocsmao; aomfvnf; jrefrmEd ki fi HtaeESih f &ifqdkifajz&Sif;&ef BuKdwifjyifqifrI rsm; jyKvkyfxm;oihfayonf/

]]EdkifiHwumrSm wdkif;jynfpD;yGm; a&;odyfaES;ae&ifvnf; oGufvm atmif ydkufqH½dkufxnhf? 0efxrf;awG vpmwdk;? pDrHudef;awG azmf tJvdkvkyf NyD; wrif Infl ation wufvmatmif vkyf&wmrsKd;awG &Sdw,f/ jynfwGif;rSm vnf; Infl ationary Policy (aiGaMu; azmif;yGrIudkjzpfapaom rl0g') okH;zdkY twGuf wcsKdUu tBuHjyKxm;wmawG &Sdw,f/ tvkyfjzpfrjzpf jiif;ckHaeMu wmvnf;&Sdw,f/ IMF ajymwJh 7 &mcdkifEIef;qdkwmuawmh rrsm;ygbl;}}[k a'gufwmwifarmifoef;u qdkonf/

odkYaomf &Sdoihfonhf aiGaMu; azmif;yGrIEIef;xm;wpf&yfudk wGuf csufEd kif&efvdktyfNyD; a&&Snfxdef; ausmif;Edkifonhf t&nftcsif;rsm; vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHawmfA[dkbPfwGif &Sd&efvdktyfaeonf/ aiGaMu;azmif;yG

rIudkxdef;csKyf&efrSm pm&if;tcsuf tvufESihf vkyfEdkifpGrf;[lí vdktyf csufESpfck &Sdaeonf/

]]'DEdkifiHrSm Infl ation udk xdef;csKyf zdkYqdkqdk&if vdktyfcsufawGudkt&ifjznhf qnf;&r,f/ wdkif;jynfrSmu rjynhfpkH wmawGrsm;aew,f/ tcsuftvuf wdk Y? ynm&Sifwdk YaygY}}[k OD;EdkifOD;u qdkonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl wdusonhf udef;*Pef;tcsufvufrsm;? enf;pepf rsm; rjynhfpkHao;jcif;aMumihf aiGaMu; azmif;yGrIEIef;xdef;csKyf&mwGif tcuf tcJrsm;&Sdaeonf/

]]Inflation udkxdef;csKyfzdk Yu &aiG? okH;aiGudkMunhf&r,f/ b,f[m rsm;vJaygh/ ukefoG,frIrQajc (Trade Balance) Munhf&r,f/ aemufNyD; jynfy&if;ES D; jr § Ky fES Hr IawGud kvnf; Munhf&r,f/ ta&;tBuD;qkH;u ynm &SifawGvdktyfwmyJ}}[k a'gufwm wifarmifoef;uvnf; qdkonf/

aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIudk wdkif;wm wGufcsuf&mwGif tvGefta&;ygonhf &okH;rSef;ajcaiGpm&if;? wdkif;jynf\ t&efai GaMu;? t&efa& TyrmP ponhftcsuftvufrsm;udk ynm&Sif rsm; tvG,fwul&,lEdkif&ef aqmif ½Gufay;oih fonf/ uRrf;usifrIESihf tawGUtBuHK&Sdaom ynm&Sifrsm;pGmjzihf 0ef;&Hum ¤if;wdkYtBuHÓPfudk vufcH usihfokH;&efvnf; vdktyfonf/

rltrSm;aMumihf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm cHpm;&aom ukefaps;EIef;rwnfNidrfrI ESihf aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIwapäudk ukpm; &ef jrefrmu tqifoihfjzpfaeNyDavm/

or®w\ pD;yGm;a&;tBuHay; tzGJUtwGif;wGifyif pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif tppftrSefenf;yg;NyD; tjcm;e,fy,frS ynm&Sifrsm; rsm;jym;aeaMumif; a'gufwmwifarmifoef;u qdkonf/

