Name : Mona Klinton SimanjuntakAcademic Number : 12120410Subject : ESPGroup : FN0TermDefinitionSynonymAntonym

1ActivationThe implementation of business continuity procedures,Activities and plans in response to a serious Incident, Emergency, Event or Crisis.

Editors Note: See definitions for Incident, Emergency, Event and Crisis.IncitementSuppression

2ActivityA process or set of processes undertaken by anOrganization (or on its behalf) that produces or supports one or more products or services.

Editors Note: In commercial firms this is usually a called a Business ActivityEnterpriseInactivity

3ALARP (of risk)A level as low as reasonably practical

4AlertA formal notification that an incident has occurred whichmight develop into a Business Continuity Management orCrisis Management invocationObservantweary

5Alternate RoutingThe routing of information via an alternate cable or otherMedium (i.e. using different networks should the normal network be rendered unavailable).

6Alternate SiteA site held in readiness for use during a BusinessContinuity invocation to continue the urgent and important processes of an organization. The term applies equally to office or technology requirements.

Editors Note: Alternate sites may be known as cold,Warm or hot. They might also be called simply aRecovery or Backup Site

7ASIS/BSi BCM.01-2010A US National Standard for Business ContinuityManagement

8Assembly Point/AreaThe designated area at which employees, visitors andContractors assemble if evacuated from their building/site.

Editors Note: Assembly Point or Area might also be known as Initial Assembly Point (IAP), Rendezvous Point or (by the Emergency Services) Marshalling Point.

9AssetAnything that has value to the organization.

Editors Note: This can include physical assets such as premises, plant and equipment as well as HR resources, intellectual property, goodwill and reputationBenefitDisadvantage

10Asset RiskA category of Risk that relates to financial investmentthreats such as systemic financial system failure, market collapse, extreme exchange rate volatility and sovereign debt crises

11AssuranceThe activity and process whereby an organization canverify and validate its BCM capabilityInsuranceHesitancy

12AS/NZ 5050A standard for Business Continuity based upon RiskManagement principles produced by the Australian andNew Zealand standards bodies.

Editors Note: This standard builds on the successful Australian Risk Management standard that formed the basis of the ISO risk Standard

13ATOFRecovery at time of failure

14ATOPRecovery at time of peak

15AuditA systematic, independent, and documented process forObtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled.

First-party audits are conducted by the organization itself for management review and other internal purposes, and may form the basis for an organizations declaration of conformity.

Second-party audits are conducted by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or by other persons on their behalf.

Third-party audits are conducted by external, independent auditing organizations, such as those providing certification of conformity to a standardAnalysis

16AuditorA person with competence to conduct an audit. For aBCM Audit this would normally require a person with formal BCM audit qualificationsPublic accountant

17AwarenessTo create understanding of basic BCM issues andLimitations. This will enable staff to recognize threats and respond accordingly. Examples of creating such awareness include distribution of posters and flyers targeted at company-wide audience or conducting specific business continuity briefings for executive management of the organization. Awareness is less formal than training and is generally targeted at all staff in the organizationInformationinsensitivity

18BackupA process by which data, electronic or paper based iscopied in some form so as to be available and used if the original data from which it originated is lost, destroyed or corruptedRetreatdefend

19Battle BoxA container - often literally a box or brief case - in whichData and information is stored so as to be immediately available post incident.

20Blue Light ServicesThis is an informal term which refers to the emergencyServices of Police, Fire and Ambulance.

Editors Note: This is mainly used in the UK

21Bronze ControlThis is used by UK Emergency Services to designateOperational Control.

Editors Note: This model is derived by the UK government approved Gold, Silver and Bronze Command Structure. It is not generally used outside of the UK.

22BSiBritish Standards Institution, the UK national standardsBody and UK representatives to ISO.

23BS 25999The British Standards Institution standard for BusinessContinuity Management.

Editors Note: BS25999 Part 1 launched in 2006 is a Code of Practice. BS25999 Part 2 launched in 2007 is a Specification Standard. BS25999 replaced the earlier BSi document PAS56

24Building DenialA situation in which premises cannot, or are not allowedTo be, accessed.

25Business Continuity (BC)The strategic and tactical capability of the organization toPlan for and respond to incidents and business disruptions in order to continue business operations at an acceptable predefined level.

26Business ContinuityCoordinatorA Business Continuity Management professional who hasThe overall responsibility for co-coordination of the overall BCM planning programmed including team member training, testing and maintenance of recovery plans.

27Business ContinuityInstitute (BCI)The Institute of professional Business ContinuityManagers. Website www.thebci.org.

28Business ContinuityManagement (BCM)A holistic management process that identifies potentialthreats to an organization and the impacts to business operations that those threatsif realizedmight cause, and which provides a framework for building organizational resilience with the capability for an effective response that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand, and value-creating activities.

29Business ContinuityManagement (BCM) LifecycleA series of business continuity activities whichcollectively cover all aspects and phases of the BCMProgram. BCI use the same life-cycle model as BS25999

30Business ContinuityManagement ProgramOngoing management and governance processsupported by top management and appropriately resourced to ensure that the necessary steps are takenTo identify the impact of potential losses, maintain viable recovery strategies and plans, and ensure continuity of products and services through training, exercising, maintenance and review.

31Business ContinuityManagement System(BCMSPart of the overall management system that implements,operates, monitors, reviews, maintains, and improves business continuity

32Business ContinuityMaturity Model (BCMM)A tool to measure the level and degree to which BCMActivities have become standard and assured business practices within an organization.

33Business Continuity Plan(BCP)A documented collection of procedures and informationThat is developed, compiled, and maintained in readiness for use in an incident to enable an organization to continue to deliver its critical products and services at an acceptable predefined level.

34Business ContinuityPlanningBusiness Continuity Planning is the process ofDeveloping prior arrangements and procedures that enable an organization to respond to an event in such a manner that critical business functions can continue within planned levels of disruption. The end result of the planning process is the BC Plan.

35Business Continuity PolicyStatementA BCM policy sets out an organizations aims, principlesAnd approach to BCM, what and how it will be delivered, key roles and responsibilities and how BCM will be governed and reported upon.

36Business ContinuityProgrammed BoardA management group to give advice, guidance andManagement authorization to the BC Manager.

Editors Note: See BC Steering Committee

37Business ContinuitySteering CommitteeA top management group to give direction, advice,guidance and financial approval for the BCM programmed undertaken by the BCM Manager and various BC Coordinators

38Business ContinuityStrategyA strategic approach by an organization to ensure itsRecovery and continuity in the face of a disaster or other major incidents or business disruptions.

39Business Continuity Team(BCT)The strategic, tactical and operational teams that wouldRespond to an incident, and who should contribute significantly to the writing and testing of the BC Plans.

