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Internation al IDEASE - 103 34 StockholmSweden

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11

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of] d'2f ;+Vofsf] af/]df dfq xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] d"NofÍg ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . gLlt lg0f{o / sfg'gx¿ ;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] kmfObfsf] nflu th'{df ul/g] xf] eg] ;Dej eP;Dd To; ;dfhsf Jofks kIfsf] cg'ejnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfo ;Ifd eP Tof] lg0f{o pko'Qm x'g]5 . To;n] s'g} vf; ;d"xsf dflg;x¿ jf ;d"xx¿sf] eGbf ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug]{5 .

dlxnfsf] dtflwsf/ / lg0f{odf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfaf/]sf] ax; k|foh;f] Gofo, ;dtf / dfgj clwsf/x¿dfly s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 eg] dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf wf/0ff / cg'ejx¿ ;dfj]z ugf{n] a9L ;DefJo ;dfwfgtkm{ cjZoDefjL ?kdf pGd'v u/fp“5 / To;n] ;dfhsf] c? Jofks txnfO{ ;Gt'i6 t'Nofp“5 . To;sf/0f dlxnf To; k|lqmofsf] Pp6f lx:;f x'g'k5{ . clg o;n] km/s kf5{ eGg] s'/f klg ToxL xf] M xfdLn] xfd|f ;d:ofx¿sf c;n / a9L pko'Qm ;dfwfg kfpg] ePsfn] o;af6 ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhn] kmfObf kfp“5 .

r'gf}tL Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfnfO{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf r'gfj lhtfpg] ;'lglZrt ug{' eGbf cem} k/ 5 . sfg'gdf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf clwsf/x¿ / c;n zf;gsf] /fhg}lts cnÍf/ tyf ;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGq x'“bfx'“b} klg lkt[;QfTdstf, dlxnfnfO{ cwLg:y agfOg', ;fj{hlgs If]q k'¿ifsf nflu ;'/lIft /flvPsf] xf] / ;fdflhs ;Demf}tf eg]sf] gful/s / ;/sf/x¿aLrsf] xf]Og, ;/sf/ tyf k'¿ifx¿sf aLrsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df xf] eGg] ulx/f];“u h/f uf8]sf] ;f]rfO dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgif]w ug{ Ps;fy cfp“5g\ .

s}og\ /fi6«df ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, lkt[;QfTds / cfly{s cj/f]wsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿n] dtbfgsf] clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{ lg/Gt/¿kdf sl7gfO e]mln/x]sf 5g\ . zf;g Joj:yfsf lgsfox¿df k|j]z ug{df dlxnfx¿n] sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf u/]sf 5g\ / Tof] lg/Gt/¿kn] rln/x]sf] 5≤ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ ltgLx¿nfO{ pDd]bjf/sf ¿kdf 5gf}6 ug{df r'S5g\ / dtbftfx¿n] k'¿ifx¿nfO{ rog u/]/ ;dfhsf k'/ftg n}lËs cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat u5{g\ / ToxLcg';f/n] sfo{ u5{g\ . To; ;+:yfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 klg dlxnfx¿n] ltgLx¿sf sfo{ ug]{] IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt kfg]{ vfnsf gof“ cj/f]wx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'k5{ .

bafOPsfx¿n] Ps csf{nfO{ d2t ug{'k5{ eGg]af/] ;r]t eP/ blIf0f clk|msfsf] d'lQm ;ª\u|fddf dlxnfx¿ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;xefuL eP clg dlxnf d'lQmsf] l;4fGtdf ;xof]4fx¿sf] ?kdf PsLs[t x'g ;Ifd ePsf lyP . ;Demf}tf jftf{x¿df dlxnfx¿sf]

16

lg/Gt/ ;+nUgtfåf/f gof“ blIf0f clk|msfdf n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn ;+ljwfgsf] ;'lglZrt eof] / To;n] jf:tljs / k|efjsf/L ;dfgtfsf lgldQ cg'kd sfg'gL vfsf pknAw u/fof] . oBlk, cGo /fi6«sf dlxnfx¿sf] h:t} sfg'gdf clwsf/x¿ /xg'sf] cy{ tL clwsf/nfO{ :jtM bfaL ug{ / cEof; ug{df dlxnfx¿ ;Ifd /x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] xf]Og . ;dfhdf ;+/lrt lkQ[;Qf / dlxnfnfO{ bafpg] k|jl[Qsf ;fy} ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s rngx¿ klg xfdL;“u /x]sf x'G5g\ .

cGo ;a} lgsfox?h:t} zf;g Joj:yfsf lgsfox¿ klg lkt[;QfTds ;dfhdf ljsl;t ePsf x'g\ / tL c;dfg n}lËs ;DaGwx¿sf] dfGotfåf/f clg tL lgsfox? s; -k'¿if_ n] ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ .

blIf0f clk|msfdf xfdLn] gf;f]sf] ¿kdf kfPsf ;dflhs ;+/rgfx¿ hfltjfb tyf lkt[;QfTdstfåf/f k|]l/t 5g\ clg lgsfox¿ klg To:t} 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] kfPsf ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfx¿df ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu k|of]u ug{' cfjZos 5, t/ xfdL ltgLx¿sf] cfd"n¿kn] ?kfGt/0f ul/g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5f}“ . ltgsf ;+:s[lt, d"No–dfGotfx¿, ;Ë7g / z}nLdf ;bf c;dfgtfnfO{ lr/:yfoL agfpg nflu clg ljz]ifflwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf lglDt tof/ ul/Psf lyPM tL p2]Zox¿ xfd|f p2]Zox¿sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt 5g\ . ?kfGt/0f gul/P;Dd tL lgsfox¿n] Toxf“ k|j]z ug]{ s'g}klg sfnf hflt jf dlxnfnfO{ of t cfkm}“df lgNb} ;dflxt u/fp“5 jf /fhLgfdf ug{ xtf]T;fxg u/fp“5 .

cfd"n kl/jt{gsf nflu dlxnf rflxG5g\ / Tof] cfjZos klg 5, clg To;sf nflu kl5 cfpg]x¿sf nflu ;lhnf] agfp“b} tL ;+:yfx¿df dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt cfkm" ;+nUg ;+/rgfsf] zlQm kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj kfPsf]df xfdL efUodfgL 5f}+ . ljZje/sf s}og\ cg'ejx?dWo] blIf0f clk|msL cg'ej Pp6f xf] .

of] xft]k':ts Pp6f ;fwg xf] . o;n] s'g} Pp6f dfq ;dfwfg k|:tfj ub}{g, t/ xfdLn] ;femf p2]Zox¿ lnPsf] eP klg xfd|f cj:yfx¿ leGg /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ cGoq k|of]u ul/Psf / xfn xfd|f nflu pknAw ljlwx¿af/] ;"rgf pknAw u/fp“5 .

of] xft]k':ts Pp6f ;fwg xf] . o;n] s'g} Pp6f dfq ;dfwfg k|:tfj ub}{g, t/ xfdLn] ;femf p2]Zox¿ lnPsf] eP klg xfd|f cj:yfx¿ leGg /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ cGoq k|of]u ul/Psf / xfn xfd|f nflu pknAw ljlwx¿af/] ;"rgf pknAw u/fp“5 . o;n] cleofgstf{, cg';Gwfgstf{ / /fhgLlt1x¿sf] ¿kdf sfo{/t lghL ;d"x tyf ;+u7gx¿ / :yfgLo, If]qLo / cGt//fli6«o cleofgstf{sf] ¿kdf sfo{/t dlxnfsf ;fy} k'¿ifx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Lsf cg'ejx¿nfO{ phfu/ ub{5 .

;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{¿kdf of] dlxnfx¿n] s] ug{' k5{ eGg] s'/fdfly s]lGb|t 5 . of]

17

;dfgtf jf lje]bLs/0f lj?4sf] P]g kfl/t u/]kl5 ;dfhsf] pQ/bfloTj ;dfKt x'G5 / af“sL sfd dlxnfx¿dfly e/ k5{ eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{x¿nfO{ ;xof]usf nflu xf]Og . a¿ s'g} klg ;dfh / cj:yfdf ;a}eGbf a9L c;/ k/]sfx¿n] g} kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu sfo{ ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbg] vfnsf] 5 . ljz]ifflwsf/ kfPsfx¿n] c¿nfO{ ;LdfGts[t kfg]{ k|0ffnLaf6 c~hfgdf ;d]t nfe p7fp“5g\ . t;y{ ltgLx¿sf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] bhf{nfO{ x6fpg] kl/jt{g Nofpgsf lgldQ ltgLx¿dfly e/ kg{'x'“b}g . of] JolQmut ?kdf xfdL dlxnfx¿dfly e/ k5{ . kl/jt{gsf nflu h'g;'s} ;dfh / kl/l:yltdf klg ;a}eGbf kLl8tx¿ cfkm}“n] k|of; ug{'k5{ . h;n] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] kmfObf lnO/x]sf] 5, pgLx¿n] Joj:yfsf sf/0f ghfg]/ klg c?nfO{ ;LdfGtLs/0f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ cfgf] ljz]ifflwsf/ ;dfKt x'G5 eg]/ klg kl/jt{gdf ;fd]n x'g ;Sb}gg\ . of] xfdL dlxnfx¿s} lhDd]jf/L xf] .

h'g;'s} ;dfh / kl/l:yltdf klg kl/jt{gsf nflu ;a}eGbf kLl8tx¿ cfkm}“n] k|of; ug{'k5{ . h;n] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] kmfObf lnO/x]sf] 5, pgLx¿n Joj:yfsf sf/0f ghfg]/ klg c?nfO{ ;LdfGtLs/0f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ cfgf] ljz]ifflwsf/ ;dfKt x'G5 eg]/ klg kl/jt{gdf ;fd]n x'g ;Sb}gg\ . of] xfdL dlxnfx¿s} lhDd]jf/L xf] .

xfdL PSsfO{;f}“ ztfAbLdf k|j]z ubf{v]l/ ljZjJofkLs/0fn] cj;/ tyf gof“ r'gf}tLx¿ b'j} Nofp“5 . ;g\ !((% df g}/f]aL ;Dd]ng;Dd k'¥ofO“bfsf] cjlwdf dlxnfx¿ cfkm"nfO{ lghL j:t'df ;Lldt ug]{ wf/0ff pN6fpgsf nflu e]nf eP . ;dfhdf /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;t{x¿af6 cnu ljz'4 ;fdflhs ?kdf cfk\mgf rf;f]x¿nfO{ kl/eflift u/] . ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿df dlxnfx¿ Ps h'6 eP clg ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] dfGotf k|fKt u/] . a]Olhªdf kfl/t ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgf dlxnfsf] ljsf; ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] ;du| efu xf] / To;sf cltl/Qm of] /fhg}lts / gful/s clwsf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s / ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿af6 cnu ug{ ;ls“b}g eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 .

xfdLn] b'O{ bzscufl8 jf cfwf ztfAbLcufl8;Dd x]¥of}“ eg] cfkm"n] u/]sf] j[xt\ ljsf;nfO{ b]Vg]5f}“ . gof“ ;x;|fAbLdf cufl8 x]bf{v]l/ xfdLn] c¿ cufl8 slt ofqf ug{' 5 eGg]af/] b]Vg]5f}“, t/ xfdLn] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf nflu Gofo, zflGt tyf ;'/Iffsf jfxssf] ¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] syf n]Vg] sfd xfd|f] Ifdtfdfly cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy ug{ ;S5f}“ .

18

clGtdsf] dGtJo

cg'ejx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ ls zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;jf]{Rr txdf dlxnfx¿sf] j[xt\ k|ltlglwTjn] r]tgf clej[l4 ug{, sfo{;"rL kl/jt{g ug{ / /fli6«o n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn sfg'gL ;+/rgf pknAw u/fpg kl/jt{g NofPsf 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt sltko nf]stGqx? cem klg kl5 k/]sf] a]nf k|fb'ef{j eO/x]sf nf]stGqx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljz]if k|fjwfgx¿ to ul/g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ clxn] ;fdfGotM :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f] kmfObfsf nflu xfdLn] :yfgLo ;/sf/ / /fHosf cGo lgsfox¿df k|ltlglwTj a9fpg] ljlwx¿nfO{ /0fgLlts/0f ug{' cfjZos 5 .

t/ a9\bf] k|ultaf/] pT;j dgfP tfklg cfTd;Gt'li6k|lt xfdLn] ;fjwfg x'g'k5{ . Joj:yflksfsf cltl/Qm lghL If]q, Gofofno ax'kIfLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿nufot k'¿ifsf] jr{:jo'Qm zlQmzfnL ;+3–;+:yfx¿ cem} 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf )=& k|ltztdfq d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[t -CEO_ dlxnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o'/f]kdf pRr:t/sf] j]tg kfpg] @% hgf d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[tx¿dWo] Pshgf klg dlxnf 5}gg\ . ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf ulgPsf ^% k|ltzt sDkgLsf ;~rfns ;ldltx¿df Pshgf klg dlxnf 5}gg\ . ;g\ @))^ ;Dddf ;a} sDkgLsf ;~rfns ;ldltdf sDtLdf @ hgf dlxnf /x]sf] x'g'kg]{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu gj]{sf] e/v/}sf] x:tIf]ksf] pbfx/0f cGoq klg cg';/0f ug{ ;lsg] Pp6f kxn xf] .

clGtd / ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ k"0f{;dfgtfnfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (Millennium Development Goals) x¿df oy]i6¿kn] d"n k|jfxLs/0f ul/Psf] 5}g / dlxnfx¿;“u ;DalGwt s]xL vf; d'2fnfO{ 7"nf] dfqfdf a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @))% ;Dddf k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffdf / ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a} txdf n}lËs e]befj lgd{"n kfg]{;“u ;DalGwt / dft[:jf:Yo ;'wf/ ug]{af/]sf ljz]if nIox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ k|fKt ug]{ ;ª\3if{df dlxnfx¿n] xfd|f pknlAw / cufl8sf sfo{;"rLsf] ljsf;nfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

;g\ @))% cS6f]a/

19

e"ldsf

nf]stGq / lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;xof]usf nflu cGt//fli6«o ;+:yf -OG6/g];gn cfOl8of_ ;a} dxfb]zsf ;b:o /fi6« /x]sf] Pp6f cGt/;/sf/L ;Ë7g xf] . o;n] gof“ tyf nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt nf]stGqx¿df lbuf] nf]stGqsf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 . t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f tyf cg'ejx¿ k|fKt ub}{ cfOl8ofn] lgjf{rg k|lqmofx¿nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofp“5, /fhg}lts ;dfgtf tyf ;xeflutf clej[l4 u5{ / nf]stflGqs ;+3–;+:yfx¿ tyf cEof;x¿sf] ljsf; u5{ . ;dfhsf Jofks If]qsf ;d"xx¿sf lgldQ nfe k'¥ofp“b} k|efjsf/L zf;g Joj:yf vf]Hg] xf] eg] oL lgsfox¿ ljz]if u/]/ ;dfj]zL tyf pQ/bfoL x'g' dxŒjk"0f{{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df /fhg}lts hLjgdf dlxnf ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj k|j4{g ug{ cfOl8of jrga4 /x]sf] 5 .

nf]stflGqs ljsf; / lbuf]kgfsf lgldQ /fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{' / /fhg}lts hLjgdf ltgLx¿sf] kx'“r ;'/lIft ug'{ ljz]if dxTjsf] s'/f x'G5 . dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf k|j4{g tyf j[l4 ug]{ kxnx¿ ljZje/ g} ePsf 5g\ / n}lËs ;dfgtf k|flKtsf] ;femf nIo ePsf leGg /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ Ps} 7fp“df e]nf u/fOPsf 5g\ . s]xL /fi6«df, pbfx/0fsf nflu gl8{s /fi6«x¿df, /fhg}lts lgsfox¿ tyf Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTjdf k'Ug] k|lqmofn] nfdf] ;do lnPsf] 5 eg] cGo /fi6«df nf]stGqsf] ;ª\qmd0fn] a9L b|'t ultdf ljsf;sf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 / ;dfhdf ;du| kl/jt{gn] /fhg}lts hLjgdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ …cj;/sf em\ofnx¿Ú nfO{ vf]lnlbPsf] 5 . oBlk, ;fGble{s leGgtfx¿ h];'s} eP tfklg Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] cem pRr k|ltlglwTj / dlxnfx¿ lgjf{lrt x'gsf nflu ePsf cem k|efjsf/L ;ª\3if{n] s8f k|lt/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug{' k/]sf] 5 / ;dfhsf ;dfg ;b:osf] ¿kdf cfgf] clwsf/sf nflu ;Demf}tf jftf{x¿ ug{ dlxnfsf] Pp6f ;zQm ;d"xsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] nIodf k'Ugsf nflu ljZjel/sf dlxnfx¿ /fhg}lts ;Ldf gf£b} tyf leGg ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cj:yf / hfltut ;DaGwgx¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 uf]naGb ePsf 5g\ . s8f kl/>dn] kmn lbPsf] 5 / ljZjsf w]/}h;f] If]qdf oyfy{df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g\ . Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] cf};t ;+Vof ;g\ !((* sf] !!=* k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @))% df sl/a !^ k|ltztdf j[l4 ePsf] 5, t/ sfo{sf nflu a]Olhª d~rn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf cf]xbfx¿df #) k|ltzt dlxnf k'¥ofpg] nIo k|flKtsf nflu ce}m klg nfdf] af6f] to ug{ af“sL 5 . To;}sf/0f dlxnfsf lgldQ pknAw ;+oGqx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf clej[l4 ub}{ hfg' / dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmnx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf

20

lbg' Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{{ 5 . o;sf] cy{ Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿ j[l4 ug{'dfq xf]Og a? …;+VofeGbf k/Ú hfg' / lgjf{lrt dlxnfx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf / zlQmzfnL kbx¿df lgjf{lrt dlxnfsf] k|efjnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ ljlwx¿ vf]Hg' klg xf] .

o;sf lgldQ ;+;bdf dlxnf M ;+VofeGbf k/ gfds gof“ xft]k':ts k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . o;n] Joj:yflksfsf nflu x'g] r'gfj lhTg dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug]{ cj/f]wx¿sf] klxrfg u5{ / ltgLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu ;'emfj tyf ljsNkx¿ pknAw u/fp“5 . lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf lgsfox¿df cfgf] ;xeflutfåf/f /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿n] c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] ljlwx¿ klxrfg u/]/ of] ;+VofeGbf k/ klg hfg vf]H5 . o; xft]k':tsn] 1fg / Jofjxfl/s cg'ejnfO{ ljZjel/af6 Ps} 7fp“df hDdf kf5{ / ljleGg If]qsf dlxnfx¿n] /fhgLltdf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf lgldQ u/]sf ;ª\3if{sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ lrlqt ub{5 .

o; xft]k':tssf] df}lns ;+:s/0f ;g\ !((* df cª\u|]hLdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] / o;sf] k|f/lDes k|sfzgkl5 ljleGg If]qdf kl/jt{gsf nflu cleofgdf ;+nUg /x]sfx¿nfO{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpg o;nfO{ cGo efiffdf pknAw u/fpg b]vfOPsf] cTolws ?lrk|lt cfOl8of hfgsf/ 5 . To;}n] ;g\ @))@ b]lv @))# ;Dd cfOl8ofn] o; ljifonfO{ cBfjlws / cg'jfb ub}{ dfq xf]Og, vf; If]qx¿af6 36gf ljj/0fx¿ yk ub}{ o; xft]k':tssf …If]qLoÚ cg'jfbx¿ k|sflzt u¥of] . xft]k':tssf :k]lg;, k|mfG;]nL tyf OG8f]g]l;ofnL If]qLo ;+:s/0fx¿ pknAw 5g\ . ?;L efiffdf o;sf] Pp6f ;+lIfKt ;+:s/0f pknAw 5 .

ljleGg dxfg'efjsf] vf; tyf pTs[i6 of]ubfglagf of] xft]k':ts tof/ x'g ;Dej lyPg . ;g\ !(** sf] df}lns xft]k':tssf] pTkfbgdf cHhf s/fd ;zSt JolQmTj /xg'ePsf] lyof] / ljutsf jif{x¿df OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofk|lt pxf“sf] ;Nnfx, ;DkfbsLo ;xof]u / lgb]{zgsf nflu xfdL pxf“k|lt s[t1 5f}“ . h'nL aflnª\6g ;g\ @))! b]lv @))% ;Dd cfOl8of /fhgLltdf dlxnf cfof]hgfsf] sfo{jfxs sfo{qmd clws[t x'g'x'GYof] / pxf“ o; ;+zf]lwt ;+:s/0f / If]qLo ;+:s/0fx¿sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf] Joj;flos cg'ej / lj:t[t ;Dks{lagf o; xft]k':tssf ljleGg ;+:s/0f ;Dej x'g] lyPgg\ . sl7g kl/>d, ;dk{0f tyf ;DkfbsLo kf}/vsf nflu xfdL h'nL aflnª\6g / cHhf s/fd b'j}nfO{ wGojfb lbG5f}“, h;åf/f o; xft]k':tssf] kmn k|fKt eof] .

xfdL cdn ;Aaf3, c:;f s/fd, b|'b] bfn]¿k, Pln;f s]l/of], Plnhfa]y kfpn],

21

k|m]g lugjfnf, hf]gL nf]e]gb':sL, h'nL Aoflnª6g, sl/gf hfa|], vf]lkmkmfx OGb/ kf/fjfG;f, n]gf jfUg]¿b, dfnf Pg= x\t'g, dfl/Pt l;gp, gfb]Hbf :j]bf]ef, g]]:tf]l/g sDkf]/] gLgf ksf/L, l/rf8{ O{= Dof6NofG8, zLnf ldGh];, lzl/g /fO{, ;f]lgof kfNd]/L nufot ;Dk"0f{ n]vsx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbG5f}“, h;n] o; u|Gydf cBfjlws ;"rgfsf ;fy cfgf] of]ubfg tyf ;xof]uåf/f o; xft]k':tsnfO{ ;Dej agfpg'eof] . xfdL o; xft]k':tssf cGo ;+:s/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] n]vsx¿nfO{ :jfut u5f}{+ / ljleGg If]qaf6 cfgf] 1fg / cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;fem]bf/L ug{' ePsf]df xfdL pxf“x¿k|lt s[t1 5f}“ .

w]/} g} jrga4 tyf l;kfn' k/fdz{bftf tyf sd{rf/Ln] Ps;fy o; k|sfzgnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf 5g\ . Ps¿ktf / uxg ljj/0fsf lgldQ ;"Id Wofgsf nflu xfd|f k|ltefzfnL ;Dkfbs Oe hg\;gnfO{ xfd|f] xflb{s wGojfb hfG5 . To; k|lqmofel/ g} n]vs tyf ;Dkfbsx¿nfO{ oL oLg ofk / ;]l;lnof jfOn];f]n] cd"No ;xfotf / k'¥ofpg' eof] . xfd|f] k|sfzg PsfOsf sd{rf/L gflbof xfG8fn emfGb]/ tyf hf]xg anfdLnufot o; xft]k':ts pTkfbgdf pQ/bfoL /x]sf ;a}nfO{ xfdL wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}“ .

cGTodf, xfdL xfd|f ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ wGojfb lbG5f}“, h;sf] ;xof]ulagf of] k|sfzg ;Dej x'g] lyPg . nf]stGq k|j4{g ug]{ / dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf] ljsf; ug]{ Jofjxfl/s sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sfx¿nufot xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ kf7sn] o;nfO{ k|bLKt, cBfjlws tyf Pp6f kof{Kt lgb]{lzsf ePsf] kfpg] 5g\ eGg] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}“ .

n]gf x]d–jfn]g

kl/ifb\ cWoIfOG6/g];gn cfOl8of

22

cfO{kLo'÷IPU cGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3÷Inter-Parliamentary Union

cf/kLPkm÷RPF ¿jfG8f Kofl6«cl6s k|mG6÷Rwandan Patriotic Front

O{cfO{P;P÷EISA blIf0f clk|msL lgjf{rg cfof]u÷Electoral Institute of Southern Africa

PPg;L÷ANC clk|msL /fli6«o s+u|]; -blIf0f clk|msf_÷African National Congress

PghLcf]÷NGO u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf÷Non-Governmental Organization

PdPd8L÷MMD ax';b:oLo lhNnf÷Multi-Member District

PdkL÷MP ;+;bsf ;b:o÷Member of Parliament

PdkLcf/÷MPR hgk/fdz{ ;ef -OG8f]g]l;of_÷People’s Consultative Assembly, Indonesia

P;Pg6LeL÷SNTV Psn c;ª\qmd0fLo dt÷Single Non-Transferable Vote

P;Pd8L÷SMD Ps ;b:oLo lhNnf÷Single-member district

P;6LeL÷STV Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo dt÷Single Transferable Vote

h]Pd;L÷JMC dlxnfsf] cj:yf tyf u'0f:t/Lo hLjg;DaGwL ;+o'Qm cg'udg ;ldlt -blIf0f clk|msf_÷Joint Monitoring Committee on the Quality of Life and Status of Women, South Africa

kLcf/÷PR ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj÷PR Proportional Representation

kLcf/cfO{÷PRI OlG:6Ro';gn l/ef]No';g/L kf6L{ -d]lS;sf]_÷Institutional Revolutionary Party, Mexico

kLcf/8L÷PRD kf6L{ ckm 8]df]qm]l6s l/ef]No';g -d]lS;sf]_÷Party of the Democratic Revolution, Mexico

kLPPg÷PAN g];gn PS;g kf6L{ -d]lS;sf]_÷National Action Party, Mexico

kLP;÷PS ;f]l;oln:6 kf6L{ -k|mfG;_÷Parti Socialiste,France

kL;L÷PC sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -k|mfG;_÷Parti Communiste (France)

8An'Pg;L÷WNC ljd]G; g];gn sf]ln;g -blIf0f clk|msf_÷Women’s National Coalition, South Africa

8LkL8L÷DPD If]qLo k|ltlglw kl/ifb\, OG8f]g]l;of÷Regional Representatives’ Council, Indonesia

;+lIfKt zAb / cy{

23

8LkLcf/÷DPR k|ltlglw;ef, OG8f]g]l;of÷House of Representatives, Indonesia

l;8f]÷CEDAW dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a}vfn] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw -!(&(_÷Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)

;LhLO{÷CGE n}lËs ;dfgtf cfof]u -blIf0f clk|msf_÷Commission on Gender Equality, South Africa

o'Pg÷UN ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3÷United Nations

o'P;8L÷USD cd]l/sL 8n/÷US Dollar

o'Pg8LkL÷UNDP ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd÷United Nations Development Programme

o'lgkm]d÷UNIFEM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dlxnf ljsf; sf]if÷United Nations Development Fund for Women

cWofo !

cWofo !h'nL Aoflnª\6g

25

ljZjsf sltko If]qsf d'n'sx¿ Jofks ?kdf nf]stGqtkm{ ;ª\qmldt x'g nfUbf klg …ljz]if u/]/ /fhgLltdf k'¿ifx¿;“u k"0f{ tyf ;dfg ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf d'Vo lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf dlxnfx¿sf] nf]slk|o ;xeflutf xfn;Dd klg k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}gÚ! eg]/ ljZjsf ;/sf/x¿n] :jLsf/ u/]s} jif{ ;g\ !((% df OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . cfOl8of k|f/Deb]lv g} dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] s]Gb|laGb' /x]sf] lyof] / /x]sf] 5 eGg] ljZjf; /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf :yflkt / pbo eO/x]sf c? nf]stGqx¿ jf:tjdf g} nf]stflGqs x'g] xf] eg] ljZjsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwf efunfO{ k|ltlglwTj jf ;xeflutfaf6 cnu /fVg ;ls“b}g eGg] s'/fdf klg cfOl8of ;xdlt /fVb5 .

o;sf lgldQ cfOl8ofåf/f ;~rflnt /fhgLltdf dlxnf sfo{qmdn] dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ ljleGg ljlw tyf 9f“rfx¿nfO{ ;"Id 9Ën] t'ngf ub{5 . cfOl8ofn] ljåfg\ tyf cEof;stf{x¿aLrsf] l/Sttf k"lt{ ug{ dlxnfx¿sf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjsf lgldQ Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgx¿ vf]Hg] sfo{df ;+nUgx¿sf lglDt ;fGble{s gLltsf ljsNk tyf tYofÍx¿ pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . ljZj kl/k|]IonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿dfkm{t\ klg leGg /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo ;Gbe{af/]sf] r]tgf / ltgLx¿aLr t'ngfTds k|:t'lt emNsfpg] k|of; o;n] u/]sf] 5 . cª\u|]hL efiffsf] o; bf];|f] ;+:s/0fsf] cfjZostfn] k|dfl0ft u/]cg';f/ cfOl8ofåf/f ;~rflnt /fhgLltdf dlxnf sfo{qmdåf/f ;g\ !((* b]lv pTkflbt xft]k':tssf ;du| z[ª\vnfsf ;fy ;+;bdf dlxnfM ;+VofeGbf k/ gfds of] k':ts bz{gzf:q geO{ ljZjel/ ;dfg nIo k|flKtsf lglDt sfo{/t c;+Vo dflg;x¿aLrsf] lgZrofTds OR5fkq klg xf] . k|:t't xft]k':ts ;f] z[ª\vnfsf] 5}6f}“ k':ts xf] .

kl/ro

26

;+;bdf dlxnf M ;+VofeGbf k/

!= nf]stGqdf kx'“r M dlxnfx¿nfO{ lsg ;dfj]z ug]{ <

s'g} klg nf]stflGqs vfsf jf ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/e"t tyf cfjZos l;4fGt dlxnf tyf k'¿if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg /fhg}lts clwsf/ k|bfg / cEof; nufotsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGt xf] . k|efljt x'g]x¿sf] ;Gbe{, b[li6sf]0f / cg'ejx¿ g;d]l6Psf] s'g} klg /fhg}lts sfo{;"rLsf] ljsf; ljZj;gLo x'“b}g .

;dfhsf sltko k|ltli7t dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿ ztfAbLeGbf a9L ;dob]lv k|of;/t x'“bfx'“b} klg dlxnfx¿sf /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿ dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr s'g} klg cy{df ;dfg 5}gg\ .@ ljZj hg;+Vofsf] cfwf efu dlxnfsf] /x]sf] 5 . >dzlQmsf] %) k|ltzt lx:;f ltgLx¿n] cf]u6\5g\ t}klg Ps c/aeGbf a9L dfgj hflt ul/aLdf hLjg Joltt u5{g\ . lg0f{o k|lqmof / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ;“w} k'¿ifsf] xftdf /x]sf] 5 . n}lËs kl/k|]IonfO{ dgg u/]/ lg0f{o k|lqmofx¿df dlxnf tyf k'¿if b'j}nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{' s'g} klg nf]stflGqs ;+/rgfsf] clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . To;}n], nf]stGq JofVof jf kl/efiffsf cfwf/df lnËk|lt cGwf] x'g ;Sb}g . ;dfgtf / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj u/fpg / oL b'j} nIo k|fKt ug]{ cj;/tkm{ dl/d]6\g' k5{ .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f ;g\ !(&( df kfl/t eO{ ;g\ !(*! b]lv nfu" ePsf] dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug]{ dxf;lGw (CEDAW) sf] s]Gb|Lo ljifox?dWo]sf] Ps ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf dlxnf tyf k'¿ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf xf] . ;f] dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] @) jif{eGbf a9L ePsf] 5 / o;df !&( /fi6«x¿ kIf ag]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ lg0ff{os e"ldsf / g]t[TjbfoL kbx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ pkfo k|j4{g ug{ afWo 5g\ .

;g\ !((% df a]Olhªdf cfof]lht ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dlxnf;DaGwL rf}yf] ljZj;efn] ;LO{8LP8An' (CEDAW) sf k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu k'gM bafa ;[hgf u¥of] . sfof{Gjogsf nflu a]Olhª d~rn] …;a} txdf zlQm ;fem]bf/L / lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿aLrsf] c;dfgtfÚ / …dlxnf ljsf; k|j4{gdf ;a} txdf ckof{Kt ;+oGqÚ nfO{ dlxnfsf] cu|udgsf lgldQ sfo{ ug{' dxŒjk"0f{{ /x]sf] 7"nf] ;/f]sf/sf b'O{j6f If]qsf] klxrfg u¥of] . åGåkl5sf] /fi6« lgdf{0fdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ o;sf] kl/lwleq Nofpg o;nfO{ c? a9L lj:tf/ ul/of], h;nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] dlxnf, zflGt / ;'/Iffaf/]sf] ;g\ @))) sf] cS6f]a/df kfl/t k|:tfj gDa/ !#@% df cleJoQm ul/of] . ;g\ @))) df k|:tfj ;+Vof !#@% k|j]z u/fpg]af/] ;g\ @))) df ePsf] 5nkmndf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgn] eGg'eof] …zflGt dlxnf tyf k'¿ifaLrsf] ;dfgtf;“u cljefHo ?kdf ;DalGwt 5 ===zflGt / ;'/Iff Joj:yf sfod /fVg tyf k|j4{g ug{sf nflu lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf ;dfg ;xeflutf cfjZos /x]sf] x'G5 .Ú#

27

kl/ro

@= Pp6f bzs M ljZjel/ g} a9\bf] k|ult

;g\ !((% df cfOl8ofsf] :yfkgf ePkl5sf b;jif{ / ;g\ !((* df ;+;bdf dlxnfM ;+VofeGbf k/sf] d"n ;+:s/0f k|sflzt ePsf] ;ft jif{kl5 dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf] cj:yf lj:tf/} kl/jlt{t ePsf] 5 . ;du|df /fli6«o Joj:yflksfx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:yltsf ;DaGwdf lat]sf] bzsn] yf]/} kl/0ffddf eP klg k|ult b]v]sf] 5 .

;g\ !((% df ;+;bsf ;b:ox¿dWo] !!=# k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf lyP eg] ;g\ @))% df of] ;+Vofdf sl/a !^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .$ ;g\ !((% b]lv #) hgfeGbf a9L dlxnfn] ;/sf/ k|d'v /÷jf /fi6« k|d'vsf] ¿kdf ;]jf u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))% sf] cS6f]a/;Dddf @& hgf dlxnfn] ;+;bsf] cWoIftf u/]sf 5g\ .% ljZjJofkL ?kdf dlxnfx¿n] klxn]eGbf a9L dxŒjk"0f{ lgjf{lrt :yfgx¿ cf]u6]sf 5g\ .^

tflnsf ! M ;g\ @))% df If]qut¿kdf ljZjsf ;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutf

If]qPsn ;bg jf tNnf]

;bgdflyNnf] ;bg jf

l;g]6b'j} ;bg ldnfP/

gl8{s /fi6«x¿ $)=!∞ – $)=!∞

o'/f]k, gl8{s /fi6«x¿nufot

cf]P;;LO{ (OSCE) ;b:o /fi6«x¿ !*=(∞ !^=%∞ !*=$∞

cd]l/sf !*=&∞ !*=%∞

o'/f]k, gl8{s /fi6«x¿afx]ssf

cf]P;;LO{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿ !^=*∞ !^=%∞ !^=*∞

Pl;of !%=!∞ !#=%∞ !%=)∞

;a ;xf/f clk|msf !$=(∞ !$=)∞ !$=*∞

k]l;lkms !!=@∞ @^=%∞ !#=@∞

c/a /fi6«x¿ ^=&∞ %=^∞ ^=%∞

ljZjsf] cf};t !%=*∞ !$=&∞ !%=&∞

;|f]tM Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU), ‘Women in National Parliaments: Situation as of 31 January 2005’, <http://www.ipu.org>

s]xL If]qx?df dxTjk"0f{ k|ult ePsf] 5, pNn]Vo ?kdf gl8{s /fi6«x¿df, hxf“ ;+;bdf cf};t $) k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwTj 5 . ;+;bdf sDtLdf #) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ a]Olhª ;Dd]ngsf] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ;+;bx¿sf] k|ltzt ljut b; jif{df

28


^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eP/ tLg u'0ff a9L ePsf] 5 .& t}klg ljZjsf s}og\ e"efudf ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] jf:tljs kx'“r k'u]sf] 5}g / Toxf“ 7"nf] dfqfdf gf£g g;lsg] vfnsf cj/f]wx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu c/a d'n'sx¿df xfn;Dd klg dlxnfx¿sf] Go"g k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5, hxf“ tNnf] ;bgdf If]qLo cf};t ^=& k|ltzt 5 . #=@ k|ltztsf] cf};tsf ;fy dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj k|zfGt åLksf /fi6«x¿ -dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj j|mdzM @$=& k|ltzt / @*=# k|ltzt /x]sf] c:6]«lnof / Go'lhNofG8afx]s_* sf ;+;bdf klg bogLo ?kdf Go"g k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 .

#= o; xft]k':tssf af/]df

#=! k[i7e"ld

dGb ultdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj / nf]stGqLs/0f k|lqmofdf /fhg}lts cfsfz km/flsnf] x'g' Pp6f ckl/xfo{ kl/0ffd lyPg a?, of] lg/Gt/ ;~rflnt cleofg, ;+:yfut sflnu8L (Engineering), /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] jrga4tf / n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] cfjZostfsf nflu cGt//fli6«o ;d'bfox¿åf/f lbOPsf] 7"nf] dfGotfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ePsf] lyof] . of] cGt//fli6«o ;+jfb ljutsf b;jif{df dlxnfsf] k"0f{ /fhg}lts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu ul/Psf] 7f]; k|of;sf] hu ag]sf] 5 . If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o :t/df dlxnfx¿sf] ;zQm cleofg / P]Soj4tf n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ cGt//fli6«o sfo{;"rLdf ;zQm / b[9tfsf ;fy /fVg lg0ff{os /x]sf] 5 . oL cWofo tyf 36gf cWoogx¿ log} ljifodf cfwfl/t 5g\ .

;g\ !((* df cfOl8ofn] o; xft]k':tssf] klxnf] ;+:s/0f k|sflzt u¥of] . of] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f klg ;g\ @))% df ;+zf]wg tyf cBfjlws ul/Psf] lyof] . lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf lgsfox¿df /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] c;/ s;/L Nofpg] eGg]af/] ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ kx'“rof]Uo / pkof]uL ;"rgf cfjZos /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ o;sf] k|sfzg kl5sf] klxnf] ;f]r /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;df ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd k|efj kfg]{ ;fwgsf ;fy} ;xeflutfsf] ;du| k|lqmofdfly hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . …of] :ki6 5 ls dlxnfx¿ /fhgLltdf hlt a9L ;+nUg / ;lqmo x'G5g\ ltgLx¿sf cg'ej tL lgsfox¿df s;/L k'¥ofpg] / Toxf“ k'¥ofPkl5 ltgLx¿n] s] ug{ ;S5g\ eGg]af/] ;lj:tf/ JofVof ug]{ tj/n] s]nfpg' / /Ltk"j{ssf] agfpg' Hofb} cfjZos x'G5Ú( eg]/ cHhf s/fd JofVof ug{'x'G5 .

To;}n] of] xft]k':ts /fhgLltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / k|efj s;/L Nofpg] eGg]af/] s]xL ljsNkx¿ pknAw u/fp“b} ;+;bLo lgjf{rg k|lqmofel/ g} dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cj/f]wx¿dfly ljho k|fKt ug{] Pp6f Jofjxfl/s cf}hf/ xf] . o;nfO{ cfOl8ofsf] nf]stGqsf nflu ;xof]usf] cg'kd kx'“råf/f 6]jf k'¥ofOPsf] 5 / of] /fhgLltdf /x]sf c;Gt'ngx¿ ;Rofpg k|ltj4 dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿sf nflu /0fgLltx¿ pknAw u/fP/ lj1 tyf k|of]Stfx¿aLrsf] vf8n k'g{tkm{ nlIft /x]sf]

29

kl/ro

5 . o;n] lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg vf]H5, Joj:yflksfdf k|j]z ubf{ dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ d'Vo cj/f]wx¿ s] s] x'g\ < s'g s'g ;+/rgfut / /fhg}lts cj/f]wx¿ k/f:t ug]{ ljleGg pkfox¿ s] s] x'g\ < ;+;bLo /fhg}lts k|lqmofnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ dlxnfx¿n] k|of]u ug{;Sg] ;+oGq ;+/rgf tyf /0fgLltx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

#=@ nlIft ju{÷kf7s

o; xft]k':tsn] ljleGg u|Gysf/nfO{ Ps} ynf]df NofPsf] 5 . o;n] :yfgLo, If]qLo tyf cGt//fli6«o :t/df cg';Gwfgstf{, /fhgLlt1 / cleofgstf{sf ¿kdf sfo{/t dlxnfx¿sf ;fy} k'¿ifx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Lsf] cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ub{5 . /fhg}lts ;+/rgfx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutf tyf k|ltlglwTj k|j4{gdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿sf] Jofks txk|lt of] k':ts nlIft /x]sf] 5 . o;df k|ydtM tyf ;a}eGbf klxnf] :yfgdf ;+;bsf dlxnf ;b:ox¿ / lgjf{lrt kbsf lgldQ cleofg/t JolQmx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ . /fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] pGgltsf nflu sfo{/t cleofgstf{, ljåt\ ju{, cg';Gwfgstf{, kqsf/ tyf cGo ;Da4 kIfnufot gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿ klg o;sf nlIft ju{ x'g\ .