]]wdkif;jynf&JU Macro Economics udkwdkif;wmEdkifwJhynm&SifawGvdktyf w,f/ ynm&Si ft&rf;& Sm;w,f/ rSefuefwJhrl0g'awGcsrSwfzdkY Data awG? Capacity awG jznhfqnf;zdkYvdktyf w,f/ xifovdkrqkH;jzwfbJvkyf& w,f}}[k ¤if;uqdkonf/

jrefrmhb@ma&;ESpf {NyDv onf jynfolwd k YtwGuf owif; aumif;ESihf owif;qdk;rsm; 'GefwGJae onf/ aemufrS aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI wapäuyfygrvmzdkYvdkaeonf/ ■

Green? &JZGefatmif? cdkifcs,f&DxGef; ? &JZGefatmif? cdkifcs,f&DxGef;

"mwfyHk¼atmifEkdif"mwfyHk¼atmifEkdif

"mwfyHk¼rif;ausmfom"mwfyHk¼rif;ausmfom

9 TheVOICE Monday, April 21 - 27, 2014

pm

pmpm 14 odkYodkY

a&;ol 2013 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwkef;u w½kwfEdkifiHrSm&SdaecJhygw,f/ &Sef[Ju tzGJUtpnf;wpfck&JU zdwfac:rIeJY ab*sif;? a&;ol 2013 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwkef;u w½kwfEdkifiHrSm&SdaecJhygw,f/ &Sef[Ju tzGJUtpnf;wpfck&JU zdwfac:rIeJY ab*sif;? &Sef[J? ulrif;NrdKUawGqD wpfywfMum p&dwfNidrf;tvnfoGm;cJh&ygw,f/ 'Dc&D;pOf&JUtpu pma&;ol 2013 &Sef[J? ulrif;NrdKUawGqD wpfywfMum p&dwfNidrf;tvnfoGm;cJh&ygw,f/ 'Dc&D;pOf&JUtpu pma&;ol 2013

tapmydkif;rSm a[mifaumifu tapmydkif;rSm a[mifaumifu University of Hong Kong University of Hong Kong u zdwfwJh u zdwfwJh Symposium Symposium wpfckoGm;wuf&if; tJ'DrSmawGUcJhwJh wpfckoGm;wuf&if; tJ'DrSmawGUcJhwJh w½kwfygarmu©awG? wm0ef&SdoleJY tquftoG,f&NyD; w½kwfjynfudk zdwfac:zdkY pma&;olu pwifurf;vSrf;cJhwmyg/ 'DvdkeJY w½kwfygarmu©awG? wm0ef&SdoleJY tquftoG,f&NyD; w½kwfjynfudk zdwfac:zdkY pma&;olu pwifurf;vSrf;cJhwmyg/ 'DvdkeJY 2013 'DZifbmrSm w½kwfjynfrBuD; a&mufoGm;w,faygh/ w½kwfjynfudk pma&;oloGm;csifwJh &nf&G,fcsufESpfck&Sdw,f/ 2013 'DZifbmrSm w½kwfjynfrBuD; a&mufoGm;w,faygh/ w½kwfjynfudk pma&;oloGm;csifwJh &nf&G,fcsufESpfck&Sdw,f/ wpfcku w½kwfjynf&JU zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIawGudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU odcsifvdkY? aemufwpfcsufu w½kwfEdkifiHu wm0ef&SdolawGeJY wpfcku w½kwfjynf&JU zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIawGudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU odcsifvdkY? aemufwpfcsufu w½kwfEdkifiHu wm0ef&SdolawGeJY qufqHa&;wpf&yf wnfaqmufcsifvdkYyg/qufqHa&;wpf&yf wnfaqmufcsifvdkYyg/

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16 TheVOICE

16 TheVOICE

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17 TheVOICE

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pmrsufESmpmrsufESm 19 okdYokdY