40Business FunctionA description of work that is performed to accomplishThe specific business requirements of the organization. Examples of business function include delivering raw materials, paying bills, receiving cash and inventory control.

41Business Interruption (BI)InsuranceBusiness Interruption (BI) insurance cover is a term usedWidely within the insurance industry, relating to the requirement for calculation of adequate insurance, covering financial loss due to temporary business cessation.

42Business Impact Analysis(BIAThe process of analyzing business functions and theEffect that a business disruption might have upon them.

43Business Recovery

In some countries (mainly in North America) the termBusiness Recovery was popular before the more widespread acceptance of Business Continuity. It is still found in some organizations and can be broadly treated as similar to a very basic form of BCM

44Business RiskRisk that internal and external factors, such as inability toProvide a service or product, or a fall in demand for organizations products or services will result in an unexpected loss.

45Business UnitA business unit within an organization e. g.Branch/division.

46Business Unit BCMCoordinatorA staff member appointed by a business unit to serve asThe liaison person responsible for all BCM direction and activities within the unit.

47Call TreeA structured cascade process that enables a list ofpersons, roles and/or organizations to be contacted as a part of information exchange or plan invocation procedure

48Call Tree TestA test designed to validate the currency of contact listsAnd the processes by which they are maintained.

49CampusA set of buildings which are geographically groupedtogether and might form one inter-connected set ofBusiness Continuity Plans.Grounds

50CARCapability Assessment for Readiness. This is the processOf self-assessment under the US Standard NFPA 1600.

Editors Note: This has applicability mainly in the United States and is a technique recognized by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

51Cascade SystemA system whereby one person or organization callsOut/contacts others who in turn initiate further call- outs/contacts as necessary.

52Casualty BureauThe central police controlled contact and informationPoint for all records and data relating to casualties and fatalities.

53Civil EmergencyEvent or situation which threatens serious damage toHuman welfare in a place, environment or a place or the security of that place.

54COGContinuance of Government. This is a US concept forHow government entities plan to continue the key elements of public governance in emergency situations.

55ComplianceFulfillments of a requirement in a Management SystemscontextSubmissiondisagreement

56ConformityFulfillments of a requirement of a management systemobedienceNonconformity

57ConsequenceEvaluated outcome of an event or a particular set ofcircumstancesPaybackCommencement

58Contact ListThe contact data used by Call Tree and CascadeProcesses and systems.

59Contingency FundA budget for meeting and managing operating expenseat the time of a Business Continuity invocation

60Contingency PlanA plan to deal with specific set of adverse circumstances.

Editors note: A BC Plan is a more general term for dealing with the consequences of a wider range of non- specific interruptions

61Continual ImprovementThe process of enhancing the business continuitymanagement system in order to achieve improvements in overall business continuity management performance consistent with the organizations business continuity management policy

62Continuity RequirementsAnalysis (CRA)The process to collect information on the resourcesRequired to resume and continue the business activities at a level required to support the organizations objectives and obligations.

63Control FrameworkA model or recognized system of control categories thatcovers all internal controls expected within an organization

64Control Review/

MonitoringInvolves selecting a control and establishing whether itHas been working effectively and as described and expected during the period under review.AuditIgnore

65Control Self Assessment(CSAA class of techniques used in an audit or in place of anAudit to assess risk and control strength and weaknesses against a control framework. The self assessment refers to the involvement of management and staff in the assessment process, often facilitated by internalAuditors. CSA techniques can includeworkshop/seminars, focus groups, structured interviews and survey questionnaires

66COOPContinuance of Operations Planning.

Editors Note: This has applicability mainly in the United States. In most countries BC plans are used for both private and public sector bodies including government entities. In the US COOP is sometimes used as an alternative term to BCM even in the private sector

67Cordon

(Inner and Outer)The boundary line of a zone that is determined,reinforced by legislative power, and exclusively controlled by the emergency services from which all unauthorized persons are excluded for a period of timeDetermined by the emergency services.Device

68Corporate GovernanceThe system/process by which the directors and officersOf an organization are required to carry out and discharge their legal, moral and regulatory accountabilities and responsibilities.

Editors Note: In recent times a new term GRC (Governance, Risk and Compliance) is becoming popular as a wider form of Corporate Governance

69Corrective ActionThe action to eliminate the cause of a detected non-Conformity or other undesirable situation.

Editors Note: There can be several causes of non- conformity and corrective action is taken to prevent recurrence. This differs from preventive action which is a risk management concept to prevent it occurring.

70Cost-Benefit AnalysisFinancial technique for measuring the cost ofImplementing a particular solution and compares that with the benefit delivered by that solution.

71CrisisAn abnormal situation which threatens the operations,Staff, customers or reputation of an enterprise.JunctureAdvantage

72Damage AssessmentAn appraisal of the effects of the disaster or incident onhuman, physical, economic and operational capabilities

73Dedicated Work AreaWork space provided for sole use by a singleorganization, configured ready for use

74DisasterA physical event which interrupts business processessufficiently to threaten the viability of the organizationCollapseProsperity

75Disaster Recovery (DR)The strategies and plans for recovering and restoring theOrganizations technological infra-structure and capabilities after a serious interruption.

Editors Note: DR is now normally only used in reference to an organizations IT and telecommunications recovery

76Disaster Recovery Planning(DRP)The activities associated with the continuing availabilityAnd restoration of the IT infrastructure.

77DisruptionAn event that interrupts normal business, functions,Operations, or processes, whether anticipated (e.g., hurricane, political unrest) or unanticipated (e.g., a blackout, terror attack, technology failure, or earthquake).Interruption

78DocumentInformation and its supporting medium such as paper,magnetic, electronic or optical computer disc or imageArchiveSpeech

79DowntimeA period in time when something is not in operation.

Editors Note: This is often called Outage when referringTo IT services and systems.Time outPersistence

80EmergencyA generic term with different interpretations in differentRegions. In the US it means a wide-scale disasterRequiring federal support and triggering FEMA funding. In other countries it would be considered equivalent in meaning to a Major Incident.Turning pointClosure

81Emergency OperationsCentre (EOC)The facility used by the Incident Management Team afterThe first phase of a plan invocation. An organization must have a primary and secondary location for an EOC in the event of one being unavailable. It may also serve as a reporting point for deliveries, services, press and all external contacts.

Editors Note: this is also traditionally called a CommandCentre.

82Emergency PlanningDevelopment and maintenance of agreed procedures toprevent, reduce, control, mitigate and take other actions in the event of a civil emergency

83Emergency ResponseActions taken in response to a disaster warning or alertto minimize or contain the eventual negative effects, and those taken to save and preserve lives and provide basic services in the immediate aftermath of a disaster impact, for as long as an emergency situation prevails.