#=# If]qLo tx;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfo{

;g\ !((* df cª\u|]hLdf ;+;bdf dlxnf M ;+VofeGbf k/ (Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers) gfds of] k':ts k|sflzt ePkl5 ljZje/sf kl/jt{gsf kIfw/x¿aLr o; k':tsk|ltsf] kTofOg;Sg'sf] ?lr tyf dfu /x]sf] 5 . o; xft]k':tsnfO{ ljleGg efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ lg/Gt/ ePsf] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] lgDglnlvt If]qLo ;+:s/0fx¿ k|sflzt u/]sf] 5M k|m]Gr -;g\ @))@_, OG8f]g]l;ofnL -;g\ @))@_, :k]lg; -;g\ @))@_ / ?;L -;g\ @))# df ;+lIfKt ;+:s/0f_ . o; xft]k':tsdf ljZjsf ;a} e"efuaf6 @% j6feGbf a9L /fi6«sf 36gf cWoogx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf] j]a ;fO6df /x]sf] o; xft]k':tssf ljleGg If]qLo ;+:s/0fnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf 8fpgnf]8 ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

$= xft]k':tssf] ¿k/]vf

/fhg}lts lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ cEof;/tx¿sf lgldQ t'ngfTds ;"rgf tyf /0fgLltx¿sf] k|fjwfg d'Vo /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;+;bdf k'Ug dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cj/f]wx¿nfO{ b'O{j6f d'Vo ju{df ljefhg u/]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M dgf]jl[Qhgs tyf cfly{s–;fdflhs sf/s tTjx¿ tyf /fhg}lts / ;+:yfut sf/s tTjx¿ . cfly{s–;fdflhs tyf ljrf/wf/fut sf/s tTjx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ g;lsg] eP klg o;df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] :t/nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ /fhg}lts tyf ;+:yfut sf/s tTjx¿dfly a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 lsgls ltgLx¿af6 5f]6f] ;dofjlwdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 / Nofpg] ul/Psf] 5 .

30


o; xft] k':tsdf lgDglnlvt d'Vo ljifox? ;dfj]z 5g\ M

• cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts k"jf{u|xsf] c;/ clg ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf ljhoL x'gsf nflu /x]sf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ k/flht ug{',

• /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] v]Ng] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf,

• sf]6f h:tf ljz]if pkfox¿sf] k|of]uåf/f lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] kx'“r clej[l4 ug{', /

• ;+;b h:tf ;+:yfnfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{ / gLltut kl/jt{gdfly c;/ kfg{ dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ ;+Vofsf] k|ZgeGbf cem Jofks ?kdf x]g{' .

o; xft]k':tsdf k|:t't ;"rgfn] log} ljifodf pknAw ljz]if1tf / tYofÍx¿nfO{ Ps;fy Nofp“5g\ / cGo cg';Gwfg tyf tflnd ;~rfng ul/g' cfjZos /x]sf If]qx¿nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] b;f{p“5 . o;/L dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] /fhg}lts k|lqmofdfly s;/L k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\ eGg]af/]sf] clGtd u|Gy eg] of] xf]Og g t of] k|fylds ¿kn] Pp6f cg';Gwfg g} xf] . cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] b[li6sf]0f tyf ljZn]if0fx¿ o;df ;dfj]z u/]sf] eP tfklg cufl8sf cGo sfo{sf lgldQ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] /0fgLlt tyf ljrf/x¿ pknAw u/fp“b} o; xft]k':tssf] 9f“rf k|fylds¿kdf Jofjxfl/s p2]Zosf] lgldQ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

klxnf rrf{ ul/Pcg';f/, /fhgLltdf k|efj kfg]{ d'2fx¿;lxt Joj:yflksfdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ ;d:ofx¿tkm{ x]g{' / tL cj/f]wx¿nfO{ k/f:t ug{sf nflu k|of]u / ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;+oGq ;+/rgfnfO{ x]g{' cfjZos x'G5 . /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] k|foM ;a} dlxnfn] /fhg}lts, ;fj{hlgs, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs jftfj/0f cfgf] ;xeflutfsf lgldQ pko'Qm gePsf] kfp“5g\ . cWofo @ df gfb]Hbf :e]bf]efn] /fhg}lts, cfly{s ;fdflhs clg dgf]j}1flgs sf/s tTjx¿df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdfly k|efj kfg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfgo'Qm k|:t'lt ug'{ePsf] 5 .

;+;bdf dlxnf eGg] n]vn] Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] kx'“rdfly ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] k|efj dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] eg]/ :ki6 ¿kn] b;f{Psf] 5 . cWofo # df l/rf8{ O= Dof6NofG8n] ljleGg lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf kl/0ffdx¿sf] lrq0f ug{'ePsf] 5 . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿n] dfq dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] :t/ lgSof]{n gug]{ ePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] / lg/Gt/¿kn] kl/jlt{t x'“b} cfPsfn] ltgLx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL cWofon] pDd]bjf/ dgf]gogsf nflu k|fylds pQ/bfloTj jxg ug]{ ePsfn] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] k|efjnfO{ klg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] b;f{Psf] 5 . nf]stGqdf lgjf{rgsf lgldQ pDd]bjf/x¿ tof/ tyf 5gf}6 ug]{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ g]t[Tj tyf zf;g Joj:yfsf kbx¿df ;xfotf ug]{ sfo{df ;a}eGbf /0fg}lts pQ/bfloTjsf] lgldQ kf6L{x¿nfO{ ljZjf; ul/G5 .

31

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lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cj/f]wx¿sf sf/0f Joj:yflksf tyf cGo lgjf{lrt kbdf ltgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt k|j4{g ug{ ljz]if pkfox¿ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ . /fhg}lts zlQmdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;f]emf] kx'“r ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu clxn] sf]6f ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;+oGqx?dWo]sf] Ps ePsf] 5 . cWofo $ df n]vs 8«'8] bfx\n]?kn] sf]6f k|0ffnLx¿ / dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 Nofpgsf nflu ltgLx¿n] s;/L dxŒjk"0f{{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ eg]/ k/LIf0f ug{'ePsf] 5 . o; n]vn] sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] k|of]usf kIf tyf ljkIfdf ljleGg ts{ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . ljut b;jif{df sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] k|j]zn] s]xL ;kmntf xft kf/]sf] 5 . cGo pbfx/0fdf sf]6fx¿sf] k|j]zsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k /fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf jf ltgLx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0fdf j[l4 ePsf] 5}g . To;}n] o; cWofon] ljZjel/sf /fi6«df sf]6fx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] t'ngfTds pbfx/0fx¿ pknAw u/fp“5 .

dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ tf]Sg ;fk]If¿kdf ;xh x'G5, t/ dlxnfx¿df ePsf] zlQm / cfkm"n] 5fg]sf] k];fdf ltgLx¿n] NofPsf ;sf/fTds leGgtfnfO{ sb/ ug{' lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 . o; xft]k':tssf] bf];|f] ljifo /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf vf; k|efj kfg{sf nflu ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿ s;/L …;+VofeGbf k/Ú hfg ;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf s]lGb|t 5 . cWofo % df cHhf sf/fd tyf hf]gL nf]e]Gb':sLn] …lgod /0fgLltÚ nfu" u/]/ k|foh;f] Joj:yflksfsf] :jefj j0f{g ug]{ lglxt …;+:yfut k'¿ifTjÚ df dlxnfx¿n] s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5g\ eGg]af/] ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug{'ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿n] cfgf] ljwflosL lg0f{o lng;Sg] Ifdtfdf s;/L j[l4 ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] k|Zgaf/] ;f]Rg] / sfo{ ug]{ Pp6f vfsfaf/] pgLx¿n] ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ / lgodx¿ l;Sg], lgodx¿ k|of]u ug]{ / lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug]{ tLgj6f d'Vo If]qx¿ klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . To; cWofon] k|of; ul/Psf / eljiodf k|of; ug{ ;lsg] /0fgLltx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 / …;+VofeGbf k/Ú x]g{'sf] dxTjaf/] ts{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

ljleGg /fli6«o jf:tljstfx¿ klxrfg ug{ / To;;“u Jojxf/ ug{ cfOl8of ;“w} k|of;/t 5 . oyfy{df o; xft]k':tsdf ljleGg /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{x¿sf ;fy} dlxnf ;xeflutfdf ;a}sf] cfcfk\mg} lsl;dsf] k|efj ePsf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg, nf]stGq ljsf;zLn /x]sf / :yflkt tyf ;+:yfut nf]stGq ePsf /fi6«x¿nufot 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oL ljleGgtfx¿nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] eg]/ b;f{pg 5nkmn ul/Psf ;a} d'2fx¿df ljZjsf ljleGg e"efusf 36gf cWoogx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . k|To]s 36gf cWoogx¿n] k|To]s /fi6«df /x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / ;f+:s[lts cj:yfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug'{sf ;fy} dlxnfx¿sf] cfjZostf / ck]Iffsf ;Gbe{df ;femf ;jfnx¿nfO{ clg s]xL dfldnfx¿df pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;d]t k|ltlalDat u/]sf] 5 . ch]{lG6gf, c/a /fi6«x¿ -hf]8{g, n]agfg / odg_, Pl;of -afª\nfb]z, ef/t / kfls:tfg_, a'ls{gf kmf;f], OSj]8f]/, k|mfG;, OG8f]g]l;of, Nofl6g cd]l/sf -If]qLo t'ngfx¿_, ¿jfG8f, blIf0f

32


32

clk|msf / l:j8]gnufot P3f/j6f /fli6«o tyf If]qLo 36gf cWoogx¿ o;df k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . o;df cGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3 -cfOkLo'_ sf] sfo{af/] afx|f}+ gd'gf cWoog klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cfOkLo'sf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;“u sfo{ u/]sf] nfdf] tyf ljlzi6 clen]v /x]sf] 5 . k|:t'tLs/0fn] Pp6f s'g} vf; k|0ffnLsf] abnfdf csf]{nfO{ ;dy{g ub}{g, a? ljsNk tyf ;a}eGbf c;n cEof;x¿sf] >]0fLnfO{ ;dfj]z u5{ . o;k|sf/n] d'2fx¿sf af/]df / ltgLx¿sf] vf; cj:yfsf nflu cg's"n sfo{ ug{ tof/ /x]sfaf/] dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug{ ;lsG5 .

lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf lgsfox¿df n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ljsf; ug{ sfo{/t cg';Gwfgstf{, /fhgLlt1 tyf cleofgstf{x¿åf/f k|:t't ul/Psf ;"rgfnfO{ Ps;fy Nofpg] p2]Zo o; xft]k':tsn] /fv]sf] 5 . o;df s}og\ b[li6sf]0f tyf d'2fnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 / /0fgLltx¿ k|:tfljt ul/Psf 5g\ . cWofo ^ df cHhf s/fdn] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿åf/f klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostfx¿af/] Pp6f l;+xfjnf]sg pknAw u/fP/, Joj:yflksfleq ltgsf] ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ul/Psf /0fgLltx¿sf] ;f/f+z pknAw u/fP/ tyf s}og\ bzsb]lv dlxnfx¿n] 8f]¥ofPsf] / ;dfhn] ;d"xut ¿kn] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu nfdf] b"/Lsf] k}bn ofqf -nª dfr{_ nfO{ lgZro ub}{ o; xft]k':tsdf k|:t't ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ;+of]hg ug{'ePsf] 5 .

of] xft]k':ts o; If]qsf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf ;fy} dlxnf cleofgstf{x¿sf Jofjxfl/s cg'ejx¿ / Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf k|j4{gdf sfo{/t ;Ë7gx¿åf/f pknAw u/fOPsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;"Idtf;“u bf“Hg] Pp6f k|of; xf] . JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿ b'j} :yfgLo tyf cGt//fli6«o :t/;Dd km}lnP/ /x]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f of] xft]k':tsn] 7"nf] ;+Vofsf af6f] klxNofOx¿nfO{ Ps} k6s Ps};fy Nofpg] k|of;nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . cg'ej tyf kl/0ffdx¿df ;femf /x]sf s'/fnfO{ 7Dofpgsf lgldQ s]xL ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5, t/ To:tf] eP tfklg k|To]s :yfgLo cj:yfsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ ;Ddfg tyf u0fgf ul/“bfv]l/ o; ;du|tfdf u|x0f ug{ sl7g /xG5 .

%= eljiosf] sfo{;"rL

k|To]s /fi6«df k4ltx¿ leGg x'g ;S5g\, t/ /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ nf]stflGqs k|lqmofsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf j[l4 tyf ;'b[9 ul/g' cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljZjel/sf s]xL ;/sf/n] dfq c:jLsf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . tYox¿, hLjGt jf:tljstfx¿, ldl>t cGt1f{g tyf cg'ejx¿dfly e/ k/]/ o; xft]k':tsn] km/flsnf] /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf leGgtf Nofpg dflg;x¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ hdft tyf /0fg}lts u7aGwg lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg]5 / o; ;"rgfn] k"j{, klZrd, pQ/ / blIf0fsf dlxnfx¿sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ k|ltlalDat u/]sf] 5 eGg] cfzf cfOl8ofn] lnPsf] 5 .

cGTodf, s'g} klg k|of;sf] ;kmntf o;df of]ubfg lbg]x¿ ;a}sf] k|of;x¿sf] s'n

33

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33

of]u xf] / ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhnfO{ xfd|f] ;+;f/nfO{ cfgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ ;a}eGbf c;n tj/n] ;du| d'Vo kfqx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf] Pp6f c;n :yfg agfpg] ckl/xfo{ k|lqmofdf ;+nUg x'g cfx\jfg ul/G5 . /fhg}lts kl/lwdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|j]z tyf ;kmntftkm{ pGd'v ePsf] :yfg ToxL g} xf] / of] xft]k':ts of] ?lrk"0f{ ;dodf ljutdf sfo{ u/]sf tyf xfn klg o; dxŒjk"0f{{ ofqfsf] Pp6f efu /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf clg k'¿ifnfO{ clejfbg ug]{ Pp6f k|of; xf] .

kfbl6Kk0fL1 United Nations, 1995. ‘Fourth World Conference on Women Platform for Action’, 1995,

article 15, <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/plat1.htm>.2 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1995. Human Development Report

1995: Gender and Human Development. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.3 Whittington, S., 2004. ‘UN Goals for Gender Mainstreaming’, Paper presented at the

conference on Women and Post-War Reconstruction: Strategies for Implementation of Democracy Building Policies, Florida International University, Miami, March.

4 The statistics regarding the number of women in parliaments in this handbook are taken from the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s Women in National Parliaments database at <http://www.ipu.org>. We have endeavoured to use consistently the statistics from 31 January 2005 unless otherwise specified. See also the case study on the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in this Handbook.

5 As of 31 October 2005. See IPU, ‘Women Presiding Officers of Parliaments’, <http://www.ipu.org>.

6 The global average number of women in parliament of 15.7 percent as of 31 January 2005 had increased to 16.1 percent as of 31 October 2005.

7 See the case study on the Inter-Parliamentary Union in this handbook. 8 IPU, 2005. ‘Women in National Parliaments: Situation as of 31 January 2005’, <http://

www.ipu.org>. 9 Ballington, Julie, 2005. ‘Ten Years of Progress: Enhancing Women’s Political Participa-

tion’, in International IDEA, Ten Years of Supporting Democracy Worldwide. Stockholm: International IDEA.

cWofo @

cWofo @

35

;+;f/e/sf k|To]s ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts txsf dlxnfx¿n] ;+;bdf cfgf] Go"g k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] / lg0ff{os txaf6 Hofb} g} 6f9f kfl/Psf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] cWofodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;g\ @))% df ;+;f/el/df !^ k|ltzt dfq dlxnfx¿ ;f+;b kb k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP . dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] jf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ sf/s tTjx¿ ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts ljsf;sf] :t/, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;+:s[lt / /fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] 9f“rfcg';f/ km/s x'G5g\ . dlxnfx¿ cfkm}“ klg Pp6f ;dfg :t/sf ;d"xdf kb}{gg\ M ju{, hft, hftLotf, ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld / lzIffdf pgLx¿aLr leGgtf x'g]ub{5 . lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf] lgsfoaf6 dlxnfx¿nfO{ cnu /flvg'n] nf]stGqsf cfwf/x¿ ;'b[9 x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;Lldt agfp“5 o;af6 cfly{s ljsf;df afwf k'Ug'sf ;fy} n}lËs ;dfgtf k|flKtnfO{ ;d]t xtf]T;fxL u/fp“5 . k'¿ifx¿n] ;dfhdf Jofks c;/ kfg]{ vfnsf sfg'g th{'df u/]/ /fhg}lts k|lqmofnfO{ Psnf}6L agfP eg] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k'¿if / dlxnf b'j}sf] ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;w}“ ;Gt'ngdf /fVb}g . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf l6Kk0fL ul/Pcg';f/ zlQm / lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf k'¿if;“u dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf, /fhg}lts hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g] pgLx¿sf] df}lns xssf] Pp6f efu xf] . of] n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] s]Gb|laGb' xf] .! ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{;"rL lgwf{/0f ug{ dlxnfx¿ ;lqmo ;xefuL x'g'k5{ .

/fhgLltdf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] dlxnfx¿n] /fhg}lts, ;fj{hlgs, ;f+:s[lts clg ;fdflhs jftfj/0f ;w}“ ldqjt\ gePsf] jf xtf]T;flxt ug]{;d]t ePsf] kfp“5g\ . s'g} klg If]qdf jt{dfg /fhg}lts lg0ff{osx¿sf] ;+/rgfdf ;/;tL{ x]g]{ xf] eg] dfq klg dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ cfk\mg} ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿ JoQm ug{ / To;nfO{ cfsf/ lbgdf cem klg

;+;bdf dlxnf;xeflutfsf cj/f]wx¿

gf8]Hbf :j]bf]ef

36


c;+Vo cj/f]w /x]sf k|df0fx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . ;+;bdf k|j]z ubf{ dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cj/f]wx¿ s] s] x'g\ < o:tf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ dlxnfn] s;/L cem /fd|/L ;fdgf ug{ ;S5g\ < o; cWofodf xfdL dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug]{ ;femf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/]/ ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj / k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ cem a9fpg]tkm{ klxnf] kfOnf rfNg]5f}“ . xfdL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ tLgj6f If]qdf juL{s/0f u5f}{+– /fhg}lts, cfly{s–;fdflhs tyf j}rfl/s / dgf]j}1flgs -jf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts_ . kl5 cfpg] cWofox¿df oL cj/f]wnfO{ k/f:t ug{ s]xL /0fgLltx¿ klxrfg ug]{5f}“ / ;+;bdf k|j]z u/]kl5 dlxnfx¿n] s] ug{ ;S5g\ eÌ] s'/fsf] klxrfg ug]{ 5f}“ .

!= /fhg}lts cj/f]wx¿

PSsfO;f}“ ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf ;+;f/e/sf (% k|ltzteGbf a9L b]zn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ b'O{j6f ;a}eGbf df}lns nf]stflGqs xs lbPsf 5g\ tL x'g\ dtbfgsf] xs / lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g] clwsf/ . ;g\ !*(# df dlxnfnfO{ dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbg] klxnf] /fi6« Go'lhNofG8 lyof] clg ;g\ !()^ df b'j} df}lns xs :jLsf/ ug]{ /fi6« lkmgNofG8 lyof] . dlxnfnfO{ dtbfg / lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g] b'j} df}lns xs lbg c:jLsf/ ug]{ s]xL /fi6«x¿ cem klg 5g\ .@

l;4fGttM lgjf{rgdf p7\g] clwsf/, pDd]bjf/ x'g] / lgjf{lrt x'g] s'/f dtbfgsf] xsdf cfwfl/t 5 . oBlk jf:tljstf o:tf] 5 ls k|foh;f] k'¿ifx¿ pDd]bjf/x¿ x'g] ePsf]n] dlxnfsf] dtbfgsf] clwsf/ ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . s]xL nf]stflGqs / ljsf;f]Gd'v nf]stGqsf nflu dfq xf]Og, :yflkt nf]stGqsf nflu;d]t of] s'/f ;To ;fljt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . s]xL o'/f]k]nL ;+;bx?df dlxnfsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjnfO{ pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf] xgg / oyfy{df ltgLx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] of] c;dfg b/n] nf]stGqLs/0fsf] kl/0ffdeGbf klg o;n] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] oyfl:yltnfO{ a9L k|ltlalDat u/]sf] hgfp“5 .

clwsf+z b]zx?df sfg'g g} geP/ / sfg'g agfOPsf] eP klg To;sf] kfngf gul/P/ jf sfg'g cg';f/ klg klxnf] k|fyldstf glbOP/ klg w]/}h;f] b]zdf o:tf sl7gfOx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . /fhg}lts hLjgdf n}lËs ;dfgtf k|fKt ug{ sfg'g / /fli6«o gLltx¿df ;dfgtfsf] nflu jrga4tf k|ltlalDat ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{' cfjZos 5 . …;g\ !((% df df}lns ¿kn] k|j4{g ul/Psf /fhg}lts kbx¿df dlxnfsf] lgldQ lnOPsf] #) k|ltztsf] nIonfO{ ;+;f/e/ ;dfhsf ;a} txdf ;Ël7t ul/Psf] dlxnfx¿sf]

k'¿ifx¿n] /fhg}lts If]qdf k|e'Tj hdfPsf 5g\≤ k'¿ifx¿n] /fhg}lts v]nsf] lgod th'{df u5{g\≤ clg d"Nof°gsf dfkb08x¿ klg pgLx¿n] g} lgSof]{n u5{g\ . k'¿ifx¿n] k|e'Tj hdfPsf] o; cl:tTjsf] 9f“rfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ls t dlxnfx¿n] k""0f{¿kn] /fhgLltnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{g\ jf k'¿if 9f“rfsf] /fhgLltnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{g\ .

37

;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf cj/f]wx¿

pbLodfg zlQmn] c¿ a9L k|]/0ff lbPsf] 5 . lgjf{rg l;6x¿sf nflu sf]6f nfu" ug{'nfO{ Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ /0fgLlt dflgG5 .Ú# jf:tjdf lg0ff{os e"ldsfsf ;a} txdf sDtLdf #) k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf sfod /fVgsf nflu ;sf/fTds kxn cjZo g} Pp6f cfjZos ;fwg xf] .

sf]6f;DaGwL pbfx/0fsf nflu ch]{lG6gfsf] sfg'gdf Toxf“ lgjf{rg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ kbx¿df /fhg}lts bnx¿n] cfk\mgf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdf #) k|ltzt dlxnf pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ug{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf] sfg'gn] Joj:yflksf lgsfodf dlxnfx¿sf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;xh agfpg;S5 . o:tf sfg'g vf/]h ul/“bf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj k|efljt ePsf k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu a+unfb]zsf] d'2fnfO{ lng ;lsG5, hxf“ clk|n @))! df dlxnf sf]6f ;dfKt ePkl5 ;g\ @))! cS6f]a/df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf dlxnf ;f+;bsf] ;+Vof b; k|ltztaf6 b'O{ k|ltztdf em¥of] . o;sf] ljk/Lt ?jfG8fdf ;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rgn] /fli6«o ;efdf lgjf{lrt dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf] b]vfof] .

dlxnf / k'¿ifx¿sf] a/fa/L ;+Vofdf ;a} /fli6«o ;+;bx?dWo] ¿jfG8f ;a}eGbf glhs k'u]sf] 5 M gl8{s b]zx¿sf] cg'kftnfO{ ;d]t k5fl8 kfb}{ Toxf“ $*=* k|ltzt kb dlxnfn] cf]u6]sf 5g\ . of] d'Votof ;+j}wflgs sf]6fsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] xf], h;n] tNnf] ;bgdf dlxnfsf nflu *) :yfgdWo] @$ :yfg cf/lIft u5{ . ¿jfG8fsf] dflyNnf] ;bgdf klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ #) k|ltzt :yfgsf nflu ;'lglZrttf lbOPsf] 5 .$

cg';Gwfgx¿n] b]vfPcg';f/ dlxnfn] ;+;bdf ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ /fhg}lts ;+/rgfn] 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnLsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k p:t} ;+:s[lt ePsf b]zx¿ -hd{gL / c:6«]lnof_ df tLgb]lv rf/ u'0ff a9L dlxnf k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtf ePsf cyf{t\ b'O{ b]zaLr Ps} :t/sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf; ePsf] xb;Dd j}w x'G5 . km/s / ljsf;zLn ;+:s[lt vf; u/]/ sdhf]/ ¿kn] ljsf; ePsf] kf6L{ k|0ffnL, s}og\ ;d"x / v]dfx¿sf] cl:tTj eP -;g\ @))# ;Dd_ sf sf/0f, s}og\ dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL / dlxnfx¿sf] ;/f]sf/nfO{ lsgf/f nufpg] /fhg}lts ;d"xx¿sf] k|jl[Qsf sf/0f ¿;df of] ;fdfGoLs/0f nfu" x'“b}g . dtbftfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;fIf/tfn] -dtbfg ubf{ o'lQm;Ët rog ug]{ / o'lQm;Ët lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtf, h'g :ki6;“u cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] :t/;“u dfq e/ k/]sf] x'“b}g_ dxŒjk"0f{{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 eg] To;sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] /fhg}lts ;ÍNkn] klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .

dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{' kg]{ /fhg}lts cj/f]wx¿dWo] lgDglnlvt cj/f]wx¿ d'Vo x'g\ M

• /fhg}lts hLjgsf] …k'lnËL 9f“rfÚ / lgjf{lrt ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] Jofkstf,

38


• kf6L{sf] ;xof]usf] sdL, pbfx/0fsf nflu dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ ;Lldt cfly{s ;xfotf, /fhg}lts ;~hfnx¿df ;Lldt kx'“r / dlxnfdfly nfu" ul/Psf a9L s7f]/ dfkb08 / of]Uotfx¿,

• 6«]8 ->lds_ o'lgog tyf dlxnf ;d"xx¿h:tf lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ / ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ cGo ;fj{hlgs ;Ë7gx¿;“u kx'“r tyf cfk;L ;xof]usf] sdL,

• ;fdfGotof dlxnfx¿sf] g]t[Tjsf nflu ;'of]Uo ljsl;t lzIff / tflnd k|0ffnL;Dd kx'“rsf] sdL / /fhg}lts hLjgtkm{ o'jf dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxgdf kx'“rsf] sdL, /

• lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|s[lt, h'g dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf lgldQ cg's"n x'g klg ;S5 jf gx'g klg ;S5 .

!=! /fhgLltsf] k'ln·L 9f“rf

/fhg}lts d~rdf Jofks dfqfdf k'¿ifx¿sf] bjbaf /x]sf] 5, /fhg}lts v]nsf lgodx¿ k|z:t dfqfdf pgLx¿ g} th{'df u5{g\ / d"NofÍgsf dfkb08 klg pgLx¿n] g} lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . cem eGg'kbf{ k'¿ifx¿sf] cfbz{ / d"No–dfGotfcg';f/ clg s]xL dfldnfx¿df

k'¿ifx¿sf] hLjg z}nLaf6 ;d]t /fhg}lts hLjg ;Ël7t ePsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljz]if u/]/ bnut /fhgLltsf] k+lQmdf k|foh;f] ljlw;Ddt cfk;L ;xof]u / ljj]sdf eGbf klg …ljh]tf / k/flhtx¿Ú, sf] k|ltof]lutf / åGåsf] lrGtgdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k ls t dlxnfn] /fhgLltnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] ToflulbG5g\ ls t k'¿if 9f“rfsf] o:tf] /fhgLltnfO{ ToflulbG5g\ . o;/L /fhgLltdf ;xefuL x'“bf dlxnfx¿n] cfgf] ;fgf] ;+Vofdf To:tf] sfo{ ug{ cled'v x'g'kb{5 .

…l:j8]gsf] ;+;bsf] ;a}eGbf rfvnfUbf] kIf xfdLsxf“ $% k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 eGg] xf]Og t/ ax';+Vos k'¿if / dlxnfn] ;+;bsf] sfdsf/afxLdf ;xL ;fdflhs cg'ej Nofp“5g\ . km/s kfg]{ s'/f oxL xf] . k'¿ifx¿n] cfkm";“u afnaRrf x'sf{pg] af/]sf], 3/ rnfpg] af/]sf] jf:tljs hLjgsf oyfy{ d'2fx¿ Nofp“5g\ . ltgLx¿;“u Jofks ;Gbe{ clg j[xQ/ ;'ema'em /x]sf] 5 . clg dlxnfx¿nfO{ xfdLn] h] 5f}“ Tof] x'g] / xfd|f] cfk\mg} cg'kd JolQmTjcg';f/ sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 . g t k'¿ifn] g t dlxnfn] g} k/Dk/fut e"ldsfdf rNg'k5{ . dlxnfn] jlni7 k'¿ifsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ ug{' kb}{g, k'¿ifn] klg afnaRrfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ dlxnfsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ ug{'kb}{g . hlta]nf of] tl/sf dfGotf aGb5 To;a]nf xfdL jf:tljs kl/jt{g b]V5f}“ .Ú

lalu{6f bxn, lgjt{dfg ;efd'v, l:j8]g

k'¿ifx¿sf] cfbz{ / d"No–dfGotfcg';f/n] clg s]xL dfldnfx¿df k'¿ifx¿sf] hLjg z}nLaf6 ;d]t /fhg}lts hLjg ;·l7t ePsf] x'G5 .

39


dlxnf / k'¿ifaLrsf] leGgtf lg0f{o lnOg] s'/fsf] ljifoj:t' / k|fyldstfsf] ;DaGwdf klg b]vf k5{ h'g b'j} lnËsf] ?lr, k[i7e"ld / sfd ug]{ tl/sfn] lgSof]{n u5{ . dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, /fli6«o :jf:Yo ;]jf / afnaflnsf;“u ;DalGwt d'2fh:tf ;fdflhs ;/f]sf/sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg pGd'v x'G5g\ .

k'¿ifju{sf] af]njfnf cTolws /x]sf] ;+;bsf] sfd ug]{ 9f“rf Toxf“sf] sfo{tflnsfdf cem a9L k|ltljlDat x'G5 . ;fdfGotof Toxf“ sfo{/t cfdfx¿sf ;fy} dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] lgldQ k|foh;f] ;dy{g ug]{ vfnsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] sdL x'G5 . ltgLx¿sf] kf6L{ut / ;+ljwfgsf] sfo{ / ljleÌ ;ldltx¿df ;]jf ug{'afx]s dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf kf6L{leqsf] ;~hfndf, cGt/kf6L{ :t/ / ;+;baflx/sf dlxnf;“u sfo{ ug{ elgG5 . cem eGg'kbf{ ltgLx¿n] ;fdflhs ¿kn] lglb{i6 ul/Psf] cfdf, kTgL, alxgL, clg xh'/cfdfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ k5{ . jt{dfgdf dlxnfx¿n] p7fpg'k/]sf] bf]xf]/f] af]emnfO{ lrGtg u/]/ w]/}h;f] ;+;bsf sfo{qmd / a}7s a:g] ;do ldnfOPsf] 5}g . s}og dlxnf ;f+;bn] cfgf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg / k|foh;f] ca]/;Dd sfd ug{' kg]{, w]/} ofqf ug{' kg]{ / sd ;'ljwf ePsf] sfd ug{' kg]{ sfdsf] dfusf aLr ;Gt'ngsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ .

!=@ kf6L{sf] ;xof]usf] sdL

cfgf] kf6L{sf cleofgdf / kf6L{sf] nflu ;xof]u kl/rfng ug{df dlxnfn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ t}klg tL ;+/rgfdf ltgLx¿n] lj/n} dfq lg0ff{os kbx¿ cf]u6]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf ljZje/sf kf6L{ g]tfx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof !! k|ltzteGbf sd /x]sf] 5 .

/fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;“u lgjf{rg cleofg ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;|f]t eP tfklg tL ;|f]tx¿af6 dlxnfx¿n] la/n} nfe kfp“5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu s}og\ kf6L{x¿n] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf nflu oy]i6 dfqfdf cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fp“b}gg\ . cg';Gwfgx¿n] b]vfPcg';f/ oy]i6 cfly{s ;|f]t;“u ;+of]hg ul/Psf] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d"xn] r'lgPsf dlxnfsf] ;+VofnfO{ 7"nf] dfqfdf j[l4 ug{ ;S5 . o;af/] t];|f] cWofodf lj:t[t ¿kn] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

/fhg}lts kf6L{x¿leq 5gf}6 / dgf]gog k|lqmof klg dlxnflj?4 k"jf{u|xL /x]sf] 5 . To;df …k'¿ifsf ljz]iftfÚ x¿dfly hf]8 lbOG5 / k|foh;f] pDd]bjf/x¿ rog ug{df of] clt cfjZos of]Uotf x'G5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ kf6L{sf] sfddf PsLs[t x'g …k'/fgf l76fÚ x¿sf] Snan] afwf lbG5 / To;df ;d]t cj/f]w v8f u5{ . kmn:j¿k lgjf{rg k|rf/k|;f/ cleofgdf cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{x¿sf] dlxnfx¿ e/kbf{ pDd]bjf/ x'g\ eÌ] ;f]rfOdfly c;/ kf5{ . o;afx]s k|foh;f] kf6L{sf] ;"rLdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ lhTg ;Sg] cj:yfdf /flv“b}g . To; sf/0f kb:yfkg sfof{b]zsf ;fy sf]6f ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;f“rf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu l:j8]gdf k|foh;f] /fhg}lts kf6L{n] kf6L{sf]

40


;"rLdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] gfd ljsNkdf kbf{v]l/ …aGbÚ ;"rL ('zipper' list) sf] k|of]u u5{g\ . ;+;bdf $%=# k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ o;s} kl/0ffd:j?k cfPsf x'g\ .

tflnsf @ = ;+;bsf dlxnf ;efWoIf jf ;efd'vx¿

…dlxnfsf nflu /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug]{ dgl:ylt agfpg Hofb} sl7g 5 . /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug]{ dgl:ylt agfO;s]kl5 pgn] cfgf] >Ldfg\, afnaRrfx¿nfO{ / kl/jf/nfO{ tof/ ug{'k5{ . oL ;a} cj/f]wx¿nfO{ k/flht u/]/ l6s6sf] nflu lgj]bg lbO;s]kl5 h;sf] lj?4 pgn] lgj]bg u/]sL 5g\ Tof] k'¿if pDd]bjf/n] pgsf] af/]df ;a} k|sf/sf syfx¿ agfp“5 . oL ;a} s'/f ePkl5 pgsf] gfd kf6L{ k|d'vx¿sxf“ hfG5 t/ Tof] l;6 u'Dg] 8/n] kf6L{sf d'Vo g]tfx¿n] tL dlxnfsf] gfd rog ub}{gg\ .Ú

;'ifdf :j/fh, ;f+;b, ef/t

!($%—(&

ljZjsf ;+;bsf] %@ jif{sf] Oltxf;df / ev{/s} Oltxf;df Joj:yflksf ePsf !*^ j6f b]zx¿dWo] $@ j6fn] dfq s'g} ;dodf ;+;b jf ;+;b ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{sf nflu dlxnfnfO{ r'g]sf 5g\ . o:tf] hDdf &* k6s ePsf] 5 . o;df !* j6f o'/f]k]nL /fi6«, !( cd]l/sL dxfb]zsf /fi6«, # j6f clk|msL /fi6«, Pp6f Pl;ofnL /fi6« / Pp6f k|zfGt If]qsf] /fi6« /x]sf] 5 .

$@ dWo] @$ j6f /fi6«sf ;+;b lå;bgfTds lyP clg tNnf] ;bgdf eGbf dflyNnf] ;bgdf s]xL a9L dlxnfnfO{ ;efWoIftf ;'lDkPsf] lyof] .

@* k|]ma|'c/L ;g\ @))% ;Dddf

xfnsf ;+;bx¿df @@ hgf dlxnfx¿n] dfq cWoIFtf u5{g\ . h;df &) j6f ;+;b lå;bgfTds 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ k|ltlglw;efsf] jf o;sf ;+;bsf b'O{ ;bgdWo] Psdf cWoIftf ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿sf] hDdf @%% kbx¿ dWo] *=^ k|ltzt 5 .

tL b]zx¿df PlG6u'jf / aa{'8f -k|ltlglw ;ef / l;g]6_, axfdf; -l;g]6_, a]lNhod -l;g]6_, a]lnh -k|ltlglw ;ef_, sf]nlDaof -Sofd]/f l8 l/k|]h]G6]l6E;_, 8f]ldlgsf -xfp; ckm c;]DAnL_, O:6f]lgof -l/lusf]u'_, hlh{of -;fsft]{lenf]; kfln{d]G6«L_ lu|; -ef]pnL 6f]g Olngf]g_, lu|gf8f -l;g]6_, xª\u]/L -cf];{?Uo'n];_, hdOsf -l;g]6_, hfkfg -;fª\uLg_, nflTeof -;]Odf_, n];f]yf] -/fli6«o ;ef_, dfN8f]ef -kfnf{d]G6'n_, b lgb/NofG8;\ -O;{6] sfd]/ l8 :6]6]g h]g]/n_, ;fg dfl/gf] -slG;lUnof] u|fG8] O h]g]/n_, blIf0f clk|msf -/fli6«o ;ef tyf k|fGtLo /fli6«o kl/ifb\_, l6«lg8f8 PG8 6f]a]uf] -l;g]6_, p?Uj] -sfd]/f l8 l/k|]h]G6]l6E;\_

;|f]tM Inter- Parliamentary Union (IPU), 2005, ‘Woman speakers of National Parliaments: History and the Present. Situation as of 28th February, 2005, ‘available at <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/speakers.htm>

41


!=# dlxnfx¿sf] ;·7gx¿;“u ;xof]u

kl5Nnf] bzsdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfod /x]sf nf]stGqx¿df ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj a9]sf] 5 . o;/L a[l4 x'g'sf sf/0fdWo] Ps sf/0f /fhg}lts ;d"xaflx/ / leq b'j} :yfgdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;Ë7gsf] k|efj xf] . dlxnf pDd]bjf/Ldf Psn ;b:o lgjf{rg x'g] lhNnfx¿sf] k|efjaf/] dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿ ;'kl/lrt lyP . dlxnfsf] dgf]gog / lgjf{rgdf ;kmntf ;xh agfpg lgjf{rg kl/jt{g k|fKt ug{ pgLx¿n] /fhg}lts / ;/sf/L ;ª\3–;+:yfx¿;“u ;xsfo{ u/] . o; /0fgLltsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 eof] .

…dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] ¿kdf xfdLn] xfd|f cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug{'k5{ . o;n] g} dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|]/0ff lbG5 . o; v]ndf xfdL PSn} 5}gf}“ eÌ] cg'ej xfdLn] ug]{5f}“ clg c¿ dlxnfx¿n] To; k|lqmofaf6 cnu kfl/Psf] cg'ej ug]{ 5}gg\ . k|To]s cj;/df, k|To]s ;ef:yndf, k|To]s ;dodf xfdLn] ;"rgf, ljrf/ clg 1fg cfbfgk|bfg ug{'k5{ . ;dfhleq dlxnfx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L ;';"lrt 5g\ eÌ] s'/fdf xfdL lglZrt x'g}k5{ .Ú

dfu{/]6 8f]Ëf], k"j{ ;f+;b, lhDafAa]

oBlk gof“ nf]stGqx¿df dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿ / dlxnfsf ;Ë7gx¿ jf 6«]8 o'lgog / >d ;+u7g h:tf cGo Jofks ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3–;:yfx¿aLr ;Dks{ / ;xof]u sd ePsf] 5 . ;~hfn sfo{sf] ;DefJo nfeaf/] hfgsf/Lsf] cefj eP/ jf o:tf ;Dks{x¿df nufgL ug{sf nflu ;|f]tsf] sdL x'g'sf] sf/0fn] of] ePsf] xf] .

kl/jt{gsf] nf]stflGqs :j?kaf/] ;/sf/n] jrga4tf hfx]/ ug{ ;Sg] eP tfklg ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf dlxnfx¿n] clwsf/o'Qm :yfg k|flKtsf nflu ;/sf/sf] dfq ck]Iff ug{' cjf:tljs s'/f x'ghfG5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx¿ / dlxnfsf ;d"xx¿nufot ;fdfGotof gful/s ;dfhn] dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg e"ldsf v]Ng} k5{ . cf:yfdf cfwfl/t dlxnf ;Ë7g / af≈o hut\;Dd k'¥ofpg] ;~hfnx¿ klg ;fx|} 7"nf ldq x'g ;S5g\ .

cfk\mgf nIox¿, /0fgLlt / rt'¥ofO“x¿af/] klg dlxnfn] ;fjwfgLk"j{s ;f]Rg} k5{ . ;+;bdf k'lu;s]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] lbPsf jrg k"/f ug{ / dlxnfn] p7fPsf ljifoaf/] ;+;bdf 5nkmn / lg0f{o lngdf ;'g'jfO x'g]af/] lglZrt ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;Lk / /0fgLlto'Qm agfpg ;xof]u ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . dlxnfnfO{ ;an kfg{ / pgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLltdf efu lng ;Ifd agfpg tNnf] txb]lv g} / :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{' cfjZos 5 . o;n] klg cfTdljZjf; hufpg] v'6\lsnf]df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgdf{0f ub{5 / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgsf lglDt ;xh agfp“5 .

42


dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo nIo pgLx¿aLr ;xL k|sf/sf] cfTdljZjf; / b[9 lgZro ljsf; ug'{ xf] . o;df ;xL j}rfl/s ;Gb]z JoQm ug{ ;Sg] / cfTdljZjf;sf] k|]/0ff hufpg ;Sg] g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;f]Rg] / sfo{ ug]{ gof“ tl/sf, z}lIfs lqmofsnfk, dlxnfsf] cj:yfaf/] cg';Gwfg / dlxnf ;+3–;+:yfx¿aLr ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿ cfjZos 5g\ . cfk\mgf d"No–dfGotf, an / cfsfª\Iff k|ltlalDat x'g] pbfx/0fcg';f/sf] ;dfh agfpg' / To;af6 /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;/f]sf/ / ;xeflutfnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug{' dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ r'gf}tL xf] .