INTERVIEW


pmrsufESm 18 - wpfywftwGif;owif;rStquf

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INTERVIEW

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20 TheVOICE

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uif*sKHyD\a,mu©r ywf*sef[D \ tpfudkjzpfol ywfqef[D;onf 1946 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 1 &ufaeY a'*l; (Daegu) vIyf&Sm;rIwGif OD;aqmif yg0ifcJhaomaMumihf zrf;qD;uGyfjruf jcif; cHvdkuf&onf/ ywfcsKH[D;onf tmPmrodrf;rDuwnf;u awmif ud k&D;,m; avbmygwDtwGif;od k Y ppfolvQdKrsm;udk apvTwfxm;oljzpf onf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;aom Yeosu-Suncheon awmfvSefa&;NyD;onhfaemufydkif;wGif ppfwyftwGif;ü vnf; oefYpifrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJh&onf/ olud k,fwd ki f ygwDtwGif;0ifum axmufvSrf;rIrsm;vkyfaqmifcJhjcif; jzihf olYudk,fol tumtuG,f,lcJ h onf[kqdk&rnf/

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Ref: Contemporary History of South Korea-60 Years, by

Seo Joong-Seok

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21 TheVOICE NET N' TECH

TheVOICE Vol.10/ No.14 Monday, April 21-27, 2014

FREEWARE

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AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif OD;cspfvdIif tay:wGif tvGef,kHMunfudk;pm;cJhonf/ Adkvf csKyfBuD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmf\ ta&;ygaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyifyrS0ifa&mufpGufzuf tBuHay;jcif;udk oabmusESpfoufolwpfa,muf r[kwfay/ tmPmodrf;pOfu ygwDtzGJUtpnf; aygif;pkHxHrS tBuHÓPfrsm;,lonfqdkaomfvnf; olYoabmESihfolYvlrsm;jzihfom taumiftxnf azmfoGm;onfursm;onf/ olonf OD;cspfvdIifudk aumif;pGmodoljzpfovdk wyfrawmfudkaxmufcH NyD; 0g'a&;&mrsm; a&;qGJay;aeoljzpfaom aMumihfvnf; txifBuD;av;pm;cJhonf/ odkYjzpf&m 0g'ay;olESihf 0g'&SmolwdkY yl;aygif;rdMuNyD; jrefrmh enf;jrefrmh[ef jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfESihf ygwDonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDwGif oaEwnf NyD; ay:aygufvmcJh&awmhonf/

Ref : Strong Soldiers, Failed Revolution, by Yoshihiro Nakanishi;

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aom puúLxkyfav; ay;a0onf/ vdkPf*lawmf cef;rxJ0ifvdkufonfESifh txl;rsufrSe fud k wyfqif&onf? em;usyfwGif r dr dwd k Ytqifajy&m bmompum;wpfckckjzifh jyyGJtaMumif;udk a&G;cs,fem;axmifEdkifonf/ q|o*¯ ,emyGJBuD;xJ udk,fwdkifyg0ifqifETJ ae&onf[k xifrSwf&atmif ½kyfvHk; <u'dkifrif;&Sif;rsm;Mum;odkY a&muf&Sd oGm;\/ y&dowfrsm; cef;rtv,fwGif pka0;rdonfESifh cef;rBuD;\tvif;rsm; azsmhusoGm;onf/ xdkYaemufomoem ESpfaxmifhig;&mjynfhtxdrf;trSwf q|o*Fg,emyG Jawmf\ t&dyfrsm; wjznf;jznf;yDjyift½kyfxifvmonf/ þokwåe fa'oemud k b,ft&yf b,fXme0,fb,folYtm; taMumif; jyKí a[mMum;cJhygoenf; igh&Sif.../ pl;&SwnfMunfaomtoHawmfESif h twl rax&fjrwfwpfyg;\ ½kyf<uyHk&dyf/ tkd; r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;.../ vltcsKdUxHrS wdk;wdk;toHrsm;xGufvm onf/ xdkYaemuf rif;uGef;q&mawmf\ Xmefu½dkPf;useyDoí Munfjrae aomtoHawmfESifhwl vlom;tppf yHk&dyfrjcm;aom ½kyfvHk;awmfay:vm onf/ {0H ar okwH.../ y&dowfwdk Y NidrfoufpGm o*¯,emyG JawmfBuD; usif;yae[efyHk&dyfrsm;xJ arsmyg;ae Muonf/ [dk;rSm OD;Ek.../ [dk;rSm OD;csefxGef; .../ [dk;rSm OD;oefY ... ponf ponf rdrd wdkYodonfh yk*d¾KvfBuD;rsm;udk vufnd§K; xdk;nTefjyaeMu\/ vdkPf*lawmfeH&H toD;oD;&Sd oHCmpifrsm;wGif Nidrfouf wnfMunfpGm oDwif;oHk;vsuf&Sdaom 0efaqmifq&mawmfrsm;ud kvnf; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;zl;jrifae&avonf/