84End-to-EndIn entirety, from start to finish

85Essential ServicesInfrastructure services without which a building or areawould be considered disabled and unable to provide normal operating services; typically includes utilities (water, gas, electricity, telecommunications), and may also include standby power systems or environmental control systems

86Estimated Maximum Loss(EML)Insurance policies are written based upon the EML theMaximum amount that can be claimed against an insured peril.

Editors Note: In BI terms this usually means the loss of gross profit after deduction of variable expenses and addition of allowed additional expenditure

87EventOccurrence or change of a particular set ofCircumstances.

TransactionStagnation

88Exclusion ZoneBoundary line of an area or zone that is controlled byemergency services personnel, and from which all unauthorized persons are excluded for a period of time determined by emergency services leadership

89Executive ManagementA person or group of people who directs and controls anOrganization at the highest level. In larger organizations this might be called the Board, Directors, Executives or Senior Managers. In a small organization, the owner or sole proprietor.

90ExerciseRehearse the roles of team members and staff, and testThe recovery or continuity of an organizations systems (e.g., technology, telephony, administration) to demonstrate business continuity competence and capability.TrainingCessation

91FacilityPlant, machinery, equipment, property, buildings,Vehicles, information systems, transportation facilities, and other items of infrastructure or plant and related systems that have a distinct and quantifiable function or service.

ProficiencyIncapacity

92Failure ModeThe manner by which a failure is observed; it generallydescribes the way the failure occurs and its impact on the operation of the system

93FEMAFederal Emergency Management Agency the US agencyresponsible for responding to wide area disasters and emergencies

94Financial ImpactOperating expenses that continue following anInterruption or disaster, which as a result of the event cannot be offset by income and directly affects the financial position of the organization.

95First ResponderA member of an emergency service who is first on theScene at a disruptive incident. This would normally be police, fire or ambulance personnel.

96Fit-for-PurposeMeeting an organization's requirements

97GainA positive consequence of an event or incidentProfitLoss

98ICT ContinuityCapability of the organization to plan for and respond toincidents and disruptions in order to continue lCTServices at an acceptable level.

99ICT Disaster Recovery (ICTDR)The ability of the ICT elements of an organization tosupport its critical business functions to acceptable levels within a pre-determined period of time following a disruption

100ICT Disaster Recovery Plan(ICT DRP)A clearly defined and documented plan which recoversICT capabilities when a disruption occurs

Name: Ritauli HutapeaAcademic Number: 12120418

No.TermMeaningSynonymAntonym

1AbandonmentThe act of surrendering a claim to, or interest in, a particular asset.Derecliction

2AbatementIn general, a decrease in the amount of taxation faced by an individual or company.DiscountIncrease

3Ability to payThe principle that taxes should vary according to an individuals level of wealth or income.

4Abnormal profitAny profit in excess of normal profit also known as supernormal profit.

5Above parA term used to describe the price of a security when it is trading above its face value.

6Above the marketAn order to buy or sell at a price set higher than the current market price of the security.

7Above full-employment equilibriumA macroeconomic term used to describe the real gross domestic product (GDP) is currently in excess of its long-run average, or some other historical measure.

8Absolute changeThe numeric change in the value of a commodity, expense, etc.

9Absolute frequencyA statistical term describing the total number of trials or observations within a given interval or frequency bin.

10Absolute physical lifeThe length of time that it takes for an asset take to become fully depreciated, at which time it provides no additional use.

11Absolute priorityA rule that stipulates the order of payment-creditors before shareholders-in the event of liquidation.

12Absolute rateThe fixed portion of an interest-rate swap, expressed as a percentage rather than as a premium or a discount to a reference rate.

13Absolute advantageOccurs when a country or region can create more of a product with the same factor input.

14AbsorbOne account or group of accounts combines the amounts from similar or related accounts or groups of account.Take inAbstain

15Absorbed accountAn account that been combined with related accounts in the preparation of a financial statement and has, therefore, lost its separate identity.

16ICT ContinuityCapability of the organization to plan for and respond toincidents and disruptions in order to continue lCTservices at an acceptable level.

17ICT Disaster Recovery (ICTDR)The ability of the ICT elements of an organization tosupport its critical business functions to acceptable levels within a pre-determined period of time following a disruption.

18ICT Disaster Recovery Plan(ICT DRP)A clearly defined and documented plan which recoversICT capabilities when a disruption occurs

19ImpactEvaluated consequence of a particular outcome.Contact Avoidance

20Impact AnalysisThe process of analysing all operational activities and theeffect that an operational impact might have upon them.who do not regard themselves as a business (e.g. charities, public sector) it is sometimes preferred terminology.

21IncidentAn event that has the capacity to lead to loss of or adisruption to an organizations operations services or functions which, if not managed, can escalate into an emergency, crisis, or disaster.

Occsion

22Incident Management Plan(IMP)A clearly defined and documented plan of action for useat the time of an incident, typically covering the key personnel, resources, services and actions needed to implement the incident management process.

23Incident ManagementTeam (IMT)A Group of individuals responsible for developing and implementing a comprehensive plan for responding to a disruptive incident. The team consists of a core group of decision-makers trained in incident management and prepared to respond to any situation.

24Increased Cost of Working(ICOW)The additional expenditure incurred following an incidentin order to minimize the loss of gross profit.

25Indemnity PeriodThe period during which insurers will pay for losses following an incident covered as an insured peril.

26InfrastructureThe technology and equipment, and facilities used in BCM activities or impacted by the incident.groundwork

27Integrated TestingExamination of a plan that addresses multiple plan components, in conjunction with each other, typically under simulated operating conditions.

28IntegrityThe safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of assets, particularly data records.Incorruption Corruption

29Key PerformanceIndicators (KPI)Benchmark measurement based on objectives, targetsand defined industry standards.MajorMinor

30Management SystemA system to establish policy and objectives and to themeans to achieve those objectives in a way that can be independently measured..

31MAOMaximum Acceptable Outage. The duration after which an organizations viability will be threatened if an IT system or service cannot be resumed.Topmost acceptable outageLowest acceptable outage

32Maximum Tolerable DataLoss (MTDL)The maximum loss of information (electronic and other data) which an organization can tolerate. The age of the data could make operational recovery impossible or the value of the lost data is so substantial as to put business viability at risk.

33Maximum Tolerable Periodof Disruption (MTPD orMTPoD)The duration after which an organizations viability willbe irrevocably threatened if a product or service delivery cannot be resumed.

34Maximum Tolerable Periodof Downtime.Maximum Tolerable Period of Downtime.

35Minimum BusinessContinuity ObjectiveMinimally acceptable collection of business continuityservices and/or products that is acceptable to an organization or industry to achieve its business.