!=$ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjdf b]zsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|sf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . -o; d'2faf/] t];|f] cWofodf lj:t[t ¿kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 ._

…gl8{s ;+;bx¿df dlxnfsf] pRr k|ltlglwTjaf/] xfdL;“u s}og\ :ki6Ls/0fx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL klg Ps xf] . lkmgNofG8df ;dfg'kflts ;"rL 5, t/ dtbftfsf] JolQmut 5gf}6 klg o;df cfp“5 . csf]{ JofVof, b]zdf j}rfl/s 5nkmndf kfOG5 . :Sofg8]g]leofsf] cg'ej eGg'kbf{ Toxf“sf] /fhgLlt g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf 5 . Jofkfl/s ;+;f/ 9Nb} 5 clg z}lIfs ;+;f/ klg kl5 k/]sf] 5 . xfd|f ljZjljBfnodf oy]i6 dlxnf k|fWofks 5}gg\ clg 6«]8 o'lgogx¿df klg dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj sdhf]/ 5 .Ú

of]g ef]g ;fO8f], l:jl8; l/S:8fusL ;efd'v

@= ;fdflhs – cfly{s cj/f]wx¿

:yflkt nf]stGq / gof“ nf]stGq b'j}df Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿ / lgjf{lrt lgsfodf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfaf/] ;dfhdf pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s x}l;otsf] ;f]emf] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] kb:yfkg / 3/aflx/ sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kftsf ;fy} dlxnf :gftssx¿aLr kf/:kl/s ;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] ;Í]t u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL cg';Gwfgsf cg';f/ :yflkt nf]stGqx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] Joj:yflksfdf kb:yfkgsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfn] bf];|f] :yfg lnG5 .

slyt ljsf;zLn nf]stGqx¿df cfly{s ;°6n] dlxnfx¿sf] ul/aLsf] hf]lvdnfO{ ;3g agfPsf] 5 . a]/f]huf/L h:t} ul/aL a9\bf] ¿kn] dlxnfs/0f eO/x]sf] 5 .

43


aS; != dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ljsf; / ;+:s[ltsf] c;/

dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] l:ylt;“u ;DalGwt ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftfx?dWo] Ps b]zsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf klg xf] . ljsf;n] k/Dk/fut d"No / dfGotf sdhf]/ agfp“b} 36\bf] k|hgg b/, a9bf] ;x/Ls/0f, lzIffdf j[l4 / dlxnfsf nflu >dzlQmsf] clej[l4n] ;xeflutftkm{ 8f]¥ofp“5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] pko'Qm e"ldsf;DaGwL wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g / dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;|f]t j[l4 u5{ ;fy} /fhg}lts lqmofsnfksf cj/f]ws ;Dk"0f{ sf/s tŒjnfO{ 36fp“5 .

ljsf;sf] Pp6f ljz]iftfn] s] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 eg] klZrdL d'n'sx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutfsf lgldQ vf; u/]/ dxŒjk"0f{ 7xl/Psf] Pp6f s'/f >dzlQmdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] pRrtd dfqf xf] . 3/af6 aflx/ lg:s]/ sfo{df nfUg'n] dlxnfdfly ;r]tgf j[l4 x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . pRr ljsf;n] cf}krfl/s kbx¿sf] ;+Vof / cg'ej dlxnfn] a9L lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf j[l4 ub{5 pbfx/0fsf nflu >d;ª\u7g jf Jofj;flos ;Ë7gx¿df .

;+:s[lt ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt 5 clg ljsf;sf] j[l4;“u} k'¿if;“u ;fk]If /x]sf] ;dfhdf dlxnfnfO{ pEofpg] sfo{ a9L ;dfg x'G5 . csf]{tkm{ ljsf;sf] dfldnfdf b'O{j6f b]z p:t} g} x'g ;S5g\, t/ ;dfgtfsf] xsdf Pp6f b]zdf eGbf csf]{ b]zdf dlxnf pNn]Vo ¿kn] cl3 a9]sf x'g ;S5g\ .

;+:s[lt dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5, t/ To;n] kfg]{ c;/af/] ;f]em} k/LIf0f ug{ sl7g 5 . ;+:s[ltsf] ;§fdf cfpg ;Sg] cGo ljifoaf/] xfn;fn} ul/Psf s]xL cg';Gwfgx¿df d}n] vf; u/]/ k'¿ifsf] ;fIf/tf;“u dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cg'kft, >dzlQmdf dlxnf ;xeflutf / >dzlQmdf k'¿if ;xeflutfsf] cg'kft / ljZjljBfnodf lzIff lnPsf dlxnfx¿ / ljZjljBfnodf lzIff lnPsf k'¿ifx¿sf] cg'kft h:tf rnx?sf] ;"rLsf] k|of]u u/]/ Pp6f dfkssf] ljsf; u/]“ .* cg'dfg of] lyof] ls ;fIf/tfsf] :t/, sfo{zlQmdf ;xeflutf clg ljZjljBfnosf] lzIffdf dlxnfsf] kx'“r k'¿if;/x eP/ ;fdflhs w/ftndf k'¿if;dfg ePdf /fhg}lts txdf ltgLx¿ k'¿if;/x x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 clg pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 x'g]5 . plNnlvt ;f+:s[lts pkfox¿sf] dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf;“u alnof] cGt/;DaGw x'g] ePsf]n] o; k|fSsNkgfn] :yfg lnG5 .

of] pNn]v ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 ls :yflkt nf]stGqx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutfaf/] yfxf kfpg ;~rflnt cg';Gwfgx¿ leGg x'g] sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{ lgs} ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] 9f“rf agfpg] k|of;n]

44


ko{fKt cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sdLsf cltl/Qm ;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdf k|efj kfg]{ ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj/f]wx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

• lg/If/tf / lzIff tyf Joj;fo 5gf}6dflysf] ;Lldt kx'“r, /

• 3/fo;L sfd / Jofj;flos aGwgsf] bf]xf]/f] af]em .

…;+;bdf dlxnfsf] k|j]zsf l;nl;nfdf b]vf kg]{ ;a}eGbf sxfnL nfUbf b'O{ cj/f]wdf dtbftf / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sdL xf] . dlxnfx¿ cfgf] lktfsf] 3/af6 >Ldfg\sf] 3/df hfG5g\===pgLx¿ z/0ffyL{ h:t} 5g\ . dflg;x¿;“u

lgs} sd ;kmntf kfPsf] 5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df ;xeflutfdf leGgtf Nofpg] sf/s tTjx¿ :ki6;“u a'lemPsf 5g\, t/ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df k|ltlglwTjaf/] xfd|f] a'emfO Hofb} sdhf]/ 5 . kl5dfq nf]stGq :yflkt b]zx¿df s'g} klg pkfo clek|fok"0f{ e]l6Pg eg] cGo s}og\ dgfl;a pkfon] klg l;4fGttM k|efj kf/]sf] e]l6Pg . **

oL lgisif{x¿n] ;Í]t ub{5g\ ls vf; k|efj kfg{sf nflu lgj{frg k|0ffnLh:tf cGo pkfox¿sf] hu a;fpg -dlxnfsf] >dzlQmdf ;xeflutfnufot_ Go"gtd :t/sf] ljsf; cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] cfwf/ lagf a9L ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTj k|flKtdf ;xfotf k'¥ofpg] sf/s tTjx¿sf] s'g} ;/n c;/ x'“b}g . s] b]lvG5 eg] k|foh;f] sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df dlxnf /fhg}lts lqmofsnfklj?4 nfu]sf zlQmx¿ olt 7"nf 5g\ ls ltgLx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ Go"gtd k|ltlglwTj dfq lbG5g\ . oBlk ljsf;sf] j[l4;“u} ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gx¿ x'g ;'? u5{g\ . o;afx]s lzIff, >ldsx¿sf] tna /f]Ssfsf cg'ej / Jofj;flos tflnd h:tf /fhg}lts ¿kn] zlQmzfnL x'g] cfjZos ;|f]tx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;'? u5{g\ . o;n] cfnf]rs hg;d'bfo agfp“5 . cfjZos ;|f]t kof{Kt ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof lg/Gt/ a9]kl5 pgLx¿ lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf a9L k|ltlglwTj / k|efj dfu ug]{ k|efjzfnL ;/f]sf/ ;d"x aGg ;'? u5{g\ . ljsf; o; k|lqmofsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] .

l/rf8{ O{= Dof6NofG8

* Matland, Richard E., 1998a, ‘Woman’s representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries’. Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 109-25.

** –––1998b. ‘The Two Faces of Representation’. Paper presented at the Europeal Consortium for Political Research workshops in Warwick, UK, 23-28 March.

45


;Dks{ ljsf; ug{ jf 1fg a9fpg clg ljleGg ljifox¿af/] cg'ej a6'Ng pgLx¿;“u s'g} cfwf/ x'“b}g . cem eGg' kbf{ ltgLx¿ cfk"m;“u wg x'“b}g, wg t pgLx¿sf lktf, >Ldfg\ jf ;;'/fsf] x'G5 . k|efjsf/L cleofg ;~rfngsf nflu ljsf;zLn b]zdf a9\bf] vr{sf ;DaGwdf dlxnfsf] lgldQ o;n] Pp6f csf]{ uDeL/ cj/f]w v8f u5{ .Ú

/lhof km}h, k"j{ ;f+;b, a+unfb]z

@=! ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Lsf] dlxnfs/0f

;g\ @))$ df ljZje/sf s'n j}tlgs /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;du| lx:;f $) k|ltzteGbf dfly lyof] .

…xfn;fnsf ;aeGbf 3tnfUbf 36gfdWo] >dzlQmdf dlxnfsf] a9\bf] cg'kft Ps xf] . ===;g\ @))# df /f]huf/L kfPsf b'O{ c/a *) s/f]8 dflg;dWo] Ps c/a !) s/f]8 c/a dlxnf lyP=== . oBlk dlxnf / k'¿if sfdbf/sf] ;+Vofsf ;DaGwdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu jf:tljs ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f, 3/fo;L pQ/bfloTjsf] ;dfg ljt/0f, ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnf / ;Dk"0f{ sfdwGbf cflbdf n}lËs ;Gt'ngåf/f ;'wfl/Psf] u'0ffTds kl/0ffd xfn;Dd b]vf k/]sf] 5}g . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{ sdwGbfsf] ;+;f/df jf:tljs ;dfgtf cem klg kx'“reGbf aflx/ 5 .Ú%

dlxnf /f]huf/Lsf] b/df clej[l4 eP tfklg ;g\ !(^) b]lv cf}Bf]lus b[li6n] ljsl;t b]zdf dlxnfx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf cfly{s nfex?dWo] w]/}h;f] qmdzM Ifo x'“b} hfg] vt/fdf /x]sf 5g\, h'g ljZj / 3/]n' b'j} cy{Joj:yfsf] k'g{;+/rgfsf] kl/0ffdsf] efu ePsf] h:tf] nfU5 .

To;} avt, k|foh;f] b]zdf >lds sfo{ u/L dlxnfn] e'QmfgL gkfPsf] /sd k'¿ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf bf]Aa/ x'g cfp“5 / e'QmfgL gePsf] dlxnf >dsf] cfly{s d"No ljZjsf] cfly{s pTkfbgsf] Ps ltxfO -jf !#) va{ cd]l/sL 8n/_^ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;a} b]zdf dlxnf / k'¿ifx¿sf] x}l;otsf aLrdf Pp6f 7"nf] vf8n /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;~rfng ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fn] tna, kbk"lt{, kbf]Gglt / avf{:tL, lnË e]bsf ;fy} Jofj;flos k[ysLs/0f / ul/aLsf] dlxnfs/0fsf] a9\bf] ¿k b]vfPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] tYofÍcg';f/ ljZjdf Ps c/a *) s/f]8 dflg; ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ eg] ltgdf &) k|ltzt dlxnf 5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ ljZjel/ cfo cfh{gdf n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] b"/L ePsf] s'/f k'li6 ePsf] 5 M Pshgf dlxnfsf] cf};t Hofnf k'¿ifsf] cf};t Hofnfsf] &% k|ltzt ;dfg -s[lif >ldssf] Hofnf afx]s_ 5 . slyt …ljsf;zLn nf]stGqÚ ePsf b]zx¿df ePsf] cfly{s ;Í6n] dlxnfsf] ul/aLsf] hf]lvdnfO{ cem ;3g agfPsf] 5, h;df a]/f]huf/L h:t} dlxnfs/0f ul/g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

46


e'QmfgL ul/Psf] / gul/Psf] b'j} >ddfkm{t dlxnfx? /fli6«o cy{ Joj:yfdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfgtf{ /x]sf 5g\ . hxf“;Dd kl5Nnf] jf e'QmfgL gul/Psf] >dsf] s'/f 5 To;df u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿sf] of]ubfg / 7"nf] dtbftfsf] ;d"xsf] ?kdf pgLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ sd cf“Sg' x'“b}g . dlxnfsf] h}ljs / ;fdflhs e"ldsfsf] dxŒj :ki6 eP tfklg hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ cl:tTjdf pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ k|foh;f] dfGotf lbO“b}g . nf]stGqLs/0f k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a'l4df ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . lzIff / ;"rgfdf kx'“rsf ;fy} dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fn] dlxnfnfO{ 3/sf cj/f]waf6 /fhgLlt / /fhg}lts lgjf{rgdf k"0f{ ;xeflutftkm{ n}hfG5 .

@=@ bf]xf]/f] af]em

k|foh;f] b]zdf dlxnfx¿n] 3/fo;L sfo{sf] c;dfg'kflts efusf] sfd u5{g\ . ul/aL / clzIff clg ;"rgfdflysf] kx'“rsf] sdLn] /fhgLltdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ c? tuf/f] xfN5 . cfgf] d'Vo ;/f]sf/ s;/L af“Rg] eGg] x'g] x'“bf dlxnfx¿sf nflu /fhgLlts ;xeflutf sl7g x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbg} k5{ . kl/jf/sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ k|of;df cfgf] clwsf+z ;do latfpgafx]s pgLx¿;“u csf]{ ljsNk x'“b}g . ljz]if u/]/ ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿df eO/x]sf] åGåsf sf/0f cf+lzs¿kn] dlxnf d'Vo JolQm ePsf] 3/sf] ;+Vofdf ePsf] j[l4n] o;nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . -h'g ljZjel/ @% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5_

To;afx]s, >LdtL / cfdfsf] ¿kdf s]xL dlxnfsf] k"0f{sfnLg sfdsf ;fy} cGo k"0f{sfnLg sfd -pbfx/0fsf nflu lzIfs, jlsn / lrlsT;ssf ¿kdf_ x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Pshgf ;f+;b x'g'nfO{ t];|f] k"0f{sfnLg sfdsf] ¿kdf lnOg ;S5 .

…;+;bdf k|j]z ug{'sf] cy{ lghL hLjg jf ;fj{hlgs hLjg dWo] Pp6f rog ug{' xf] eGg]df dlxnfx¿ ljZjf; u5{g\ . of] To:tf] xf]Og . a?, dlxnfx¿n] cfgf] hLjgnfO{ ;Unf] ¿kdf x]g{'k5{ . hLjgdf cfkm"n] s] pknlAw k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] To;af/] pgLx¿n] lg0f{o ug{'k5{ clg pgLx¿n] tL nIonfO{ ;doqmdfg';f/n] k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . s;}sL >LdtL jf cfdf, Jofj;flos jf ;f+;b aGg] oL k|To]s nIo k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f lglZrt ;xL ;do x'G5 . hLjg nfdf] 5 dlxnfx¿n] s}og\ pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{ ;S5g\ .Ú

cGgf afn]6af], k"j{ ;f+;b, :k]g

@=#= lzIff / tflnd

…dlxnfx¿sf nflu s'/f ug{', ts{ ug{', cfgf] ;/f]sf/sf] af/]df bafa lbg' Hofb} sl7g x'G5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ s'/f ug{ / cfkm"nfO{ JoQm ug{ xfdL s;/L k|f]T;fxg lbg ;S5f} / < em'k|f]leqsL dlxnfn] eGg' kg]{ cfk\mgf s'/fx¿ w]/} x'g ;S5g\,

47


t;y{ xfdLn] pgnfO{ s'/f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ . /fhgLltsf af/]df geO{ pgsf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df, pgsf] hLjgsf af/]df, pgL;“u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifox¿sf af/]df s'/f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ . o;sf] hjfkm lzIff xf] . lzIffn] d]/f] ;dfhsf s}og\ dlxnfnfO{ /fhg}lts kf6L{df nfUg jf /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g cled'v u/fPsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ af]Ngsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{{ dfWod lzIff xf] .Ú

/fJof ;fjf, k"j{ Knfn]:6fOgL ljwflosL kl/ifb\sL ;b:o

sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ *$ k|ltztsf] lj?4 ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ sl/a (( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;fIf/tf b/ / dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjsf aLrdf s'g} cfk;L ;DaGw 5}g t/ s}og\ pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gog k|lqmofdf Go"gtd :t/sf] ;fIf/tf cfjZos /x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] dlxnfnfO{ lgjf{rgsf] pDd]bjf/ x'gaf6 jl~rt u5{ . cfwf/e"t lzIffafx]s s}og\ dlxnfdf /fhg}lts If]qdf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;xefuL x'g /fhg}lts tflndsf] sdL ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] /fhgLltdf nfUg of]Uo dlxnf ;d"xsf] gfdfjnLdf lj:tf/ cfjZos 5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jf l5d]sL ;Ë7gx¿df ljz]if tflnd h:tf /fhg}lts g]t[Tjtkm{ k|j[Q u/fpg] vfnsf sfo{sf] 9f“rfdf k|f/lDes cj:yfb]lv g} dlxnfx¿nfO{ kx'“r k|bfg u/]/ o;f] ug{ ;lsG5 .

dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts tflnd lbg] k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;/f]sf/af/] ;fdfGo a'emfO, lnË;“u ;DalGwt /fhg}lts r]tgf clej[l4, c¿nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] snf / ;~hfnsf] k|of]u dxŒjk"0f{{ 5g\ . To;sf nflu ltgLx¿n] dlxnf / ljleÌ /fhgLlt1sf] j[xQ/ ;d"x;“u ;Dks{ agfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] dlxnfx¿sf] g]t[Tj ljsf;df tflnd sfo{qmdn] ljz]if e"ldsf v]N5 clg ;+;bdf /fhg}lts pGgltsf nflu dlxnfnfO{ tof/ ug{ ;lsg] / To;sf nflu clek|]l/t ug{ tflndx¿ k|foh;f] Psdfq cj;/ x'g ;S5g\ . o'jf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg / k'¿ifx¿;“u ;xof]u lng'sf] dxTjtkm{ klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .

#= j}rfl/s / dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]wx¿

dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;+;bdf k|j]z ug{ j}rfl/s / dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]wx¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M

• n}lËs lrGtg, ;f+:s[lts 9f“rf / dlxnf / k'¿ifx¿sf lgldQ lgwf{l/t k"j{lglZrt ;fdflhs e"ldsfx¿,

• r'gfjdf p7\gsf nflu dlxnfsf] cfTdljZjf;df sdL,• /fhgLlt …kmf]xf]/LÚ v]n xf] eGg] dlxnf dfgl;stf /• cfd ;~rf/dfWodx¿df dlxnfsf] lrq0f ug]{ tf}/tl/sf .

48


#=!= k/Dk/fut e"ldsfx¿

…k'¿ifx¿ h:t} b]lvg] k|oTg ub}{ dlxnfx¿n] /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] sfd ub}{g . o; k|lqmofdf xfdLn] xfd|f dtfGt/, xfd|f efjgf, j:t'nfO{ x]g]{ xfd|f tl/sf clg xfd|f cf“;'nfO{ ;d]tnfO{ k|lqmofdf Nofpg' k5{ .Ú

cGgf ltjfOh'sf, k|fWofks, tfGhflgof

s}og\ b]zsf k/Dk/fx¿n] dlxnfsf k|fylds e"ldsfdf cfdf / u[lx0fL x'g'nfO{ hf]8 lbg] sfdnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lb“b} cfPsf 5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ ToxL e"ldsfsf] aGwgdf /fv]sf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut¿kn] ;zQm lkt[;QfTds d"No / dfGotf k|0ffnL lnËe]bL e"ldsfsf] kIfkftL x'G5 / …k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts d"No / dfGotfÚ dlxnfsf] cu|udg, ljsf; / /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf ;xeflutfsf lj?4 pleG5 . ;+;f/el/sf ;dfhnfO{ …Pp6L dlxnfsf] :yfgÚ sf] lrGtgn] uf“h]/ /fv]sf] 5 . o; lrGtgcg';f/ dlxnfn] …sfo{/t cfdfÚ sf] e"ldsf dfq v]Ng' k5{, h'g ;fdfGotof Go"g j}tlgs / u}//fhg}lts x'G5 . o;afx]s s]xL b]zdf k'¿ifn] dlxnfnfO{ s;/L ef]6 lbg] eGg];d]t lgb]{z u5{g\ .

of] Tof] jftfj/0f xf] hxf“ k/Dk/fut, u}//fhg}lts e"ldsfdf dlxnfsf] s'g} ;fd"lxs 5ljnfO{ bafP/ /fVg] sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf kfp“5 h;nfO{ s}og\ dlxnfn] ;fdgf u5{g\ . dlxnf g]tfsf] 5ljdf pgL cfgf] efif0f / rfn9fndf cof}ghGo (Asexual) x'g' cfjZos x'G5, sf]xL h;nfO{ cof}ghGo u'0fx¿åf/f dfq Pp6L dlxnfsf] ¿kdf klxrfg ug{ ;lsof];\ .

cfdr]tgfdf k|foh;f] Pp6L dlxnfsf lgldQ cfgf] :qLlnËL k|s[ltaf/] v'nf x'g :jLsf/of]Uo gePsf] jf nHhfhgs;d]t ePsf] dflgG5 . jf:tjdf Pp6L dlxnf hlt a9L ;zSt / …nf]Ug] dflg; h:tf]Ú x'lG5g\ pgL To; v]nsf] 3f]if0ff gul/Psf] k'¿if lgodx¿;“u Tolt g} cg'¿k x'lG5g\ . To;sf/0fn] g} ;fdfGotof s]xL dlxnf /fhgLlt1n] pgLx¿n] cfkm" gx'g' kg]{ :yfgdf ePsf] em}“ nfUg], cfk\mgf lgldQ c;xh ljlwdf cfkm"n] Jojxf/ u/]sf] h:tf] nfUg] h:tf /fhg}lts If]qdf ug'{kg]{ c;lhnf cg'ejx?nfO{ k/flht ug{'k5{ .

dlxnfx¿n] k|foh;f] o:tf s}og\ lrGtgnfO{ cfkm"leq /fV5g\ / o; c;Dejk|foM 5ljdf cfkm" cfgf] k|lts"n l:ylt b]v]/ xtfz eO{ 5fl8lbG5g\ . xtfzLsf] of] r]tgf cfgf] :qLTj jf cfgf] :qLTjsf] r]tgf;“u ljZjf;3ft u/]sf]df IfDo ePsf] Pp6f dlxnf r]tgf;“u km'sfpg g;lsg] u/]/ h]lnPsf] 5 . vf; ;fd"lxs 5lj, k/Dk/fut k|e'Tj, / ltgLx?sf] cfk\mg} :qL :jefjnfO{ tfnd]no'Qm gagfP;Dd

/fhgLlt1 ePkl5 pgL Pp6L dlxnf x'gaf6 ;dfKt x'lbgg\ eGg] tYosf nflu Pp6L dlxnf tof/ x'g'k5{ . ljleGg ;[hgzLn ;DefJo / af}l4s zlQm o;df /xg] ePsfn] :qLTjnfO{ pgn] klxnf /fVg'k5{ .

49


-jf ltgLx¿sf] aLr Pp6f rog gu/];Dd_ pgLx¿sf] hLjg sl7g x'G5 / pgLx¿sf lgldQ oL ;+3if{k"0f{ ck]Iffx¿;“u tfnd]n ug{ sl7g x'G5 . /fhgLlt1 ePkl5 pgL Pp6L dlxnf x'gaf6 ;dfKt x'Ggg\ eGg] tYosf nflu Pp6L dlxnf tof/ x'g'k5{ . ljleÌ ;[hgzLn ;DefJotf / af}l4s zlQm o;df /xg] ePsfn] :qLTjnfO{ pgn] klxnf /fVg'k5{ . lg0f{o lng] / To;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ Ifdtf s'g} lnË ljz]ifsf] u'0f xf]Og, dfgjLo ;femf u'0f xf] M csf]{ zAbdf, cfkm";“u Ifdtf /fVg' Pshgf k'¿ifsf] lgldQ k|fs[lts s'/f eP h:t} cfkm" Ifdtfjfg\ aGg' Pp6L dlxnfsf lgldQ klg k|fs[lts s'/f xf] .

#=@ cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL

;+;b, dGqfnox¿ jf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ hxf“;'s} eP klg cf}krfl/s /fhg}lts lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] sd k|ltlglwTjsf] d'Vo sf/0fdWo] Ps cfTd ljZjf;sf] sdL xf] . cfTdljZjf; / b[9 lgZrosf ;fy dlxnfx¿ /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf pRr tx;Dd k'Ug ;S5g\ . To;}n] dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly g} ljZjf; ug{' k5{ / k'¿ifx¿ pgLx¿sf] g]tf x'g'k5{ eGg] Jofks dfqfdf km}n]sf] ;f]rfOnfO{ TofUg' k5{ . dlxnfx¿ k'¿ifx¿;“u ;dfg 5g\ / pgLx¿df k'¿if;/x ;DefJotf /x]sf] 5, t/ dlxnfsf] clwsf/sf nflu dlxnfn] dfq n8\g ;S5g\ . dlxnfx¿ cToGt /fd|f] lgjf{rg k|rf/ cleofgsf ;~rfns, ;Ë7gstf{ / ;dy{sx¿nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpgdf s'zn x'G5g\, t/ qf;n] slxn]sxL“ dlxnfx¿nfO{ r'gfj lhTg / /fhg}lts hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g afwf k'¥ofp“5 .

#=# /fhgLlt ækmf]xf]/Æ ePsf] ;f]rfO

s]xL b]zdf dlxnfx¿ /fhgLltnfO{ …kmf]xf]/L v]nÚ ePsf] ;f]R5g\ . o;n] /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfdflysf] cfTdljZjf;nfO{ g/fd|f] wSsf lbPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf o:tf] ;f]rfO ljZjel/ g} k|f;lËs 5 . b'ef{Uojz o:tf ;f]rfOn] s}og\ b]zsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{ . o;sf sf/0fx¿df km/s k/] klg s]xL ;femf k|j[lQx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

lgliqmo e|i6frf/sf] cfwf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ahf/ -cy{ft\ sfg'g, ah]6 jf cfly{s ljw]osx¿_ / ljQLo ahf/ -cyf{t\ sf]if, dt, /f]huf/L_ sf kmfObf cyf{t\ nfeaLrsf] cfbfgk|bfgåf/f JofVof ug{ ;lsG5, h;n] k|lt:kwf{af6 km'Ts]/ clg Psflwsf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Dj4{g u/]/ cfly{s nfe k|fKt u5{ . o;afx]s, lgjf{rg k|rf/ cleofgsf] nfutdf ;f]Rg} kg]{ u/L :ki6 j[l4 ePsf] 5, To;}n] To;sf] abnfdf o;af6 k|fKt x'g] ¿lkof“k};fsf] s'g} klg ;|f]tnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ nf]e a9fp“5 .

e|i6frf/sf s}og\ ?k x'g ;S5g\ . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf 3';vf]/L / s/sfk u/]/ k};f lng'sf ;fy} j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b o;sf d'Vo pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . oBlk, gof“

50


nf]stGqn] cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt u/fpg / h/f uf8\g ;do nfU5, /fhg}lts / cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fn] cfsf/ lnO/x]sf / gof“ ;+:yfx¿ b]vf kl//x]sf b]zx¿df gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'kl:yltdf e|i6frf/ cem km}lnPsf] 5 . h]xf];\, /fhg}lts / cfly{s k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf s}og\ :yfgdf ahf/ cy{Joj:yf …hËnsf] sfg'gÚ, dflkmof / e|i6frf/df hsl8g k'u]sf] 5 .

cem eGg' kbf{, :yflkt s]Gb|Ls[t / tfgfzfxL zf;g Joj:yf ePsf b]zx¿df cf8Da/ a9\bf] ¿kn] ;femf ljz]iftf ag]sf] 5 . x7L :jefjsf] jf cg'bfg cy{ Joj:yfdf …af“Rgsf nflu lgodx¿Ú /x]sf 5g\ . Toxf“ /fHon] cflwsfl/s 3f]if0ff / ;f]rfO ljk/Lt l:ylt

68\sf/f] ¿kn] b]vfk/]sf] x'G5 . oBlk, sfo{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ul/a /fi6«x¿df /fhg}lts ;d"xnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf / :jtGq k|];sf] cl:tTj ;dfwfg gul/Psf] d'Vo ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

rsf]{ 3';vf]/L / hah{:tL rGbfn] ;dfhdf dfGotf kfPsf] x'G5 . s}og\ ;/sf/ tyf Jofkfl/s k[i7e"dLsf g]tfx¿n] e|i6frf/dfly nufd nufpg] / To;nfO{ lgd{"n kfg]{ cfgf] OR5f JoQm

u/]sf x'G5g\ t/ of] ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og, 3"; lbg] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] s]xL kf6L{åf/f k|0ffnLdf g} e|i6frf/sf] h/f ufl8Psf] x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k e|i6frf/sf] ;a}eGbf gsf/fTds k|:t'lt ;Ël7t ck/flws cl:tTjsf cj;/x¿sf] lgldQ cg's"n cj:yf pTkÌ x'G5 . oL sf/s tTjn] dlxnfsf lgldQ cfk\mgf kl/jf/sf ;b:o u'dfpg] qf; pTkGg ub{5 kmntM ltgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;+nUgtf jf lgjf{lrt lgsfodf pgLx¿sf] c8fg Wj:t x'G5 .

oBlk e|i6frf/;DaGwL o; ;f]rfOn] ;w}“ dfldnfx¿sf] ;xL ¿kn] k|ltlaDa gug{ klg ;S5, o;n] /fhg}lts ofqftkm{ dlxnfsf] dgf]jl[Qdfly Pp6f c;/ k/]sf] x'G5 . s] ;fgf] jf sd PsfOdf e|i6frf/ x'g] b]zx¿df lgjf{lrt lgsfox¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] pRr b/ ePsf] b]lvg' Pp6f ;+of]u dfq xf] < pbfx/0fsf nflu gj]{, lkmgNofG8, l:j8]g, 8]gdfs{ / Go'lhNofG8 h:tf b]znfO{ sd e|i6 b]zsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 / oL b]zdf s'n ;f+;bsf] #) b]lv $%=$ k|ltzt;Dd dlxnf 5g\ cyf{t\ Toxf“ e|i6frf/sf] pRr b/ ePsf b]zx¿df eGbf % b]lv !) u'0ffeGbf a9L dlxnf ;f+;b 5g\ .

lgjf{rgdf p7\g] lgZro u/]sf dlxnfx¿n] oL ;Dk"0f{ kl/l:yltaf/] ;f]Rg' k5{ . e|i6frf/ eGg] s8f …/f]uÚ lj?4 n8\g tof/ x'g' k5{ . e|i6frf/df uf]Kotf cfjZostf x'G5 eg] nf]stGqn] /fhg}lts ax'ntf, k|]; :jtGqtf / sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k a9\bf]

s]xL /fi6«df ;·l7t ck/fw / e|i6frf/n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ ql;t t'Nofp“5 / cfgf kl/jf/sf ;b:o u'dfpg] ltgLx¿sf] 8/nfO{ hufp“5 . h;dWo] ;a} pgLx¿sf] /fhg }lts ;+nUgtf jf lgjf {lrt lgsfodf pgLx¿sf ] c8fglj?4 pleG5g \ .

51


kf/blz{tfnfO{ ;+j4{g u5{ . hgtfsf] jf:tljs ;xeflutf lglZrt ugf{n] / k|efjsf/L ;Gt'ng ug]{ pkfox¿ :yfkgf ugf{n] nf]stGqn] e|i6frf/dfly nufd nufpgdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5 .

ahf/ zlQmx¿n] ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ ;Sb}g . cfly{s pbf/tfn] e|i6frf/sf] pTkftnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . oBlk, of] :jrflnt ¿kaf6 x'g eg] ;Sb}g . Jojl:yt ahf/ cy{Joj:yfn] e|i6frf/sf cj;/x¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f u5{ . o;y{ o;nfO{ /fhg}lts hgfb]zdf k|fyldstf lbP/ /fhg}lts jrgj4tf / e|i6frf/nfO{ lgd{"n kfg]{ b[9 lgZro dxŒjk"0f{ /xG5 . o; k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿n] 7"nf] of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ .

#=$ cfd ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsf

hgdt / hgr]tgfdf kfg]{ k|efjsf sf/0f cfd ;~rf/nfO{ zlQm jf /fHo Joj:yfsf] rf}yf] cË eg]sf] dgfl;a xf] . ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf] Oltj[Qsf/sf] ¿kdf / ljleGg ljrf/x¿sf] ;+jw{g ug]{ hgdtsf] Pp6f ;"rssf] ?kdf ;dfhdf cfd ;~rf/ dfWodsf b'O{ e"ldsf x'G5g\ . k|foh;f] cfd ;~rf/dfWod dlxnfx¿sf] xslxtsf 36gf / ;Ë7gx¿sf] Go"g k|sfzgtkm{ 9NsG5g\ . cfd ;~rf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ / e"ldsfaf/] oy]i6 dfqfdf ;';"lrt ub}{gg\, g t ltgLx¿ dlxnfsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfosf] k|j4{g jf ;'wf/ ug{ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . ljZjsf cfd ;~rf/dfWoddWo] w]/}h;f] lgodcg';f/n] b]zdf ePsf /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf] klxnf] c;/ dlxnfdfly k5{ eGg] tYoaf/] ljdz{ ug{ cem} af“sL 5 . pbfx/0fsf ?kdf s] lng ;lsG5 eg] klxnf hflu/ u'dfpg]x¿dWo]df dlxnf g} x'G5g\ . /fhg}lts lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofaf6 7"nf] dfqfdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cnUofOg] tYonfO{ klg cfd ;~rf/dfWodn] pk]Iff u5{g\ .

n}lËs c;dfgtf ;3g kfg{ / …Ps dlxnfsf] :yfgÚ sf af/]df cljrn eO{ rfn' /x]sf] rngnfO{ k|j4{g ug{, kl/jf/sf] gLlt c;kmn ePsf]df dlxnfdfly bf]if yf]kg{ ¿9LjfbL ;/sf/ / ;dfhnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ tyf kf/kfr's] / ;fdfGo ck/fwx¿df clej[l4 h:tf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ v/fa x'“b} uPsf] cj:yfsf nflu dlxnfx¿ pQ/bfoL 5g\ eÌ] ljrf/nfO{ ;an agfpg klg cfd ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . d"n k|jfxsf cfd ;~rf/dfWodx¿df 7"nf] dfqfdf JofKt /x]sf] csf]{ k|jl[Q dlxnfnfO{ ;'Gb/ j:t'sf] ¿kdf j0f{g ug{' xf], dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] lnËcg';f/ klxrfg / j:t'jt\ Jojxf/ ul/G5 / pgLx¿nfO{ dfgl;s sfo{ IfdtfeGbf a9Lh;f] zf/Ll/s Ifdtf;“u ;DalGwt ;'Gb/tf / cfsif{0fsf] lglZrt efjgf /fVg] agfOG5 . o;n] …sdhf]/ lnËÚ dfly nfdf] ;dob]lv sfod /x]sf] lkt[;QfTds rngnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbG5, hxf“ dlxnfx¿nfO{ of}gsf j:t' / bf];|f] bhf{sf gful/s dflgG5 .

k|foh;f] cfd ;~rf/dfWod dlxnfx?sf] xs lxtsf 36gf / ;·7gx?sf] Go"g k|sfzgtkm{ 9NsG5g\ .

52


cfd ;~rf/dfWodn] dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿ / Jofkf/L dlxnfx¿af/] / pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfaf/]sf] syf eG5, t/ o; k|sf/sf] k|sfzg b'n{e / slxn]sxL“ dfq x'G5 . km];g k|ltof]lutf, rnlrq cleg]tf, snf / o'jfsf] uf]Kotf h:tf ljifoj:t'sf k|:t'ltx¿ vf;df a9L x'G5g\ . crDd gnfUg] tj/n] o:tf b[li6sf]0fn] dlxnfsf] cfGtl/s u'0f / cfTd;Ddfgsf] r]tgfnfO{ d'l:snn] k|j4{g u5{ jf pgLx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf kbx¿ lngsf nflu d'l:snn] k|f]T;fxg u5{ .

lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf cfd ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsfnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf hf]8 lbg ;ls“b}g ;fy} xfdL;“u xfn;Dd ljZj:t/sf] / t'ngfTds cg';Gwfg kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw 5}g . vf; u/]/ eGg' kbf{, dlxnfsf d'2f / dlxnf ;f+;bsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] plrt k|sfzgsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ltgLx¿af/] ;hutf 36fpg dbt k'¥ofp“5, h'g To;sf] abnfdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ lgjf{rg If]qsf] sdLdf cg'jfb x'G5 . cfd ;~rf/dfWodn] ce}m klg dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg d"No–dfGotf / k|lti7fnfO{ dfGotf lbg h?/L 5 .

$= ;f/f+z

aL;f}+ ztfAbLn] dlxnfn] /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿dfly kx'“r k|fKt u/]sf] b]Vof] . oL ;a} pknlAwn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ hLjgdf dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jt{gtkm{ 8f]¥ofp“b} 5g\, t/ lnËdf cfwfl/t lje]blj?4 n8\g dlxnfn] cf+lzs ¿kn] ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] eP tfklg s}og\ If]qdf c;dfgtf ce}m klg sfod 5 . PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf dlxnfx¿n] gof“ / k'/fgf b'j}yl/sf r'gf}tL ljz]if u/]/ cfGtl/s / afx\o åGåx¿ / cftÍjfb;“u lg/Gt/ ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . 7"nf r'gf}tLx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

• sfd;“u ;DalGwt / kfl/jfl/s cleef/fdf ;Gt'ng /fVg',

• Go"g j}tlgs sfdx¿af6 k[ysLs/0f,

• sfd u/]sf] Hofnf kfpg dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr c;dfgtf,

• ul/aLsf] dlxnfs/0f,

• dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fdf j[l4 /

• åGåkl5sf] zflGt;Demf}tf clg k'gM:yfkg / k'glgdf{0fsf k|of;df ;dfj]z gul/g' .

dlxnfsf] d'2f / dlxnf ;f+;bsflqmofsnfkx¿sf] plrt k|sfzgsf] sdL /x]sf] 5, o;n] ltgLx¿af/] ;hutfdf sdL x'g'df of]ubfg u5{, To;sf] abnfdf h'g dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ lgjf{rg If]qsf] sdLdf cg'jfb x'G5 . cfd ;~rf/dfWodn] c? klg dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg d"No–dfGotf / k|lti7fnfO{ dfGotf lbg h?/L 5 .

53


s}og\ b]zdf /fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdf b]vf k/]sf sfg'gL c8\rgx¿ x6fOP tfklg ;/sf/ clws dfqfdf k'¿ifk|wfg /x]sf] 5 . lgDglnlvt / cGo ljleGg sf/s tŒjn] lg0f{ofTds e"ldsf ePsf lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] kx'“rnfO{ c;/ kf5{ M

• cfly{snufot dlxnfsf] cleofg / pgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljZj;gLotfnfO{ 6]jf lbg cfly{s ;xof]u bnut ;xfotfdf sdL,

• lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 9f“rfsf ;fy} sf]6f k|fjwfgsf 9f“rfx¿ / ltgLx¿ nfu" ul/Psf] xb,

• k'¿if dfkb08 / /fhg}lts k|jl[Qcg';f/n] oL dWo]sf s}og\ ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0f,

• dlxnf ;Ë7g / cGo u}/;/sf/L ;Ë7gx¿af6 k|fKt ;xfotfaLr ;dGjosf] sdL,

• /fhg}lts ofqfdf dlxnfsf] kx'“rnfO{ ;xh gagfpg] lglZrt ;f+:s[lts 9f“rfx¿n] cg'df]bg u/]sf dlxnfsf] Go"g cfTd;Ddfg / cfTdljZjf;, /

• dlxnfsf] of]ubfg / ;DefJotfdfly cfd ;~rf/dfWodx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0fdf sdL, h;af6 dlxnfx¿sf] lgldQ lgjf{rg If]qsf] sdL x'g hfG5 .

k|To]s b]zsf] /fhg}lts cj:yfcg';f/ cj/f]wx¿df leGgtf cfp“5 . t}klg /fhg}lts ;Gbe{sf] k/jfx gu/Lsg ;a} b]zdf dlxnfx¿ k'¿if;“u v]n d}bfgsf] :t/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . /fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] ;kmntfsf ;"rsx¿dWo] lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

• dgf]gog ePsf dlxnfn] r'gfjL cleofgx¿df ;dfg ?kdf ;xefuL x'g dlxnf pDd]bjf/LnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ /fhg}lts, ;+:yfut / cfly{s ;'lglZrttfsf] k|:tfjgf,

• k|efjsf/L sf]6fsf nflu oflGqs ;Dkfbg nfu" ug{ Joj:yflksf ljwfgx¿sf] 9f“rf tof/,

• /fhg}lts ofqfdf dlxnfnfO{ tof/ ug{sf] nflu agfOPsf z}lIfs sfo{qmd / s]Gb|x¿sf] ;[hgf, /

• r'gfjL cleofgx¿df ;xefuL x'g] dlxnfx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] ljBfno -jf s]Gb|_x¿sf] ljsf; / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;xfotf .

zlQmsf kb / lgjf{lrt lgsfox¿af6 dlxnfnfO{ cnu /fVgfn] ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf l;¢fGtx¿nfO{ sdhf]/ agfp“5 / Pp6f ;dfhsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ lgif]w u5{ . dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5g\ g} eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug{ g;lsg] ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]df k'¿ifx¿sf] xfnLd'xfnL /x]sf] 5 . o;/L cfgf

54


;~hfnx¿ ;Ël7t / lqmofzLn agfpg], cfgf] k'¿if ;dk"/s / ljleÌ ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ cfgf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifox¿ ;~rf/ ug{ l;Sg] / dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ a9fpg] ;+oGq lgdf{0fsf nflu cufl8 ws]Ng] k|lqmofx¿sf] g]t[Tj dlxnfn] g} ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg' clgjfo{ x'G5 .