trSefwu,f urÇmat;ukef;ajr onf omoem0ifjyuGufrsm;? Ak'¨0if jywdkufBuD;rsm;ESifh yd#uwfwdkufrsm; jzifh Ak'¨omoemudk avhvmpl;prf;vdk aom urÇmt&yf&yf{nfhonfawmf rsm;? Ak'¨bmom0ifbk&m;zl;rsm;jzifh aeYpOfydwf&ufr&Sd pnfum;aeav onf/

uav;rsm;tBud KufqH k ;u awm h o H k ;q,f hwp fb H kpwl' D, d k (Cosmological Studio) cef;rBuD; yifjzpfonf/ yd#uwfpmayrS aerdrif; BuD;udk rmwvdewfom;u ewf&xm; jzifh i&Jjynf? ewfjynfodk Y vdkufygydk Y aqmifjyoonfh Zmwf0ifcef;udk yHkwl ul;,lum acwfrD½dkvmudkpwmenf; ynmrsm;jzifh aygif;pyfjyojcif;jzpf avonf/ vufrSwf0,f,lNyD;onfESifh oHk;q,fhwpfbHkpwl'D,dkodkY 0ifa&muf Mu&rnf/ xdkYaemufewf&xm;uJhodkY zefwD;xm;onfh txl;,mOfjzifh i&J jynf? ewfjynfrsm;odkY vdkufygpD;eif;um avhvm&jcif; jzpfonf/

tcef; (6)tcef; (6)

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tawG;rxGufatmif acgif;usyf apaom acgif;aygif;BuD;rsm;/ toGm; tvmcufaom awmif&Snfykqdk;BuD; rsm; r0wfqifMuawmhNyD/ w½kwf * sye f ? u d k& D ;,m; ? x d ki f ;paom ta&SUwdkif;ekdifiHrsm;\ vTwfawmfrsm; uJhodkY touf0ifvmavNyD/ tdyfidkuf zG,faumif;aom &dyfomqefqef vTwfawmftqifhudk ausmfvGefcJhav NyD/

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Monday, April 21-27, 2014THE VOICE WEEKLY24

PERSPECTIVE wnfaqmufavaom ygwDrsm;

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CARTOON OF THE WEEK

pm;aumif;aom opfoD;rsm;jzpfcJhaom EkdifiHa&;ygwDwdkY onf jrefrmEkdifiHwnfaqmufa&;wGif ta&;ygvmMuNyD

jzpfonf/ EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;wGif ygwDwdkYudk avmufavmuf vm;vm; tm;udk;Ekdif&ef ygwDrsm;udkwnfaqmuf&rnf/ pepfwus wnfaqmufxm;Ekdifaom ygwDrsm; (Institutionalized Parties) onf 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufa&;? EkdifiHwnfaqmufa&;wGif tm;udk;&NyD; tzGJYtpnf;abmifoGif;jcif; tm;enf;onfh ygwDrsm; onf jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmufr&SdvS/