36(MBCO)objectives that can be influenced or dictated by regulation or legislation level of business continuity.

37MitigationLimitation of any negative consequence of a particular incident.Alleviation Increase

38Mobile Recovery SolutionsTransportable operating environment - often a large trailer - complete with office facilities and computer equipment that can be delivered and deployed a suitable site at short notice.

39MS 1970Business Continuity Standard from the Malaysian Standards and Accreditation Council

40MTBFMean Time Between Failures. Engineering terminology.

41MTOMaximum Tolerable Outage

42NEMANational Emergency Management Association US organization.

43NFPANational Fire Protection Association US developer ofBCM and Disaster Response standards.

44NFPA 1600A US standard for Disaster/Emergency Managementprograms.

45Non ComplianceFailure to fulfill an agreed requirement or expectation ofa BCM programme .

46Non-conformityThe non fulfillment of a specific requirement defined in a standard, documented practice, agreed procedure or legislation.

47ObjectiveAn overall goal, consistent with the policy that an organization sets for itself.Impartial Partial

48OEEOverall Equipment Efficiency a term used in manufacturing.

49Operational Resilience(OR)Ability of an organization, staff, system, telecommunications network, activity or process to absorb the impact of a business interruption, disruption or loss and continue to provide an acceptable level of service.

50Operational RiskRisk that deficiencies in information systems or internal controls will result in unexpected loss.

51OrganizationA group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, and relationships. (e.g., company, corporation, firm, enterprise, institution, charity or association). An organization can be public, private, or not-for-profit.Institution Disorganization

52Organization BCMCoordinatorAn individual who is assigned the overall responsibilityfor co-coordination of the BCM planning programme including team member training, testing and maintenance of plans.

53OutageA period in time when something is not in operation.Interruption of service

54Plan, Do, Check, Act(PDCA)The ISO model used as a framework in all Management Systems standards including BCMS.

55PolicyThe intentions and direction of an organization as formally expressed by Top Management. The BCM policy should be consistent with the overall policy of the organization and provides the basis for the business continuity objectives.Procedure Disorganization

56PreparednessActivities implemented prior to an incident that may be used to support and enhance mitigation of, response to, and recovery from disruptions. It is also often called Readiness.Readiness

57PreventionCountermeasures against specific threats that enable an organization to avoid a disruption.Interruption Promotion

58Preventive ActionAn action taken to eliminate a threat or other undesirable situation.

Editors Note: This is normally called a PreventativeAction in the UK.

59ProcedureSpecified way to carry out an activity.Strategy Inaction

60ProcessA set of interrelated activities which transform inputs into outputs.Performance Failure

61Product and/or ServiceThe output from a process. Whether the product is then called a service depends upon whether or not there is a physical element to the output. Service is the result of at least one activity necessarily performed at the interface between the supplier and customer and is generally intangibleCommodity Origin

62Program(me)An ongoing process supported by senior management and adequately funded.Plan

63ReadinessActivities implemented prior to an incident that may be used to support and enhance mitigation of, response to, and recovery from disruptions. It is also often called Preparedness..Prepredness

64Reciprocal AgreementA prearranged agreement between two or more entities to share resources in response to an incident.

65RecordA document stating results achieved or providing evidence of activities performed.Document

66Recovery Point Objective(RPO)The target set for the status and availability of data (electronic and paper) at the start of a recovery process. It is a point in time at which data or capacity of a process is in a known, valid state and can safely be restored from.

67Recovery StrategiesAn approach by an organization that will ensure its recovery and continuity in the face of a disaster or other major outage. Plans and methodologies are determined by the organizations strategy. There may be more than one methodology or solution for an organizational strategy.

68Recovery Strategy -ReduceActivities, tasks, programs an systems developed and implemented prior to an emergency that are used to support the prevention or mitigation of the consequences of a disaster.

69Recovery Strategy -ResponseImmediate and ongoing activities, tasks, programs andsystems to manage the immediate effects of an incident that threatens life, property, operations or the environment.

70Recovery Strategy Re-SyncRe-Sync is part of IT DR and involves performing a full re- synchronization of the recovery catalogue. The term data synchronization is also often used.

71Recovery Strategy - ReturnActivities and programs designed to return conditions to a level that is acceptable to the entity.

72Recovery Time Objective(RTO)The target time for resuming the delivery of a product or service to an acceptable level following its disruption.

73Residual RiskThe level of risk remaining after all cost-effective actions have been taken to lessen the impact, probability and consequences of a specific risk or group of risks, subject to an organization's risk appetite.Balance Imbalance

74ResilienceThe ability of an organization to resist being affected by an incident.Flexibility Unflexibility

75ResourcesAssets, people, skills, information, technology (includingplant and equipment), premises, and supplies and information (whether electronic or not) that an organization has to have available to use, when needed, in order to operate and meet its objectives.Assets Debt

76RiskCombination of the probability of an event and its consequence.Fortune Misfortune

77Risk AcceptanceA management decision to take no action to mitigate the impact of a particular risk.

78Risk AnalysisThe quantification of threats to an organization and theprobability of them being realized

79Risk AppetiteTotal amount of risk that an organization is prepared to accept, tolerate, or be exposed to at any point in time.

80Risk AssessmentA formal but often subjective process of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation.

81Risk AvoidanceAn informed decision to not become involved in or to with draw from a risk situation.

82Risk CriteriaTerms of reference against which the significance of a risk is evaluated. Risk criteria are based on internal and external context, and are regularly reviewed to ensure continued relevance. Risk criteria can be derived from standards, laws and policies.

83Risk Management (RM)The application of management policies to the identification, analysis, assessment, treatment and monitoring of risk.

84Risk MitigationImplementation of measures to deter specific threats to the continuity of business operations, and/or respond to any occurrence of such threats in a timely and appropriate manner. Activities taken to reduce the severity or consequences of an emergency.

85Risk ReductionA selective application of appropriate techniques and management principles to reduce either probability of an occurrence or its impact, or both.

86Risk TransferenceRefers to the shifting of the burden of loss to another party through legislation, contract, insurance or other means. It can also refer to the shifting of a physical risk or part thereof elsewhere.