…n}lËs ;dfgtfÚ ePsf] Joj:yflksLo lgsfosf] nIo lnP/ ;dfhsf] k"0f{ ljljwtf k|ltlalDat x'g] k|ltlglwTj lglZrt ug{ ;sf/fTds sfo{sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g'k5{ . To;sf nflu kl5Nnf b'O{j6f cWofon] Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjdf afwf k'¥ofpg] s}og\ cj/f]w k/flht ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ;a}eGbf ;fy{s ;+oGq /rgfdWo]sf b'O{j6f gfd tf]s]/ eGg' kbf{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / sf]6ftkm{ x]5{ .

kfbl6Kk0fL

1 ‘Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women’, Millennium Development Goals, available at <http://www.developmentgoals.org/Gender_Equality.htm>.

2 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 2004. ‘Women in Parliaments 2003’. Release No. 183, 1 March, available at <http://www.ipu.org/press-e/gen183.htm>.

3 Tinker, Irene, 2004. ‘Many Paths to Power: Women in Contemporary Asia’, in Christine Hünefeldt, Jennifer Troutner and Peter Smith (eds). Promises of Empowerment: Women in Asia and Latin America. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

4 IPU 2004, op. cit. See also the case study in this Handbook. 5 Emphasis added. See International Labour Organization (ILO), 2004. ‘Global Employment

Trends for Women 2004’, p. 1, available at <http://kilm.ilo.org/GET2004/DOWNLOAD/trendsw.pdf>.

6 United Nations Population Fund (UNPF), 2000. ‘Lives Together, Worlds Apart: The State of World Population 2000’. New York: UNPF.

;Gbe{ / yk cWoog ;fdu|LFraser, Arvonne and Irene Tinker (eds), 2004. Developing Power: How Women Transformed

International Development. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York

International Labour Organization (ILO), 2004. ‘Global Employment Trends for Women 2004’, available at <http://kilm.ilo.org/GET2004/DOWNLOAD/trendsw.pdf>

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 1989. Reports and Conclusions of the Inter-Parliamentary Symposium on the Participation of Women in the Political and Parliamentary Decision-Making Process. Reports and Documents, no. 16. Geneva: IPU

— 2003. ‘The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and Its Optional Protocol’, in Handbook for Parliamentarians. Geneva: IPU

55

— 2004. ‘Women in Parliaments 2003’, Release no. 183, 1 March, available at

<http://www.ipu.org/press-e/gen183.htm>

— 2005. ‘Women Speakers of National Parliaments: History and the Present. Situation as of 28 February 2005’, available at <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/speakers.htm>

Matland, Richard E., 1998a. ‘Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries’. Legislative Studies Quarterly. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 109–25

— 1998b. ‘The Two Faces of Representation’. Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research workshops in Warwick, UK, 23–28 March

Norris, Pippa and Joni Lovenduski, 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

‘Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women’, Millennium Development Goals, available at <http://www.developmentgoals.org/Gender_Equality.htm>

Reynolds, Andrew, Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis, 2005. The New International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design. Stockholm: International IDEA

Shvedova, N. A., 1994. ‘A Woman’s Place: How the Media Works Against Women in Russia’. Surviving Together. Vol. 12, no. 2

— and W. Rule, 1996. ‘Women in Russia’s First Multiparty Election’, in Wilma Rule and Norma Noonan (eds). Russian Women in Politics and Society. Westport, Conn. and London: Greenwood Press

Tinker, Irene, 2004. ‘Many Paths to Power: Women in Contemporary Asia’, in Christine Hünefeldt, Jennifer Troutner and Peter Smith (eds). Promises of Empowerment: Women in Asia and Latin America. New York: Rowman & Littlefield

United Nations Population Fund (UNPF), 2000. ‘Lives Together, Worlds Apart: The State of World Population 2000’. New York: UNPF


56


nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] pklgj]zlj/f]wL cfGbf]ng, cfk\mg} If]qLo tyf cfGtl/s åGå jf o;n] b]v]sf ljleÌ n8fO{+ h:tf /fhg}lts lqmofsnfksf ljz]iftfo'Qm c/a If]q o;sf dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts l:yltsf] dfldnfdf ljZjsf cGo If]qx¿eGbf cem klg w]/} k5fl8 /x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o'Pg8LkL_ sf] n}lËs ;zQmLs/0f dfkb08df c/a ljZj ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf tNnf] txsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf 5 eg] ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] k|ltztsf ;Gbe{df cGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3 -cfOkLo'_ sf] dfkb08df ;a}eGbf tNnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] If]q ePsf] 5 . To;}n] c/aL dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts x}l;otsf] Pp6f r/d d'2f /x]sf] 5 .

To; cj:yfsf] lj:t[t k|:t'tLs/0fsf lgldQ dfq :yfg /x]sf] 5 . o; 36gf cWoogn] ;j{k|yd c/a If]qsf] l;+xfjnf]sg k|:t't u5{ / dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts x}l;otdf s]lGb|t x'G5 . oxf“g]/ ;fjwfgLsf] Pp6f a'“bf pNn]v ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 M c/a d'n'sx¿sf] ljsf;df k|efj kg]{ s}og\ ;femf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts sf/s tŒj x'“bfx'“b} klg tL sf/s tŒjk|lt k|To]s d'n'ssf k|ltlqmof cgf}7f] k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ / Tof] k|To]s d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s ultzLntfdf lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ c/a dlxnfx¿af/] 5nkmn ubf{ s] s'/fsf] x]Ssf /fVg' cfjZos 5 eg] c/a ljZj p:t} k|sf/sf] If]q xf]Og / c/a dlxnfsf] Pp6} cfbz{ ?k jf gd'gf lng;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . bf];|f] efudf, hf]8{g, n]agfg / odgaf6 tLgj6f cg'ej lnP/ dlxnfsf lgldQ lg0f{o lng ;Sg] kbx¿df k'Ug cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] d'Vo r'gf}tLx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; 36gf cWoogsf] t];|f] efudf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf s]xL ;+oGq / ;+;bx¿df c/a dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf j[l4af/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o; efudf c/a If]qsf nflu pko'Qm x'g ;Sg] c¿ ;Nnfx–;'emfj klg lbOPsf] 5 .

gd'gf cWoogM c/a d'n'sx¿

c/a d'n'sx¿M/fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fp“b}

cdn ;Aaf3

57

s= l;+xfjnf]sg

c/a If]q klZrddf k|zfGt dxf;fu/b]lv k"j{df c/laog ;fu/ tyf lxGb dxf;fu/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5, h;df xfn c/a lnusf @@ ;b:o /fi6« 5g\ . tL /fi6«x¿aLr 7"nf] leÌtf /x]sf] eP klg ltgLx¿sf] c/a O:nflds ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf / ;femf efiffn] To; If]q / Toxf“sf hgtfsf lgldQ leÌ} ljz]iftfsf] ;+/If0f u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't efun] o; If]qsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts jftfj/0fnfO{ cfsf/ lbg] d'Vo sf/s tŒjx¿sf] lrq0f u/]sf] 5 / of] c/a dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts cj:yfdf s]lGb|t 5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts jftfj/0fnfO{ cfsf/ lbg] sf/s tŒjx¿

cGo If]qeGbf a9L c/a If]qnfO{ c/a Oh/fonL åGåsf ;fy} o; åGådf dfq ;Lldt g/x]sf ljifox¿sf] hl6n ;d"x / o;sf] k|ltWjlg, cl:y/ cfly{s cj:yf / k|jl[Q, hg;+Vof ;|f]t c;Gt'ng, cnf]stflGqs cfGtl/s /fHoJoj:yf clg jftfj/0fLo rfkåf/f kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . o; If]qel/ g} gful/s ;dfh ljsf;sf] leÌ r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ t/ ;fdfGotof cGo If]qdf /x]sf gful/s ;dfhx¿sf] h:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5}gg\ .

/fhg}lts kl/lw

;g\ !($*, !(%^, !(^& / !(&# df ePsf rf/j6f c/a Oh/fon o'4sf ;fy} c/a ljZjsf] k"j{df ePsf tLgj6f qmdfut åGå ;g\ !(*) tfsfsf] O/fg–O/fs o'4, ;g\ !(() df O/fssf] s'j]tdfly xdnf kl5sf] o'4, clg xfn;fn} O/fsdf u7aGwg zlQmn] 5]8]sf] o'4 / To; kl5sf 36gfx¿ ;a}n] c/a ljZjdf d[To' 306f ahfPsf 5g\ . lgZro klg tL åGåu|:t If]q;“usf] lgs6tf / k|To]s /fi6«df a;]sf z/0ffyL{x¿sf] ;+Vof h:tf ljleÌ sf/s tŒjx¿sf cfwf/df ljleÌ /fi6«df k/]sf] ltgsf] c;/df ;d]t leÌtf /x]sf] 5 . t}klg, oL If]qLo 36gfx¿n] gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/x¿dfly 7"nf] c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

;g\ @))@ df klxnf] k6s c/a dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ePkl5 c/a …:jtGqtf / nf]stGqsf] sdLÚ n] 7"nf] dfqfdf Wofgfsif{0f kfPsf] 5 .! clxn] ljZjsf ljleÌ /fi6«df /fhg}lts clwsf/ / gful/s :jtGqtfsf ;DaGwdf ;do ;dodf lk|m8d xfp;n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] :t/n] clxn] tYonfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . ljut ut b;jif{df s'g} klg c/a d'n'snfO{ :jtGq eg]/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . cf+lzs ¿kdf :jtGq eg]/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf c/a /fi6« ;ftj6f dfq 5g\, af“sL !% j6f /fi6«nfO{ :jtGq gePsf eg]/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .@ ;]K6]Da/ !! ;g\ @))! b]lv dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljifox? …p:t} /x]sf] jf cem v/fa ePsf] clg To; If]qdf gof“ rfkx¿ tyf hf]/h'n'dx¿ pkNnf] txdf /x]sf 5g\Ú# eg]/ l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 . yk pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 ls To; If]qsf s}og\ d'n'sn] dfgj clwsf/ / /fhg}lts cj:yf kl5lNt/

c/a d'n

'sx?M /fh

gLltdf dlxnf ;xefuLtf a9fpFb}

gd'gf cWoog M c/a d'n'sx¿

58


ws]lnPsf] b]v]sf 5g\ / gful/sdfly /fHosf] a9\bf] lgoGq0f / slxn]sfxL“ cem a9L bdg;d]t dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ .

c/a If]qdf o;;DaGwL JofVof k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5 . Pstkm{sf oL k|lts"n cfGtl/s / cGtlg{lxt /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s sf/s tŒjx¿ / csf{tkm{ klZrdsf] afx\o bafasf] k|:tfj -cem a9L tf]s]/ eÌ'kbf{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfaf6_ To; If]qdf nf]stflGqs k|jl[Qx¿nfO{ abNg] oy]i6 sf/0f x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .$

;fdflhs–cfly{s l:ylt

ljZjsf cGo If]qx?df cy{Joj:yf ljsl;t ePkl5 -lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;x/Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;'wfl/Psf ;]jfx¿sf ;fy_ nf]stGqtkm{ cufl8 a9]sf] eP tfklg c/a If]qn] k|foh;f] cfly{s–;fdflhs ;"rsx¿df pNn]Vo j[l4 xfl;n u/] klg xfn;Dd klg o:tf] k|jl[Q b]vfPsf] lyPg . To; cj:yfsf] JofVof ug{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf ts{x?n] a9L :jtGqtf / nf]stGqtkm{ k|j[Q gu/fpg Pp6f ;Gbe{nfO{ cfsf/ lbg] ;zSt sf/s tŒjx¿dWo] Toxf“sf] hfltjfbL /fhg}lts ;+:s[lt d'Vo /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ .

hfltjfb c/a If]q ysf{pg] gful/s ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] afws tŒjsf ¿kdf klg cnf]slk|o ?kdf lrlqt 5 . gful/sx¿sf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts cfjZostfx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf] c;Ifdtfn] cfk\mgf cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug]{ a9L dgfl;a pkfosf] ¿kdf ltgLx¿nfO{ hftLo klxrfgtkm{ a9L 6f“l;P/ a:gtkm{ pGd'v u/fPsf] 5 eg]/ klg ts{ ug{ TolQs} ;lsG5 .

cfly{s If]qdf c/a /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;fdfGotof ef8f p7fpg] /fi6«sf] ¿kdf a'lemG5 . t}klg cGt//fli6«o ;"rsx¿n] w]/}h;f] c/a /fi6«sf] cy{Joj:yf pTkfbgsf] cf}Bf]lus ljlwdf lglxt g/x]sf] eP tfklg t]naf6 wgf9\o ePsf] /fi6«, dfgj;|f]t ;DkÌ /fi6« / ;a} ;"rsfÍx¿df lgs} ul/a /x]sf /fi6«sf] aLrsf leÌtfo'Qm hgfPsf 5g\ .

c/a ljZjdf ul/aLsf] d'2fdf cem a9L cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 . s]xL /fi6«n] dfq cflwsfl/s ¿kdf /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vf lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ .% t}klg s}og\ /fi6«n] cfly{s ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdx¿ cjnDag ug'{ k/]sf] lyof], h;df cg'bfg s6f}tL / klxnf Jofks dfqfdf /fHolgolGqt cy{ Joj:yfsf ;]jfx¿ 36fpg] h:tf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . h;sf] cy{ Toxf“ s'g} …j}slNks, ;Ifd / ultzLnÚ lghL If]q /x]sf] lyPg eÌ] x'G5 . t;y{, Toxf“sf s}og\ /fi6«df /fHosf] kl5 x6fOn] ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] If]qdf z"Gotf ;[hgf u¥of] .^

c/a If]qdf dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts l:ylt

o:tf] /fhg}lts pTs07f / uDeL/ cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yf b]v]sf c/a If]qdf dlxnfx¿n] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf cfk\mg} dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{'k/]sf] lyof] . To; If]qdf

59

>dzlQmdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;fdfGotof Go"g /x]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts lgo'lQmdf xf];\ jf lgjf{lrt :yfgx¿df ltgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . c/a /fi6«x¿df If]qLo cf};t dlxnf ;xeflutf xfn & k|ltzteGbf tn /x]sf] 5, h'g ljZjsf] cf};t dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] cfwfeGbf klg sd xf] . ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ cem a9L ug'{kg]{ ;+of]hgo'Qm sfo{sf ;fy} ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds b'j} b[li6n] cfwf/n] uPsf] bzsdf s]xL cfzfhgs kl/jt{gx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . t}klg o:tf k|of;n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cj/f]wx¿ cGo If]qsf cj/f]weGbf w]/} a9L dfqfdf b]lvG5g\ . /fli6«o sfg'gx?nfO{ dlxnflj?4 ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug]{;DaGwL dxf;lGw–;]8f] (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979)-CEDAW) sf ;t{x¿ cg's"n agfpg] ;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ c/a /fi6«x¿df ;fdgf ug{' k/]sf sl7gfO dlxnfsf] cu|udgsf] ;DaGwdf /x]sf tgfjsf] hf]8bf/ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf v8f x'G5 .

lkt[;QfTdstf

c/a dlxnfsf] cu|udgdf cem};Dd klg afwf k'¥ofpg] Pp6f d'Vo zlQm k[t[;QfTdstf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf lglDt lkt[;QfTdstf, ¿l9jfbL wfld{s JofVof / ;f+:s[lts rngsf] Pp6f ldl>t¿kn] c/a hgtfdf Hofb} alnof] dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]w v8f ul/lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] ;[hgfdf ;xof]uL csf]{ sf/s tŒj s}og\ c/a ;dfhsf] txut / lkt[;QfTds hftLo ;+/rgf x'g;S5 . cGttf]uTjf oyfjt\ l:yltsf] Pp6f :jLsf/f]lQm / ;DejtM kl/jt{gaf6 pTkÌ x'g] c1ft qf; Pp6f d'Vo r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5, h;sf] ;dfwfg ul/g'kb{5 . gjlkt[;QfTdstf&

;DaGwL lx;fd ;/faLsf] cjwf/0ffn] c/a ;dfhdf emg\ a9L cfw'lgs 9Ën] k'gM ;an ePsf] / ;+j4{g ul/Psf] lkt[;QfTdstfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;xL 9Ën] JofVof u5{ . ;/faLn] To; If]qdf cfw'lgstftkm{sf] k|efjn] lkt[;QfTds d"No / dfGotfnfO{ dha't agfPsf]df lj/f]w hgfPsf 5g\, t;y{ pgL dlxnfdflysf] lyrf]ldrf]nfO{ gjlkt[;QfTds k|0ffnLsf] hu / To;nfO{ k/flht ug{sf nflu pgLx¿sf] d'lQmnfO{ clt cfjZos ;t{sf] ¿kdf x]5{g\ .

wd{

To; If]qsf dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf ;':t cu|udg x'gdf d'Vo bf]ifLsf] ¿kdf O:nfd wd{nfO{ pNn]v ul/G5 . O:nfd / O:nflds :qLTj;DaGwL ljleÌ JofVofaf/] vf]htnf; ug{' o; 36gf cWoogsf] If]qeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] . OG8f]g]l;of, aª\unfb]z / kfls:tfgh:tf u}/c/a O:nflds /fi6«df dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgjf{lrt pRr kbdf k'Ugaf6 O:nfdn] lg?T;flxt u/]sf] 5}g eg]/ k|z:t dfqfdf elgG5 . o;df of] klg hf]8\g ;lsG5 ls c/a ljZjdf s]xL O:nflds /fhg}lts kf6L{n] cfk\mgf dlxnf ;b:onfO{ ;+;bLo pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf v8f u/]sf 5g\ . cfgf] efUo ;'wf/ ug]{ / /fhg}lts …sl/c/Údf cu|udg ug]{ sfo{sf] vf]hdf c/a u}/d'l:nd dlxnfx¿n] pgLx¿sf

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60


c/a d'l:nd lbbL–alxgLsf] t'ngfdf a9L /fd|f cj;/ kfPsf 5g\, cyjf ltgLx¿ ;a}n] p:t} r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{'k5{ eg]/ s;}n] k|Zg ug{ ;S5 . …clxn]sf] d'2f wd{ cfkm}“af6 Tolt a9L xf]Og, t/ gjlkt[;QfTdstfsf] cem km/flsnf] kIf xf]===dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf c;/ kfg]{ s'/f ;+:s[lt PSn} dfq xf]Og a? pgLx¿sf] cj:yf xfn h:tf] 5 To:t} ¿kdf ;'Dkgsf nflu cGo sf/s tŒjsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;d"x PsLs[t x'G5g\Ú* egL 7Ls s'/f atfOPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs–lghL ljefhg (Public-Private Divide)

;fj{hlgs ;xeflutfdf cj/f]w v8f ub}{ lghL If]qdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfaf/] tfl/km ug]{ c/a ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf / k|jl[Qx¿ klg dxŒjk"0f{ cj/f]w /x]sf 5g\ . ljZj a}+sn] 3/leqsf] n}lËs e"ldsf / ultzLntfnfO{ dlxnfn] kl/jf/ / ;dfhnfO{ lbg ;Sg] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg u[lx0fL / cfdfsf] ¿kdf xf] eÌ] wf/0ff /fVg] k/Dk/fut n}lËs b[i6fGtn] :j?k lnPsf] ¿kdf x]5{ . >dzlQmdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] Go"g b/nfO{ JofVof ubf{ ljZj a}+sn] o; b[i6fGtnfO{ cufl8 ;f5{ eg] /fhg}lts hLjg / ;fdfGotof ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] Go"g b/nfO{ JofVof ug{' kbf{ of] ;lhn};“u nfu" x'G5 . of] n}lËs b[i6fGt rf/j6f s'/fdf k|of]u ul/G5 M

!= …;dfhsf] k|d'v PsfOsf] ¿kdf JolQmsf] eGbf kl/jf/sf] s]Gb|Lotf . kl/jf/dflysf] of] hf]8nfO{ ;dfgeGbf cg'¿ksf] clwsf/nfO{===Gofo;+ut ePsf] dflgG5 .Ú

@= …k'¿if g} kl/jf/sf] Psdfq dflns xf] eÌ] wf/0ff .Ú

#= …Pp6f dof{bfsf] ;+lxtfÚ h;cGtu{t kl/jf/sf] dfg–;Ddfg dlxnfsf] k|lti7fdfly cl8Psf] x'G5 . o; ;+lxtfn] dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr cGtlqm{ofdfly aGb]h nufp“5 .

$= …lghL If]qdf zlQmsf] c;dfg ;Gt'ng, h;n] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnfsf] kx'“rnfO{ c;/ kf5{ . zlQmsf] of] lje]b kfl/jfl/s sfg'gdf c8]sf] x'G5 .Ú(

o; b[i6fGtn] >LdtL / kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ k'¿ifsf] pQ/bfloTjn] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf p;sL >LdtLsf] cGtlq{mofdflysf] k|e'Tj / To;dflysf] lgoGq0fnfO{ Gofo;+ut ePsf] 7fG5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ug{ ltgLx?sf] lghL If]qdf dlxnfsf] k|fylds e"ldsfn] jf:tjdf gful/s clwsf/df pgLx¿sf] kx'“rnfO{ vt/fdf kf/]sf] 5 . xfn;fn} …s}og\ /fi6«df dlxnfx¿ gful/s x'g\ eg]/ sfuhdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5, t/ dlxnfsf nflu kl/jf/sf] dfWodåf/f afx]s kx'“reGbf aflx/ /x]sf s}og\ ;fdflhs clwsf/ / nfe 5g\Ú!) eg]/ :ki6 ?kdf OlËt ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL c/a /fi6«df dlxnfx¿n] gful/ssf] ¿kdf k"0f{ /fhg}lts clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf eP klg cfgf] k"0f{ ;fdflhs / cfly{s clwsf/ k|fKt gu/];Dd pgLx¿sf] gful/s cEof; cw'/f] x'g]5 .

c/a dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfaf/] xfn}sf] cg';Gwfgn] s'g} 8/qf; /

61

ha/h:tLlagf :jtGqtfk"j{s dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ / dfgj ;'/Iffdf s]lGb|t x'g cfx\jfg ub}{ …/fhgLlt ;'/lIft / lg/fkb :yfg gePsfn] dlxnfx¿ /fhgLltdf ;lqmo x'“b}gg\Ú!! eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . /fhgLltdf c/a dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfaf/] ljZn]if0f ug]{ o:tf] gof“ b[li6sf]0fn] dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] :t/nfO{ lglZrt ;'wf/tkm{ 8f]¥ofp“5 eg] 6]a'nx¿ 3'dfP/ dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ o;sf] k"0f{ nodf Nofpg oy]i6 x'G5 eg]/ ;f]Rg' ;/n x'G5 .

;+jfbx¿

o; If]qdf dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf vf; ;'wf/ x'“bfx'“b} klg e/v/} …klZrdL sfo{;"rLÚ sf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f k|of;nfO{ zÍfsf] b[li6n] x]l/Psf] s'/f k'gM r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ?lrsf] k|d'v ljifo agfpg] cGt//fli6«o uf]i7Lx¿sf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k of] bfaL cfof] . ;g\ @))@ sf] cGTolt/ o'P; ld8n O:6 kf6{g/l;k Olgl;Pl6e -PdO{kLcfO{_ cyf{t\ cd]l/sf dWok"j{ ;xof]u hfu/0f sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgf clg cf7 cf}Bf]lus /fi6« -G8_ sf] lzv/ ;Dd]ngkl5 hf/L a[xt\ :t/sf] dWok"j{ hfu/0f 3f]if0ffn] cfz+sfx¿nfO{ phfu/ ug]{ sfo{dfq u¥of] . ;'wf/ leqaf6 g} cfpg'k5{ eÌ] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/Psf] Pp6f k|of; :j?k 6\o'lg; lzv/ ;Dd]ng -d], @))$_ df c/a /fi6«sf k|d'vx¿n] …dlxnfsf] e"ldsf k|j4{g ug]{, ltgLx¿sf clwsf/nfO{ 7f]; agfpg], ljsf; / /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{Ú jrga4tf hfx]/ u/] .!@ c/a lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] Oltxf;df dlxnfaf/]sf] of] g} klxnf] lhls/ lyof] .

dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿

c/a /fi6«x¿df ;femf k|j[lQ ag]sf] lkt[;QfTds Joj:yfn] gful/s ;dfhnfO{ luhf]n]sf] 5 / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu d'Vo zlQm x'gdf o;n] gful/s ;dfhnfO{ Pp6f cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf cGo If]qdf h:t} dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿n] c/a ljZjdf dlxnfsf] cu|udgdf ;xfotf k'¥ofPsf] h; lbOPsf] 5}g . a? dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ g]t[Tjsf] pksf/s-u|fxs 9f“rf cËLsf/ u/]sf] / Toxf“sf] ;dfhdf :yflkt lkt[;QfTds 9f“rfx¿sf] k"0f{ gSsn u/]sf] eg]/ cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .!#

dlxnf sfo{ ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ jf dlxnf cfGbf]ngn] g]t[Tj lnPsf s]xL kmf§km'§ 36gfx¿sf] ckjfbafx]s c/a dlxnfx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;xeflutfsf] If]q lj:tf/ ug]{ w]/}h;f] k|of;sf] g]t[Tj ;g\ !(*) sf] ;'?cftlt/ d]/ef6 xft]dåf/f k|o'Qm (Coined) zAb …/fHo gf/LjfbÚ åf/f ePsf] 5 . ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿b]lv lnP/ JolQmut k|lti7f;“u ;DalGwt lglZrt wd{åf/f cg'1f k|fKt rngx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgaflx/sf] eg]/ ;+zf]wg ug]{;Ddsf -cyf{t\ 6\o'lgl;ofdf ax'ljjfxnfO{ lgif]w ug]{_ sfo{ u/]sf] /fHo gf/LjfbnfO{ dlxnfju{nfO{ nfe gk'¥ofPsf] eg]/ cfnf]rgf ug{ ;ls“b}g . o;k|lt nlIft d'Vo cfnf]rgfdf o;n] …lj:tfl/t /fHo :yflkt ug{ cyjf zf;g alnof] agfpg]

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62


k|lqmofx¿sf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf ;]jf u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ / ltgsf] :jtGqtf ;fdfGotof lkt[;QfTds ;+/rgfsf] k|e'TjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg /fHo z[+vnfleqsf] lgoGq0fnfO{ an k'¥ofpg] a[xt\ of]hgfsf] Pp6f efusf ;fwg jf cf}hf/ dfq lyPÚ!$ eGg] xf] . o; k|lqmofsf] c;/n] k/Dk/fut lkt[;QfTds ;+/rgf lj?4df uP klg dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf cu|udg Nofpg] ;+oGqsf] tof/Ldf c/a /fi6«x¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ cGt//fli6«o dfGotf k|fKt ug{' lgZro g} Pp6f d'Vo sf/s tŒj ePsf] 5 . oBlk, To:tf ;+/rgfx¿ / ;/sf/ aLrdf ;dy{g lbgsf nflu kl/jt{gsf] ult oy]i6 5}g .

lgjf{rg cEof;x¿

c/a /fi6«x¿df k|rlnt lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfg'gx¿ / ltgsf kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf /x]sf lgjf{rg k|lqmofx¿ klxn] p7fOPsf …c/a :jtGqtf / nf]stGqsf] sdLÚ ;“u lgs6 ;DaGw /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnfsf ljifodf p7\g] k|Zg, lnË ;+j]bgzLn k|lqmofx¿ / ljwfg s:tf 5g\ clg cem dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f cnf]stflGqs jf gj nf]stGq x'g] k|jl[Qsf ;+oGq ldnfp“bf Tof] lnË ;+j]bgzLntfo'Qm /xG5 ls /x“b}g eÌ] xf] . lkt[;QfTds ;dfhdf, nf]stGqLs/0fsf] :t/ / dlxnfx¿, /fhg}lts cj:yfsf] ;DaGw oyfy{df Hofb} bfpk]ro'Qm x'G5 . c/a If]qdf o;af/] oy]i6 dfqfdf cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5}g, of] b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] . c/a /fi6«x¿df lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿ km/s–km/s /x]sf 5g\, t/ sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf s]xL ljifoafx]s ltgLx¿ ;fdfGotof dlxnfd}qL 5}gg\ .

Joj:yflksfx¿df c/aL dlxnf ;xeflutf

dfly k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf ljleGg tYox?sf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf] k|ltljDasf cfwf/df Joj:yflksfdf c/a dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ljZjel/s} Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf !^ k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwŒj /x]sf] ;Gbe{df -k|zfGt If]qafx]s_ c/a ljZjsf] cf};t ^=% k|ltzt dfq 5 .!% ljZjsf w]/}h;f] If]qsf] t'ngfdf c/a d'n'sx¿df Toxf“sf] ;+;bsf] tNnf] ;bgdf eGbf dflyNnf] ;bgdf dlxnfsf] ;fdfGotof /fd|f] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 . c/a If]qdf k|foh;f] dflyNnf] ;bgdf ;b:ox¿ lgo'Qm ul/G5 eÌ] tYoåf/f o;nfO{ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .

s'g} klg /fi6«sf] Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt sDtLdf #) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] sfo{sf nflu a]Olhª d~rsf] nIodf c/a Joj:yflksf k'Ug g;s]sf] s'/f tflnsf ;+Vof # n] k|dfl0ft u5{, h;n] P]gdf dlxnfnfO{ nfe k'¥ofpg ul/g] s'g} klg kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ /fli6«o ;+;bdf pkl:yt dlxnfsf nflu sl7g agfp“5 . tflnsf ;+Vof # df j0f{g ul/Psf] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf ;DaGwdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf /fi6«x¿sf] :yfgcg';f/ O/fssf] #! k|ltzt / 6\o'lgl;ofsf] @@=* k|ltztsf] ckjfbafx]s c/a /fi6«sf] cj:yf /fd|f] 5}g . !@ k|ltzt dlxnfsf ;fy l;l/of &! cf“}+ :yfgdf / !)=* k|ltztsf ;fy lha'6L &* cf}“ :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 cNh]l/of / hf]8{gsf] :yfg /x]sf] 5 eg] ax/fOg, ;pbL c/laof / o'gfO6]8 c/a

63

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b'O{j6f s'/f Wofgfsif{0fof]Uo /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf], ljleÌ c/a /fi6«sf P]gdf s]xL lglZrt ;sf/fTds ;+zf]wg x'“bfx'“b} klg dlxnfsf] cu|udgdf ce}m klg sfg'gL e]befj d'Vo cj/f]w /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f c/a /fi6« -;pbL c/laof_ df ce}m klg dlxnfnfO{ dtbfgsf] clwsf/ 5}g . cem ;femf ¿kdf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, lgjl[Qe/0f, cfos/, pQ/flwsf/ / cfk/flws k|s/0fx¿df nfu" x'g] sfg'gdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/“b}g g t ltgLx¿n] k'¿ifn] pkef]u ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf g} pkef]u ug{ kfp“5g\ . dlxnfnfO{ k"0f{ dtflwsf/ lbOPsf /fi6«x¿df ;d]t o:tf] lje]b / Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] Go"g ;xeflutfaLrsf] ;DaGwaf/] k"0f{¿kn] cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5}g jf clen]v /flvPsf] 5}g .!^

bf];|f] ljifo k|To]s /fi6«leqsf] lgjf{rg k|lqmof;DaGwL xf] . oBlk, o; n]vn] lgjf{rg k|lqmofaf/] k"0f{¿kn] l;+xfjnf]sg ub}{g t/ klg of] dlxnfsf nflu /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf afwf k'¥ofpg] ljleÌ k|sf/sf cj/f]waf/] s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5, o:tf] lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf lglZrt tŒj /x]sf] x'G5 h;n] dlxnflj?4 lje]b u5{ . o;nfO{ cfGtl/s cyjf If]qLo ljsf;sf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k k|To]s /fi6«df lgjf{rg ul/g] cj:yfx¿ lg/Gt/¿kn] ;/]sf / kl/jt{g ePsf tYon] a9fPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lgjf{rg P]gnfO{ c:yfoL P]gsf] ¿kdf kf; ul/Psf s]xL cj:yf 5g\, t;y{ To; P]gaf/] ;fj{hlgs jf ;+;bLo 5nkmn x'g lbO“b}g . o;n] o:tf] k|lqmofdf lglxt /x]sf] n}lËs lje]bnfO{ k/f:t ug{ cfjZos of]hgf agfpg] / naL ug]{ cj;/ lb“b}g .

Old/]6\; nufotsf vf8L d'n'ssf nflu ;a}eGbf Go"g :yfg ;femf /x]sf] 5, cyf{t\ Toxf“sf] ;+;bdf z"Go k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 .

64


tflnsf # M c/a ;+;bx¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTj, @))%

/fi6« tNnf]÷Ps ;bgfTds ;bg dflyNnf] ;bg

lgjf{rg jif{

hDdf l;6

dlxnf ;+Vof

dlxnfsf]k|ltzt

kl5Nnf] lgjf{rg

hDdfdlxnf ;+Vof

dlxnfsf] k|ltzt

cfOkLo'sf] :yfg -!_

cNh]l/of @))@ #*(* @$ ^=@ @))# !$$* $ @=* !)%

ax/fOg @))@ $)* ) ) @))@ $)*** ^ !% !@^

sdf]/f]; @))$ ## ! #=) !!(lha'6L @))# ^%* & !)=* &*OlhK6 -@_ @))) $%$ !! @=( @))! @^$** !* ^=* !@)O/fs @))% @&% *& #!=^ !%

hf]8{g @))# !!)* ^ %=% @))# %%*** & !@=& !)(

s'j]t @))# ^%* ) ) !@^n]agfg @))) !@** # @=# !@@lnlaof !((& &^)**df}/L6flgof @))! *!* # #=& @))@ %^** # %=$ !!&df]/Ssf] @))@ #@%* #% !)=* @))# @&)** # !=! &*cf]dg @))# #** @ @=$ @))! %**** ( !%=% !@!Kofn]:6fOgL cwLg:y e"efu

!((^ *%* % %=(

stf/ @))@ #%*** ) )

;fpbL c/laof @))! !@)*** ) ) !@^;f]dflnof

;'8fg -#_ @))) #^) #% (=& *%

l;l/of @))# @%)* #) !@=) &!

6\o'lgl;of @))$ !*@* @! @@=* @&;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;\

!((^ $)*** ) ) !@^

odg @))# #)!* ! )=# !@^

l6Kk0fL-!_ !*# /fi6«df tNnf]÷Psn ;bgdf dlxnfsf] k|ltztsf] 36\bf] qmddf /flvPsf] nufOPsf]-@_ $$$ hgf ;b:ox? lgjf{lrt, !) hgf ;b:ox? /fi6« k|d'våf/f lgo'lQm ul/Psf]-#_ @&) hgf k|ToIf lgjf{lrt, #% hgf dlxnf k|ltlglw, @^ hgf :gfts k|ltlglw / @( hgf 6«]8

o'lgogsf k|ltlglw* ;b:o k|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f lgjf{lrt** ;b:o ck|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f lgjf{lrt*** ;b:o /fi6« k|d'våf/f lgo'Qm;|f]tM O/fs, cf]dfg / stf/ afx]s cGo ;a} c/a d'n'sx¿af/] cfOkLo" (Inter Parliamentary Union) sf] j]a ;fO{6df /x]sf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ‘Women in National Parliaments’, <http://www.ipu.org>. O/fs, cf]dfg / stf/af/] Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union (AIPU) sf] a]j ;fO{6 <http://www.arab-ipu.org/> af6 tof/ ul/Psf] / OPT af/] Palestinian Legislative Council sf] j]a ;fO{6 <http://www.pal-plc.org> af6 tof/ ul/Psf] .

65

c/a d'n

'sx?M /fh



v= /fli6«o :t/sf d'Vo r'gf}tLx¿

o; efun] lg0ff{os e"ldsf ePsf kbx¿ / ljz]iftM ;+;bdf k'Ug dlxnfn] d'Vo ¿kn] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfg u5{ . dfly plNnlvt /fhg}lts jftfj/0fsf cltl/Qm of] efun] /fhg}lts bn, hfltjfb, dlxnf cfGbf]ng / cfly{s ;d:of h:tf ;fdgf ul/Psf vf; cj/f]waf/] 5nkmn u5{, h'g d'Vo cj/f]wx¿ x'g\ . s'g} klg /fi6«df /fhg}lts ljsf; ug{ / lg0f{o lngdf ;lqmo¿kn] ;xefuL x'g] pDd]bjf/ tof/ ug{ kl/kSj tyf ;Ël7t /fhg}lts bnx¿sf]] lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5, h;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;ls“+b}g . dlxnfsf] cu|udgdf hlxn] klg cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] eg]/ cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] hfltjfbn] dlxnfsf nflu k|fKt x'g] s'g} klg cj;/nfO{ cfgf] kmfObfsf nflu rog ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/]/ lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof k|j4{g ug{ dlxnf cfGbf]ngn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf d'Vo sf/s /x]sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf, pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ nflu ;|f]t kl/rfngsf nflu cfly{s Ifdtfn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]N5 .

;+VofTds b[li6n] k|To]s /fi6«sf] lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ Ps Ps u/]/ x]g{ c;Dej x'g] ePsf]n] oxf“ odg, n]agfg / hf]8{g tLg /fi6«nfO{ dxŒj lbOg] 5 . oxf“ ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg], dfly pNn]v ul/Psf If]qLo åGå / c/a /fi6«x¿dfly ltgLx¿sf ljleÌ c;/sf cltl/Qm odg / n]agfg b'j} b]zdf cfk\mg} cfGtl/s åGå klg ePsf lyP, h;n] cGTodf uP/ oL /fi6«df /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;Gbe{nfO{ cfsf/ lbof] . oL ljifo ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ vfnsf gx'g] eP klg ltgLx¿n] l5d]sL /fi6«x¿df d]nvfg] ljifonfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{g\ .

ut !% jif{sf] cjlwdf n]agfg / odg b'j}df tLg tLgj6f /fli6«o lgjf{rg ul/Psf lyP eg] hf]8{gdf rf/j6f /fli6«o lgjf{rg ul/Psf lyP . tL lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ tflnsf $ df ;+If]kdf ul/Psf] 5, h;n] odg / n]agfgdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;Lldt /x]sf] t/ hf]8{gdf kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] / rf/j6f lgjf{rgdf cu|udg ePsf] tyf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ 5 j6f cf/lIft l;6sf sf/0f ;g\ @))# df pNn]Vo ¿kn] j[l4 ePsf] b]vfp“5 .!&

odg

tflnsf $ n] ;g\ @))# df odgL ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof s]jn )=# k|ltztdf em/]sf] b]vfp“5 .!* o:tf] cj:yf x'g'df ljleÌ sf/s tŒjn] sf/0f ag]sf 5g\ .

lg/If/tf M odgL dlxnfx¿df lg/If/tf b/ To; If]qs} ;a}eGbf pRr -&^=! k|ltzt_!( 5, o;n] dtbftf gfd btf{ / dtbfg k|lqmofnfO{ dfq xf]Og, ljhoL x'g] dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts r]tgfnfO{ ;d]t c;/ kf5{ . oBlk, n]agfg / hf]8{gdf dlxnfsf] pRr z}lIfs :t/n] tL /fi6«df dlxnfsf] Jofks ;xeflutfsf nflu w]/} kl/0ffd NofPsf] 5}g .