zGHU NzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif ygwDwnfaqmufjcif;udk atmufyg taMumif;w&m;rsm;u vTrf;rdk;onf/ ygwDrsm; tm;enf;oavm tm;aumif;oavm (weak institutionalization or strong institutionalization) udkvnf; xdkatmufyg taMumif;w&m;rsm; uyif qkH;jzwfonf/

e,fajrvTrf;NcHKEkdifpGrf;

a,bk,stm;jzifh ygwDrsm;a&mufaygufEkdifonfh e,fajr rsm;avav ygwDtm;aumif;avavjzpfonf/ odkYaomf EkdifiHtESHY vTrf;NcKHEkdifaom ygwDrsm;onfyif a0;vHacgifzsm;aom a'orsm; wGif ygwD½kH;rsm;rxm;EkdifMubJ a&G;aumufyGJeD;csdefwGifrS ygwD tjyifbuf&Sd tquftoG,frsm;udk,l wufokwf½dkufum e,fa0; a'orsm;udk pnf;½Hk;Mu&onf/ ygwDtrsm;pkonf ae&ma'o uGufuGufuav;wGifom ygwD½kH;? ygwD0ifponfjzifh xm;&SdEkdifonf/

ygwDwGif; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;ESifUnDjcif;

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ygwD\ &if;jrpfrsm;

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aiGonf t&mtm;vkH;udk raqmifMuOf;Ekdifaomfvnf; t&m tm;vkH;eD;eD;onf aiGygrSjzpfonf/ ygwDwdkYwGifvnf; aiGaMu; taxmuftyHh&SdrS vIyf&Sm;tm;aumif;onf/ ygwDwdkYtwGuf aiGvdk tyfcsufonf wpfaeYwjcm; BuD;oxuf BuD;vmonf/ rJqG,f

pnf;½kH;a&; c&D;pOfrsm;? a&'D,dk? ½kyfjrifoHMum;wGif aMumfjimc aiGrsm; ponfjzifh a&G;aumufyGJem;eD;vmav aiGydkvdkvmavav jzpfonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuJhodkY EkdifiHrsdK;wGif ]aiGrsm;ol a&G;aumufyGJEkdif} [kyif ajymprSwfjzpfvmonf/ vlcsrf;omrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm;xHrS aiGonf a&G;aumufyGJ0ifygwDrsm; twGuf t"du0ifaiG jzpfwwfonf/ xdkygwDtEkdif&aomtcg pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;jzifh aus;Zl;wkHYjyef&ef xdktvSL&SifBuD;rsm;u awmif;qkdjcif;cH&rnfjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;wGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; onf olwkdYwdkufzsuf&ef a<u;aMumfxm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; &SifBuD;rsm;\ arG;jcif;udk cHvdkuf&wwfonf/

opöm&Sdjcif;

ygwD0ifrsm;onf ygwD\cH,lcsufudk MunfndKygu ygwDudk opöm&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ ygwDwnfaqmufykHtm;enf;aom ygwDrsm; wGifyif ygwDtay:,kHMunfcsufjyif;jyMuygu pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI jrifhrm;NyD; wpfaoG;wnf; wpfoHwnf;&SdMurnfjzpfonf/ awmfvSefa&; wpfckckjzifh wufvmaomygwDrsm; odkYr[kwf twdkuftcHb0jzifh Mum&SnfpGmaecJh&aom ygwDrsm;wGif ygwDtay: ,kHMunfcsuf jyif;avh&Sdonf/

q&marG; wynfUarG;

q&marG; wynfharG;jcif; Clientelism onf ygwDwpfck tzGJUtpnf;abmifoGif;jcif; tm;aumif;raumif;tay: MoZm