87Risk TreatmentSelection and implementation of measures to modify risk.Application Failure

88SafetyFreedom from danger, risk or injury.Assurance Exposure

89Service Level Agreement(SLA)An agreement between a service provider and a customer defining the scope, quality and timeliness of service delivery.Concurrence Disagreement

90SimulationSimulation is a process whereby recovery team members perform all of the actions they would take in the event of plan activation. It may involve one or more of the recovery teams and are performed under conditions that at least simulate a disaster.Duplicate Original

91Single Point of Failure(SPOF)Unique (single) source or pathway of a service, activity and/or process; typically there is no alternative, and loss of that element could lead to total failure of a mission critical activity and/or dependency.Author Result

92SS 540Business Continuity Standard published by Singapore Standards Council.Continuance Discontinuity

93StakeholderIndividual or group having an interest in the performance or success of an organization e.g., customers, partners, employees, shareholders, owners, the local community, first responders, government, and regulators.Associate

94Standby ServiceAny alternative sites, facilities, equipment or resources that may be available for use following a disaster.Backup

95Stand DownA formal announcement that alert status is over and theplan will not be invoked an further.BroadcastSecret

96Supply ChainThe linked processes that begins with the acquisition of raw material and extends through the delivery of products or services to the end user across the modes of transport. The supply chain may include suppliers, vendors, manufacturing facilities, logistics providers, internal distribution centres, distributors, wholesalers,and other entities that lead to the end user.System Decline

97Table Top ExerciseTechnique for rehearsing emergency teams in whichparticipants review and discuss the actions they would take according to their plans, but do not perform any of these actions; can be conducted with a single team, or multiple teams, typically under the guidance of exercise facilitators.Approach Impotence

98TargetDetailed performance requirement applicable to an organization that arises from the objectives and that needs to be set and met in order to achieve those objectives.Object

99TestAn activity that is performed to evaluate the effectiveness or capabilities of a plan relative to specified objectives or measurement criteria. Types of tests include: Desk Check, Peer Review, Structured Walkthrough, Standalone Test, Integrated Test, and Operational Test.Investigation Conclusion

100TestingEvaluation of a resource to validate the achievement of objectives and aims.Investigating Concluding

Name: Dora Yessi SinagaNpm:12120420

NO WORD SYNONYM ANTONYM MEANING

1AbsorbTake upGive out,Give offcost not passed on to a customer; also a firm merged into an acquiring company.

2 AdjusterSet in orderDisjointIndividual employed by a property and casualty insurance company to settle on its behalf claims brought by insureds. The adjuster evaluates the merits of each claim and makes recommendations to the insurance company.

3AttentionNoticeRemissionact of noticing an advertisement or commercial; a component of information or perceptual processing.

4AuthorityPowerSubmissionpower to direct and exact performance from others.

5BargainDealnegotiating for a better price, terms, working conditions, etc.

6BondBindingwritten promise by a company, government, or other institution to pay the face amount at the maturity date.

7Buy inAccept Failprocedure whereby the responsibility to deliver or accept stock can be terminated.

8BillCheckCoina payment order written by one person (the drawer) to another, directing the latter (the drawee) to pay a certain amount of money at a future date to a third party.

9BankCounting Houseorganization, usually a corporation, that accepts deposits, makes loans, pays checks, and performs related services for the public.

10BearTransferBe unproductiveone who believes that prices in the security and commodity markets will decline.

11Businessemploymentunemploymentcommercial enterprise, profession, or trade operated for the purpose of earning a profit by providing a product or service; also called business enterprise.

12BudgetCostDebtquantitative plan of activities and programs expressed in terms of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses.

13BrokerAgentCustomerperson who finds the best insurance deal for a client and then sells the policy to the client.

14BrassGallprudencetop management of an organization; originally term of military origin.

15CancelAbortApproveto stop the execution of a command.

16.CapitalChiefAuxiliaryOwner's share in a business plus operating profit or surplus, financing its long-term growth.

17.CapacityAmplitudeLimitationability to produce during a given time period, with an upper limit imposed by the availability of space, machinery, labor, materials, or capital.

18CashInvestmentDebtmoney deposited in a bank and items that a bank will accept for immediate deposit (e.g, paper money, coins, checks, money orders).

19CensureCondemnationapprovalact by a governmental agency or professional organization, indicating condemnation or significant disapproval of an action by an individual or firm.

20CertificateDocumentationBreachformal declaration that can be used to document a fact, such as a birth certificate.

21conceptapproachconcreteA thought or notion. An idea for a new product, advertising campaign, etc.

22ConcordanceaccordancediscordIn publishing, a concordance is an alphabetical list of the key words from a text showing their meanings.

23.ConglomerateVaried Unvaried A corporation which consists of several smaller companies with different business activities.

24.ConsumerbuyersellerAn individual who uses goods and services but who may not have been the purchaser.

25.contrabandillegallegalGoods prohibited by law from being exported or imported. Smuggling.

26.ConveneassembledissembleTo gather together for an official or formal meeting.

27.ConventionmeetingdisagreementA large formal meeting of politicians, members, delegates, sales people, etc.

28.cooperativecoordinateduncoordinatedAn organisation or business which is owned and run by its employees, customers and/or tenants, who share the profits.

29.CopyrightconsumeabstainAn exclusive legal right to make copies, publish, broadcast or sell a piece of work, such as a book, film, music, picture, etc.

30.CorporationassociationunemploymentA large company or a group of companies which is legally authorised to act as a single entity, separate from its owners, with its liabilities for damages, debts, etc., limited to its assets so that its shareholders and owners are protected from personal claims.

31.CorruptionexploitationtruthfulnessLack of honesty or integrity. Illegal behaviour, such as bribery, by people in positions of authority, e.g. politicians.

32.CreditattentioncashAn arrangement in which an item for sale is received by the purchaser and paid for at a later date. A loan. The positive balance in a bank account. An amount entered in a company's accounts which has been paid by a debtor.

33.CriterionbenchmarkconjectureA principal or standard by which other things or people may be compared, or a decision may be based.

34.CronyisminsolenceoppositionIn business and politics, showing favouritism to friends and associates by giving them jobs or appointments with no regard to their qualifications or abilities.

35.CulpabilityAccountabilityBlame or liability for harm or damage to others, from Latin culpa meaning fault.

36.CustomerclientmanagerAn individual, company, etc., who purchases goods and/or services from other individuals, companies, stores, etc.

37.DebenturevoucherUnsecured certified loan over a long period of time with a fixed rate, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.

38.DebtCreditCashMoney owed to another person or organisation, such as a loan, mortgage, etc., which is required to be paid back, usually with interest.

39.DeflationdescentPromotion Economic decline typified by falling costs of goods and services; falling levels of employment; limited money supply or credit; reduced imports; lower wage increases, often caused by lower personal spending or investment, and/or a reduction in government spending. Deflation is broadly the opposite of inflation

40.DelegationChargerKeepingAn assignment of responsibility or task, usually by a manager to a subordinate.

41.DemocracyCommonwealthunfairnessMajority rule, by which the biggest proportion of members of a group determine decisions for the whole group. Democracy typically refers to a country's political system, in which government is elected through majority vote.