66


ultzLntf M odgL lgjf{rgdf dlxnfx¿ ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cj;/nfO{ ;Lldt agfpg] of] dxŒjk"0f{ sf/s tŒj xf] . tflnsf $ n] r'gfjdf p7\g] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof ;g\ !((& b]lv sl/a cfwf ePsf] b]vfp“5 . ;g\ @))! sf] cfdlgjf{rg P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;t{ g+= !# sf sf/0fn] o:tf] ePsf] xf], ;f] ;t{n] Pshgf :jtGq pDd]bjf/nfO{ p;sf] lgjf{rg If]qsf sDtLdf #)) hgf dflg;n] ;dy{g u/]sf] x'g'k5{ eGb5 .

tflnsf $ M odg, n]agfg / hf]8{gdf /fli6«o lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf dlxnf ;xeflutfM

/fi6« lgjf{rg jif{

-O{=;+=_

dlxnf pD]bjf/

sf] ;+Vof

s'n pDd]bjf/df

dlxnfsf] k|ltzt

ljhoL dlxnf

pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof

tNnf] ;bgdf

dlxnfsf] k|ltzt

odg !((# $! !=# @ )=&

!((& !( !=# @ )=&

@))# !! )=^ ! )=#

n]agfg !((@ pknAw 5}g pknAw 5}g pknAw 5}g pknAw 5}g

!((^ !) pknAw 5}g # @=#

@))) !! pknAw 5}g # @=#

hf]8{g !(*( !@ !=*^ ) )

!((# # )=!* ! !=#

!((& !& #=@$ ) )

@))# %$ &=)^ ^ %=%

;|f]tM Mashhur, Huriya, 2005, ‘Political Participation by Yemani Woman’, in Internatioanl IDEA and Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND), Building Democracy in Yemen: Woman’s Political Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic Elections. Stockholm: International IDEA and ANND.

of] ;a} pDd]bjf/sf lgldQ k"/f ug{ sl7g ;t{ lyof] t/ dlxnfsf lglDt t ;DejtM emg} sl7g, lsgls pgLx¿ 6f9f;Dd ofqf ug{ ;Sb}gy] / cfgf] ;d'bfodf sd lrlgPsf x'Gy] .@)

/fhg}lts bnx¿ M PsLs/0fkl5 odgdf /fhg}lts bnx¿ ljsl;t ePsf] b]lvP klg ltgLx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] @ k|ltzt dfq dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . ha ls ;g\ !(() sf] PsLs/0fkl5 ltgLx¿ :yflkt /fhg}lts bn eO;s]sf lyP . ;g\ @))# df @( ;b:oLo /fhg}lts Ao'/f]df $ hgf dlxnf ePsf] ;f];ln:6 kf6L{sf] ckjfbafx]s

67

d'Vo /fhg}lts bndf dflyNnf] :t/ -kf6L{sf] sfo{sf/L0fL ;ldlt jf lg0ff{os e"ldsf pRr ePsf] lgsfo, h;df ;fdfGotof @) hgf x'G5g\_ df Ps jf b'O{hgf dlxnfsf] ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTj kSs} /x]sf] 5 . pNn]v ul/Psf o;sf sf/0fx¿df dlxnfx¿ cfkm}“ kf6L{sf] sfdaf6 6f9f /x]sf]b]lv lnP/ dlxnfx¿n] …lgjf{rgtfsf dtbfgsf nflu dlxnfnfO{ kl/rfng ug{afx]s cfkm"nfO{ uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] sfd glbOPsf]Ú cg'ej u/]sf] ;Ddsf ljljwtfo'Qm /x]sf 5g\ .

;g\ @))# sf] r'gfjdf p7]sf dlxnfx¿n] r'gfj k|rf/ cleofgsf nflu cfkm"x¿nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cfly{s jf g}lts ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyPg eGg] ts{ u/]sf lyP ha ls k/Dk/fut zlQmx¿n] dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] v'Nnf ¿kn] lj/f]w u/] . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] lj/f]w Tolt ;f]em} t lyPg, t/ ltgLx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ gp7\gsf nflu ck|ToIf bafa lbP . ;Qf;Lg kf6L{ hg/n lkk'N; s+u|]; -hLkL;L_ n] Ps hgfdfq dlxnf pDd]bjf/L lbof], ha ls ;f];ln:6 kf6L{ -h'g klxn] lkkN; 8]df]qm]l6s l/klAns ckm odg -blIf0f odg_ df ;Qf;Lg kf6L{ lyof] clg o;sf] dlxnfd'vL gLltsf sf/0f rrf{df lyof]_ n] b'O{hgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ v8f u¥of] . cem eÌ'kbf{, ;g\ @))# df ltgLx¿sf] r'gfjL d~rn] oL kf6L{x?nfO{ r'gfjdf pDd]bjf/ x'gsf nflu dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{df cfkm"nfO{ ;+nUg u/]g .@!

hfltjfb (Tribalism) M oL sf/s tŒjx¿nfO{ a9fp“bf odgL dlxnfx¿n] cem;Dd klg hfltjfbsf] k/Dk/fut zlQm;“u e'mQL v]Ng'k5{ . dlxnf ;xeflutfdf k5fl8 x6\g] k|j[lQ …hfltjfb, o;sf] dfGotf k|0ffnL / dlxnfk|ltsf] o;sf] b[li6sf]0fsf] kl/0ffd xf] eg]/ w]/}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . /fHoleq cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ k|efjx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ePsfn] kl/jt{g nfu" ug{'kg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ cfkm}“;d]t dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cu|udgsf] lj/f]w ug]{ hflt / hfltut k|jl[Qsf] lj:tfl/t ?k ag]sf lyP .Ú@@

n]agfg

;g\ @))) df ;DkGg lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;+;b k|ltlglwx¿ dWo]sf @=# k|ltzt dfq dlxnf 5g\ . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt nufot ljleÌ sf/s tTjx¿åf/f JofVof ul/G5 .

/fhg}lts bnx¿ M nuftf/ ePsf tLgj6f ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf kl/0ffdn] lzIff, cy{Joj:yf / ;+:s[lt h:tf cGo cg]sf}“ If]qdf n]agfgL dlxnfx¿sf] k|ultnfO{ k|ltlalDat ub}{g . dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts cu|udgnfO{ ljleÌ tj/n] ckfË kfg{df ljz]if k|oTg u/]sf] eg]/ u[xo'4nfO{ cfIf]k nufpg ;lsG5 . u[xo'4eGbf klxn] dlxnfx¿ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df w]/} ;lqmo lyP clg u[xo'4tfsf ;d]t lglZrt kf6L{x?n] ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf ;xeflutf vf]h] . oBlk, xfn;fn} Tof] cj:yfdf sdL cfPsf] 5, clg s]xL pbfx/0fsf ?kdf !* j6f /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] dlxnf zfvf jf ljefu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf -PghLcf]_ sf ¿kdf ?kfGtl/t ul/Psf 5g\ . gful/s ;dfhsf

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68


sfo{stf{ cg'ej u5{g\ ls …/fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf dlxnf ljefux? ;LdfGts[t ul/Psf 5g\ / tL PghLcf]x¿lt/ …kfvf nufOPsfÚ 5g\ . To;/L pgLx? o;nfO{ dlxnfsf ljifox¿df oyfy{ ?kdf Wofgfsif{0f ug{eGbf dlxnfnfO{ kf6L{ /fhgLltdf ;Ël7t kfg{'df ePsf] sdLsf] ;Í]t a9L ePsf] eg]/ lnG5g\ .Ú@#

/fhg}lts bnsf g]t[Tjtxdf k'¿ifsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] 5 clg 5j6f d'Vo kf6L{sf pRr lg0f{ofTds txdf dlxnf ;xeflutf z"Gob]lv !) k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 .@$ JolQmut egfOcg';f/ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿leq dlxnfn] sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug{'k5{, dlxnfn] kf6L{x¿sf cfGtl/s nf]stGqdfly k|Zg p7fp“5g\ / kf6L{leqsf] ;fdfGo lqmofsnfkdf :ki6;“u b]lvg] u/]/ lnËdf cfwfl/t >dljefhg /x]sf] 5 eg]/ jfbljjfb u5{g\ .@%

o;afx]s dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ cfly{s ;d:ofn] uf“lhPsf 5g\ clg kf6L{ ;xof]u / cfly{s ;xfotflagf dx“uf] lgjf{rg k|rf/ cleofgdf cj/f]w /xG5 .

;+/IfsTj tyf kfl/jfl/s aGwg M oBlk, n]agfgdf hfltjfbsf] cl:tTj 5}g tyflk oxf“sf] /fhgLlts r]tgf /fhg}lts hLjgdf k|e'Tj hdfPsf zlQmzfnL kl/jf/x¿nufot cfkm"leq p:t} k|sf/sf] lkt[;QfTds k/Dk/fjfbL Jojxf/ lnPsf cGo sf/s tŒjåf/f lgb]{lzt 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eÌ' kbf{, n]agfgL /fhgLltsf] zf;g k4ltnfO{ ;fDk|bflos, kl/jf/df cfwfl/t k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . kmntM /fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdflysf] c;/ gsf/fTds /x]sf] 5 / k|foh;f] o;sf] cfnf]rgf ul/G5 .

n]agfgL dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ …sfnf] kf]zfs nufPsLÚ dlxnfsf] ¿kdf lrGg] ul/Psf] 5 .@^ ;g\ !(^# / To;sf] w]/}kl5 ;g\ !((@ df ;+;bdf k|j]z ug]{ b'O{hgf -klxnf] dlxnfn] cfgf] l;6 cfgf] lktfaf6 / bf];|f] dlxnfn] cfgf]] l;6 xTof ul/Psf >Ldfg\af6_ …pQ/flwsf/Ú :j¿k kfPsf lyP, o;k|sf/n] zf]s dgfpgsf nflu ltgLx¿n] nufPsf] sfnf] kf];fssf] JofVof ub}{ pgLx¿nfO{ To;k|sf/sf] gfd lbOPsf] xf] . dlxnf ;f+;bsf] To:tf] /fhg}lts …sl/c/Ú gePsfn] xfnsf] cj:yfdf Tolt w]/} ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5}g, t/ ltgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs–/fhg}lts cj:yf xfn klg Pshgf hLljt jf d[To' eO;s]sf] k'¿if /fhgLlt1af6 pb\ej ePsf] 5 .@& t}klg o:tf] ts{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 ls n]agfgL ;dfhleq, ljz]if u/L /fhg}lts ¿kn] k|efjzfnL kl/jf/leq a9L pbf/ kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf ePsf] eP n]agfgsf dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ eljiosf] /fhg}lts …sl/c/Ú nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ljrf/, 1fg / k|ljlwx¿ oy]i6 dfqfdf v'Nnf x'g] df}sf kfpg] lyP .

hf]8{g

;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rgn] ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjn] z"Gob]lv %=% k|ltztsf] dggof]Uo ;+Vofdf j[l4 b]vfof] . dlxnf ;xeflutfdf b]vfk/]sf cj/f]wx¿ x6fpg ;+;bdf dlxnfsf lgldQ ^ j6f l;6 sf]6f ul/Pkl5 o:tf] kl/0ffd cfPsf] xf] .

69

hfltjfb (Tribalism) M hf]8{gL ;dfh / /fhgLlt b'j}df hfltjfb Pp6f d'Vo zlQm /x]sf] 5 . of] pNn]v ug'{ rfvnfUbf] 5 ls ;+;bdf dlxnfsf lgldQ sf]6f ul/Psf 5j6f l;6dWo] …ljhoLÚ % j6fnfO{ ltgsf hfltut ;dy{g /x]sf] lyof] / ltgLx¿nfO{ …hfltut pDd]bjf/Ú sf] ¿kdf p7fOPsf] lyof] eg] Ps hgfdfq bnut pDd]bjf/ lyP . odgsf] cj:yfsf] ljkl/t hxf“ hfltjfbnfO{ dlxnf cu|udgdf lzlyntf Nofpg] sf/s tŒjsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5, oxf“ sf]6f k|0ffnL sd ;+Vofsf hfltsf lgldQ cg's"n b]lvG5, hxf“ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{df 7"nf] ;+Vofdf k'¿if pDd]bjf/ /x]sf hfltsf] pDd]bjf/sf] lj?4df p7\g] x'“b}gy] . s]xL ;fdfGo cf“sngn] sf]6f k|0ffnLn] cNk;+Vos hfltsf lgldQ lgs} /fd|f] cj;/ lbg ;Sg] s'/f ;'lglZrt u¥of], t;y{ ltgLx¿n] o;nfO{ cfgf] kmfObfsf lgldQ k|of]u u/] .

/fhg}lts bnx¿ M ;g\ !(*( df /fhg}lts d'lQmn] lg/Gt/tf kfPkl5 / gof“ /fhg}lts bn;DaGwL gof“ sfg'g kf; ePkl5 xfn hf]8{gdf #@ j6f /fhg}lts bnx? btf{ ePsf 5g\ . tL bnx?df dlxnf ;b:otf * k|ltzt gf3]sf] 5}g / dflyNnf kbx?df Hofb} sd dlxnf 5g\ . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ / n}lËs ;dfgtfaLrsf] ;+jfbaf/] s'g} klg kf6L{n] To:tf d'2fsf] k|s[lt / dxŒj a'em]sf] gkfOPsfn] dlxnf cu|udgsf nflu ltgLx¿sf] ;fdfGo jrga4tf k|fo ;fª\s]lts dfq ePsf] s'/f Pp6f cWoog ljZn]if0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . clg ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, :jf:Yo / lzIffh:tf d'Vo r'gf}tLnfO{ ltgLx¿n] k"0f{tof lnËk|lt cGw 9f“rfdf ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .@*

dlxnfx¿sf] ;Dks{ M cf/lIft l;6x¿åf/f ^ hgf dlxnf k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt ePkl5sf] gof“ r'gf}tL dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ / dlxnf cfGbf]ngaLrsf] ;DaGw x'g k'u]sf] 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf k|flKtdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ g} …cj/f]wÚ ePsf 5g\ / pgLx¿n] ;dfhdf dlxnf ;/f]sf/af/] cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5}gg\ eg]/ ts{ ul/Psf] 5 .@( o; cleof]un] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ r'gf}tLtkm{ ;ª\s]t u5{ clg Toxf“ ;+/rgfut tyf cfly{s cefj /x]sf] 5, h;n] hf]8{gdf ;f+;bx? …;'ljwf kfpg] ;f+;bÚ x'g]tkm{ lgs} a9L 9Ns]sf 5g\ eÌ] b[li6sf]0fnufot dlxnf ;f+;bnfO{ 3f6fdf kf/]sf] 5 .#) ltgLx¿ cfgf] r'gfj If]qsf nflu ;/sf/af6 ljz]if ;'ljwf -ubfx/0fsf nflu pRr kbdf lgo'lQm jf Pp6f ul/a kl/jf/sf] nflu cfly{s ;xfotf OToflb_ k|fKt ug{ a9L lnKt /x]sf] b]lvg] ePsf]n] ltgLx¿n] Joj:yflksfdf cfgf] e"ldsf ;xL 9Ën] k"/f ub}{gg\ eg]/ hf]8{gL ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ul/g] cfnf]rgfnfO{ o;n] k|ltlalDat u/]sf] 5 .

dlxnfsf] a9\bf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ dlxnf cfGbf]ngn] s] ul//x]sf] 5 eÌ] k|Zg plQs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf cfGbf]ng / s}og\ klZrdf nf]stGqnfO{ lrq0f ug]{ Joj:yflksfx¿aLrsf] ;x;DaGwsf] cl:tTj hf]8{gdf 5}g cyjf hf]8{gL k|];sf cg';f/ a? Tof] jiff}{+;Dd zq'tfk"0f{ k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 .#! k/Dk/fjfbL ;f+;bx¿n] …klZrdL sfo{;"rLÚ sf] cltqmd0flj?4 cfk\mgf ;f+:s[lts d"No / dfGotf, k/Dk/fnfO{Ú ;+/If0f ug{ cfx\jfg u/]sf 5g\ . dlxnf ;f+;b / dlxnf cfGbf]ngaLrsf] ;DaGw;d]t xflb{stfk"j{s ;'? ePg . ;f+;bx¿n] s]xL dlxnf g]tfsf]

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70


cfnf]rgf u/] clg dlxnf clwsf/sdL{x¿n] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] pgLx¿sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ul//x]sf 5}gg\ eg] .#@ klxn] pNn]v ul/Psf] ;+/Ifs-u|fxs 9f“rfnfO{ ;dy{g ug{ hf]8{gL dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿af/] s'g} cg';Gwfg gePsfn] 5j6f cf/lIft l;6 ;fdfGotof dlxnfx¿sf] cu|udgsf nflu xf]Og, t/ cfgf] JolQmut cu|udg jf cGo cfk\mg} ;]jf ug]{ ;/f]sf/sf nflu dlxnfx¿åf/f k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] cfnf]rgf Toxf“sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL lj1x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ .##

u= ;+;bdf c/a dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ j[l4 ug]{ ;+oGqx?

pko'{Qm pbfx/0fn] tLgj6f c/a /fi6«x?df dlxnfn] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf s]xL d'Vo cj/f]waf/]sf] Pp6f kf6f]nfO{ k|:t't u5{ . n]agfg / odgsf] bf“hf]df s'g} cfGtl/s åGålagf hf]8{gn] Pp6f l:y/ cfGtl/s /fhg}lts jftfj/0f sfod /fv]sf] 5 . t}klg ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ x]bf{ xfdL tL tLgj6} /fi6«df p:t} cj:yf kfp“5f}+ . cem eÌ'kbf{, k|To]s /fi6«sf /fhg}lts bnx¿df h]–h:tf P]ltxfl;s tyf k|s/0fut leÌtf /x]] tfklg of] :ki6 5 ls dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;zQmLs/0fk|lt /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] e"ldsf ;Í6do x'“b} uPsf] 5, tL kf6L{x¿ o;;DaGwL e"ldsf dx;'; ug{af6 r's]sf 5g\ .

odgsf] 36gfdf lg/If/tfsf] b/n] vf; låljwf v8f u/]sf] :ki6 5 . of] ljifo cGo /fi6«df k|an eP/ b]vf gk/] klg of] lgZro g} :ki6 5 ls ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] ;dfj]lztfaf/] ;'lglZrt x'g' 5 eg] o:tf cj/f]wfTds sf/s tŒjx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ nflu vf; pkfo ckgfpg clt cfjZos 5 .

:yfgsf] cefjn] o; n]vdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿nfO{ lj:t[t?kdf 5f]OPsf] 5}g, t/ ltgLx¿af/] t];|f] cWofodf lj:t[t¿kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

5f]6s/Ldf eÌ' kbf{ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnf k|j4{gdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] sf/s tŒjx¿ hl6n / Pscfk;df h]lnPsf 5g\ . ;-;fgf em\ofn h:tf k|fKt x'g] cj;/df klg /fi6«x¿aLr leÌtf /x]sf] 5 clg To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k|To]s /fi6«sf] km/s km/s ;Gbe{ / cg'ejx¿df dlxnfsf] k|j4{gsf lgldQ c/a ljZjel/ nfu" ug{ ;lsg] s'g} gfkgS;f pknAw 5}g . t}klg oxf“ lbOPsf pbfx/0fn] dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf u/]sf lglZrt / ;femf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ clg oL cj/f]w s]xL xb;Dd k/f:t ug{ s]xL ;+oGq tyf ;fdfGo l;kmfl/;x¿ nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . cfpg] efun] dlxnfsf] cu|udgtkm{ nlIft ;dfGo /0fgLltx¿ -/fHo:t/ / /fhg}lts kf6L{sf sfo{df ;d"xut ePsf_, lgjf{rg x'g'eGbf klxnf lnOg] pkfox¿ / lgjf{rgtfsf ckgfOg] pkfox¿df juL{s/0f ul/Psf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] vf; l;kmfl/;nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 .

71

;fdfGo l;kmfl/; tyf ;+oGqx¿

/fHo:t/

c/a ljZjdf cnf]stflGqs k|0ffnLx¿ jf gjhft nf]stGqx¿df c? /fhg}lts pbf/tfsf] cfjZostf 5 . c/a ljZjdf o:tf k|of;x¿ dlxnf cu|udgsf lgldQ ;w}“ k|]/s /x]sf 5}gg\ .#$ /fHo;+oGqdf dfq xf]Og ;du| kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf ;d]t JofKt lkt[;QfTds ;+/rgfx¿df nf]stGqLs/0f ubf{sf] nfenfO{ sd cf“Sg ;ls“b}g .

cem nf]stGqLs/0f;“u} of] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 ls c/a dlxnfn] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/g'k5{ / dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a}vfn] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw#% -;]8f]_ sf c/a b]zsf kIf /fHox¿n] cfk\mgf P]gx¿df dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a}vfn] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf ;t{x¿;“u cem a9L glhs x'g] u/L ldnfpg ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ pynk'yn ug{'k5{ . o;af6 dlxnfsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sf]if (UNIFEM) sf] c/a dlxnf ljsf; @))$ df hf]8 lbOPsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qe/ JofKt dlxnfsf] k"0f{ gful/s clwsf/sf] sdLsf] s'/fnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5 .

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf Pp6f pn]Vo k|efj kf/]sf] h:tf] nfUg] xfnsf] pRr:t/sf] /fhg}lts OR5fzlQmnfO{ k"“hLs/0f ug]{ cj;/nfO{ a]jf:tf ul/g' x'“b}g . hf]8{gdf /fhf / /fhkl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿af6 ;dy{g cfof] . odgdf d'Vo /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿af6 ;dy{g cfof] eg] n]agfgdf Tof] g]t[Tjtxdf /x]sf k'¿if /fhgLlt1x¿af6 cfof] . oxf“ 5nkmn gul/Psf] eP tfklg o:tf] ;dy{gsf] d'Vo e"ldsfnfO{ dxŒj lbg] cGo pbfx/0fdf 6\o'lgl;of / df]/f]Ssf]nufotsf 5g\, hxf“ P]gdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ;Dej eof] . of] :ki6 5 ls lkt[;QfTds ;+/rgfdf o:tf ;dy{gx¿ lg/Gt/¿kn] k|fKt x'g'k5{ / oL gLlt–lgdf{tfx¿;“u /0fg}lts ;DaGw agfpg dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg'k5{ .

/fli6«o ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{ ltgLx¿ …/fHo gf/LjfbÚ sf cf}hf/x¿ x'g\ eÌ] b[li6sf]0fsf] ;§f ltgLx¿nfO{ dlxnf ;xeflutf ;xhLs/0fsf sf/s tŒjsf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . xfnsf jif{x¿df c/a ljZjdf Toxf“sf dlxnfx¿sf nflu hf]8{gL /fli6«o kl/ifb\, h'g c/adf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] /x]sf] 5 / odgL dlxnf /fli6«o ;ldlt a9L k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ . w]/} o'jf n]agfgL ;dsIfLn] cfp“bf lgjf{rgx¿df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ .

clGtd cjnf]sg of] xf] ls dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿ / dlxnf cfGbf]ngaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Pscfk;df ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf cem ljsl;t ug'{k5{ . o; ;DaGwnfO{ ;'wfg{ / j[l4 ug{ ;+oGqx¿af/] cem cWoog ul/g'k5{ / ljsl;t ul/g'k5{ .#^ c/a If]qleq df]/f]Ssf], 6\o'lgl;of / cNh]l/of h:tf pQ/ clk|msL /fi6«sf pbfx/0fx¿nfO{ dlxnf cfGbf]ngn] dfu u/]sf P]g ;+zf]wgk|lt dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿n] s:tf] k|ltlqmof u/] eÌ] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk, k|foh;f] c/a /fi6«df dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿ xfn;Dd

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72


r/d 3gTj;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ eÌ] s'/fnfO{ dgg u/]/ dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿ / dlxnf cfGbf]ng b'j}n] k|To]s /fi6«sf k|fyldstfsf z[+vnf, cj;/x¿ / r'gf}tLx¿leq ;a}eGbf /fd|f] tl/sfn] s;/L kl/jt{gsf k|efjx¿ Nofpg ;lsG5 eÌ]af/] /0fgLlt agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

/fhg}lts bnx¿

klxnf b]vfPcg';f/ ;fdfGotof /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] ljsf; / ltgLx¿leq dlxnfsf] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf uDeL/tfsf ;fy k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g'k5{ / ltgLx¿af/] ;f]rljrf/ ul/g'k5{ . /fHosf lgsfox¿leq eGbf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿leq dlxnfsf] ;fª\s]ltstf cem a9L :ki6 ePsf] 5, of] ;+VofTds ;t{x¿df dfq xf]Og t/ gLltut ;t{x¿df ;d]t :ki6 ePsf] 5, hxf“ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] eGbf /fHosf] gLlt k|fo n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] cfgf] d~r, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / cfGtl/s sfo{k4ltx¿df n}lËs d'2fnfO{ klxrfg ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .#&

o; 36gf cWoogsf] Pp6f /fi6« hf]8{gn] kf6L{ ;b:otf / g]t[Tjdf a9L dlxnfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ cfly{s k|f]T;fxg lbg]af/] uDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]lr/x]sf] 5 .#* l6df]/ nfT;]df ePsf] h:t} ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cËLsf/ u/]sf /fi6«df cfgf] kf6L{;"rLdf dlxnfnfO{ ljho k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] :yfgdf p7fPsf kf6L{nfO{ r'gfjL cleofgdf ;fj{hlgs cfly{s ;xfotf jf lgjf{rgtfsf cleofgsf nflu a9L k|;f/0f ;do k|bfg ug]{ h:tf] k|f]T;fxg lbg' Pp6f /0fgLlt x'g;S5 .#( csf]{ ;+oGq sfof{Gjogsf nflu s7f]/ cg'1fsf ;fy dlxnfsf lgldQ sf]6f nfu" ug]{ x'g;S5 .

lgjf{rg k|lqmof

lgjf{rgk"j{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿

c/a /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs 9f“rf lkt[;QfTds ;+/rgfåf/f 3]l/Psf] 5 . lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qx¿df lkt[;QfTds k|e'TjnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg' lgZro g} clt h?/L 5 . cGoq st} 5nkmn ul/Pcg';f/$) ;fdfGotM dtbftf lzIff / gful/s lzIff cfwf/e"t / cWoog ul/Psf ljifox¿df 5/k:6 /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;nfO{ lgd{"n ug{ /fi6«s]lGb|t lnË ;+j]bgzLn sfo{qmdsf of]hgfx¿sf] 9f“rf tof/ ug{ ;'? ul/Psf] 5 .$!

dlxnfsf ;Lldt /fhg}lts phfu/sf cj;/ tyf cg'ejn] pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf pgLx¿sf cj;/nfO{ lgZro klg Go"g kf/]sf] 5 . ;dosf] Joj:yfkg, dtbftfnfO{ nlIft ug{, :jod\;]jsx¿sf] egf{, ;~rf/, sf]if ;Íng / sfo{If]q /0fgLlt th{'df ug]{ tyf To;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ h:tf ljifodf dlxnf / ltgLx¿sf cleofg Joj:yfksx¿sf lgldQ ;Lk ljsf; tflnd / JolQmut ;Nnfx–;'emfj 7"nf] ;kmntfsf ;fy k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ .$@ ljutsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] d"NofÍgdf cfwfl/t eP/ o:tf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cem ljsl;t kfg{ ;lsG5 .

73

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dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿ dlxnf ;DaGwL ljifox¿k|lt Wofgfsif{0f ug{ v]n]sf] e"ldsf hlQsf] pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{ ;kmn b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . ;a} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ /fhg}lts ljifox¿df ;+nUg x'g nufOPsf] aGb]h jf hfltjfb h:tf lkt[;QfTds ;+/rgf jf /fhg}lts kl/jf/ h:tf ljleÌ sf/s tŒjsf sf/0f o:tf] ePsf] x'g ;S5, h;af6 pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ dlxnf ;dy{g :jtM kfl/jfl/s pDd]bjf/tkm{ nfu]sf] x'G5 . oL sf/s tŒjx¿n] klg /fhg}lts bnleq g} lkt[;QfTds ;+/rgfx¿sf] ce]Btfsf ;fy dlxnfx¿nfO{ gfdfÍg ug{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ bafa lbgdf dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf lgldQ cj/f]w v8f u5{ .

lgjf{rgtfsf ckgfOg' kg]{ pkfox¿

odg h:tf] /fi6«sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;fdYo{nfO{ dgg ubf{ Toxf“sf] lgjf{rg P]gn] kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . lg/If/tfsf] cj/f]w x6fpg dtkqdf k|To]s pDd]bjf/sf lgldQ k|tLs tyf kl/ro lrx\gx¿ /flvPsf lyP . dlxnf dtbftfnfO{ gfd btf{ ug]{ / lgjf{rg x'g] lbgdf dt v;fNg] k|lqmof lg/LIf0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbP/ k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf dlxnf ;ldlt :yfkgf ugf{n] klg dtbftfsf ¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;xh agfof] / pgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt b/df j[l4 Nofof] .$# odg / hf]8{g b'j}df k'¿if / dlxnfsf lgldQ cnucnu dtbfg s]Gb| /x]sf 5g\, h;n] tL ;dfhsf] k/Dk/fut k|jl[QnfO{ ;Ddfg u5{ . o;afx]s, ;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rgdf hf]8{gn] k|To]s dtbftfsf lgldQ dtbfg s]Gb| lglZrt ug{'sf] abnf dtbftfnfO{ cfgf] lhNnfleq /x]sf s'g} klg dtbfg s]Gb| k|of]u ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg u¥of] . o;n] lx“88'n ug]{ :jtGqtf a9L ;Lldt /x]sf dlxnf dtbftfx¿sf lgldQ ;xh kx'“r k|bfg u¥of] .

odgsf ;Gbe{df eg] ;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rgdf NofOPsf] k|To]s :jtGq pDd]bjf/n] pDd]bjf/L btf{sf nflu #)) hgf dtbftfsf] ;dy{g /x]sf] x'g'kg]{ clgjfo{ k|fjwfgn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ uDeL/ afwf k'¥ofof] .$$ o:tf] kl/kf6Ln] dlxnflj?4 3'dfp/f] lje]b lgdf{0f u5{ / o:tf kl/kf6LnfO{ lgd{"n kfl/g' k5{ .

lgjf{rg cfof]ux¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTj / ;dfj]lztfn] dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts cu|udgdf k|efjsf/L k|efj kg]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . odgdf ;g\ !((# sf] lgjf{rg cfof]udf Ps hgfdfq dlxnf lyOg\ / To;kl5 eg] Pshgf klg dlxnf ePgg\ . ;g\ @))# df hf]8{gdf dlxnf sf]6f pkcfof]u -h'g dtu0fgf / sf]6fsf] l;6sf] ljh]tf 3f]if0ff ug{sf nflu pQ/bfoL 5_ df Ps hgfdfq dlxnf lyOg\ . ;'emfj lbOPsf] sf]6fsf] ;+oGqsf] d:of}bf tof/ kfg]{ ;ldltdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj lyof], t}klg lgjf{rg cfof]ud} dlxnfsf] ;]jfsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5}g . lgjf{rg cfof]ux¿df dlxnfsf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ugf{n] Tof] k|lqmof ;xh x'g ;Sg]5 .

cGTodf, of] dgg ug{'k5{ ls s}og\ c/a /fi6«df lgjf{rg k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf a]Un} n}lËs tYofÍ ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt 5}g . olb tL tYofÍx¿ pknAw u/fOPsf] eP To;n] lgjf{rg Joj:yfsf sdhf]/L / ;an kIfnfO{ To;dfly n}lËs kl/k|]Ioaf6 Wofgfsif{0f ug{sf nflu dxŒj lbP/ dlxnf ;xeflutfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xh agfpg ;Sg] lyof] .

74


3= lgisif{

…dlxnf cfGbf]ng===Pp6f Tof] la:kmf]6s kbfy{ (detonator) xf], h;n] gjlkt[;QfTds ;dfhnfO{ To;leq}af6 lj:kmf]6 u/fOlbG5 . olb lj:tf/ x'g lbOPdf / o;nfO{ cfkm}“ cfpg lbOPdf of] lkt[;QfTds k|ltudg lj?4 :yfoL 9fn tyf eljiosf] cfw'lgstfsf lgldQ sf]z] 9'Ëf ;fljt x'g]5 .Ú$%

k|foh;f] o:tf] dfldnf x'G5 ls c/a dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts cj:yf / k|ltlglwTjaf/] 5nkmn a9L ;sf/fTds kIf k|:t't ub}{ jf kl5Nnf] !) jf !% jif{df cfPsf ;dfwfg k|:t't ug]{ vr{df sl7gfO / r'gf}tLnfO{ p5fNgtkm{ k|j[Q x'G5 . ;sf/fTds If0f alnof] x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5, of] gd'gf cWoog n]Vbfsf] 5f]6f] cjlwdf g} klg c/a dlxnfsf lgldQ a9L k|ToIf e"ldsf / pkl:yltsf nflu k|lta4 x'g] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf lyP . xfn o; If]qdfly rln/x]sf] /fhg}lts ;'wf/sf] nx/af6 c/a ;dfhn] k"0f{ nfe lng] xf] eg] Pp6f c;n eljiosf] cu|b"tsf] ¿kdf cfgf] k"0f{ ;DefJotfnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s lgZro ub}{ dlxnfx¿n] tL k|lqmofsf] Pp6f ;lqmo efu x'g'k5{ .

kfbl6Kk0fL

1 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2002. Arab Human Development Report 2002: Creating Opportunities for Future Generations. New York: UNDP, p. 2.

2 According to Freedom House ratings, the ‘partly free’ countries are Bahrain, the Comoros, Djibouti, Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco and Yemen. The category of ‘not free’ includes Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Oman, the Occupied Palestinian Territories (both Israeli- and Palestinian Authority-administered), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates. Freedom House, 2004. Freedom in the World 2004: Freedom in the World Country Ratings, available at <http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2004/countryratings/>; and Freedom in the World 2004: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/survey2004.htm> (accessed 27 October 2004).

3 Khouri, Rami, 2004. ‘Politics and Perceptions in the Middle East after September 11’. Social Science Research Council/Contemporary Conflicts (accessed 27 October 2004) available at <http://conconflicts.ssrc.org/mideast/khouri/pf> (accessed 26 October 2004).

4 Gambill, Gary C., 2003a. ‘Explaining the Arab Democracy Deficit: Part I’. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Vol. 5, no. 2, February/March, available at <http://www.meib.org/articles/0302 me.htm>; and Gambill, Gary C., 2003b. ‘Explaining the Arab Democracy Deficit: Part II’. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Vol. 5, no. 2, February/March, available at <http://www.meib.org/articles/0303 me1.htm> (both accessed 26 October 2004).

5 Karam, Azza, 1999. ‘Strengthening the Role of Women Parliamentarians in the Arab Region: Challenges and Options’, available at <http://www.pogar.org/publications/gender/karam1/karama.pdf>.

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6 Ibid. 7 Sharabi, Hisham, 1988. Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society. New

York: Oxford University Press.8 Karam 1999, op. cit. 9 World Bank, 2003. Gender and Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Women

in the Public Sphere. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 8–9. 10 United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), 2004. Progress of Arab Women

2004. Amman: UNIFEM Arab States Regional Office, p. 126. 11 Ibid., pp. 271, 287. 12 Hamzeh, Alia, 2004. ‘Leaders Adopt Reform Plan’. Jordan Times, available at <http://

www.jordanembassyus.org/05242004001.htm> (accessed 24 October 2004). 13 Joseph, Suad, 1997. ‘The Reproduction of Political Process Among Women Activists

in Lebanon: “Shopkeepers” and Feminists’, in Dawn Chatty and Annika Rabo (eds). Organizing Women. Oxford: Berg, pp. 51–81.

14 Brand, Laurie A., 1998. Women, the State, and Political Liberalization: Middle Eastern and North African Experiences. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 10.

15 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 2005. ‘Women in National Parliaments: Situation as of 31 January 2005’, available at <http://www.ipu.org>.

16 Linkages between legislation (covering such areas as family laws, social security, etc.) and labour force participation are discussed in World Bank 2003, op. cit. One can draw comparisons between constraints on labour force participation and political participation.

17 A more detailed review of women and the electoral processes in these countries can be found in Sabbagh, Amal, 2004a. ‘Electoral Processes in Selected Countries of the Middle East. A Case Study’. Presented at UN Expert Meeting: Enhancing Women’s Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-conflict Countries, Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI) and Department of Political Affairs Expert Group Meeting, New York, January, available at <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral/epl-sabbagh.pdf>.

18 Mashhur, Huriya, 2005. ‘Political Participation by Yemeni Women’, in International IDEA and the Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND), Building Democracy in Yemen: Women’s Political Participation, Political Party Life and Democratic Elections. Stockholm: International IDEA and ANND.

19 UNDP 2002, op. cit., p. 151.20 Mashhur, Huriya, 2003. [Political participation of Yemeni women]. San’a: National

Women’s Committee (unpublished report, in Arabic), p. 7. 21 Ibid., p. 15. 22 Ibid., p. 14.

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23 Centre for Research and Training in Development (CRTD), 2003. ‘Gender Profile of Lebanon 2003’, available at <http://www.crtd.org> (accessed 12 January 2004).

24 Ibid. 25 Bizri, Dalal, 2000. [Democracy and women’s political participation], in Hussein Abu

Rumman (ed.), [Arab women and political participation]. Amman: al-Urdon al-Jadid Research Centre, p. 342 (in Arabic).

26 CRTD 2003, op. cit. 27 International Union of Local Authorities (IULA), 2003. ‘Focus: Women in Local

Government in the Middle East’, available at <http://www.iula-int.org/iula/web/news.asp?L=ENJD=168> (accessed 16 December 2003).

28 Sabbagh, Amal, 2004b. [Women in the discourse of Jordanian political parties]. Amman: Jordanian National Commission for Women (unpublished paper, in Arabic).

29 al-Ghad, 2004. [Women parliamentarians an obstacle in achieving women’s interests in society]. No. 69, October, pp. 3, 8.

30 Sabbagh, Amal, 2004c. [Cooperation between elected women and women leaderships in Jordan]. Paper submitted to the Noor Al-Hussein Foundation Fourth National Forum for Rural Women, 7 October (unpublished paper, in Arabic).

31 al-Arab al-Yawm, 2003. [Women’s victory in the governorates embarrasses women of Amman]. No. 2227, 7 July, p. 2; ad-Dustour, 2003a. [Al-Khoulu’ battle resumes in Parliament]. No. 12966, 31 August, p. 16; ad-Dustour, 2003b. [Immediately required: A women’s party]. No. 12904, 30 June, p. 21; ad-Dustour, 1999. [Parliament likely to reject amendment to article 340 of Penal Code]. no. 11589, 15 November, p. 17; al-Ghad, 2004; and Jordan Times, 2000. ‘Press Stays Away from House Debate on Elections Law: Deputy Says Women’s “Honour” Could Be “Jeopardized” If They Are Elected to Parliament’. No. 7607, 15 November, p. 3.

32 See al-Bilad, 2003. [Adab Saud opens files and reveals all]. No. 524, 10 September, p. 5; al-Arab Al-Yaum, 2003; and ad-Dustour, 2003.

33 Focus group discussion attended by the author on 4 August 2004. The discussion was held at the Jordanian National Commission for Women to discuss means of implementing the National Plan of Action which was adopted at the National Conference on Political Development and Jordanian Women.

34 Brand 1998, op. cit., pp. 256–8. 35 Sixteen of the 22 Arab countries have so far acceded to or ratified CEDAW. These are:

Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. All of these countries have made reservations on certain articles of the Convention. (UNIFEM 2004, op. cit.)

36 See Karam 1999, op. cit., and Sabbagh 2004b, op. cit. 37 Sabbagh 2004b, op. cit.

77


38 al-Arab al-Yawm, 2004. [Daoudieh: Parties are national institutions that will be supported]. No. 2596, 14 July, p. 23.

39 United Nations, Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI), 2004. UN Expert Meeting: Enhancing Women’s Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-conflict Countries. OSAGI and Department of Political Affairs Expert Group Meeting, New York, January, available at <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral/finalreport.pdf>.

40 Sabbagh 2004a, op. cit. 41 The 2004 National Conference on Jordanian Women and Political Development developed

the National Plan of Action focusing on the importance of designing such curricula with the participation of major stakeholders such as women’s NGOs and political parties. The Jordanian Prime Minister, Faisal al-Fayez, endorsed this Plan of Action at the close of the conference on 1 August 2004 and preparations are under way to start with the design of each measure outlined in the Plan of Action. The role of women’s NGOs will not be limited to the design of these programmes but will also include their delivery. Jordanian National Commission for Women (JNCW), 2004. National Plan of Action. ‘Political Development and Jordanian Women: Discourse and Mechanisms’. JNCW: Amman. 3 July–1 August.

42 Sabbagh 2004a, op. cit. 43 Mashhur, 2005, op. cit.; and Colburn, Martha, 2002. Gender and Development in Yemen.

Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung.44 Mashhur, 2005, op. cit. 45 Sharabi 1988, op. cit., p. 154.

yk cWoog ;fdu|LArab Inter-Parliamentary Union (AIPU). ‘State of Qatar’, available at <http://www.arab-ipu.

org/members/majles.asp?Maj=12>; and ‘Sultanate of Oman’, available at <http://www.arab-ipu.org/members/majles.asp?Maj=29> (accessed 24 October 2004)

ad-Dustour, 2004. [Daoudieh: Criteria for party support and funding based on objective standards]. No. 13280, 14 July, p. 2

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 2004. ‘General Information about Parliamentary Chambers’, available at <http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/> and <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm> (accessed 24 October 2004)

Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). ‘The Elections’, available at <http://www.pal-plc.org/english/about/elections.html> (accessed 24 October 2004)

c/a d'n

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78


Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] sl/j krf; s/f]8 hg;+VofdWo] sl/j $ s/f]8 cflbjf;L hghflt 5g\ . cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf /fi6«df Ujf6]dfnf, af]lnleof / OSj]8f]/ x'g\ . Ujf6]dfnfdf hghfltsf] hg;+Vof $# b]lv &) k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5, af]lnleofdf s'n hg;+Vofsf] *) k|ltzt cflbjf;L hghflt /x]sf 5g\, h;dWo] w]/}h;f]n] ul/aLdf hLjg latfO/x]sf 5g\ . OSj]8f]/df sl/j $% k|ltzt hg;+Vof cflbjf;L hghfltsf] /x]sf] 5 / pgLx¿ uDeL/ c;dtfaf6 lklN;Psf 5g\ . u|fdL0f hg;+Vofsf] () k|ltzt cflbjf;L hghfltsf] 5 / k|fo ;a}h;f]n] r/d ul/aLdf hLjg Joltt ul//x]sf 5g\ .!

Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] /fhgLlts ;xeflutf xfn;fns} dfq 36gf xf] . u'0ffTds / ;+VofTds b'j} b[li6n] ;fdfGotof dlxnfx¿n] cu|udgsf] ult lnPsf] b]vfpg ;lsg] 36gfx? eP klg cflbjf;L hghfltsf dlxnfsf ;DaGwdf To:tf] cu|udg Hofb} c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf / ljz]iftM OSj]8f]/df cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;n] /fhg}lts k|0ffnL;“u u/]sf] ;+3if{ / o'4 Oltxf;n] cflbjf;L hghfltsf dlxnflj?4 r/d lje]bnfO{ pS;fof] / o;n] g} pgLx¿nfO{ c;dfj]zL k|jl[Qtkm{ 8f]¥ofof] .

;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] ;'?df OSj]8f]/df dlxnf cfGbf]ng hftLo jf ;f+:s[lts jf:tljstf jf lnË ;+j]bgzLn k4ltx¿sf] a9\bf] cfjZostfnfO{ dgg gu/Lsg dlxnfsf nflu cg's"n P]g k|:tfj ug{df s]lGb|t lyof] . To; ;dodf P]gdf NofOPsf] Pp6f kl/jt{g g} dlxnfsf] jf:tljs cj:yfdf 7f]; / tTsfn kl/0ffddf cg'jfb x'g]5 eÌ] ;f]lrPsf] lyof] . oBlk, cg'ejn] cs}{ s'/f b]vfPsf] 5 . gful/s, >d,

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cfk/flws, lgjf{rg / ;+j}wflgs sfg'gdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ePsf] eP tfklg OSj]8f]/ h:tf] ax';f+:s[lts kl/l:yltdf /fli6«o gful/stf ;+/rgf k|lqmofdf ljz]if u/]/ k|lt3ftx¿sf ;fy d'Vo nf]stflGqs sdL /x]sf] 5 .

cflbjf;L hghfltsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfaf/] ;fdfGo l;+xfjnf]sgaf6 ;'? eP/ o; 36gf cWoogn] OSj]8f]l/og s+u|];df cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ljZn]if0f u5{ . o;af6 l;lsPsf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kf7x¿dWo]sf s]xL d'Vo r'gf}tL / ;dfj]lztf ;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿ / ;fj{hlgs sfo{df cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] k"0f{/fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf] o;n] klxrfg ub{5 .

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k'¿ifk|wfg lkt[;QfTds /fhg}lts k|0ffnL v]k]sf dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ klxrfgsf] ljljwtfnfO{ alxis/0f ug]{ Psn hftLo /fhg}lts k|0ffnL @ ;“u cfdg];fdg] ePsf] kfp“5g\ .

;fdfGotof, Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf Ps xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] ;d[4 ;+:s[ltsf ;+jfxs cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;n] cfgf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;Ë7gnfO{ sfod /fv]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] bzstfsf cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;sf clwsf/x¿ ;dfj]z / :yfkgf ug]{ ljZjJofkL cfGbf]ngsf] k|ltlqmofsf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf /fhg}lts d~rdf cfp“b} ltgLx¿n] cfk\mg} clwsf/df ;fdflhs kfqx¿sf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg yfn] .

xfn cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;n] /fhg}lts kfqx¿sf] ¿kdf To; If]qel/ g} dfGotf kfPsf 5g\, h;n] e"ld bfaL / e"lddfly hghfltsf] clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L k'gk|f{lKt;“u ;DalGwt dfq geO{ /fHosf] 9f“rf / k|ltlglwd"ns /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gaf/] klg k|:tfj Nofp“5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;n] pgLx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf dfq geO{ ;dfg cfly{s ljsf;df ;d]t ;dfj]z gug]{ cf}krfl/s nf]stGqnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf 5g\ . /fhg}lts ¿kn] ;xefuL eP/ kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs x'g cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;n] k|To]s /fi6«df P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf sfg'gL / zf;sLo cfj/0fsf] dftxtdf To; If]qsf /fi6«x¿sf] /fhg}lts hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . OSj]8f]/df h:tf] s]xL dfldnfdf ltgLx¿n] ;'wf/sf] ljho k|fKt u/]sf 5g\, h;n] ltgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g u/]sf] 5 .

cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf If]qdf Nofl6g cd]l/]sfdf b'O{j6f dxŒjk"0f{ cg'ej /x]sf 5g\ . To; If]qsf cGo ;+ljwfgx¿sf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0fn] b]vfP cg';f/ …hftLo sf]6fÚ eg]/ h]nfO{ eÌ ;lsG5, To;nfO{ sf]nlDaofn] dfq dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . sf]nlDaofsf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t l;g]6df ljz]if /fi6«JofkL lgjf{rg If]qaf6 cflbjf;L hghfltsf ;d'bfoåf/f lgjf{lrt cflbjf;L hghfltsf b'O{hgf k|ltlglw x'g;S5g\ .# of] dxŒjk"0f{ cu|udg eP tfklg

80


l;g]6/sf] ?kdf cflbjf;L hghfltaf6 s'g} klg dlxnf ljhoL ePsf 5}gg\ . lgsf/fu'jfdf :jzfl;t If]qx¿sf] dfGotf / ;[hgfn] Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf kx'“r ;xh x'gtkm{ 8f]¥ofPsf] 5 . cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] ;Ë7gsf] /fhg}lts ljsf; / s]xL If]qsf nflu xfnsf] :jzfl;t zf;g Joj:yf ;[hgf ug]{ sfg'gL vfsfåf/f /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] cfgf] ;"rLdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg; ljz]if u/]/ cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{' cfjZos ePsf] 5 .$

OSj]8f]/sf] dfldnfdf ;g\ !(($ df Toxf“sf] cflbjf;L hghflt ;+u7g -CONAIE_ sf] cfGbf]ngn] ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj Nofof], h;cg';f/ k|To]s k|fGtdf hghfltsf dtbftfåf/f lgjf{lrt x'g] Pshgf cltl/Qm ljwfos x'g ;Sg] k|fjwfg lyof] . s+u|];n] Tof] k|:tfj :jLsf/ u/]g . kl5 ;g\ !((^ df lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts kf6L{sf cltl/Qm :jtGq cfGbf]ngx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] Pp6f k|:tfj :jLs[t eof] . To; a]nfb]lv xfn;Dd cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ng ax'hflt Pstfsf nflu kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ng–gof“ /fi6« (Pachakutik Movement for Multinational Unity-New Country_ sf] :yfkgfnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ lgjf{rgdf ;xeflutf tkm{ nfUof] . ;g\ !((^ sf] lgjf{rgdf lgjf{lrt *@ hgf ;b:ox?dWo] ljwfg;efdf o;sf * hgf ;b:o -h;dWo] $ hgf cflbjf;L hghfltsf / tLdWo] sf]xL klg dlxnf lyPgg\_ lgjf{lrt ePkl5 of] /fhg}lts b[Zodf cfof] . o;sf cltl/Qm o;n] cfk\mgf !# hgf pDd]bjf/x¿ gu/k|d'vsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] kfof] h;dWo] & hgf cflbjf;L hghfltsf lyP .

af]lnleof, k]? / Ujf6]dfnfh:tf cGo /fi6«df cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg; /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;“u u7aGwg u/]/ lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ . cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;sf] ;/f]sf/sf ;dy{gsx? /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] sfo{;"rLsf] ljk/Lt nfu] . oL sl7gfOnfO{ k/f:t ug]{ k|of; :j?k ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf cflbjf;L hghflt ;d"xx¿n] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;“u cNksfnLg / vf; ljifodf cfwfl/t u7aGwg u/] . pbfx/0fsf nflu af]lnleofdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{ 6'kfs sftf/Ln] gjpbf/ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;“u sfo{qmdk|wfg u7aGwg :yfkgf u¥of] / Toxf“sf] Joj:yflksfdf Pshgf hghfltsf] pkfWoIf clg Pshgf cfOdf/f dlxnf;lxt sl/j tLghgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt u/fpg ;kmn eof] .

;fdfGotof, /fhgLltdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;sf] ;xeflutfsf] cg'ej tfTsflns 36gf xf] . ;a} cg'ej ;sf/fTds 5}gg\, t/ cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf lgldQ a9\bf] k|ltli7t e"ldsf lbg ;Sg] If]qLo / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ a9fjf lbg / gof“ kl/k|]Io tof/ ug{ ltgLx¿n] o;nfO{ a9L ;Dej agfPsf 5g\ .

81

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf

;fIf/ dlxnfnfO{ dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbg] ;g\ !(@( sf] OSj]8f]/sf] ;+ljwfg Nofl6g cd]l/sfs} klxnf] ;+ljwfg lyof] . OSj]8f]/df Ps ;bgfTds Jo:yflksf /x]sf] 5 / ;g\ !(&* df nf]stGqdf kmls{Pkl5 klxnf] r/0fdf o;n] uf]Ko aGb;"rL, ;fj{hlgs / k|ToIf dtkq k|of]u u/]/ …/fli6«oÚ / …k|fGtLoÚ k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((* df /fli6«o Joj:yflksf ;ef -;g\ !((& df To;a]nfsf /fi6«k|d'v cAbfnf a'sf/fdnfO{ ckb:y u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k :yfkgf ePsf]_ sf ;b:ox¿n] v'nf ;"rL ;lxtsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;dfj]z ug{ ;+ljwfg -lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/]sf] wf/f ((_ ;+zf]wg ul/of] .

ut bzsn] OSj]8f]/sf] /fhg}lts hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdf pNn]Vo j[l4 b]v]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((* df %=# k|ltztb]lv ;g\ @))) df ljleÌ :t/df dlxnfsf] ;du| k|ltlglwTj @$=* k|ltztsf] pRr :yfgdf k'u]sf] 5 .% ;g\ !((* sf] lgjf{rgdf lgjf{lrt ;b:odWo] !#=@ k|ltzt -!@! hgf ljwfos dWo] !^ hgf_ dlxnf lyP clg c¿ a}slNks dlxnfn] d'Vo Joj:yflksf ;b:ox¿nfO{ :yfoL¿kdf jf cf+lzs ¿kdf k|lt:yfkg u/]kl5 of] ;+Vof ;g\ @))) df j[l4eO{ @) k|ltzt k'Uof] . pNn]Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] ;g\ !((* b]lv @))) ;Ddsf] kbfjlwsf nflu Pshgf cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf ;f] ;efdf pkfWoIf lgjf{lrt ePsL lyOg\ / ;g\ @))) sf] cu:6df 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu Ps hgf cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf /fli6«o sf+u|];sf] ;efWoIf algg\ . ;g\ @))@ sf] lgjf{rgdf sf+u|];sf !)) l;6 -clxn]sf]_ dWo] !( hgf j}slNks dlxnf;lxt !& j6f l;6 -!& k|ltzt_ dlxnfn] lht]sf lyP .

dlxnf cfGbf]ngn] jsfnt u/]sf tLg j6f ;+zf]wgn] sf+u|];df dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] :t/df kl/jt{g Nofof] jf kl/jt{g k|ltljlDat eof] . cfGbf]ngn] jsfnt u/]sf tLg j6f sfg'gL ¿kx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

• ;g\ !((& sf] n]O 8L cfDkf/f] nfaf]/fn jf sf]6f sfg'g (Quota Law), h;n] Ps hgfeGbf a9L l;6 ePsf lgjf{rg If]qx¿df kf6L{ ;"rLdf Go"gtd @) k|ltzt dlxnf sf]6f :yfkgf u¥of] -;g\ !((* sf] lgjf{rgdf nfu" ul/Psf]_,

• ;g\ !((* sf] ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ h;n] lgjf{rgdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf k|bfg u5{ -wf/f !)@_, /

• lgjf{rg sfg'gsf] ;'wf/ jf ;g\ @))) sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf sfg'g, h;n] /fhg}lts bnsf] ;"rLdf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ sf]6f (Quota) lgwf{/0f u5{ . Tof] sf]6f (Quota) Go"gtd #) k|ltzt / ;dfg k|ltlglwTj cyf{t\ %) k|ltzt gk'u];Ddsf] laGb';Dd k|To]s lgjf{rgdf % k|ltztn] a9fpg' k5{ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)@ n] lgDg lnlvt ;t{x¿df dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbG5 M …/fHon] lgjf{rgdf, ;fj{hlgs If]qdf, Gofo k|zf;gdf, lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfox¿df / /fhg}lts bnx¿df



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82


lgb]{zg lbg], lg0f{o lng] lgsfox¿df pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf k'¿if / dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g / ;'lglZrttf ug]{5 .Ú o; ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttfcGtu{tsf] lgjf{rg P]gdf ;g\ @))) km]a|'c/Ldf w]/} ;+zf]wgx¿ ul/Psf lyP . clxn]sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf P]gsf] wf/f %* n] eG5 M …Ps hgfeGbf a9L JolQm lgjf{lrt x'g'kg]{ lgjf{rgx¿df pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL j}slNks / qmdfut cfwf/df sfof{nosf nflu pDd]bjf/ Go"gtd #) k|ltzt / ljsNksf nflu # k|ltzt dlxnfsf ;fy k]; ug{'k5{, of] k|ltzt k|ltlglwTjdf ;dfgtf k|fKt geP;Dd k|To]s cfdlgjf{rgdf cltl/Qm % k|ltztn] j[l4 ul/g'k5{ . hfltut ;f+:s[lts ;xeflutfnfO{ Wofg lbOg'k5{ .Ú ToxL P]gsf cGo k|fjwfgn] To; k|fjwfgsf] efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lglZrt ub}{ pDd]bjf/ btf{ ug]{ k|lqmof lj:t[t ¿kdf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .^

;Dk"0f{ kf6L{ / /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngsf nflu j}slNks / qmdfut cfwf/df ;"rLdf dlxnfsf] lglZrt k|ltzt ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] x'“bf lgjf{rg P]g Pp6f jf:tljs sfg'gL pknlAw ePsfn] To;n] dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df k|ltlglwTj u/]sfn] ;g\ @))) d]sf] lgjf{rgdf ;"rLdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ /fVg] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo / k|fGtLo lgjf{rgdf Pp6f lgb]{zg hf/L u/]/ ;jf]{Rr lgjf{rg GofofwLs/0fn] o;sf] ;xL k|of]udf afwf k'¥ofof] . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k To;k|sf/n] …j}slNks / qmdfutÚ ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] sfof{b]zsf] v08g ub}{ dlxnfx¿nfO{ clGtd kbx¿df tx jf bhf{ 36fOof] .& ;g\ @))$ sf] k|fGtLo lgjf{rgcufj} ;jf]{Rr lgjf{rg GofofwLs/0fn] /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]tfx¿ / pDd]bjf/;Ddsf nflu lgjf{rg;"rL s;/L tof/ ug]{ eÌ]af/] Pp6f lg0f{o hf/L u¥of] . oBlk, To; P]gsf] ;f]emf] k|lt/f]wdf kf6L{x¿n] ;"rLdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ gfdx¿sf] ljsNk qmdsf ;DaGwdf sfg'gL cfjZostf k"/f u/]gg\ . o;k|sf/n] ;"rLdf /flvg'kg]{ qmd ;"rLsf] sfof{b]zdf cj/f]w v8f ul/of] clg dlxnfx¿nfO{ kf6L{;"rLdf tNnf] kbdf tx jf bhf{df emfl/of] . /fi6«nfO{ lbOg] cfgf] k|ltj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr lgjf{rg GofofwLs/0fn] o;af/] ljj/0f lbPg, t/ ljleÌ dlxnf ;Ë7gsf] dfusf k|ltlqmofdf cfkm"nfO{ To; lgb]{zgnfO{ k'gj/fnf]sg ug{tkm{ k|ltj4 agfof] . ljz]if cbfntn] ;g\ @))$ ;Dddf of] jrga4tf k"/f u/]sf] lyPg, To; ljk/Lt o;n] plNnlvt lgb]{zgnfO{ lgjf{rg P]gdf ;dfj]z ug]{ Pp6f ;'wf/sf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .

k|fGtLo lgjf{rgx¿

lgjf{rgdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf ePsf sfg'gL pknlAwx¿sf afah'b cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf lgldQ nfex¿ ce}m klg cuDo 5g\ . /fhgLlts bn / /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngx¿n] hftLotf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ dgg ug{'k5{ eg]/ P]gn] cf}“NofP tfklg ;g\ @))) / @))$ sf k|fGtLo lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts bnx¿n] s'g} klg cflbjf;L hghflt jf sfnf dlxnfnfO{ cfgf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/]gg\ . ;g\ @))) sf] lgjf{rgdf k|d'v kbsf] lgjf{rg ;"rLdf (%@ k'¿if -(@ k|ltzt_ / *) hgf dlxnf

83

-* k|ltzt_ ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP . pDd]bjf/x¿sf] s'n ;+VofdWo] !)^ hgf kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf lyP, h;dWo] & hgf dfq dlxnf lyP . pgLx¿dWo] sf]xL klg cflbjf;L hghflt lyPgg\ . ;g\ @))$ df ;DkGg k|fGtLo ;ef lgjf{rgdf !@( hgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/n] efu lnP . dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] t/ ;sf/fTds an lb“b} tLdWo] ( hgf kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngåf/f k|:tfljt lyP . x'g t of] lgjf{rgdf !# hgf dlxnf dfq ljhoL eP, h;dWo] # hgf kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngaf6 k|:tfljt lyP . clxn] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf pgLx¿n] ;]jf/t 5g\ .

;+If]kdf eÌ' kbf{, OSj]8f]/sf /fhg}lts bnx¿ cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf Pp6f :ki6¿kdf s]lGb|t ePsf 5}gg\ jf To;k|lt ?lr k|bz{g ub}{gg\ . To;} avt k/Dk/fut /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] c;dfj]zL / cflwkTosf] k|s[ltsf sf/0f cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;x¿ / ljz]iftM cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfn] ltgLx¿df ;xefuL x'gdf pTs6 clenfif b]vfp“b}gg\, / cfgf] k|f/lDes ;xeflutf ToxL cg';f/n] k|foM kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngåf/f dfq k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ .

cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf

/fhgLltdf dlxnflj?4sf] lje]bn] cGo dlxnfnfO{ eGbf cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfnfO{ a9L s8f k|xf/ u5{ . dlxnfx¿sf] ;du| /fhg}lts pknlAw;“u t'ngf ubf{ nf]slk|o lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt lg/fzfhgs ?kdf Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((* b]lv @))@ ;Ddsf] cjlwsf lgldQ s+u|];sf] d'Vo ljwfos lgjf{rgsf] ;"rLdf kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngaf6 Ps hgf dfq lSjr'cf dlxnf lyOg\ eg] j}slNksx¿sf] ;"rLdf OlHSjbf{ 8]df]qmfl/of kf6L{sf nflu afx|f}“ :yfgdf Ps hgf dfq cflbjf;L hghfltsL dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . oyfy{df s'g} klg cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf d'Vo ljwfos jf j}slNks;d]t /x]sf 5}gg\ .

kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngdf ;d]t ;fdfGotof dlxnf / vf; u/]/ cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf s;/L a9L ;xefuL ePsf 5}gg\ jf pgLx¿n] s;/L a9L cxd\ e"ldsf v]n]gg\ eg]/ a'em\g sl7g 5 . o;sf nflu dlxnf lzIff / tflndsf] sdL Pp6f ;DefJo :ki6Ls/0f x'g;S5 . csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sf/s tŒj cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿n] /fhgLltdf ;+nUg x'g] cj:yf – ;fdfGotof uxg ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts clg cfly{s sl7gfOx¿ / a]kmfObfsf] k|lt:kwf{ xf], h;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLltaf6 ha/h:t 9ª\un] lg?T;flxt u5{ .

l;lsPsf kf7x¿

/fhg}lts / ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0faf6 cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿n] k|lqmofTds / vf; kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Dj4{g ul//x]sf 5g\ clg gful/s ;xeflutf / kf/bzL{ tyf ;fd"lxs



fo{. hgh

flt dlxnfs

f] /fhg}lts

;xeflutf

84


k|zf;gsf] cu|0fL ljsf; ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm lnË / lk“9L;“u ;DalGwt dfdnf, hfltut / ;f+:s[lts ljifo, kof{j/0fLo klxrfg / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n] k|j4{g u/]sf PsLs[t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdfly a9L Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .

cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿n] pDd]bjf/ ePsf] ;dob]lvsf ;fy} lgjf{lrt eO;s]kl5 klg cfkm" To;leq /x“bfsf] jf:tljstfn] dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts sfo{sf] ult j[l4 ug{, /fhg}lts g]t[Tj gjLs/0f ug{ / /fhgLltdf dlxnf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ ;Gbe{df 7"nf r'gf}tLx¿ Joxf]/]sf x'G5g\ . tyflk cg'ejn] s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ kf7x?tkm{ OlËt u5{ .

!= Pp6} /fhg}lts of]hgfdf cfsf/ lnPsf] dlxnfsf] ;femf sfo{;"rLsf] cefj . sf+u|];sf] cg'ejn] b]vfp“5 ls cfly{s gLlt;“u ;DalGwt s'/fdf 5nkmn ubf{ /fhg}lts kf6L{sf ljrf/wf/fn] sfo{;"rL tyf dtbfgsf] k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsfn] n}lËs k|efjsf ;DaGwdf dt}So x'“b}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu dlxnf clwsf/ jf kl/jf/sf] clwsf/;“u ;DalGwt d'2fx¿df ljleÌ b[li6sf]0fdf ;xdlt u/fpg ;lsG5, t/ cGo If]qsf ljz]if u/L cfly{s If]qsf k|:tfjx¿sf ;DaGwdf To:tf] ePsf] 5}g .*

@= pDd]bjf/sf ¿kdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf s]xL dlxnfn] dfq dgf]gog u5{g\ . ;fdfGotof /fhg}lts bnx¿n] cfk\mgf pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLdf cflbjf;L hghflt jf sfnfhfltsf s'g} klg dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]gg\ .

#= lg/If/tfsf] ;+/rgfut ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ df klxnf] k6s cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngn] r'gfjdf efu lnof] . o; ;xeflutfsf ck]Iffx¿sf] cfsng ug{ cflbjf;L hghflt dtsf] ljz]iftf / k|efjsfl/tf x]g{sf nflu Pp6f dt ;e]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] kl/0ffdn] s] ;Í]t u¥of] ls lg/If/ ePsfn] cflbjf;L hghfltsf $% b]lv %% jif{;Ddsf dtbftfdWo] *) k|ltztn] s;/L dtbfg ug]{ eÌ]af/] hfg]sf lyPgg\ . To;dWo] 7"nf] ;+Vof dlxnfsf] lyof] .

$= ;/sf/df dlxnfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg tflndsf] sdL . cflbjf;L hghfltsf], vf; u/]/ cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿sf] g]t[Tjn] ;/sf/df ;xeflutfdf xfn /x]sf] :t/df ;'wf/lagf l6ls/xg sl7g ePsf] kfpg]5g\ . k|zf;lgs, sfg'gL / k|fljlws s'/fdf sdhf]/Lx¿ :ki6 b]lvPsf 5g\ .

%= cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngdf 7f]; /fhg}lts cg'ejsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLltdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;xeflutf PsLs[t 5}g To;}n] o; ;Gbe{df n}lËs sfo{;"rL / dlxnf ;dfj]lztfn] k|fyldstf kfPsf] b]lv“b}g .

^= lgjf{rg kl/0ffdx¿df cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngsf] ;DefJo zlQm k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5}g . cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ngn] Pp6f alnof] ;fË7lgs cfwf/ /x]sf] /

85

xfn}sf jif{x¿df wfGg ;lsg] / ljrf/0fLo ;fdflhs bafa lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fKt u/]sf] eP tfklg Tof] s'/f kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngsf lgjf{rg kl/0ffx¿df k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5}g . Pp6f ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf] ¿kdf o;sf] ef/ r'gfjL /fhgLltdf pknlAwdf :jtM cg'lbt ePsf] 5}g, h;n] To; af6f]af6 ;xefuL x'g] cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdfly c;/ kf5{ .

&= ;xdltsf] /fhg}lts ;+:sf/sf] sdL . o;n] ;dodf lg0f{o lng] sfo{df ;':tL Nofp“5 ;fy} ;/sf/df sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|efjsfl/tfdfly c;/ kf5{ .

d'Vo r'gf}tLx¿

/fhgLltdf dlxnf ;xeflutf / ljz]ifu/L cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf k|flKtsf nflu s}og\ r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g}k5{ .

!= klxnf] cfwf/e"t r'gf}tL ;"rL lgwf{/0f ug'{df dfq geO{ u'0f:t/ k|flKtsf] / jf:tjd} r'gfjdf lhTgdf 5, ;fy} n}lËs ;dtf Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t Pp6f nf]stflGqs b[li6sf]0fsf aLr ;Gt'ng hdfpg' xf] . ;hfj6sf nflu dfq xf]Og, jf:tjd} lgjf{lrt x'g;Sg] kbx¿sf] ;"rLdf dlxnf x'g'k5{ .

@= bf];|f] r'gf}tL /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] k|j]znfO{ nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfkg / ljsf;sf nflu gof“ ;Defjgf lbg] vfnsf] Pp6f cy{ Joj:yfsf] k|j4{g;“u hf]8\g' xf] . c;dfj]zL / Psn ;f+:s[lts lkt[;QfTds zlQmsf] ;+/rgfdf uxg kl/jt{g Nofpg] vfnsf] Pp6f /fhg}lts of]hgf th{'df ug{sf lgldQ dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf geO{ x'“b}g .

#= t];|f] r'gf}tL xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf z}lIfs k|oTgsf] dfWodåf/f ;xeflutfsf nflu dlxnfnfO{ tflnd lbg' xf], h;åf/f dlxnfn] cfgf] 1fgnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg ;S5g\ / cfTd;Ddfg j[l4 ug{ ;S5g\ .

$= rf}yf] r'gf}tL n}lËs kl/k|]IonfO{ kf6L{ ljwfg / sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z ug{' xf] . Nofl6g cd]l/sL ;+;bx¿df Pp6f cfd¿kdf rngdf /x]sf] …bnsf] ;r]tsn] clwsf/ glbOsg s;}n] ;+;bdf ;b:ox¿ a:g] / af]Ng] :yfg lng ;Sb}gÚ eÌ] kf6L{ lgb]{zgnfO{ k/flht ug}{k5{ .

%= cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{' clt cfjZos 5 . ltgLx¿n] k|foh;f] hfltjfblj?4 n8\g' k5{ / tL d'2fx¿af/] hfgsf/L / åGånfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ wf/0f Ifdtf / rngnfO{ tf]8\gsf nflu cfgf] Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{'k5{ . of] sfd ;dfhdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpgdf d2t ug]{ / ax';+:s[lt / ax'ntfnfO{ dfGotf lbg] vfnsf] ;/sf/L gLlt tof/ kf/]/ ltgLx¿nfO{ kfl/t u/]/ ul/g'k5{ .

^= cGTodf, ;/sf/L sfo{qmd / lgjf{rg d~rx¿df n}lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{'sf] dxŒjaf/] k'¿if pDd]bjf/x¿ / cfd¿kdf ;dfhnfO{ lg/Gt/¿kn] ;+j]bgzLn agfpg' xf] .



fo{. hgh

flt dlxnfs

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86


/0fgLltx¿

ul/aL / e|i6frf/ lj?4 n8\gsf nflu, ;dtfd"ns / ax'hftLo ljsf;sf nflu, / /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs ;dfgtfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;xeflutfåf/f gful/stf clwsf/sf] k|flKt cfwf/e"t /0fgLltx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] . /fhgLltdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf ;DaGwdf OSj]8f]/df k|e'Tj hdfPsf] To; e]befj, alxis/0f / Psn ;+:s[ltjfbnfO{ k/flht ug{sf nflu ;fem]bf/Ln] d2t ug{ ;S5 .

Pp6f /0fgLltdf dlxnf ljwfosx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu ;zQm ;d"xx¿sf] ljsf; ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf ;dfj]z /x]sf] x'G5 . ;'?cftdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿åf/f dlxnf, o'jf, afnaflnsf / kl/jf/sf] ;ldltdf o;sf] u7g ug{ ;lsG5, h;n] ljleÌ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿af6 dlxnfnfO{ Ps}ynf]df Nofp“5 . /fhg}lts bnx?, cflbjf;L hghflt cfGbf]ng / ;Ël7t ;fdflhs If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ j[l4 ug{ / ltgsf ljwfg÷lgodx?df dlxnfsf xs lxtsf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ug{ ug{ ;d"xsf] ljsf; ug{' dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . dlxnfx¿, cflbjf;L hghfltnufotsf, /fhgLltdf ljleÌ kl/k|]Iosf ;+jfxs x'g\ . lnË / ax';+:s[ltjfbsf] ;Ddfgh:tf d'2fnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ To;sf] k|efj:j¿k k/Dk/fut d"No–dfGotfx¿ / /fhgLlt :jod\df cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu dlxnfx¿n] of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ .

To;df klg dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] cfkm" cfPsf] ;fdflhs ;Ë7g / lgjf{rg If]qx¿df glhssf] ;DaGw sfod /fVg'k5{, tL lgjf{rg If]qaf6 cfkm"nfO{ 6f9f /fVgfn] dlxnfsf] dWo:ytf / cjZo g} ;du|df kf6L{sf] dWo:ytfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfp“5 . tL ;Dks{nfO{ nf]slk|o dfux¿k|lt kSsf tj/n] kf/blz{tf;fy k|ltlqmof hgfpgsf nflu / dtbftfsf] ;d"xn] ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;xL e"ldsf v]N5 eÌ] lglZrt ug{sf nflu sfod /flvg'k5{ .

lgisif{

Joj:yflksfdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf 7"nf ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ cfjZos 5g\ . ljz]if lgjf{rg If]qx¿df /fli6«o :t/df cflbjf;L hghfltsf k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ ljz]if u/]/ xfn Joj:yf ePcg';f/ OSj]8f]/sf] sf+u|];sf] kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsfafx]s cflbjf;L hghfltsf s'g} klg ;f+;b gePsfn] k|To]s /fi6«df x'g] cfdlgjf{rgx¿;“u OSj]8f]/df h:t} ls t /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;“u jf /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngx¿;“u hf]8]/ nfg ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f k|To]s k|fGtdf hghfltåf/f lgjf{lrt Pshgf cltl/Qm ljwfossf nflu cflbjf;L hghfltx¿n] cufl8 ;f/]sf] dfu Gofof]lrt 5, /fhg}lts k|0ffnLnfO{ / sf+u|];sf] xfnsf] /rgfnfO{ nf]stGqlss/0f ug{sf nflu plrt, cfjZos / cToGt h?/L 5 . csf]{ zAbdf xfdLn] ;dfj]zL / ax'hftLo nf]stGqx¿ agfpgsf nflu sfo{ ug}{k5{ .

87

k'gM ljt/0fsf/L cy{ Joj:yf;“u ;+of]hgsf ;fy k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLx¿df NofOPsf] kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{gn] dlxnfh:tf gfh's ;fdflhs dtbftf ;d"xsf] ;xeflutfdf ;'wf/ Nofp“b} nf]stGqsf] u'0fdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 . cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnfsf dfldnfdf jf:tljstf;“u d]n vfg] ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿ Nofpg / kl/jt{gnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ Pp6f ;fdflhs of]hgfsf] 9f“rf tof/ ug{ / zlQmsf] cEof;nfO{ nf]stGqLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] /fhg}lts of]hgfsf] 9f“rf tof/ ug{ ltgLx¿sf] k|efj lj:tf/sf nflu ltgLx¿sf] klxrfgsf] an cfwf/e"t :tDex¿dWo]sf] Ps x'g]5 . sf+u|]; jf :yfgLo txdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf dflg;x¿ / ljz]if u/]/ dlxnfx¿ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf e"ldsf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] jxg ug{, sf“wdf sf“w ldnfP/ ;+;bdf ;]jf ug{, g}lts¿kn] k|:tfjx¿ NofP/ clg xfdL 5nkmn ug{ / /fli6«o ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx¿ k|:tfj ug{ k"0f{¿kn] tof/ /x]sf 5f}“ eg]/ b]vfpg] cj;/ xfdL;“u /x]sf] 5 .

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1 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2001. ‘Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano’ [Report on human rights]. Quito: UNDP (see in particular the chapter on Ecuador, pp. xxiv and xxv); and Ordóñez, Aylin, 2000. ‘Acceso a la Justicia y Equidad’ [Access to justice and equity]. San José: Inter-American Institute of Human Rights, with support from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

2 The political system does not cease to be mono-ethnic simply by allowing the participation of an indigenous person. More critical than the number of indigenous candidates is the integration of indigenous democratic forms into national legislation. As an example, rather than secret, universal and direct suffrage, indigenous elections are public and collective.

3 Constitution of Colombia, article 171: ‘The Senate of the Republic shall be made up of 100 members elected in a nationwide electoral district. There will be two additional senators elected in a special national electoral district by indigenous communities . . .’.

4 Mirna Cunninhan is one of the most outstanding Miskitu parliamentarians. As of 2002, she was also president of the University of the Northern Atlantic Autonomous Region, known as the Indigenous University, in Nicaragua.

5 In 1998, elections were held for the posts of president, vice-president, 20 national deputies and 101 provincial deputies to Congress. In the 2000 elections, local and provincial authorities were elected, that is, mayors, prefects, and members of the local councils and provincial assemblies.

6 Article 59 of the electoral law provides: ‘In elections in which three representatives are to be elected, at least one woman candidate shall be registered as principal and one as alternate; in those in which four to six representatives are to be elected, at least two women as principals and two as alternatives; in those in which seven to nine representatives are to


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be elected, at least three women as principals and three as alternates; in elections of 10 to 12 representatives, at least four women as principals and four as alternates; and so on. In elections in which two representatives are to be elected, one of the principal candidates preferably shall be a woman, and likewise for the alternates. This proportion shall increase by the percentage indicated in the previous article, until egalitarian representation is achieved.’

7 The Coordinadora Política de Mujeres (Political Coordinating Body of Women) challenged the constitutionality of the instruction in the courts, as a result of which the Supreme Electoral Tribunal recognized that it was arbitrary and undertook to work together with the women’s organizations to draw up the instructions for the 2002 elections.

8 In some proceedings in Congress, such as the passing of the law establishing the Deposit Guarantee Agency, the women who belong to right-wing political groupings ended up voting for a law that has been notorious in Ecuador.

90


OG8f]g]l;ofsf] ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTjsf] Oltxf; ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnf ;+3if{sf nfdf k|lqmofx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] . dlxnfsf] a[xt\ /fli6«o lqmofzLntfsf] k|fb'ef{jsf nflu tTk/tf b]vfpg] ;g\ !(@* sf] klxnf] OG8f]g]l;ofnL dlxnf ;Dd]ng Toxf“sf dlxnfsf lgldQ ljsf;sf ;a} kIfdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{df v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf sf/0f Oltxf;df Pp6f df]8 xf] . ;g\ !($% ;Dd / To;kl5sf] klg :jtGqtf ;+u|fdtfsf ;z:q ;]jfdf / ;fdfGotof ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;d]t dlxnfx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgaf{x u/] .

t/ :jtGqtfkl5 o'4/t k'¿ifx¿sf] 3/ lkmtL{;“u} lkt[;QfTds d"No–dfGotfx¿ oyfjt\ sfod ePkl5 dlxnfsf] e"ldsf 3/u[x:yLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{' xf] eÌ]df g} k'gM b]vf k¥of] . ;g\ !(%% sf] klxnf] cfdlgjf{rgdf ;+;bdf ljhoL ePsf ;f+;bdWo] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof ^=% k|ltzt /x]sf]lyof] . o; lgjf{rgkl5 dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj 36]sf] clg ;g\ !(*& df ;a}eGbf pRr !# k|ltztdf plSnPsf] lyof] . ;'wf/sfnsf] klxnf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5 ;g\ !((( df lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwdWo] *=* k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf]df ;g\ @))$ df a9]/ !!=# k|ltzt k'Uof] .

OG8f]g]l;ofnL ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] Go"g k|ltlglwTj ljleÌ cj/f]wx¿sf sf/0fn] x'g uPsf] xf] . o; 36gf cWoogn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] Oltxf;, /fhg}lts lgsfox¿df dlxnf kx'“r k|fKt ug{df OG8f]g]l;ofnL dlxnfn] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf ljleÌ cj/f]w / /fhgLltdf ltgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpg clVtof/ ul/g'kg]{ /0fgLltx¿ k|:t't u5{ .

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;fdfGo /fhg}lts kl/l:yltdf OG8f]g]l;ofdf cfdr'gfj k|To]s % jif{df ul/G5 . klxnf] cfdr'gfj OG8f]g]l;ofn] pklgj]zjfbaf6 :jtGqtf k|fKt u/]sf] b; jif{kl5 ;g\ !(%% df ;'sfgf]{sf] /fi6«k|d'vTjdf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(%% b]lv cfdr'gfj ;~rfng ljlwdf ePsf kl/jt{gx¿n] lgjf{rgdf efu lng] /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] ;+Vof klg kl/jt{g u¥of] / /fhg}lts kf6L{leq dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] Pp6f km/s 9f“rf Nofof] . ;g\ !(%% sf] r'gfjn] nf]stflGqs tj/sf] r'gfj ePsf] dfGotf k|fKt u¥of]M r'gfjdf efu lnPsf ljleÌ /fhg}lts kf6L{;“u ;Da4 dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿af6 s}og\ pDd]bjf/ cfP clg Joj:yflksfdf !& hgf dlxnf ljhoL eP .

bf];|f] cfdlgjf{rg ePg lsgeg] ;g\ !($% sf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef cfgf] sfo{ k"/f ug{df c;dy{ ePsf]n] /fi6«k|d'v ;'sfgf]{n] ;g\ !(%( h'nfO{df Pp6f cWofb]z hf/L u/], h;n] OG8f]g]l;ofnfO{ ;g\ !($% sf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ldfdf Nofof] . To; df]8df OG8f]g]l;of Pp6f …lgb]{lzt nf]stGqÚ aÌ k'Uof] . lgjf{rglagf g} /fi6«k|d'v ;'xftf]{sf] cfb]zdf gof“ Joj:yfdf ;ª\qmd0f eof] . gof“ cfb]zsf] o'udf ;g\ !(&!, !(&&, !(*@ / !(*& , !((@ / !((& df cfdr'gfjx¿ eP . gof“ Joj:yfsf] r'gfjdf, hxf“ Ps bnLo k|e'Tj /x]sf] lyof], dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj To; kf6L{sf /fli6«o :t/sf ;De|fGtx?åf/f lgZro ul/GYof] . ;a} pDd]bjf/ /fli6«o :t/sf ;De|fGtx¿af6 5flgPsf / pgLx¿k|lt s[t1 x'Gy], ltgLx¿dWo] s]xLsf] kf6L{sf ;De|fGtx¿;“u glhssf] ;DaGw /x]sf] lyof] . aGb;"rLo'Qm ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t pDd]bjf/x¿n] r'gfjL cleofgdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;+nUg x'g}k5{ eÌ] lyPg, clg r'gfj lht]sfx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] dtbftfx¿sf aLr k|foh;f] sd ;DaGw /x]sf] lyof] .

clwgfosTjssf] cGTo / ;'xftf]{ ;/sf/af6 !((* df aL=h]= xlaaLsf] ;/sf/df ;ª\qmd0f eof] / ;g\ !((( df clu|d lgjf{rg (Early Election) ePsf] lyof] . To; lgjf{rgsf nflu r'gfj k|0ffnLdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofOof] / Joj:yflksfsf nflu dlxnfnufot kf6L{ pDd]bjf/x¿sf] 5gf}6sf lgldQ To; If]qsf] ljz]if u/]/ If]qLo kf6L{ clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;xdlt cfjZos x'g] eof] . -oBlk, of] ;z:q an / k|x/Lsf k|ltlglwx¿sf lgldQ nfu" ePg, h;n] ;g\ @))$ sf] ;]K6]Da/;Dd ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] ¿kdf ;]jf u/]_ . ;g\ !((( df ljhoL ePsfdWo] w]/}h;f] dlxnfn] ;fd'bflos jsfnt, 5nkmn, efif0f / r'gfjL cleofg;“u ;DalGwt kf6L{sf cGo lqmofsnfkx¿åf/f r'gfj k|lqmofdf ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lnP .

;g\ !((( sf] r'gfjkl5 dh]ln; k/D:ofjf/ftg -PdkLcf/, hgk/fdz{ ;ef_ åf/f cAb'//xdfg jflxb gof“ /fi6«k|d'vsf] ¿kdf r'lgP t/ tTkZrft\ ;g\ @))! df pgL cfk\mg} ;xfos d]ufjtL ;'sfgf]{ k'qLåf/f lj:yflkt eP . oL b'O{j6f /fi6«k|d'vsf] sfo{sfndf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] Pp6f d'Vo k|lqmofsf] yfngL eof], h;cGtu{t

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OG8f]g]l;of PdkLcf/ g} /fi6«sf] ;jf]{Rr Joj:yf ePsf] Pp6f cg'sngjfbL (Integrationist) /fi6«af6 zlQmsf] af“8kmf“8 ePsf] k/Dk/fut /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf kl/jlt{t eof] . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k Joj:yflksfsf] dflyNnf] ;bg, k|fGtLo tyf lhNnf :t/Lo ;bgsf lgldQ ;g\ @))$ df lgjf{rg ul/of] . To;sf] nuQ} gof“ :yfkgf ePsf] Joj:yflksfsf] bf];|f] ;bg–If]qLo hgk|ltlglw ;ef (Representative's Council–DPD) sf] klxnf] lgjf{rg klg ul/of] . oL lgjf{rgkl5 b'O{ r/0f k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]/ ;g\ @))$ df OG8f]g]l;ofdf klxnf] k6s /fi6«k|d'v kbsf nflu k|ToIf lgjf{rg ;DkÌ ePsf] lyof] .