BuD;rm;pGm oufa&mufonf/ q&marG;wynfharG;jcif;udk tMurf; tm;jzifh okH;rsdK;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ 1/ ygwDwGif;wGif ygwDacgif;aqmif rsm;ESifh aemufvdkufrsm;tMum; q&marG; wynfharG;jcif;/ ,if; udpöonf ygwDwGif;wGif *kdPf;*PuGJjym;apwwfonf/ 2/ ygwD \ a&G;aumufyGJ0if udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u rJqE´&Sifrsm; tvdkus aqmif&Gufay;rnfqkdaom uwdu0wfay;NyD; rJqE´&Sif jynfolrsm;u rJjyefay;rnfqdkaom rJESifh tcGifhta&; tjyeftvSef vJvS,fjcif;/ xkdokdY rJESifh tcGifhta&; vJvS,fjcif;onf t&Sdefjrifh vmv Ssif rJ0,fjcif;tqifhodkYyif a&mufoGm;wwfonf/ 3/ rdrd pdwfBudKuf EkdifiHa&;orm;udk a&G;aumufyGJEkdifatmif yHhydk;onfh ajymif;jyefq&marG; wynfharG;jcif; reverse-clientelism/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm;\ tdwfaxmifxJodkY EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; a&mufoGm;wwfjcif;onf reverse-clientelism trsdK;tpm; jzpfonf/

EkdifiH\ aemufcHordkif;aMumif;

EkdifiH\ &mZ0iforkdif;aMumif;onf ygwDwdkY tm;aumif; raumif;udk vTrf;rdk;onf/ qif;&JrGJawonfhEkdifiHrsm;wGif ygwDrsm; twGuf t&if;tjrpf csKdUiJhonf/ tcGifhta&;? t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tmPm&olygwDuEkdifol tukef,laMu;jzpfojzifh tEkdif&ygwD bufodkY tjcm;ygwDrsm;rS NcHckefolrsm; rsm;jym;onf/ q&marG; wynfharG;jcif;onfvnf; ygwDrsm;wGif pGJuyfaeonf/ rif;om;BuD; rvkyf&aomaMumifh ywfrBuD; xdk;azmufjcif;rsm; rMumcPawGU&onf/

tmPm&Sifpepf wefcdk;xGm;cJhaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&; ygwDrsm;onf t[efYtwm;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&avh&SdaomaMumifh pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd rBuD;xGm;EkdifbJ bl;oD;EkEk tarG;oyfouJhodkY jzpfwwf onf/ tmPm&SiftarGcHEkdifiHrsm;wGif ygwDwnfaqmuf jcif;onf cufcJonf/

ygwDpkHpepfodkY tul;tajymif;ykHpHESifh t&Sdefonfvnf; ygwD wnfaqmufa&;tay: vTrf;rdk;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY qdkif;rqifh AkHrqifh ajymif;oGm;vQif ygwDrsm;onf tcsdefr&bJ wufokwf½dkuf wnfaxmif&onf/ jznf;jznf;csif; ajymif;vJvmaom EkdifiHrsm; wGifuJhokdY r[kwfbJ pepfwusygwDudk wnfaqmufcsdefr&ojzihf tvSrf;us,f tv,fvwfwwfonf/ ygwDrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDESifh usifhom;r&ojzifh prf;w0g;0g; aqmif&Gufae&um tvGJvGJ tacsmfacsmf jzpfavh&Sdonf/