42.DepositioninpeachmentemploymentA sworn statement of evidence by a witness taken outside of the court proceedings before a trial.

43.DepressionDespondencyconvexityA prolonged and very deep economic recession, in a country or wider region.

44.DirectorexecutiveemployeeA person appointed to oversee and run a company or organisation along with other directors, In the entertainment industry, the person who directs the making of a film, TV program, etc.

45.DirectiveorderdisorganizationAt an official level, directives are instructions, guidelines or orders issued by a governing or regulatory body.

46.DisbursedistributeuniteTo pay out money from a large fund, e.g. a treasury or public fund.

47.Diversityassortmentuniformityiversity is a business/employment term originating in the late 1900s, referring to the quality of a workforce

48.DivestBankruptofferdivest/divestment refers to a corporation selling subsidiary interests, especially a subsidiary company.

49.DividendgainlossA portion of profits paid by a company to its shareholders.

50.DoublecouplesingularIn the film and TV industry, a person who stands in, or is substituted, for a principal actor.

51.EconomyrecessionenlargementThe management of money, currency and trade of a nation. The efficient management of resources.

52.Embezzlement MisappropriationcompensationDishonestly appropriate goods or money from one's employer for personal gain; steal from one's employer, typically by electronic administrative methods, thus abusing a position of trust or responsibility

53.EmolumentProfitlossTotal wages, benefits or compensation paid to someone for the job they do or the office they hold.

54.EmpiricalExperimentalimpracticalInformation derived from experience, observation or experiment rather than from theory or subjective opinion. From Greek - empeiros, meaning skilled - in turn from peira, meaning trial or experiment.

55.EmployeeAgentmasterAn individual who is hired and paid by another person, company, organisation, etc., to perform a job or service.

56.FundCapitalDebta governmental accounting entity with a set of accounts in which assets always equal liabilities plus equities

57.FederationAssociationDivisionAn organisation which has been formed by the joining together of a group of companies, clubs, etc.

58.FilibusterProcrastinationadvanceTo delay or obstruct legislation by giving long speeches in a parliamentary debating process, so as to 'talk out a bill', i.e., ensure that the debate is prolonged beyond the deadline for passing a bill which would otherwise have been approved.

59.FlotationBackingdisapprovalThe process of financing a company by selling shares on the stock exchange for the first time.

60.FranchiseAuthorizationResponsibilityAn authorization or licence - effectively a business methodology, which can be bought - enabling someone (franchisee) to use the franchisor's company name and trademarks to sell their products services, etc., and usually to receive certain support, in a particular town, area of a country, or international region.

61.FungibleCompatibleDissimilarDescribes goods or commodities which can be exchanged for something of the same kind, of equal value and quality.

62.GafferFounderServantIn the entertainment industry, a member of a film crew who handles the lighting equipment.

63.GarnishAdornmentDecreaseTo take part of someone's wages, by law, to pay their debts, e.g. child support, alimony.

64.GivebackBuybackdisagreementAn agreement in which employees accept a wage reduction or fewer benefits as a gesture of goodwill, usually because of an economic downturn. The employees are often offered wage rises and new benefits at a later date.

65.GlitteratiAristicracyProletariatCombination of Glitter and Literati. Glamorous, rich, famous people, often connected to show business.

66.ImpeachDiscreditAbsolveTo charge somebody, usually a government official, with serious misconduct. To cast somebody out of public office, for example a president or courtroom judge because of a serious crime or misdemeanor.

67.ImpoundImprisonAbandonTo seize and hold property, funds, etc., in custody (typically by a state-empowered authority), often during legal dispute.

68.IndictArraignExonerateTo formally charge someone with a crime.

69.InductionIntroductionBlackbailingThe introduction and training of a member of staff in a new job or position in a company.

70.InflationExpansionDeflationNormally referring to the economy of a country, inflation is the gradual increase in the price of goods and/or services, and the consequential devaluing of the national currency.

71.InnovationModernizationStagnationThe introduction of new ideas, goods, etc., or new methods of production. A new way of doing something.

72.InorganicInanimateOrganicterm used to describe the growth of a business from mergers or takeovers, rather than from the increase in productivity or activity of the company's own business.

73.InsolvencyBankruptcyAccompishmentNot having enough finances or assets available to pay all your debts.

74.InventionCoinageTruthA new device, process, product, etc., which has been created and developed by an individual or a group.

75.InvestmentAssetDivestmentMoney or capital that is invested in a business or in an account with a financial institution in order to make a profit or earn interest.

76.KickbackPaymentA bribe or illegal payment made to someone in exchange for a successful referral for a job or transaction.

77.KudosApplauseCondemnationCommon management term meaning positive recognition, praise or fame - from the Greek word kydos, meaning glory.

78.LayOrdinaryOrdainedLay means non-professional, non-expert - ordinary member(s), of the public or of an organization, typically referring to religious communities, often relating to professions such as law and medicine, but potentially in any situation where non-professionals/experts are differentiated from qualified/professionals.

79.leaderDirectorEmployeeSomeone who leads, sets example, inspires, motivates, etc

80.LeadershipAdministrationImpotenceA person or number of people responsible for leading a team or group of people, usually in some sort of organized body or company, or the direction of a smaller team in a specific project or situation.

81.LifeboatAcquitAccuseAn emergency loan offered to a company or bank which is in financial trouble.

82.LockoutBoycottApprovalA term used during an industrial dispute, when management closes down a workplace and bars employees from entering until they agree to certain terms and conditions.

83.ManagerDirectorEmployeeA person who is in charge of a project, department, group, team, etc.

84.MarginEdgeCenterThe difference in the price of producing a product and the price it sells for, calculated as a percentage, i.e., profit margin.

85.MarketAdvertiseHideThe commercial activity of buying and selling goods and services. The customers who buy goods and services.

86.ManagementAdministrationdismanagementollective administrative heads of a company, institution, business, etc., who are responsible for conducting the affairs of the company (institution, business, etc.)

87.ManualHand-OperatedAutomatedpublication stipulating underwriting rules applicable for a given line of insurance, classifications of exposures within that line of insurance, and premium rates per classification.

88.ManufactureAssembleDemolishmaking or fashioning by hand or machinery, especially in large quantities.

89.NegotiationAgreementDisagreementprocess of bargaining that precedes an agreement. Successful negotiation generally results in a contract between the parties.

90.NepotismPartisanshipFairnessemployment and economic policies practicing favoritism toward one's family.

91.OccupationJobAvoctiontrade, job, business, or vocation of an individual. An occupation is the principal means by which one earns a livelihood.

92.OfferingContributionWithdrawalpresenting new securities to the investing public, after registration requirements have been filed with the SEC.