zGHU NzdK;qJEkdifiHjzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHonf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm zGHU NzdK;qJEkdifiHjzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHonf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm tmPm&SifpepfatmufwGif aecJh&mrS 'Drdkua&pD ygwDpkHpepfodkY tmPm&SifpepfatmufwGif aecJh&mrS 'Drdkua&pD ygwDpkHpepfodkY avQmufvSrf;aeNyDjzpfonf/ ygwDpkHpepfjzpfonfhtwdkif; wdkif;jynf avQmufvSrf;aeNyDjzpfonf/ ygwDpkHpepfjzpfonfhtwdkif; wdkif;jynf \ zGHU NzdK;a&; wdk;wufa&;wdkYonf ygwDrsm;\vufxJodkY a&muf&Sd \ zGHU NzdK;a&; wdk;wufa&;wdkYonf ygwDrsm;\vufxJodkY a&muf&Sd vmNyD jzpfonf/ txufwGif wifjycJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk vmNyD jzpfonf/ txufwGif wifjycJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk qifjcifEkdifvQif xdkygwDwdkY wnfaqmufEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ udk,fhudk,f qifjcifEkdifvQif xdkygwDwdkY wnfaqmufEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ udk,fhudk,f ukd,fwnfaqmufEkdifaomygwDwdkY wnfaqmufaomEkdifiHonf ukd,fwnfaqmufEkdifaomygwDwdkY wnfaqmufaomEkdifiHonf atmifjrifygvdrfhrnf/ atmifjrifygvdrfhrnf/

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aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifvmonfESifhtwl aps;uGuf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifvmonfESifhtwl aps;uGuf toD;oD;wGif aps;EIef;owfrSwfjcif;[lonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfck toD;oD;wGif aps;EIef;owfrSwfjcif;[lonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfck odkYr[kwf tenf;i,fuom vTrf;rdk;jc,fvS,fcsKyfudkifEdkifpGrf; odkYr[kwf tenf;i,fuom vTrf;rdk;jc,fvS,fcsKyfudkifEdkifpGrf; avsmhyg;vmwwfNyD; aps;uGufwpfckESifhwpfcktMum;wGif jzpfay: avsmhyg;vmwwfNyD; aps;uGufwpfckESifhwpfcktMum;wGif jzpfay: vmaom aps;EIef;rsm;\ tajymif;tvJrsm;? jynfwGif;aps;uGufrsm; vmaom aps;EIef;rsm;\ tajymif;tvJrsm;? jynfwGif;aps;uGufrsm; ESifh jynfyEdkifiHrsm;\ aps;uGufrsm;tMum;wGif jzpfay:vmaom ESifh jynfyEdkifiHrsm;\ aps;uGufrsm;tMum;wGif jzpfay:vmaom aps;EIef;tajymif;tvJrsm;onf ,if;aps;uGuftwGif;&Sd ukefpnf aps;EIef;tajymif;tvJrsm;onf ,if;aps;uGuftwGif;&Sd ukefpnf rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;\ aps;EIef;rsm;tay:wGif tenf; rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;\ aps;EIef;rsm;tay:wGif tenf; ESif htrsm; oufa&mufrIay;vmrnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ESif htrsm; oufa&mufrIay;vmrnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm xkwfvkyfrI xkwfvkyfrI (Production) (Production) ESifh pm;oHk;rI ESifh pm;oHk;rI (Consumption) (Consumption) jzpfpOf jzpfpOf wGif rnfonfhEdkifiHrqdk rdrdwdkYvdktyfaom (wpfenf;tm;jzifh wGif rnfonfhEdkifiHrqdk rdrdwdkYvdktyfaom (wpfenf;tm;jzifh Consumption Consumption vkyfaom) ukefpnftm;vHk;udk rdrdjynfwGif;wGif vkyfaom) ukefpnftm;vHk;udk rdrdjynfwGif;wGif xkwfvkyfrIrvkyfbJ tcsKdUudk jynfwGif;wGif xkwfvkyfNyD; jynfyrS xkwfvkyfrIrvkyfbJ tcsKdUudk jynfwGif;wGif xkwfvkyfNyD; jynfyrS wifoGif;&mwGif Ed Ii f;,SOftusK d;aus;Zl; wifoGif;&mwGif Ed Ii f;,SOftusK d;aus;Zl; (Comperative (Comperative Advantage) Advantage) ESifh vHk;0OóHktusKd;aus;Zl; ESifh vHk;0OóHktusKd;aus;Zl; (Absolute Advantage) (Absolute Advantage) &Sdaom tcsKd Uukefypönf;rsm;udk jynfyrS wifoGif;aomaMumifh &Sdaom tcsKd Uukefypönf;rsm;udk jynfyrS wifoGif;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/jzpfonf/

wpfcsdefwnf;wGif ,if;txufygjzpfpOfrsm;ESifh twlwuG aiGaMu;vJvS,fEIef;rsm;? vkyfom;vkyfcvpm ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifh oGif;tm;pkaps;EIef;rsm; ajymif;vJvmjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzef ajymif;vJvmaom aps;EIef;rsm;udk aps;uGufaps;EIef;rsm;[k ac:qdk EdkifNyD; ukefypönf;toD;oD;udk xkwfvkyfolrsm;ESifh a&mif;csolrsm;u

vnf; ,if;aps;EIef;rsm;udk tajccHum (A[dkjyKum) rdrdwdkY\ vkyfief;toD;oD;udk wdk;csJU jcif; odkYr[kwf avQmhcsjcif;? a'owpfck rS wpfckodk Y ajymif;a&TU jcif; odk Yr[kwf Ed kifiHwpfckrS wpfckodk Y ajymif;a&TU jcif; ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/

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rnfonfhukefypönf;udk xkwfvkyfonfjzpfap ,if;ukefpnf\ aps;uGufyrmPESifh aps;uGuftajctaevm;&moP²mefwdkYudk BudKwifrcefYrSef;Edkifí r&ay/ xdkodkY BudKwifcefYrSef;&mwGif 0,fvdk tm; (Demand) ESifh a&mif;vdktm; (Supply) wdkY\ tajctae trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh ajymif;vJEdkifygonf/

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tcsufrsm;rSm (1) ukefxkwfvkyfrIwGif tokH;jyKaom ukefMurf;rsm;\ aps;EIef;rsm; ajymif;vJrIrsm; (Changes of Resources Prices)? (2) ukefxkwfenf;ynmrsm; ajymif;vJrI (Changes in the Technology of Production)? (3) tcGeftaumufESihf b@ma&; axmufyHhrIrsm;\ ajymif;vJrIrsm; (Changes of Taxes and Subsidies)? (4) tjcm;ukefpnfrsm;\ aps;EIef;ajymif;vJrIrsm; (Changes in Prices of other goods)? (5) aps;EIef;arQmfrSef;csuf rsm; (Price Expectations) ? (6) &moDOwkajymif;vJrIrsm; (Changes in Weather) ? (7) topf &SmazGawGU&S dr Irsm; (Discoveries)? (8) aps;uGuftwGif; a&mif;olta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIrsm; (Changes of the numbers of sellers in the market) [lí tMurf;tm;jzihf cGJjcm;xm;onf/

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xkdYaMumifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfonf jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;? jynfypD;yGm;a&; (jynfypD;yGm;a&;[kqkd&mwGif ukefoG,fbufEkdifiH rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;tjyif? tjcm;urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;ukdyg qkdvkd onf) ESihf qufpyfaeavh&SdNyD; ,if;wkdYtay:wGif rnfokdYwkHYjyef rnfqkdonfukd xkwfvkyfolrsm;? pm;okH;olrsm;ESihfwuG rl0g'csrSwf ay;&aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;ESihf wkduf½kdufoufqkdifvmyg onf/a'gufwmatmifukdukd(pD;yGm;a&;ynm? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD)a'gufwmatmifukdukd(pD;yGm;a&;ynm? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD)

jzefhcsda&;udpöjzefhcsda&;udpö qufoG,fvkdygu . . . qufoG,fvkdygu . . .

zkef; - 09 42100 6579? 09 42111 8327


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'D

Soccer Weekly Fixtures19-4-2014 (paeaeY)19-4-2014 (paeaeY)

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20-4-2014 (we*FaEGaeY)20-4-2014 (we*FaEGaeY)y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf - 34y&D;rD;,m;vd*f yGJpOf - 34

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Vol.10 / No.14 - Monday, April 21 - 27, 2014THE VOICE WEEKLY32

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

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