93.OligopolyCartelDistributionA market in which a small number of companies control the supply of certain goods and services.

94.OrderPlandisorganizationinstruction to a broker or dealer to buy or sell securities or commodities.

95.OutlayDisbursementsavingThe total amount of money which has to be spent to acquire an asset or start a project, including costs, taxes, delivery charges, etc.

96.OverageSurplusinsufficiencyA company's surplus, such as money or goods, which is available but exceeds the amount needed or required.

97.OrganizationManagementDisorganizationtructure of roles and responsibilities functioning to accomplish predetermined objectives.

98.OutputAmountInputproducts of a computer system, such as printout , labels, reports, or list rental selections.

99.OwnerHolderRenterthe person who has legal title to property; the person in whom ownership, dominion, or title of property is vested.

100.PartershipBusinessDivisionA business which is owned by two or more people, all sharing the profits and responsibility for managing the business.

No.TermMeaningSynonymAntonym

1AbandonmentThe act of surrendering a claim to, or interest in, a particular asset.Derecliction

2AbatementIn general, a decrease in the amount of taxation faced by an individual or company.DiscountIncrease

3Ability to payThe principle that taxes should vary according to an individuals level of wealth or income.

4Abnormal profitAny profit in excess of normal profit also known as supernormal profit.

5Above parA term used to describe the price of a security when it is trading above its face value.

6Above the marketAn order to buy or sell at a price set higher than the current market price of the security.

7Above full-employment equilibriumA macroeconomic term used to describe the real gross domestic product (GDP) is currently in excess of its long-run average, or some other historical measure.

8Absolute changeThe numeric change in the value of a commodity, expense, etc.

9Absolute frequencyA statistical term describing the total number of trials or observations within a given interval or frequency bin.

10Absolute physical lifeThe length of time that it takes for an asset take to become fully depreciated, at which time it provides no additional use.

11Absolute priorityA rule that stipulates the order of payment-creditors before shareholders-in the event of liquidation.

12Absolute rateThe fixed portion of an interest-rate swap, expressed as a percentage rather than as a premium or a discount to a reference rate.

13Absolute advantageOccurs when a country or region can create more of a product with the same factor input.

14AbsorbOne account or group of accounts combines the amounts from similar or related accounts or groups of account.Take inAbstain

15Absorbed accountAn account that been combined with related accounts in the preparation of a financial statement and has, therefore, lost its separate identity.

16ICT ContinuityCapability of the organization to plan for and respond toincidents and disruptions in order to continue lCTservices at an acceptable level.

17ICT Disaster Recovery (ICTDR)The ability of the ICT elements of an organization tosupport its critical business functions to acceptable levels within a pre-determined period of time following a disruption.

18ICT Disaster Recovery Plan(ICT DRP)A clearly defined and documented plan which recoversICT capabilities when a disruption occurs

19ImpactEvaluated consequence of a particular outcome.Contact Avoidance

20Impact AnalysisThe process of analysing all operational activities and theeffect that an operational impact might have upon them.who do not regard themselves as a business (e.g. charities, public sector) it is sometimes preferred terminology.

21IncidentAn event that has the capacity to lead to loss of or adisruption to an organizations operations services or functions which, if not managed, can escalate into an emergency, crisis, or disaster.

Occsion

22Incident Management Plan(IMP)A clearly defined and documented plan of action for useat the time of an incident, typically covering the key personnel, resources, services and actions needed to implement the incident management process.

23Incident ManagementTeam (IMT)A Group of individuals responsible for developing and implementing a comprehensive plan for responding to a disruptive incident. The team consists of a core group of decision-makers trained in incident management and prepared to respond to any situation.

24Increased Cost of Working(ICOW)The additional expenditure incurred following an incidentin order to minimize the loss of gross profit.

25Indemnity PeriodThe period during which insurers will pay for losses following an incident covered as an insured peril.

26InfrastructureThe technology and equipment, and facilities used in BCM activities or impacted by the incident.groundwork

27Integrated TestingExamination of a plan that addresses multiple plan components, in conjunction with each other, typically under simulated operating conditions.

28IntegrityThe safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of assets, particularly data records.Incorruption Corruption

29Key PerformanceIndicators (KPI)Benchmark measurement based on objectives, targetsand defined industry standards.MajorMinor

30Management SystemA system to establish policy and objectives and to themeans to achieve those objectives in a way that can be independently measured..

31MAOMaximum Acceptable Outage. The duration after which an organizations viability will be threatened if an IT system or service cannot be resumed.Topmost acceptable outageLowest acceptable outage

32Maximum Tolerable DataLoss (MTDL)The maximum loss of information (electronic and other data) which an organization can tolerate. The age of the data could make operational recovery impossible or the value of the lost data is so substantial as to put business viability at risk.

33Maximum Tolerable Periodof Disruption (MTPD orMTPoD)The duration after which an organizations viability willbe irrevocably threatened if a product or service delivery cannot be resumed.

34Maximum Tolerable Periodof Downtime.Maximum Tolerable Period of Downtime.

35Minimum BusinessContinuity ObjectiveMinimally acceptable collection of business continuityservices and/or products that is acceptable to an organization or industry to achieve its business.

36(MBCO)objectives that can be influenced or dictated by regulation or legislation level of business continuity.

37MitigationLimitation of any negative consequence of a particular incident.Alleviation Increase

38Mobile Recovery SolutionsTransportable operating environment - often a large trailer - complete with office facilities and computer equipment that can be delivered and deployed a suitable site at short notice.

39MS 1970Business Continuity Standard from the Malaysian Standards and Accreditation Council

40MTBFMean Time Between Failures. Engineering terminology.

41MTOMaximum Tolerable Outage

42NEMANational Emergency Management Association US organization.

43NFPANational Fire Protection Association US developer ofBCM and Disaster Response standards.

44NFPA 1600A US standard for Disaster/Emergency Managementprograms.

45Non ComplianceFailure to fulfill an agreed requirement or expectation ofa BCM programme .

46Non-conformityThe non fulfillment of a specific requirement defined in a standard, documented practice, agreed procedure or legislation.

47ObjectiveAn overall goal, consistent with the policy that an organization sets for itself.Impartial Partial

48OEEOverall Equipment Efficiency a term used in manufacturing.

49Operational Resilience(OR)Ability of an organization, staff, system, telecommunications network, activity or process to absorb the impact of a business interruption, disruption or loss and continue to provide an acceptable level of service.

50Operational RiskRisk that deficiencies in information systems or internal controls will result in unexpected loss.

51OrganizationA group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, and relationships. (e.g., company, corporation, firm, enterprise, institution, charity or association). An organization can be public, private, or not-for-profit.Institution Disorganization

52Organization BCMCoordinatorAn individual who is assigned the overall responsibilityfor co-coordination of the BCM planning programme including team member training, testing and maintenance of plans.

53OutageA period in time when something is not in operation.Interruption of service

54Plan, Do, Check, Act(PDCA)The ISO model used as a framework in all Management Systems standards including BCMS.

55PolicyThe intentions and direction of an organization as formally expressed by Top Management. The BCM policy should be consistent with the overall policy of the organization and provides the basis for the business continuity objectives.Procedure Disorganization

56PreparednessActivities implemented prior to an incident that may be used to support and enhance mitigation of, response to, and recovery from disruptions. It is also often called Readiness.Readiness

57PreventionCountermeasures against specific threats that enable an organization to avoid a disruption.Interruption Promotion

58Preventive ActionAn action taken to eliminate a threat or other undesirable situation.

Editors Note: This is normally called a PreventativeAction in the UK.

59ProcedureSpecified way to carry out an activity.Strategy Inaction

60ProcessA set of interrelated activities which transform inputs into outputs.Performance Failure

61Product and/or ServiceThe output from a process. Whether the product is then called a service depends upon whether or not there is a physical element to the output. Service is the result of at least one activity necessarily performed at the interface between the supplier and customer and is generally intangibleCommodity Origin

62Program(me)An ongoing process supported by senior management and adequately funded.Plan

63ReadinessActivities implemented prior to an incident that may be used to support and enhance mitigation of, response to, and recovery from disruptions. It is also often called Preparedness..Prepredness

64Reciprocal AgreementA prearranged agreement between two or more entities to share resources in response to an incident.

65RecordA document stating results achieved or providing evidence of activities performed.Document

66Recovery Point Objective(RPO)The target set for the status and availability of data (electronic and paper) at the start of a recovery process. It is a point in time at which data or capacity of a process is in a known, valid state and can safely be restored from.

67Recovery StrategiesAn approach by an organization that will ensure its recovery and continuity in the face of a disaster or other major outage. Plans and methodologies are determined by the organizations strategy. There may be more than one methodology or solution for an organizational strategy.

68Recovery Strategy -ReduceActivities, tasks, programs an systems developed and implemented prior to an emergency that are used to support the prevention or mitigation of the consequences of a disaster.

69Recovery Strategy -ResponseImmediate and ongoing activities, tasks, programs andsystems to manage the immediate effects of an incident that threatens life, property, operations or the environment.

70Recovery Strategy Re-SyncRe-Sync is part of IT DR and involves performing a full re- synchronization of the recovery catalogue. The term data synchronization is also often used.

71Recovery Strategy - ReturnActivities and programs designed to return conditions to a level that is acceptable to the entity.

72Recovery Time Objective(RTO)The target time for resuming the delivery of a product or service to an acceptable level following its disruption.

73Residual RiskThe level of risk remaining after all cost-effective actions have been taken to lessen the impact, probability and consequences of a specific risk or group of risks, subject to an organization's risk appetite.Balance Imbalance

74ResilienceThe ability of an organization to resist being affected by an incident.Flexibility Unflexibility

75ResourcesAssets, people, skills, information, technology (includingplant and equipment), premises, and supplies and information (whether electronic or not) that an organization has to have available to use, when needed, in order to operate and meet its objectives.Assets Debt

76RiskCombination of the probability of an event and its consequence.Fortune Misfortune

77Risk AcceptanceA management decision to take no action to mitigate the impact of a particular risk.

78Risk AnalysisThe quantification of threats to an organization and theprobability of them being realized

79Risk AppetiteTotal amount of risk that an organization is prepared to accept, tolerate, or be exposed to at any point in time.

80Risk AssessmentA formal but often subjective process of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation.

81Risk AvoidanceAn informed decision to not become involved in or to with draw from a risk situation.

82Risk CriteriaTerms of reference against which the significance of a risk is evaluated. Risk criteria are based on internal and external context, and are regularly reviewed to ensure continued relevance. Risk criteria can be derived from standards, laws and policies.

83Risk Management (RM)The application of management policies to the identification, analysis, assessment, treatment and monitoring of risk.

84Risk MitigationImplementation of measures to deter specific threats to the continuity of business operations, and/or respond to any occurrence of such threats in a timely and appropriate manner. Activities taken to reduce the severity or consequences of an emergency.

85Risk ReductionA selective application of appropriate techniques and management principles to reduce either probability of an occurrence or its impact, or both.

86Risk TransferenceRefers to the shifting of the burden of loss to another party through legislation, contract, insurance or other means. It can also refer to the shifting of a physical risk or part thereof elsewhere.

87Risk TreatmentSelection and implementation of measures to modify risk.Application Failure

88SafetyFreedom from danger, risk or injury.Assurance Exposure

89Service Level Agreement(SLA)An agreement between a service provider and a customer defining the scope, quality and timeliness of service delivery.Concurrence Disagreement

90SimulationSimulation is a process whereby recovery team members perform all of the actions they would take in the event of plan activation. It may involve one or more of the recovery teams and are performed under conditions that at least simulate a disaster.Duplicate Original

91Single Point of Failure(SPOF)Unique (single) source or pathway of a service, activity and/or process; typically there is no alternative, and loss of that element could lead to total failure of a mission critical activity and/or dependency.Author Result

92SS 540Business Continuity Standard published by Singapore Standards Council.Continuance Discontinuity

93StakeholderIndividual or group having an interest in the performance or success of an organization e.g., customers, partners, employees, shareholders, owners, the local community, first responders, government, and regulators.Associate

94Standby ServiceAny alternative sites, facilities, equipment or resources that may be available for use following a disaster.Backup

95Stand DownA formal announcement that alert status is over and theplan will not be invoked an further.BroadcastSecret

96Supply ChainThe linked processes that begins with the acquisition of raw material and extends through the delivery of products or services to the end user across the modes of transport. The supply chain may include suppliers, vendors, manufacturing facilities, logistics providers, internal distribution centres, distributors, wholesalers,and other entities that lead to the end user.System Decline

97Table Top ExerciseTechnique for rehearsing emergency teams in whichparticipants review and discuss the actions they would take according to their plans, but do not perform any of these actions; can be conducted with a single team, or multiple teams, typically under the guidance of exercise facilitators.Approach Impotence

98TargetDetailed performance requirement applicable to an organization that arises from the objectives and that needs to be set and met in order to achieve those objectives.Object

99TestAn activity that is performed to evaluate the effectiveness or capabilities of a plan relative to specified objectives or measurement criteria. Types of tests include: Desk Check, Peer Review, Structured Walkthrough, Standalone Test, Integrated Test, and Operational Test.Investigation Conclusion

100TestingEvaluation of a resource to validate the achievement of objectives and aims.Investigating Concluding