;Lldt zlQm ePsf] dflyNnf] ;bg 8LkL8L Psn c;ª\qmd0fLo dt (Single Non Transferable Vote, SNTV) k|of]u u/]/ lgjf{lrt ePsf] lyof] . crDdsf ;fy klxnf] emnsdf dlxnfsf] cg'kft Joj:yflksf k|ltlglw;ef, OG8f]g]l;of (DPR) df eGbf 8LkL8Ldf pRr /x]sf] 5M 8LkLcf/df !!=% k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf 8LkL8Lsf !@* dWo] @& hgf -@! k|ltzt_ dlxnf 5g\ . oBlk, 8LkL8L lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ xf]Og JolQmut jf :jtGq pDd]bjf/x¿ ;xefuL x'G5g\, 8LkL8L /fli6«o / :yfgLo Joj:yflksf lgsfox¿ h:tf] xf]Og . s]xL If]qdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/n] :ki6tfsf ;fy dlxnf dtbftfsf] ;dy{gnfO{ cfslif{t u/] .

;g\ @))$ sf] cfdlgjf{rgsf nflu gof“ lgjf{rg P]gn] /fli6«o jf k|fGtLo÷lhNnf ljwflosfx¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] b'O{j6f d'Vo kl/jt{g u¥of] . To;dWo]sf] klxnf] ;Lldt v'Nnf;"rL k|0ffnLsf] k|j]z lyof] h;cg';f/ dtbftfn] kf6L{ / To; kf6L{sf] Pshgf pDd]bjf/nfO{ klg dt lbg kfp“Yof] . o;af6 bnsf] ;"rLdf pRr :yfgdf g/flvPsf] eP klg k"j{lgwf{l/t ;+Vofdf JolQmut dt k|fKt ug]{ Pshgf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'g ;Sg] k|fjwfg lyof] . oBlk, Jojxf/df o;n] pNn]Vo leÌtf Nofpg] u/L s]xL pDd]bjf/ dfq oy]i6 JolQmut dt k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP .

kf6L{x¿n] dgf]gog u/]sf pDd]bjf/dWo] #) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ …x[boª\ud ug{Ú h?/L kg]{ gof“ k|fjwfg Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] h;nfO{ …x'g;Sg] sf]6f (Quota)Ú egL j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 . of] clgjfo{ geP tfklg / To;sf cltl/Qm bnsf] ;"rLdf dlxnfsf] :yfgaf/] o;df s'g} k|fjwfg gePsfn] w]/} bnx?n] lgjf{lrt lgsfox¿sf nflu ;a} txsf cfk\mgf ;"rLdf #) k|ltzt dlxnf pDd]bjf/ k|:tfj ug]{ cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ k|of; u/] . of] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ k|yd kfOnf xf], t/ o;nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg'{ / clgjfo{ nfu" ug{' cfjZos 5 .

#) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf /fhgLltdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / Joj:yflksfsf] dxŒjaf/] dlxnf sfo{stf{x¿sf] r]tgfaf6 dfq cfPsf] lyPg . o;sf] pb\ud klxnf ljwflosfdf /x]sf s]xL bnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljrf/ -;+ljwfgsf] df}lns ¿kdf jf ;+zf]lwt ¿kdf klg o; ljifodf s'g} ;Daf]wg gul/Psf] eP tfklg_ / ;g\ @))@ sf] gof“ /fhg}lts bn P]gaf/]sf] 5nkmndf

93

lglxt 5 . tL k|of;x¿ ;kmn geP tfklg ltgLx¿n] gof“ lgjf{rg P]gsf nflu ljw]os lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;f+;bx¿nfO{ Ps} ynf]df NofP/ dlxnf k|ltlglwTj lj:tf/ ug]{ kIfdf k|:tfj /fVg / bafa lbg ljleÌ u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ pTk|]l/t eg] cjZo u/]sf lyP . lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf /fhg}lts bnsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLdf /fli6«o, k|fGtLo / lhNnf :t/sf k|To]s If]qsf ljwfosx?dWo] Go"gtd #) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfaf/] x[boËd ug'{kg]{ ;Demf}tf -lgjf{rg P]gaf/]sf] wf/f ^% -!_ (UU12/2003) tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg] tL cfGbf]ngx¿ g} x'g\ .

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;g\ !($% sf] ;+ljwfg / o;sf] ;+zf]wg -;g\ @))@ df k"/f ul/Psf]_ sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfo{ gLltsf] cfwf/ /fHo gLltsf nflu j[xt lgb]{lzsf (GBHN, Broad Guidelines of State Policy) df PdkLcf/n] ljsf; u/]sf] ;g\ !($% sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ lj:tf/ u/]/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(** b]lv oL lgb]{lzsfx¿df dlxnf e"ldsfsf k|fjwfgx¿ /flvP . o;sf cltl/Qm Toxf“ dlxnf dfldnfsf nflu -cr]n dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu_ Pp6f gfoa (Junior) dGqfno /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((( sf af]8{ lgb]{lzsfx¿df dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmd cleofgnfO{ bf]xf]/f] k|lqmofåf/f ;~rfng ul/g]5 eg]/ lglZrt ul/of] . klxnf] n}lËs ;dfgtf / Gofo;“u ;DalGwt lgsfox¿åf/f th{'df tyf nfu" ul/Psf /fli6«o gLltx¿åf/f /fi6« / /fHodf dlxnfsf] cj:yf / e"ldsf ;zQmLs/0f ul/g]5 eGg] lyof] . bf];|f]df, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f / kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhsf] enfO / pÌlt ;'/lIft ug{ ul/Psf] k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿sf] u'0f:t/, e"ldsf / :jtGqtfdf ;'wf/ NofOg] 5 eGg] lyof] . sfo{kflnsf -/fi6«k|d'v_ Gofokflnsf -;jf]{Rr cbfnt_ Joj:yflksf -8LkLcf/ / PdkLcf/_ / /fHo n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfo -afbfg k]d]l/S;f sfpjfªufg, aLkLs]_ nufot /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf oL lgb]{lzsfx¿ nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ . ;+zf]lwt ;+ljwfgcGtu{t af]8{sf lgb]{lzsfx¿ cl:tTjdf 5}gg\ M ltgLx¿ /fi6«k|d'vsf] b[li6sf]0f / nIoåf/f k|lt:yflkt ePsf 5g\ .

oBlk, Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] kx'“rdf afwf k'¥ofpg] P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿ xf]Ogg\ . jf:tljstfdf /fli6«o / k|fGtLo tyf lhNnf b'j} txdf k|fGtLo tyf lhNnf hgk|ltlglw ;ef (District People's Representative Assemblies – DPRDs) x¿df dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj cem klg ;fk]If¿kn] Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((( df k|fGtLo 8LkLcf/8Lx¿sf sl/a ^ k|ltzt ;b:o dlxnf lyP clg lhNnf 8LkLcf/8Lsf ;b:ox¿ dlxnf % k|ltzteGbf sd lyP . 8LkLcf/8Ldf dlxnf ;b:ox¿sf] ;xL ;+Vof ;g\ @))$ sf] lgjf{rgkl5 xfn;Dd klg k|fKt ePsf] 5}g h'g cfkm}“n] af]N5 .

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* dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu /fHodGqL vf]lkmkmfx OGb/ kf/fjfG;fåf/f @! h'g @))! df lbOPsf] efif0fdf cfwfl/t . of] cg'dfgdf ;g\ @))! b]lv 7"nf] kl/jt{g ePsf] ljZjf; ul/“b}g .

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tflnsf ̂ n] b]vfPcg';f/ ;g\ !((( sf] lgjf{rgsf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @))$ sf] lgjf{rgdf Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf @=% k|ltztn] j[l4 eof] .

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• dlxnfx¿sf] ul/aL / Go"g :t/sf] lzIffn] ;dfg cfwf/df k'¿ifx¿;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ cg'dlt lbg] /fhg}lts Ifdtf ePsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ kbk"lt{ ug{ sl7g agfp“5 . of]Uotfaf/] ;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rg P]gn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08n] sDtLdf pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf] of]Uotf ePsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ r'gfjdf k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ cg'dlt lbG5 . cfjZos /fhg}lts Ifdtf ePsf dlxnfx¿ ax; ug{tkm{ jf s'g} klg kf6L{df gnfUg] e"ldsftkm{ pGd'v x'G5g\ .

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xfn dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿sf w]/} d'Vo ;+3x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu OG8f]g]l;ofsf dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿sf] /fli6«o ;ef -National Coulcil of Women's Organizations of Indonesia-KOWANI_ &* j6f dlxnf ;Ë7gsf] dxf;+3 xf], h;df dlxnfx¿sf ljleÌ wfld{s, hftLo / k];fut ;Ë7gx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . OG8f]g]l;ofnL d'l:nd dlxnf dxf;+3 (Federation of Indonesian Muslim Women Organizations-BMOIWI) h;df sl/j @* j6f d'l:nd dlxnf ;Ë7g cfj4 5g\ . dlxnf /fhg}lts ;zQmLs/0f s]Gb| kf6L{, wd{ / k];fut k+lQm ;Da4 ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;~hfn xf] . o;df sl/j @^ j6f ;Ë7g ;dfj]z 5g\ . cfk\mgf k|of;nfO{ ;dGjo ug{sf nflu ltgLx¿ / ltgsf ;b:o ;Ë7gx¿n] Ps;fy sfd u/]df oL ;a} ;~hfnx¿df ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] a[xt\ k|ltlglwTjnfO{ u'0ffTds / ;+VofTds b'j} tj/n] ;xof]u ug]{ pNn]Vo ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

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• hgdt tof/ ug]{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf cfd;~rf/dfly dlxnfsf] kx'“rdf j[l4,

• lzIff, tflnd / ;"rgfdf j[xQ/ kx'“råf/f dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, /

• ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof a9fpgsf nflu k'gM ;'b[9 kfg]{ ;+oGq ;+/rgf;lxtsf] Pp6f cf}krfl/s sf]6f nfu" ug]{ .

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oL ;+3x¿n] ljwflosf ;+;bdf /x]sf dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿, /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx¿, hg;Ë7gsf g]tfx¿ / cGo ;Da4 kIfx¿sf nflu ltgLx¿sf] k|of;df j[l4 ug{ / ;'b[9 agfpg ;~hfnsf] ljsf; ug{ ;'? u/] . ;fdfGotof oL ;+3x¿n] dlxnfsf nflu P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] sDtLdf @) b]lv #) k|ltzt sf]6f (Quota)sf nflu …naLÚ u/] . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\ @))# sf] km]a|'c/Ldf kfl/t ul/Psf] gof“ lgjf{rg P]gdf ;Dk"0f{ r'gfjL pDd]bjf/sf] #) k|ltzt dlxnf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ /fhg}lts bnx¿n] x[boËd ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/of] . sf]6f (Quota) sf nflu s8f …naLÚ u/]sf ;d"xx¿sf nflu of] Ps k|sf/sf] ljho lyof], oBlk o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . To;avt o;nfO{ ;j{;Ddlt;fy :jfut ul/Psf] lyPgM To;kl5 /fi6«k|d'v ;'sfgf]{k'qLn] sf]6f (Quota) n] jf:tjdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/LnfO{ 36fpg]5 clg dlxnf / ltgLx¿n] cf]u6\g] ;+3–;+:yfx¿dfly a9\bf] af]em yf]k5{ eg]/ ;g\ @))! sf] l8;]Da/ @& sf] cfgf] cfdf lbj;sf] ;Daf]wgdf ;Gb]x JoQm ul/g\ .

cGTodf sf]6f (Quota) ;DaGwL ljifosf cltl/Qm Pp6f bafa lbg] kIf of] xf] ls ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 / To; ;d'bfosf cfsf+Iffx¿ lgjf{rg P]gdf cem ;+zf]wgåf/f a9L c;n tj/n] k|jfx ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn;Dd OG8f]g]l;ofdf nfu" ePsf] k|0ffnL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL xf] . pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL k|of]uåf/f dlxnfnfO{ lgjf{rgsf] nflu cufl8 ;fg{ ;lsg] ePsfn] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTj j[l4 ug{ ;a}eGbf c;n -o; lgb]{lzsfsf] cWofo # x]g{'xf];\_ cj;/ lbG5 eg]/ w]/} dflg;x¿ ts{ u5{g\ . olb tL ;"rLx¿df nfebfoL kbdf dlxnfsf] /fd|/L k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 eg] ltgLx¿ lgjf{lrt x'g] /fd|f] ;Defjgfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ lgjf{rg P]g ;+zf]wg ugf{n] eljiodf OG8f]g]l;ofnL ;+;bdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'gdf ;sf/fTds c;/ k5{ .

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1 For further detail of some of the obstacles, see Matland, Richard E., 2001. ‘Sistem Perwakilan dan Pemilihan Kaum Perempuan: Pelajaran Untuk Indonesia’ [Representation and election system for women: Lessons learned for Indonesia], in Keterwakilan Perempuan dan Sistem Pemilihan Umum [Women’s representation and the electoral system]. Jakarta: National Democratic Institute and State Ministry for Women Empowerment, p. 22.

yk cWoog ;fdu|L

CETRO (Centre For Electoral Reform), 2002. ‘Executive Summary Data dan Fakta Keterwakilan Perempuan Indonesia’ [Executive summary of data and facts of women representatives in Indonesia], in Partai Politik dan Lembaga Legislatif [Political parties and legislative bodies]. Jakarta


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Crouch, Harold, 1982. Perkembangan Politik dan Modernisasi [Political development and modernization]. Jakarta: Yayasan Perkhidmatan

Karam, Azza, 1999. ‘Kesimpulan Bukan Sekedar Tanda Bukti Representasi’ [Conclusion: not only representation—approval’], in International IDEA. Perempuan di Parlemen, Bukan Sekedar Jumlah, Bukan Sekedar Hiasan [Women in Parliament: Not just numbers, not just decoration]. Jakarta: International IDEA

Robinson, Kathryn and Sharon Baseel, 2002. ‘Women in Indonesia, Gender Equity and Development’. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies

Sanit, Arbi, 1985. ‘Perwakilan Politik di Indonesia’ [Political representation in Indonesia]. Jakarta: CV Rajawali

— 1995a. ‘Ormas dan Politik’ [Mass organizations and politics]. Jakarta: Lembaga Studi Informasi Pembangunan

— 1995b. ‘Sistem Politik Indonesia: Kestabilan Peta Kekuatan Politik dan Pembangunan’ [The Indonesian political system: Stability of the political power map and development]. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada

‘Zaman telah Berubah Sesudah Kartini’ [The era has changed since Kartini], 1978. Tempo magazine (Jakarta), 29 April

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kf6L{sf åf/kfn em}+ lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿n] jf:tjdf g} pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ r/0f dlxnfnfO{ sfof{nodf Nofpg] lg0ff{os r/0f xf] .

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;|f]tM Matland R. and K. Montgomery, 2003. ‘Recruiting Women to National Legislatures: A General Framework with Application to Post-Communist Democracies’, in R. Matland and K. Montgomery (eds.) Women’s Access to Political Power in Post- Communist Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.21.

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105

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf clej[l4M ;+;bdf gofF kbk"lt{ tyf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx?

lg0f{o, pDd]bjf/n] h'6fpg ;Sg] ;|f]t;fwgsf] n]vfhf]vf / ;Da4 JolQmsf] ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts jftfj/0f slQsf] ;xof]uL x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] klxnf] r/0fdf dlxnfeGbf k'¿ifsf] ;+Vof clws eO;s]sf] x'G5 . k|foh;f] ;a} k/Dk/fut /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt k'¿ifx?sf nflu ;fdflhs jf cg's"n x'g]u5{ . o;n] k'¿ifx?nfO{ /fhgLltdf a9L 1fg, ?lr / /fhg}lts dxŒjfsf+Ifftkm{ pTk|]l/t u5{ / ;|f]tdf ltgLx¿sf] a9L kx'“r klg x'G5 . nueu ;a} d'n'sdf %) k|ltzteGbf a9L dlxnfx? /fhgLlts sfo{df nfUg ;Ifd x'G5g\ / sfdsf] ;'?cft u5{g\, t/ cfkm" :jod\nfO{ 5fGg] kmut klxnf] r/0fkl5 g} Tof] k|0ffnL k'¿ifx¿tkm{ sf]lN6G5 jf df]l8G5 .

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;zQmLs/0fdf s]lGb|t dlxnf cfGbf]ng jf ;Ë7gn] cf}krfl/s pDd]bjf/sf] clenfiff /fVg] ;DefJo dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;ª\Vof j[l4df pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . dlxnf ;b:ox¿sf] afx'No /x]sf u}//fhg}lts ;Ë7gx¿n] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ . Pp6L dlxnfn] r'gfj n8\g] lg0f{o u/]df ;xfotfsf] cfwf/ lbg ;S5g\ . tL ;Ë7gx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] 1fg lbO{ ltgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; hufpg d2t ug{ ;S5g\, clg olb dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿n] kf6L{x¿nfO{ dlxnf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / dlxnfsf] a[xt\ /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj h:tf b'j} k|ZgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ bafa klg lbg ;S5g\ . dlxnfn] k|fKt ug{;Sg] oL dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ clg ltgLx¿n] cfkm" p7\g] / kf6L{ ;+oGqn] pgnfO{ Pshgf e/kbf]{ pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf x]g{;Sg] s'/fnfO{ a9L ;DefJo agfp“5g\ .

!=@ kf6L{åf/f 5flgg'

bf];|f] r/0f kf6L{af6 5gf}6 x'g' xf] . kf6L{x¿n] v]Ng] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfdWo] pDd]bjf/x?sf] 5gf}6 klg Ps xf] . x/]s /fHo / bnx¿aLr dgf]gog k|lqmof km/s–km/s x'G5g\ . dgf]gog k|lqmof ;xeflutfsf] :t/ tyf To; k|lqmofsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] xbnufot s}og\ ljz]iftfx?åf/f 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .! j0f{k6sf] Pp6f s'gfdf o:tf k|lqmofx? /x]sf x'G5g\, h;n] hgtfnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t ;Gbe{df lj:t[t cj;/ k|bfg ub{5g\ h:tf] ls cd]l/sfsf] k|fylds lgjf{rg / Sofgf8fsf k|d'v kf6L{x¿åf/f ;~rflnt ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{ ;b:ox?sf] a}7s . clg To; j0f{k6sf] csf]{ s'gfdf To:tf k|0ffnL klg 5g\, h;n] kf6L{ g]t[Tj, /fli6«o bnsf g]t[Tjx¿ jf /fli6«o sfo{sfl/0fLn] pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6 u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu hfkfgdf lna/n 8]df]qm]l6s kf6L{ -Pn8LkL_ sf pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 sfo{ w]/} xb;Dd g]tfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] 5 . oLdWo] s'g k|lqmof k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ kb{} kf6L{ g]tfx¿, kf6L{ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] j[xt\ ;d"x jf kf6L{ bhf{ / kª\lStsf] pNn]Vo ;d"xn] leq l5/fpg] åf/kfnsf] em}+ e"ldsf v]N5 .

xfdL cf>od'vL / sd{rf/LtGq 5gf}6

pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{sf] nflu :ki6 lgod ePsf] sd{rf/LtGq k|lqmofn] dlxnfsf] nflu :ki6 nfe k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

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k|0ffnLaLrsf] e]b 5'6\ofpg klg ;S5f}+ .@ pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf] Pp6f sd{rf/LtGq k|0ffnL zlQmsf] s]Gb|df sf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ lgodx¿ lj:t[t, ;':ki6, :t/Lo / kfng ul/Psf x'G5g\ . clwsf/x¿ P]g sfg'gdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . cf>od'vL k|0ffnLdf :ki6 lgodx¿ x'g] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5, eP klg ;fjwfgLk"j{s kfng gul/g] 68\sf/f] ;Defjgf x'G5 . clwsf/ sfg'gL–ljj]sk"0f{ x'g'sf] ;f6f] ls t k/Dk/fut ls t r'DasLo k|efj kfg]{ u'0fåf/f cfkm";“u ldnfpg] / rfs/L k|j[lQ hufpg] g]t[Tjdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . akmfbf/L bnsf xfnLd'xfnL ePsfx¿k|lt ;jf]{kl/ x'G5 .

dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{] lgodx¿ -h'g sf]6f xf]_ ;dfj]z ePsf] sd{rf/LtGq k|s[ltsf] k|0ffnL dlxnfsf lglDt pNn]Vo nfesf/L x'G5g . s}og\ gl8{s b]zx? -pQ/L o'/f]ksf_ df bnx?n] ltgLx?sf] ;"rLdf ls t $) k|ltzt ls t %) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g]5g\ eg]/ sf]6f th{'df u/]sf 5g\ . pQ/L o'/f]ksf /fi6«x¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdfly o;sf] ;sf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 -l:j8]gsf] gd'gf cWoog x]g{'xf];\_ .# k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'g} ;':ki6 P]gx¿ gePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ul/g] :ki6 sd{rf/LtGq k|lqmofx¿af6 dlxnfsf lgldQ pNn]Vo nfe k|fKt x'G5 . ;':ki6 / v'nf lgodx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpgsf nflu /0fgLlt ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{g\ . lnlvt lgod gePsf] cj:yfdf zlQmsf] leqL j[Qdf k'Ug] /0fgLltsf] th{'df lgs} sl7g x'G5 .

aS; @= gj]{df pDd]bjf/ rog

:ki6 / Jofks k|lqmofx¿af6 s;/L nfe p7fpg] eGg]af/] gj]{sf] gd'gfn] Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't u5{ . gj]{df aGb;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf] /x]sf] 5 .

k|To]s sfpG6L kf6L{ ;ldltx¿n] kf6L{ ;"rLsf nflu pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rL l;kmfl/; u/]kl5 dgf]gog ;'? x'G5 .* ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ sfpG6LJofkL dgf]gog ;efdf k7fOG5, hxf“ Tof] :jLs[t x'g}k5{ . :yfgLo a}7sx¿df :yfgLo kf6L{ ;b:ox¿n] dgf]gog ;efsf nflu pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6 u5{g\ . sf]6fsf] yfngL x'g'eGbf klxnf;d]t oL :ki6 lgodx¿sf ;fy dlxnfsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{osf a'“bfx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Dej lyof] . h;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /x]/ dlxnfx? cfk\mgf dfusf lglDt bafa lbg Pstfa4 x'g ;Sy] .

kl/rfng ;ldltsf] k|yd r/0fsf] l;kmfl/; / bf];|f] r/0fsf] dgf]gog ;efk|lt nlIft /x]sf] lyof] . dgf]gog ;ldltaf6 dlxnfx¿n] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu /fv]/ yfngL ug{ ;S5g\ . kf6L{ dgf]gog ;ldltn] ltgsf dfunfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs 9Ën] ;Daf]wg gu/]df k|ltlglwx¿ 5flgg] :yfgLo kf6L{ ;Ë7gsf a}7sdf clwstd pkl:yltsf nflu ltgLx¿n] :yfgLo dlxnf kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;Ël7t ug{

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;S5g\ . To;f] ugf{n] dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ dtbfg ug]{ k|ltlglw /fli6«o ;efdf lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ eg]/ lglZrttf lbg ;S5g\ . o:tf] k|lqmof lgs} k|lt:kwf{Tds x'G5 . dgf]gog ;ldltnfO{ dgf]gogsf lglDt ;efdf bjfj lbg k|fo Pstfj4 x'g] cleofgn] k|:tfj lj?4 dt v;fpg] sfo{eGbf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 .

* Valen Henry, 1966 ’The Recruitment of Parliamentary Nominees in Norway’. Scandinavian Political Studies.Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 121-66; and Valen, Henry, 1988. ‘Norway Decentralization and Group Representation’, in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds.) Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.

kf6L{n] pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f eGg' g} cfgf] kf6L{n] clwtsd dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ljZj:t pDd]bjf/x¿ k|:t't ug{' xf] .$ vf; lsl;dsf pDd]bjf/x¿ bfloTjsf] ?kdf 7flgPdf bnsf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?n] ltgLx¿nfO{ gfdfÍg ug{af6 g} /f]S5g\ . s}og\ /fi6«sf cWoog, cjnf]sg tyf cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPcg';f/ ;a} b]zx?df kf6L{n] pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6sf] qmddf ;DefJo pDd]bjf/df vf]Hg] vf; ljz]iftf x'G5 . Pp6f k|TofzLsf lglDt ;a}eGbf a9L dfGotf lbOg] s'/f kf6L{ ;Ë7g / lgjf{rg If]qdf k|TofzLsf] ljutsf] clen]v xf] .% ;fob o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;zQm l:ylt kbflwsf/Lx¿ k'gM dgf]gLt x'g] pRr b/ xf] . gof“ pDd]bjf/x¿sf nflu ;d]t kf6L{ ;xeflutf / ;lqmotfsf] ljutsf] Oltxf; cfjZos} geP tfklg jf~5gLo 5 . cfgf] Joj;fo, ;/sf/L sfof{no jf gful/s ;dfh ;Ë7gx¿df g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;dfhdf b]lvg' klg plQs} jf~5gLo dflgG5 . kbflwsf/L / ;d'bfosf g]tfx¿ k|foh;f] c;dfg'kflts¿kn] k'¿if /x]sfn] pDd]bjf/Ldf x'g'kg]{ oL of]Uotfx¿n] dlxnfsf cj;/x¿dfly xfgL k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

bnsf lhDd]jf/ g]tfx?n] pDd]bjf/ rog ug]{ r/0f g} dlxnfnfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|j]z u/fpg] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . ;fdfGo of]Uotf k'u]sfb]lv lgjf{lrt eP/ sfd ug]{ rfxgf ePsf hgtfsf]] cg'kftaf/] cg'dfg ug{' lgs} sl7g s'/f xf] . cf}Bf]lus nf]stGqx¿df dtbfgsf] tYofÍn] b]vfPcg';f/ /fhg}lts kbdf pDd]bjf/ aGg] rfxgf /fVg] ljrf/ u/]sf] eGg] JolQmx¿sf] k|ltzt s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] s]xL k|ltztb]lv @) k|ltztsf] glhs;Dd /x]sf] 5 . clenfifLx¿sf] of] ;d"x k'¿iftkm{ em's]sf] 5 . d]/f] cg'dfgcg';f/ cf}Bf]uLs/0f ePsf nf]stGqx¿df sfof{nosf nflu clenfiff /fVg]df dlxnfsf] :yfg @% k|ltztb]lv $) k|ltztsf aLrdf st} 5 . oBlk, dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] /x]sf] 5 eg] bnx¿n] rfx]df s}og\ k6s;Dd Pshgf dfq dlxnfnfO{ lgjf{lrt ug{sf nflu of] ;d"x oy]i6¿kn] 7"nf] /x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ @))@ sf] hd{gLsf] ;+3Lo lgjf{rgdf ;f];n 8]df]qm]l6s kf6L{–P;8LkL (Social Democratic Party-SDP) n] sl/a @ s/f]8 dt k|fKt u¥of], h;n] o;nfO{ @%! j6f l;6df ljhoL agfof] . P;kL8Lsf dtbftfx¿dWo] % k|ltztdfq /fhg}lts kbsf nflu OR5's ePsf] eP klg OR5'sx?sf] of] ;d"xsf] @) k|ltztdfq dlxnf ePsf] eP

108


o;sf] cy{ ce}m klg OR5'sx?sf] ;d"xdf b'O{ nfv dlxnf x'g] lyP . dlxnfdfq /x]sf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ kf6L{nfO{ ̂ )@ hgf dfq dlxnf cfjZos kg]{ lyof], h'g o;sf] s'n dlxnf k|TofzL ;ª\Vofsf] ! k|ltzteGbf lgs} sd xf] .

n}lËs ;dfgtftkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] sf]6f jf cGo bnLo lgodx?dfkm{t\ bnx?n] OR5'sx?sf] ;d"xdf kIfLo aGg] k|j[lQsf] IFltk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . of]Uotf ;d"x Ps kIfk|lt e'msfjk"0f{ ePsf]df kf6L{x¿n] n}lËs t6:y lgod nfu" u/] eg] To;sf] kl/0ffd k'¿iftkm{ k]lrnf] /x]sf] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;d"x x'g]5 . kf6L{x¿n] dlxnfnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] vfnsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof k|of]u u/] eg] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;d"x x'g'kg]{ of]Uotf ;d"x;“u eGbf k'¿ifx¿k|lt emg\ a9L k"jf{u|xL x'g]5 . bnsf lhDd]jf/ g]tfx?n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ kf6L{nfO{ ef]6 lhTg nfos agfpg] pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf x]5{g\ ls x]b}{gg\ eGg] s'/f /fi6«sf] ;+:s[ltsf ;fy} tn 5nkmn ul/Pcg';f/ o;sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnufotsf s]xL sf/s tTjx¿af6 k|efljt x'G5 .

!=#= lgjf{lrt x'g'

;+;b ;b:o x'gsf nflu clGtd cj/f]w dtbftfx¿åf/f 5flgg' xf] . o; r/0fdf dlxnflj?4 Jojl:yt k"jf{u|x 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f s]xL ljjfbsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . :yflkt nf]stGqx¿df ul/Psf] w]/}h;f] cWoog cg';f/ k|foh;f] dtbftfn] k|fylds¿kdf JolQmljz]if pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ xf]Og, kf6L{nfO{ dtbfg u5{g\ .^ of] aGb;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|of]u ug]{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] xsdf lglZrt ¿kdf ;To xf] . To:tf] cj:yfdf dtbftfx¿nfO{ dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu uDeL/ jfwssf] ¿kdf x]g{' kg]{ sd sf/0f 5 . oL cj:yfdf To; k|lqmofsf] dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f kf6L{åf/f jf:tjdf g} dgf]gogdf kg'{ xf] .

of] ;a}eGbf ljz]if k|sf/sf] ePsfn] pDd]bjf/sf nflu JolQmut dt dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] /fi6«x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . -slt dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f /fhgLlt zf:qdf dxŒjk"0f{ 5nkmnsf] Ps ljifo xf]_ kf6L{k|ltsf] jkmfbf/L, zlQmdf ePsf] zf;sn] u/]sf sfdsf] kZrbzL{

d"NofÍgx¿, To; lbgsf] cxd\ /fhg}lts d'2fx¿af/] b[li6sf]0f pDd]bjf/sf] n}lËs cj:yf bafpgtkm{ k|j[Q x'G5 eg]/ /fhgLlt zf:qLx¿n] lg/Gt/¿kdf ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk, cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] cf}“NofPcg';f/ pDd]bjf/sf JolQmut u'0fx¿n] dtbftf ;d"xsf] lgldQ j:t'ut¿kdf s'g} km/s gkf/] klg ltgLx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ eGg]af/]df kf6L{sf clwsf/Lx¿ ;xdt 5g\ . To; sf/0f ef]6 lhTg] kf6L{sf] cj;/nfO{ alnof] kf5{ eg]/ pgLx¿n] ljZjf; u/]sfx¿dfly cf“vf uf8]/ ;fjwfgLk"j{s pDd]bjf/x¿ 5fGg] sfo{nfO{ ltgLx¿n] lg/Gt/tf lbG5g\ .* ax'ntf÷ax'dt, Psn ;b:o lhNnf -l;Ën d]Da/ l8l:6«S6, P;Pd8L_ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ePsf /fi6«x¿df s'n

w]/}h;f] dtbftfx¿n] k|fylds¿kdfJolQmljz]if pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ xf]Og kf6L{nfO{ dtbfg u5{g\

109


dtdf JolQmut pDd]bjf/sf] s]xL c;/ x'g] ;Defjgf k|an /x]sf] x'G5 . oBlk, tL /fi6«df ;d]t dtbfgdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;fdgf ug{ dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿n] k'¿if pDd]bjf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf /fd|f] u/]sf 5g\ eGg]af/] bl/nf k|df0fx¿ 5g\ .(

s]xL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] v'Nnf;"rL dtkq jf k|fyldstfk"0f{ dtbfg k4ltsf] k|of]u u5{g\ . h;df kf6L{n] ?rfPsf] /f]hfO qmdcg';f/n] pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog u5{g\, t/ kf6L{sf] ;"rLdf /x]sf s'g pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'g'k5{ eg]/ dtbftfnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ rfx]df Tof] Ifdtf pgLx?;“u x'G5 . dtbfg ubf{ dtbftfn] klxnf s'g} vf; kf6L{ l6s6 rog u5{, t/ To;kl5 s'g} vf; pDd]bjf/nfO{ JolQmut dt lbP/ ;dy{g ug{ ljsNk klg x'G5 . pDd]bjf/x¿ lgjf{lrt x'gsf nflu k|efljt kfg{ slt JolQmut dt rflxG5 eGg] s'/f lgjf{rg P]gn] lgSof]{n u5{ / Tof] Hofb} g} km/s x'g ;S5 .!)

Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo dt jf v'Nnf;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj dtbfg k|0ffnL h:tf k|fyldstfd"ns lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf Pshgf dlxnf x'g' nfebfoL jf xflgsf/s x'g;S5 . k'¿ifsf] gfd x6fpg / dlxnfsf] gfddf dtbfg ug{ dlxnfx¿ ;lqmo¿kn] ;Ël7t x'g / To;sf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{tkm{ nfUg] kxnn] o; k|lqmofdf dlxnfnfO{ ;zSt¿kdf b]vfpg] glthf lbg;S5 . o;sf] ;zQm pbfx/0f gj]{df b]lvof] . gj]{df dxfgu/kflnsf:t/sf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf v'Nnf;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] ;'?cftdf dlxnfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu dggof]Uo k|efjsf/L cleofg kl/rfng ug{ dlxnfx? ;Ifd lyP . ;g\ !(&! sf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf s}og\ 7"nf gj]{nL gu/df ;x/ kl/ifb\df dlxnf k|ltlglwTj sl/a !% b]lv @) k|ltztaf6 ax'dtdf j[l4 eof] . of] …dlxnf s'Ú (Women's Coup) lgjf{rg ;+/rgfaf6 nfe p7fpg] dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdf Pp6f 7"nf] cfZro{ / uj{sf] ;|f]t aGof] . oBlk, of] dgg ug{'k5{ ls To;kl5sf lgjf{rgdf k|To'Tkfbs glthf cfPsf] lyof], hlta]nf k'¿if ePsf sf/0fn] k'¿ifnfO{ k|xf/ ug{' ;/n¿kn] cGofok"0f{ ePsf] cg'ej ug]{ s}og k'¿if dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|xf/ ug{ pBt eP . gj]{df To;kl5sf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf / To;kl5sf] k|To]s lgjf{rgdf JolQmut dt gx'“bf lgjf{lrt dlxnfsf] ;ª\VofeGbf sd /x]sf] 5 .!!

pDd]bjf/ x'gsf nflu of]Uo ;d"xdf x'g'af6 Joj:yflksf ;;b\sf] ;b:o x'g;Dd cufl8 a9\g] k|of; ubf{ jf:tjdf dlxnfn] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ cj/f]wx¿nfO{ ;/;tL{ x]bf{ of] :ki6 x'g'k5{ ls :yflkt nf]stGqx¿df dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f dlxnfnfO{ pDd]bjf/ aGg kTofl/nf agfpg' / kf6L{x¿nfO{ cfgf] pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf dlxnfnfO{ 5gf}6 ug{ cfZj:t kfg{' xf] .

JolQmsf] u0fgf x'G5 eGg]af/] kf6L{ clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ kTof/ x'G5 To; sf/0fn] ltgLx¿n] ef]6 lhTg] kf6L{sf] cj;/nfO{ alnof] kf5{ eg]/ pgLx¿n] ljZjf; u/]sfpDd]bjf/x¿ ;fjwfgLk"j{s 5fGg] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5g\ .

110


@= dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] c;/

dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf af/]df ljrf/ ubf{sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sf/s tŒj Tof] k|0ffnLdf lhNnfdf Ps hgfdfq Joj:yflksf ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL /x]sf] 5 ls k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 PseGbf a9L Joj:yflksf ;b:ox? lgjf{lrt x'g] ax';b:oLo lhNnf k|0ffnL /x]sf] 5 eGg] xf] . o; e]bn]

;+:s[ltsf] dlxnfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ gf6sLo 9Ën] kl/jt{g ug{'eGbf /fi6«sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL kl/jt{g ug{'n] To;tkm{ sfo{ ug{ lgs} a9L jf:tljs nIosf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . o;n] ax'dt / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLaLrsf] e]bnfO{ q'l6ljxLg 9Ën] geP klg /fd|/L v'6\ofp“5 .

• ax'dt k|0ffnLdf a9L dtn] ljhoL pDd]bjf/ jf kf6L{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] k|To]s lhNnfdf Pshgf dfq ljhoL x'G5 .

• ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf Pp6f kf6L{ jf u7aGwgsf] lgldQ ;du| dt ;+;bdf l;6sf] ;'xfp“bf] cg'kftdf ?kfGtl/t x'g] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ k4ltsf] 9f“rf tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . olb Pp6f kf6L{n] @) k|ltzt dt NofPdf To;n] ;+;bsf] sl/a @) k|ltzt l;6 kfpg' k5{ . ;a} ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf ax';b:oLo lhNnfx¿ k|of]u ul/G5 .!@

/fhgLltsf ljåfg\ / dlxnf sfo{stf{x¿n] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdfly kfg]{ k|efjaf/] hf]8 lbg'sf cg]s sf/0f 5g\ . klxnf], lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] c;/ gf6sLo 9Ësf] 5 . tflnsf * / lrq @ df b]vfPcg';f/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿aLr dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf /x]sf leGgtf ljrf/0fLo 5g\ . bf];|f], lgjf{rg k|0ffnL dxŒjk"0f{ x'g ;Sg] eO{ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g x'“b} cfPsf 5g\ .

;dfhdf dlxnfsf] ;f+:s[lts cj:yf jf /fli6«o ljsf;sf] l:yltsf] t'ngfdf -dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ egL :jLsfl/Psf b'O{j6f cGo sf/s tŒj_ lgjf{rg P]gx¿ slQsf] pbf/ 5g\ . dlxnfk|ltsf] ;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0fnfO{ gf6sLo 9Ën] kl/jt{g ug{'eGbf /fi6«sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL kl/jt{g ubf{ jf:tljs nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'U5 .

gf6sLo 9+un] dlxnfk|lt x]l/g] b[li6sf]0fsf] kl/jt{gn] eGbf cNksflng ?kn] eP klg s'g} b]zsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL abln+bf To;n] jf:tljs nIosf] k|ltlglwTj x'G5 .

111


tflnsfM *= @$ j6f /fli6«o ;+;bdf dlxnf ;f+;bsf] k|ltzt, ;g\ !($% b]lv @))$ ;Dd, a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo Psn ;b:oLo lhNnf (Single Member District-SMD) k|0ffnL lj?4 ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj÷ldl>t, ax';b:oLo lhNnf (Multi Member District-MMD) k|0ffnL

k|0ffnL÷jif{ !($% !(%) !(^)

P;Pd8L #=)% @=!# @=%!

PdPd8L @=(# $=&# %=$&

!(&) !(*) !(() !((& @))$

@=@# #=#& *=!^ !%=$@ !*=@$

%=*^ !!=*( !*=!# @!=(# @&=$(

a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnL M c:6«]lnof, Sofgf8f, k|mfG; -;g\ !(^) b]lv_, hfkfg -;g\ !(() ;Dd_, Go'lhNofG8 -;g\ !(() ;Dd_, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / ld>t, Psn ;b:oLo lhNnf k|0ffnL M cl:6«of, a]lNhod, 8]gdfs{, lkmgNofG8, k|mfG; -;g\ !($% / !(%)_, u|L;**, cfO;NofG8, cfo/NofG8, Oh/fOn*, O6nL, hfkfg, nUh]Dau{, lgb/NofG8;\, Go'lhNofG8, gj]{, kf]r{'un**, :k]g**, l:j8]g, l:j6h/NofG8 / hd{gL** -;g\ !(() eGbf klxnfsf] ;+3Lo u0ftGq hd{gL_

* ;g\ !($% df Oh/fon cl:tTjdf lyPg / ;+3Lo u0ftGq hd{gLdf r'gfj ePg . To; sf/0f ltgLx¿nfO{ ;g\ !($% sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . ;g\ !($% kl5 ltgLx¿nfO{ ;a} jif{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

** ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf u|L;, kf]r'{un / :k]g nf]stflGqs eP To; sf/0fn] ltgLx¿nfO{ !(*) b]lv dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

Psn ;b:oLo lhNnf k|0ffnL M k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf Pshgf ;b:o dfq lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ .

ax';b:oLo lhNnf k|0ffnL M k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf PshgfeGbf a9L ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ .

© OG6/g];gn cfOl8of

tflnsf * / lrq @ n] @$ j6f :yflkt nf]stGq :yflkt eO;s]sf d'n'sx¿sf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] cjlwsf] tYofÍ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿n] a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLsf] t'ngfdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ;w}“ dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ s]xL nfebfoL ePsf] b]vfp“5g\ . oBlk, ;g\ !(&) ;Dddf of] nfesf] kl/df0f Go"g /x]sf] lyof] . ljleÌ k|0ffnLdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] leGgtf # k|ltzt jf To;eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, ;g\ !(&) kl5 lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿df 7"nf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 / dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf Ps?ktf / ljrf/0fLo leGgtf cfPsf] 5 .!#

;g\ !(^) / &) sf] bzsdf ;Dk"0f{ ljsl;t d'n'sn] …gf/Ljfbsf] bf];|f] t/ËÚ lj:tf/

112


b]v] . dtbfgaf6 hgfOg] d~h'/L jf :jLs[ltsf cfGbf]ngx¿ gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ngsf klxnf nx/x¿ lyP M dlxnf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljifodf /rgfTds ;dfg clwsf/sf] dfu ul//x]sf lyP . ltgLx?dWo] /fhgLltdf Jofks k|ltlglwTj klg lyof] . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ePsf /fi6«x¿df dlxnf tL dfux¿nfO{ Jofks k|ltlglwTjdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;Ifd lyP . csf]{tkm{ a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf ltg} dfux¿ k|:t't ul/Psf lyP t/ ltgLx¿ clws dfqfdf c;kmn lyP jf w]/} sd dfq ;kmn ePsf lyP .

@=!= ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf kmfObfx¿

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ePsf /fi6«df k|ltlglwTjdf lsg o:tf] 7"nf] j[l4 / a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf lsg To:tf] sd k|efj b]lvG5 eGg] k|Zg :jfefljs xf] . o;sf cg]s JofVof 5g\ . klxnf], ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf] lhNnfut glthf a9L x'G5, h;n] bnx?nfO{ pRr kl/0ffdtkm{ 8f]¥ofp“5 . -lhNnfut glthf k|lt lhNnfsf] l;6 ;ª\Vof xf], kf6L{ut kl/df0f Pp6f lhNnfdf Pp6f kf6L{n] lhTg] l;6sf] ;ª\Vof xf] ._ pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6 ubf{ ckgfOg] kf6L{ /0fgLltnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ ePsfn] kf6L{ut / lhNnfut kl/df0fx? dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ kf6L{sf k|d'v JolQmx?sf ljleÌ ;/f]sf/sf ;d"xx¿ / k|f]T;fxgx? /x]sf x'G5g\ .

k|foM ax'ddt÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf h:t} u/]/ lhNnfut kl/df0f Ps} ePdf kf6L{n] lhNnfdf Pshgf JolQmnfO{ dgf]gog ug{ ;S5 . kf6L{sf lgldQ l6s6 ;Gt'ngsf] s'g} cfwf/ / cj;/ x'“b}g . Psn ;b:oLo lhNnfdf dgf]gogsf] lg0f{odf dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿n] ;a} k'¿iflj?4 ;f]em} k|lt:kwf{ ug{'k5{, clg dlxnfnfO{ dgf]gog ubf{ clwsf+z kf6L{n] To; lhNnfsf ;a}eGbf k|efjzfnL k'¿if g]tfsf cfsfª\IffnfO{ :ki6;“u c:jLsf/ ug}{k5{ . lhNnfut glthf j[l4 x'“bf Pp6f lhNnfdf kf6L{n] PseGbf a9L l;6 lhTg] cj;/df j[l4 x'G5 . Pp6f kf6L{n] PseGbf a9L l;6 lhTg] ck]Iff /fVbf cfgf] l6s6df ;Gt'ng Nofpg ;r]t k|of; x'G5 . k|d'v JolQmx¿n] lhTg] If]qx¿nfO{ kf6L{ ;"rLdf ;DejtM dlxnf ;/f]sf/nufot ljleGg cfGtl/s kf6L{ ;/f]sf/aLr ljefhg u5{g\ .

oL ;Gt'ng k|lqmofx¿sf k5fl8 cg]sf}“ sf/0f 5g\ .!$ klxnf], kf6L{sf k|d'v JolQmx?n] dtbftfnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ pkfosf] ¿kdf ;Gt'ngnfO{ x]5{g\ . dtbftfsf] Jofks txnfO{ clkn ug{;Sg] PSnf] pDd]bjf/ vf]Hg'eGbf kf6L{ dtbftfsf] vf; pk;d"xnfO{ clkn ub}{ ljleGg pDd]bjf/åf/f dt cfsif{0f ug]{ pkfoaf/] bnsf k|d'v JolQmx?n] ;f]R5g\ . ljleGg ;d"x / ;dfhsf ljleGg If]q;“u cg'alGwt pDd]bjf/x¿n] dtbftfnfO{ cfgf] kf6L{k|lt cfslif{t ug{ d2t k'¥ofp“5g\ . a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf k'¿ifn] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] cGt/bnLo :jfy{nfO{ sd ub}{ dtbftfnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ dlxnfsf] pDd]bjf/LnfO{ nfesf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . To; ljk/Lt k'¿ifx¿nfO{

113


dfq dgf]gog u/]/ ;Gt'ng sfo{ c;kmn ePdf To;af6 dtbftfnfO{ 6f9 kfg]{ cgk]lIft c;/ x'g ;S5 .

bf];|f] sf/0f of] /x]sf] 5 ls kf6L{leq l6s6 ;Gt'ng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|foM ;dtfsf] ljifosf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . kf6L{leqsf ljleGg ;d"xx?n] lhTg] ;f“lRrs} ;+efjgf ePsf pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] pgLx¿sf k|ltlglwaf6 ePdf dfq Gofo;Ët x'g]5 eg]/ ts{ ug{ ;S5g\ . vf; u/]/ kf6L{sf] dlxnf zfvf :yflkt eO{ pNn]Vo dfqfdf kf6L{sf] sfddf ;lqmo /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq lhTg] ;+efjgf ePsf s]xL :yfg pgLx¿n] kfpg' k5{ eg]/ dlxnfx?n] ts{ ug{ ;S5g\ . ;"rLdf ;Gt'ng ug{'sf] t];|f] sf/0f of] xf] ls ;'/lIft l;6x¿nfO{ kf6L{leq /x]sf ljleGg ;d"xx?aLr ljefhg ug{' . kf6L{leq zflGt sfod ug]{ / ljleGg ;d"xsf] ;dy{g lg/Gt/ kfO/xg] Pp6f pkfo of] klg xf] .

a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf eGbf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf …;ª\qmd0fÚ sf] Pp6f k|lqmof x'g] ;Defjgf a9L ePsf]n] o;n] dlxnfnfO{ d2t klg u5{ .

lrq @ M ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] k|ltztM ax';+Vos k|0ffnL lj?4 ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

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dlxn

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nf] ;b

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ax';+Vos ;dfg'kflts

;+;u{hGo b]vfl;sL To:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;af6 s'g} Ps kf6L{n] cGo /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] c“ufn]sf gLltx¿nfO{ cjnDag u5{g\ . o; cj:yfdf, Pp6f kf6L{n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf dgf]gog ug{ ;'? u/]kl5 ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf /x]sf cGo kf6L{x¿ rf“8} To; gLltnfO{ cjnDag ug{ tTk/ x'G5g\ . csf]{ kf6L{ jf cfkm";“u k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf cGo kf6L{n] u/]sf] o:tf] gLlt cjnDagk|lt k|ltlqmof hgfpg kf6L{nfO{ nfUg] nfut ax';+Vos k|0ffnLsf] t'ngfdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf

114


lgs} Go"g x'G5 / To;sf] nfe Tof] eGbf cem a9L x'G5 . dlxnf dgf]gog ug]{ :yfgsf nflu kf6L{sf cg]s ;Defjgfx? x'g] ePsfn] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf nfut sd x'G5 . kf6L{sf] Ps dfq pDd]bjf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ax';+Vos k|0ffnLdf Pshgf dlxnfsf] lgldQ Pp6f :yfg vf]Ng o; k|0ffnLn] Pshgf axfnjfnfsf] k'gM dgf]gognfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{' kg]{ jf k/Dk/fut ¿kn] dgf]gLt cfGtl/s ;d"xsf] k'¿if pDd]bjf/sf] Pp6f :yfg c:jLsf/ ug{'kg]{ x'g;S5 . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf dlxnfnfO{ kf6L{ l6s6df yk u/]afktsf] dtdf ;fgf] j[l4sf] kl/0ffdn] ;d]t kf6L{n] a9L l;6 lhTg ;Sg] ePsfn] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf g} a9L nfe x'g;S5 .

o; k|Zgaf/] cWoog ug{ xfdLn] gj]{ / Sofgf8fdf ePsf] ;+;u{hGo k|efj x]¥of}“ . k|e'TjzfnL n]a/ kf6L{n] sf]6f (Quota) nfu" ug{'eGbf klxn] gj]{df lgjf{rgdf ;+;u{hGo k|efj vf]Hbf xfdLn] :yfgLo lhNnfx¿df o;sf] k|efj ePsf] kfof}“ . gj]{df sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ klxnf] kf6L{ ;f];ln:6 n]k\m6af6 uDeL/ r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf lhNnfx¿df g} lhTg ;lsg] kbx¿df gj]{lhog n]a/ kf6L{n] dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 u¥of] . Sofgf8fdf Go' 8]df]qm]l6s kf6L{n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ dgf]gog u/]sf lhNnfx¿df lna/n kf6L{n] dlxnfnfO{ dgf]gog ug]{ ;Defjgf a9L 5 ls 5}g eg]/ To:t} c;/af/] k/LIf0f ubf{ To:tf] c;/sf] s'g} k|df0f kfOPg . csf]{ zAbdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /x]sf /fi6«x¿df ;+;u{hGo k|efj b]lvof] eg] ax'dtLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ePsf d'n'sdf To:tf] ePg .!%

;fdfGotof s] s'/f dggLo 5 eg] gj]{df gLltut ¿kdf n}lËs sf]6f :ki6tM ;+;u{hGo j}lzi6\o ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(&& df Toxf“sf] ;+;bdf $ k|ltzteGbf sd ;b:o ePsf b'O{j6f kf6L{n] dfq sf]6fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !((& ;Dddf l;6 ldnfg u/L sl/a ̂ % k|ltzt ;b:ox? x'g] ;ftdWo] kf“rj6f kf6L{n] cf}krfl/s tj/n] n}lËs sf]6f nfu" u/]sf lyP .!^

@=@= s]xL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL c¿eGbf lsg c;n 5g\ <

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ a9L nfebfoL ePsfn] ;a} ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLnfO{ plQs} 7flg“b}g / ?rfO“b}g klg . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Jofks kl/lwleq dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ d2t ug{] / afwf k'¥ofpg klg ;Sg] b'O{j6f kIf 5g\ .

lhNnfut pRr kl/df0f (Higher District Magnitude) M k|foh;f] dlxnfx¿sf] gfd ;"rLs[t ul/g] kf6L{sf] ;"rLsf] cem tnlt/ kfb}{ kf6L{x¿sf] lgldQ w]/} l;6sf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ / lhTg cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .

lgjf{rgsf] pRr;Ldf (High Electrol Thresholds) M o;n] k|foh;f] Ps jf b'O{ dfq k|ltlglw lhtfpg] demf}nf kf6L{ lgdf{0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt kf5{ .

115


@=@=! lhNnfut kl/df0f

klxn] pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf dlxnfsf lglDt cem /fd|f] ug]{ cj;/ k|flKtsf] ;~rfns zlQm eg]sf] g} kf6L{n] k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf cfgf] lgjf{rg ;"rL tof/ ubf{ ckgfpg] l6s6 ;Gt'ng k|lqmof xf] . ;+;bdf olb dlxnfx¿n] w]/} :yfg lhTg] g} xf] eg] kf6L{x¿n] g} w]/} :yfg lhTg' k5{ tfls cfgf ;+;b ;b:ox¿ 5gf}6 ubf{ ltgLx¿ kf6L{ ;"rLsf] leq tx;Dd k'u"g\ .

Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qdf kf6L{n] lhTg] l;6sf] ;ª\Vof bnut k|flKt jf kl/df0f xf] eg]/ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . kf6L{sf] cf};t kl/0ffddf dlxnfsf] of]ubfgsf sf/0f lhNnfut pRr kl/df0f / lgjf{rg b'j}af6 dlxnfnfO{ ;xfotf x'g]u/L lgjf{rg P]g th{'df ul/G5 . lhNnfut cf};t kl/0ffd kf6L{ut kl/df0faLr ;fdfGotof ;zQm ;sf/fTds ;dGjo /x]df cfZro{ dfGg' kb}{g . x/]s lhNnfdf l;6 ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ePkl5 kf6L{x¿ cfgf] ;"rLsf] tn;Dd k'U5g\ -cyf{t\ a9L l;6 lhT5g\_ clg kf6L{x¿sf] ax';b:oLo k|ltlglwd08n x'G5 . b'j}n] dlxnf k|ltlglwTj a9fpg' k5{ . dlxnf ;d"xx¿n] ;+;bdf ;f+;bx¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof j[l4 ug]{ cfGbf]ng / lgjf{rg If]q 36fpg] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;dy{g ug{'k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx o;n] lbG5 . ;Lldt agfpg] / dlxnfsf lgldQ ;a}eGbf kmfObfhgs x'g;Sg] Pp6f d'2f ;du| b]z ;/n ¿kn] Pp6f dfq lgj{frg If]q x'g] d'2f xf] . dlxnf k|ltlglwTjafx]s lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ d"NofÍg ug]{ cGo ljrf/x¿ eg] cjZo g} /x]sf 5g\ / h;n] ;du| /fi6«nfO{ Pp6f lgjf{rg If]q agfpg] k|:tfjnfO{ cgfsif{s t'Nofpg ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu w]/} /fi6«df If]qLo k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{] s'/fnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf x]l/G5, hlta]nf lgjf{rg If]q tf]Sg s]xL ef}uf]lns ¿k ckgfOg' cfjZos x'g ;S5 .

t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;du| d'n'snfO{ Pp6} lgjf{rg If]q agfPsf b]zx? lgb/NofG8;\ -#& k|ltzt_ / dlxnfsf] cf};t :t/ -!% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] Oh/fon x'g\ . Oh/fonaf6 l;lsPsf] Pp6f kf7cg';f/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] pRr :t/sf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb}g . bf];|f] kf7 s] xf] eg] dlxnfsf] cj;/ j[l4sf nflu pRr lgjf{rg åf/ x'g' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 lsgls Ps kf6L{n] ;+;bdf Pp6f l;6 lhTgsf nflu x'g} kg]{ dtsf] Go"gtd k|ltzt rflxG5, dlxnfsf cj;/x¿ j[l4 ug{sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . Oh/fondf Pp6f l;6 lhTgsf nflu cfjZos ;dy{gsf] :t/ Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] 5 . !=% k|ltztsf] Go"g åf/n] s}og\ demf}nf kf6L{ u7gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] 5, h;n] k|foh;f] Ps jf b'O{dfq k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt u5{ . kf6L{x¿ x/t/xn] k'¿if g]tf agfpg k|j[Q x'G5g\ . clg ckl/xfo{ ¿kn] kf6L{ g]tfx¿n] To; ;"rLdf klxnf s]xL :yfgx? lnG5g\ . kf6L{ ;/f]sf/ l6s6 ;Gt'ng lglZrt ug{tkm{ df]l8Pkl5 dlxnfx¿ k|ydtM To; ;"rLsf] s]xL tn b]lvg k|j[Q x'G5g\ . olb Ps jf b'O{hgf kf6L{ k|ltlglwn] dfq r'gfj lht]df o;sf] ;"rLsf] dWoefudf /x]sf w]/} pDd]bjf/ dlxnf ePsf] eP tfklg pgLx?n] s'g} klg :yfg glhTg] ;Defjgf a9L /xG5 .

116


@=@=@= lgjf{rgsf ;Ldfx?

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 9f“rf tof/ ubf{ ;fgf kf6L{x¿ 5fGg] dtbftfsf] k|ltlglwTj / 7"nf kf6L{x¿af6 cem a9L dlxnf k|ltlglw a9fP/ Joj:yflksfsf] …Jofks k|ltlglwTjÚ j[l4sf lglDt ;Demf}tf x'G5 . o; kl/sNkgfsf] hf“r ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf sf]:6fl/sf / l:j8]gsf tYofÍn] To:tf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ k'li6 u5{ . oL b'j} /fi6«n] lgjf{rgsf ;Ldfx?sf] k|of]u u5{g\ . gd'gf cg';f/ lgjf{rg ;Ldf gx“'bf w]/} ;fgf kf6L{n] lhTg] lyP, t/ ;Ldfsf sf/0f ;fgf kf6L{x¿ gfd]6 ePsf 5g\, /fi6«sf 7"nf kf6L{x¿af6 a9L dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ . ;du| /fi6«nfO{ Pp6f dfq lgjf{rg If]qsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ug]{ k|:tfjx¿nfO{ dlxnf ;d"xx¿n] ;dy{g ug{ klg ;S5g\, t/ of] To; k|:tfjdf lgjf{rg ;Ldfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ /0fg}lts pkqmd x'g]5 .

@=# lgjf{rg ;"rLsf k|sf/

ljleGg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLx?aLrsf] csf]{ e]b s] xf] eg] tLdWo] s]xLdf bnut aGb;"rL x'G5, hxf“ pDd]bjf/x¿sf] qmdfg'ut bhf{ kf6L{n] lglZrt u5{ . s]xL k|0ffnLdf rflx“ v'Nnf kf6L{ ;"rL x'G5, hxf“ dtbftfn] kf6L{sf s'g s'g pDd]bjf/x¿ JolQmut dtbfgåf/f lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . dtbftfnfO{ dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ lhtfpg ;lqmotfk"j{s dtbfg ug{ ljZj:t t'Nofpg ;xh x'G5 ls x'“b}g, cyjf kf6L{ ;"rLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf a9L dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{' Gofo;Ët / a9L dxŒjsf] s'/f, /0fg}lts¿kn] a'l4dfgL b'j} x'G5 eGg]af/] bnsf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?nfO{ ljZj:t t'Nofpg ;lsG5 ls ;ls“b}g eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] . o;sf] pQ/ /fi6«}lkR5] km/s x'G5 eGg]af/] dnfO{ zÍf nfU5 . olb k|efjsf/L ;+;båf/f sf]6fx¿ kfl/t ul/of] eg] aGb ;"rLn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ cjZo d2t u5{ .

lrq #M ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL dlxnfsf] lgldQ lsg pko'St 5 <

lhNnfut pRr kl/df0fx? (Higher District Magnitudes)

;+;u{ (Contagion)

k|lt lgjf{rg If]q l;6 ;ª\Vof a9L x'G5 -lhNnfut pRr kl/df0f_

dlxnfnfO{ gfdfÍg ug{sf nflu kf6L{ ;"rLn] a9L cj;/ lbG5 .

k|To]s lhNnfdf kf6L{n] w]/}eGbf w]/} l;6 lhTg] ck]Iff ug{ ;S5 . -pRr kf6L{ k/df0f_

csf]{ kf6L{n] r'gf}tL lb“bf dlxnf ;+Vof k|j4{g ug]{ a9L Ifdtf -;+;u{_ .

dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ kf6L{n] l6s6 ;Gt'ng ug]{ ;Defjgf a9L -;Gt'ng_

Pp6L dlxnfsf] dgf]gogsf nflu kf6L{n] Pp6f kbu|fxL jf k'¿if pDd]bjf/nfO{ :yfg lbg c:jLsf/ ug{'sf] d"No r'sfpg' gkg]{ .

© OG6/g];gn cfOl8of

117


cf7 jif{ klxn] k|sflzt o; xft]k':tssf] k|f/lDes ;+:s/0fsf nflu To; laGb';Dd ul/Psf] ;Lldt k|of]ujfbL sfo{sf cfwf/df aGb;"rL >]o:s/ 5 eg]/ d}n] ;fjwfgLk"j{s ;Nnfx lbP“ . tTkZrft\ kl5Nnf cg';Gwfgx¿df w]/}h;f] /fi6«df v'Nnf;"rL k|0ffnLsf c;/x¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] cg';Gwfgn] ;Í]t u/]cg';f/ ;femf l;kmfl/; ;Dej 5}g M dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf v'Nnf;"rL k|0ffnLsf] c;/ dlxnf pDd]bjf/Lk|ltsf] kf6L{sf] ;dy{gdf e/ k/]/ jf:tjdf gf6sLo 9Ën] km/s x'G5 .

gj]{df :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf nflu v'Nnf;"rL k|0ffnL k|of]u ul/G5 . cfgf] kf6L{ ;"rL tof/ ug{sf nflu w]/}h;f] gj]{nL kf6L{n] k|To]s pDd]bjf/ dlxnf agfpg] l;4fGtnfO{ s7f]/tfsf ;fy kfngf u5{g\ . dtbftfsf] k'¿if pDd]bjf/k|lt s]xL a9L cle?lr b]lvPsf] hfgsf/L cg';Gwfgx¿åf/f k|fKt ePsf] 5 .!& csf]{ zAbdf, dlxnf pDd]bjf/k|lt kf6L{x¿sf] pRr ;dy{g ePsf] gj]{df cu|flwsf/ dtn] dlxnfnfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofp“5 . csf]{tkm{ kf]NofG8df ;+;bdf dgf]gogsf] bnut ;"rLx¿af/] / lgjf{rg kl/0ffdx¿af/] d]/f] ljZn]if0fn] s] b]vfof] eg] dlxnfx¿n] kf6L{ ;"rL Ps} 7fp“df /fVg] kf6L{ sld6Lx¿;“u eGbf dtbftf;“u /fd|f] ;DaGw u/]sf 5g\ cyf{t\ cu|flwsf/ dtn] a[xQ/ dlxnf k|ltlglwTjtkm{ 8f]¥ofp“5 . 5gf}6 ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿aLrsf] lnËjfbsf sf/0f jf ;DejtM 5gf}6 ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n] lnËjfbsf] qf;nfO{ e'naz dtbftfsf] If]qdf /fv]sfn] kf6L{ g]tfx¿n] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ sd cf“S5g\ .

k]¿df v'Nnf;"rL dtbfgn] dlxnfnfO{ a]kmfObf gu/]sf] cg'ej u|]uf]/L l:rdysf] 5 . k]¿df dlxnf sfo{stf{x¿n] dtbftfnfO{ cfgf] cu|flwsf/ dt …k|To]sdWo] PsÚ lbg -cy{ft\ Ps k'¿if / Ps dlxnfnfO{ 5gf]6 ug{_ cfu|x ub}{ Pp6f cleofg ;~rfng u/] . o;n] v'Nnf;"rL dtbfgdf klg dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ k'¿ifx¿n] hlQs} k|ulttkm{ pGd'v u/fof] .!* o; cg';Gwfgsf] ;dLIffdf cfwfl/t eP/ -;Lldt eg]/ :jLsf/ ub}{_ cu|flwsf/ dtbfgn] dlxnfnfO{ d2t u5{ ls xflg k'¥ofp“5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cGo tl/sfn] s'g} ;zQm / lgM;Gb]x l;kmfl/; ug{ ;ls“b}g eGg] b]lvG5 .!(

of] ;To xf] ls v'Nnf ;"rLn] kf6L{x¿nfO{ …lgoGq0f aflx/Ú hfg lbG5, / clGtd kl/0ffdsf] lgldQ cg'Q/bfoL agfp“5 . JolQmut lg0f{o ug]{ xhf/f}“ dtbftfdf clGtd kl/0ffd lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{ JolQmut lg0f{osf] of]ukmn of] xf] ls dlxnfx¿sf nflu sd dt v;]/ ;+;baf6 aflxl/P eg] To;sf nflu dtbftfn] s;/L dt v;fN5g\ eGg]af/] kf6L{n] lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] kf6L{nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg ;ls“b}g . oBlk, kf6L{sf] aGb ;"rLsf ;fy of] :ki6 5 ls kf6L{ k|ltlglwd08ndf ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg' kf6L{sf] pQ/bfloTj xf] . oL cj:yfcGtu{t dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu kf6L{nfO{ pQ/bfoL 7x/fpg ;lsG5 . olb k|ltlglwTjsf] j[l4df sdL cfPdf dlxnfx¿n] cfgf] k|ltlglwTjsf] dfuaf/] ;f]Rg a9L tTk/ /x]sf] kf6L{x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ ;S5g\ .

118


#= dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu kf7x¿

pko'{Qm 5nkmnaf6 dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpg] ;Gbe{df w]/} lzIff lng ;lsG5 .

!= /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿leq / aflx/ b'j} :yfgdf dlxnfx¿ ;·l7t x'g'k5{ . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿eGbf aflx/sf ;/f]sf/ ;d"xx¿df jf To;leq dlxnf ;d"xx? (Caucuses) df ;Ël7t x'“bf dlxnfx?n] dxŒjk"0f{ cg'ej k|fKt ub{5g\ . ;fy}, sfof{nosf] clenfiff /fv]df pgLx¿sf lglDt zlQmsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ d2t k'U5 . /fhg}ltssf ;fy} dlxnf 8fS6/ jf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+3 h:tf k];fut ;d"xx¿n] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ kbk"lt{ ug]{ :ynsf] ¿kdf Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ . ;Ël7t x'gfn] b[li6sf]0f / j}wtfdf j[l4 u5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm ;fdfGotof cTofjZos kf6L{ sfo{sf] dggof]Uo lx:;f dlxnfx¿n] ;DkGg ug]{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df ;'wfl/Psf] k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu naL ug]{ dlxnf ;d"xdf ;Ël7t x'g' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .

@= dlxnfn] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ :ki6 lgod th'{dfsf nflu kf6L{x¿dfly bafa lbg'k5{ . ;fdfGotof, pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf nflu kf6L{leq zlQmdf ePsfx¿k|lt akmfbf/Ldf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL x'g'eGbf :ki6 k|zf;lgs k|lqmof eof] eg] dlxnfnfO{ kmfObf k'U5 . v]nsf lgodx¿ :ki6 eO;s]kl5 dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ;'wf/sf nflu /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . k|lqmof k'/ftgjfbLx?åf/f bafOPsf] cj:yfdf lgodx¿ c:ki6 x'g ;S5g\ . lg0f{ox¿ k|foh;f] ;Lldt ;ª\Vofsf JolQmx¿åf/f ul/G5, hxf“ k|fo lglZrt g} u/]/ k'¿ifx¿ d'Vo x'g ;S5g\ .

#= dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 ug{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ax'dtLo jf ax'n k|0ffnLeGbf c;n 5 . lk|m8d xfp;åf/f :jtGq jf cf+lzs¿kdf :jtGq eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf /fi6«x¿nfO{ x]bf{ dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf ;DaGwdf ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] bhf{df /flvPsf ;a} b;j6f /fi6«n] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k|of]u u5{g\ . Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg ax'dtLo k|0ffnL dlxnfsf lgldQ ;DefJo ;a}eGbf v/fa k|0ffnL k|dfl0ft ePsf 5g\ .

$= s]xL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL c¿sf lgldQ >]o:s/ 5g\ . lgjf{rg If]qsf] pRr kl/df0f / lgjf{rg ;Ldfx¿sf] ;+of]hgåf/f bnut pRr kl/df0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|0ffnLx¿ dlxnfsf lgldQ a9L c;n x'g] ck]Iff ul/G5 . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL x'g'dfq oy]i6 x'“b}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cGtu{t Psn ;Í|d0fLo dt k|of]u ug]{ cfo/NofG8sf] Hofb} ;fgf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] kl/df0f /x]sf] 5 -tLgb]lv kf“rhgfaLrsf ;b:ox¿_ / Sofgf8f, c:6«]lnof / ;+o'Qm clw/fHo h:tf ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf eGbf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf Go"g :t/x¿ /x]sf] 5 . ;du| /fi6« Pp6f dtbfg If]q ePsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL dlxnfsf lgldQ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm k|0ffnL x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, klxnf dgg ul/Pcg';f/, of] ;w}“ rNg ;Sg] ljsNk eg] x'g ;Sb}g clg

119


/fi6«nfO{ e"uf]ndf cfwfl/t w]/} lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg ug{' k|foM ;w}“ Pp6f c;n sf/0f x'g;S5 .

%= dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;Defljt nfe jf xflgsf lgldQ dlxnfn] s'g} klg k|:tfljt lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] ;Dk"0f{ c+znfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s d"Nof+sg ug{'k5{ . ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ljeflht If]qx'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf Jofks ;xdlt eP tfklg k|foh;f] To:tf] k|0ffnL nfu" ug{] ljleGg tl/sf x'g ;S5g\ . dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ clej[l4sf] rfxgf ePsfx¿n] oL ljsNknfO{ a]jf:tf ug{'x'“b}g . cg';Gwfgx?n] /fli6«o ;+;bdf hlt a9L l;6x¿ x'G5g\, dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ Tolt g} /fd|f] x'g] s'/f b]vfPsf 5g\, lsgeg] o;n] kf6L{sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] kl/df0f a9fp“5 . sltj6f ef}uf]lns lgjf{rg If]qx¿ agfpg] eGg]af/] lg0f{o ubf{ hlt sd ;ª\Vofdf lgjf{rg If]qx¿ agfOG5 dlxnfsf lgldQ Tolt g} c;n x'G5, lsgeg] o;n] kf6L{ kl/df0fdf j[l4 Nofp“5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu dfo/n] ljZjf; / lgZro;fy eg]sf 5g\ a]lNhoddf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ePsf] pNn]Vo j[l4sf] d'Vo sf/0f lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;ª\Vof sd x'g' xf], h;n] cf};t kf6L{ kl/df0fdf pNn]Vo a9f]Q/Ltkm{ 8f]¥ofPsf] 5 .@) o;sf cltl/Qm, k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf l;6 ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f ubf{ dlxnfn] ;fjwfgLk"j{s x]g{'k5{ . k|fo o; k|lqmofn] u|fdL0f lgjf{rg If]qaf6 a9L k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ;x/L lgjf{rg If]qaf6 sd k|ltlglwTj x'g] kl/0ffd lbg;S5 . of] ;x/L If]qdf x'G5 hxf“ dlxnfsf lgldQ u}/k/Dk/fut e"ldsf w]/} g} ;femf 5 / hf] /fhgLltdf efu lng] ?lr ePsf dlxnfx¿sf nflu w]/} ;|f]t ePsf /fd|/L sfd ug{ ;Sg] / ljz]if u/]/ ltgLx¿n] pNn]Vo nfe p7fpg e/v/} ;'?cft u/]sf If]q x'g\ . k|lt lgjf{rg If]q l;6 ;ª\Vof tf]ls“bf l;6 ljt/0f ;Dej eP;Dd …Ps JolQm Ps dtÚ sf] glhs ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ dlxnf ;d"x¿n] ;fjwfgLk"j{s x]g{'k5{ .

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x'“b}g . ;g\ !($% b]lv &) ;Ddsf] cljwdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLx¿ / a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaLr dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ;fk]If¿kdf /x]sf] ;fgf] leGgtfn] o; a'“bfnfO{ /fd|/L lrq0f u5{ . dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf rfv /fVg] zlQmx¿ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] ;Ël7t gePdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] ;Lldt c;/ dfq kg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

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1 Gallagher, Michael, 1988. ‘Conclusions’, in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds). Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage.

2 Norris, Pippa, 1996. ‘Legislative Recruitment’, in Lawrence LeDuc, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris (eds). Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective. London: Sage.

3 While quotas are often credited with being responsible for the lead that Nordic countries have in terms of women’s representation, it should be noted that Nordic countries were generally world leaders in this area even before such rules were adopted. Causality may run from being a world leader to adopting rules, rather than the rules causing one to become a world leader. See Dahlerup, Drude and Lenita Freidenvall, 2005. ‘Quotas as a “Fast Track” to Equal Representation for Women’. International Feminist Journal of Politics. Vol. 7, no. 1, March, pp. 26–48.

4 Clearly, this is not the only concern and sometimes not even the primary concern. Concern for party unity or intra-party factional fights may from time to time trump the desire to maximize votes, but in the long run parties in democracies are forced to be concerned about winning votes. If they are not they run the risk of disappearing from the political stage.

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5 Gallagher 1988, op. cit., p. 248. 6 LeDuc, Niemi and Norris 1996, op. cit. 7 On the different electoral systems referred to in this Handbook, see ‘Glossary of Terms’,

in Reynolds, Andrew, Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis, 2005. The New International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design. Stockholm: International IDEA, annex B.

8 Bochel, John and David Denver, 1983. ‘Candidate Selection in the Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek’. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 45–69.

9 Darcy, R. and Sarah Slavin Schramm, 1977. ‘When Women Run Against Men’. Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol. 41, pp. 1–12; and Welch, Susan and Donley T. Studlar, 1986. ‘British Public Opinion Toward Women in Politics: A Comparative Perspective’. Western Political Quarterly. Vol. 39, pp. 138–52.

10 For an extended discussion on the various thresholds found for preferential voting systems see Katz, Richard S., 1997. Democracy and Elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

11 Hellevik, Ottar and Tor Bjørklund, 1995. ‘Velgerne og Kvinnerepresentasjon’ [Voters and women’s representation], in Nina Raaum (ed.). Kjønn og Politikk [Gender and politics]. Oslo: Tano Press.

12 For an extensive review of electoral systems see Reynolds, Reilly and Ellis 2005, op. cit. 13 There is a considerable accumulation of comparative evidence that under lines the structural

advantages of PR with respect to women’s representation. Among countries that have Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) systems, where some portion of the electoral system is based on single-member districts while another portion is based on proportional lists either at the regional or at the national level, women’s representation is consistently higher on the proportional part of the electoral systems. Furthermore, several countries have changed their electoral systems, and there is a consistent finding that when changes are made from plurality/majority to PR systems there is an increase in women’s representa-tion. Most recently these results were confirmed in a study of the changes in electoral systems in post-communist states in Central and Eastern Europe: see Matland, Richard E., 2003. ‘Women’s Representation in Post-Communist Europe’, in Richard E. Matland and Kathleen A. Montgomery (eds). Women’s Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

14 Valen, Henry, 1988. ‘Norway: Decentralization and Group Representation’, in Gallagher and Marsh (eds), op. cit.

15 Matland, Richard E. and Donley T. Studlar, 1996. ‘The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single-Member and Multi-Member Districts’. Journal of Politics. Vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 707–33.

16 Quotas are elaborated upon in chapter 4 in this Handbook. 17 I am fairly confident this is caused by a limited number of males who are ‘local notables’

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and are initially placed quite low on the party list being raised above women who are initially higher than them on the party list but are relatively unknown to voters in the municipality.

18 Schmidt, Gregory D., 2003. ‘Unanticipated Successes: Lessons from Peru’s Experiences with Gender Quotas in Majoritarian Closed List and Open List PR Systems’, in International IDEA. The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA.

19 There are, however, strong arguments both for and against open-list voting that are not tied to gender effects. Proponents emphasize that open-list voting provides the citizenry with greater input into choosing their representatives and as such it is seen as ‘more democratic’. Opponents of open-list voting argue that it reduces a party’s control over its representatives and therefore threatens the ‘responsible party’ model of democracy many political scientists prefer.

20 Meier, Petra, 2004. ‘Gender Quotas or Electoral Reform: Why More Women Got Elected during the 2003 Belgian Elections’. Paper presented at International IDEA conference on The Implementation of Quotas: Experiences from Europe, Budapest, 22–23 October.

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Bochel, John and David Denver, 1983. ‘Candidate Selection in the Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek’. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 45–69

Dahlerup, Drude and Lenita Freidenvall, 2005. ‘Quotas as a “Fast Track” to Equal Representation for Women’. International Feminist Journal of Politics. Vol. 7, no. 1, March, pp. 26–48

Darcy, R. and Sarah Slavin Schramm, 1977. ‘When Women Run Against Men’. Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol. 41, pp. 1–12

Darcy, R., Susan Welch and Janet Clark, 1994. Women, Elections, and Representation. 2nd edn, Lincoln, Nebr.: Nebraska University Press

Fowler, Linda and Robert D. McClure, 1989. Political Ambition: Who Decides to Run For Congress. New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press

Gallagher, Michael, 1988. ‘Conclusions’, in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds). Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage

Hellevik, Ottar and Tor Bjørklund, 1995. ‘Velgerne og Kvinnerepresentasjon’ [Voters and women’s representation], in Nina Raaum (ed.). Kjønn og Politikk [Gender and politics]. Oslo: Tano Press

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 1995. Women in Parliaments 1945–1995: A World Statistical Survey. Geneva: IPU

Katz, Richard S., 1997. Democracy and Elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press

123

LeDuc, Lawrence, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris, 1996. Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective. London: Sage

Matland, Richard E., 1995. ‘How The Electoral System has Helped Women Close the Representation Gap in Norway’, in Lauri Karvonen and Per Selle (eds). Closing the Gap: Women in Nordic Politics. London: Dartmouth Press

— 1998a. ‘Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries’. Legislative Studies Quarterly. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 109–25

— 2003. ‘Women’s Representation in Post-Communist Europe’, in Richard E. Matland and Kathleen A. Montgomery (eds). Women’s Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press

— and Donley T. Studlar, 1996. ‘The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single Member and Multi-Member Districts’. Journal of Politics. Vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 707–33

— and Michelle A. Taylor, 1997. ‘Electoral System Effect on Women’s Representation: Theoretical Arguments and Evidence from Costa Rica’. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 30, no. 2. pp. 186–210

Meier, Petra, 2004. ‘Gender Quotas or Electoral Reform: Why More Women Got Elected during the 2003 Belgian Elections’. Paper presented at the International IDEA conference on The Implementation of Quotas: Experiences from Europe. Budapest, 22–23 October

Norris, Pippa, 1996. ‘Legislative Recruitment’, in Lawrence LeDuc, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris (eds). Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective. London: Sage

Reynolds, Andrew, Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis, 2005. The New International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design. Stockholm: International IDEA

Schmidt, Gregory D., 2003. ‘Unanticipated Successes: Lessons from Peru’s Experiences with Gender Quotas in Majoritarian Closed List and Open List PR Systems’, in International IDEA. The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA

— and Kyle L. Saunders, 2004. ‘Effective Quotas, Relative Party Magnitude, and the Success of Female Candidates’. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 704–34

Valen, Henry, 1966. ‘The Recruitment of Parliamentary Nominees in Norway’. Scandinavian Political Studies. Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 121–66

— 1988. ‘Norway: Decentralization and Group Representation’, in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds). Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective: The Secret Garden of Politics. London: Sage

Welch, Susan and Donley T. Studlar, 1986. ‘British Public Opinion Toward Women in Politics: A Comparative Perspective’. Western Political Quarterly. Vol. 39, pp. 138–52

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;|f]tM Data on ministerial positions are from national government web sites except for Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Uruguay and VBenezuela, where the information was found at Georgetown University’s Political Database of the Americas, available at http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/. Date on national legislatures are from the Inter-Parliamentary Union, ‘Women in National Parliaments: Situation as of 31 January 2005’, http://www ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm.

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;|f]tM Latinobarometro, 2004. ‘Una decada de mediciones’ [A decade of measuremtnts]. Informe Resumen. Santiago de Chile, 13 August 2004, <http://www.latinobarometro.org>

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dlxnfnfO{ zlQmdf k'¥ofpg] cu|udgsf cfwf/ kf6L{x¿ g} x'g\ . g]t[Tjsf kbx? k|fKt ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿n] /fhg}lts sfof{nosf nflu pDd]bjf/ k|:t't ug]{ cg'kd Ifdtf ePsf kf6L{x¿dfkm{t\ sfd ug}{k5{ . oBlk, P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] g} kf6L{x?df n}lËs ;+3–;+:yfx¿ /x“b} cfPsf 5g,\ h;n] kf6L{x¿df k'¿ifnfO{ eGbf dlxnfnfO{ leGg cfwf/df x]5{g\ / g]t[TjbfoL bhf{df k'¥ofpg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]S5g\ . w]/}h;f] Nofl6g cd]l/sL /fi6«df dlxnfx¿ cem} klg s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf /x]sf 5g\, t/ kf6L{sf sfo{sf/L af]8{x¿df jf cfd lgjf{rgsf pDd]bjf/x¿aLr k'¿if;“u ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] pkef]u ug{ dlxnfx?n] la/n} kfp“5g\ . dtbftf kl/rfng ug]{ kf6L{x¿sf …dlxnfsf] ljefuÚ df dlxnfx? ;+nUg ePsf 5g\ / a}7s / cy{ ;Íngstf{nfO{ ;xof]u u/]/ k'¿if pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ;xfotf u/]sf 5g\ . ls;fg, dhb'/, ljBfyL{ OToflb h:tf k'¿if k|e'Tj ePsf Ao'/f]x¿h:tf] oL dlxnfsf Ao'/f]x¿ juL{o bhf{x¿af6 jf k];faf6 pTkGg ePsf xf]Ogg\ tf ls dlxnfx¿ cfgf] ;fd"lxs dfu k"/f ug{sf nflu bafa lbg ;Ël7t xf]pmg\ . a? dlxnf …dlxnfsf] ¿kdf h;sf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ¿kdf k|fylds ;+nUgtf lghL lhGbuL;“u lyof]Ú! ;fd]n ul/Psf lyP . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df dlxnfsf] ;du| ;xeflutfsf] t'ngfdf /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf bhf{x¿df dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj Go"g x'g' cfZro{hgs 5 .

;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?cftb]lv sltko dlxnf ljefu ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf geO{ dlxnf g]tfx¿sf] cleofgstf{ em}+ eP/ ;]jf ug{tkm{ nfu]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu d]lS;sf]sf] g];gn PS;g kf6L{–kLPPg (National Action Party-PAN) sf] dlxnf ljefu Pp6f u[lx0fL ;Ë7gaf6 d"n k|jfxsf] g]t[Tjsf] bhf{df dlxnfsf] k|j]znfO{ k|j4{g ug{ k|efjsf/L cfwf/sf] ¿kdf kl/jlt{t ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((& b]lv @))# aLrsf] lgjf{rgdf dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|j4{gsf] lgldQ o;sf] /fli6«o ;lrjfnon] :yfgLo / /fli6«o kf6L{ g]tfx¿nfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu naL u¥of] . cfgf] k|of;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k blIf0fkGyL ljrf/ x'“bf x'“b} klg ;g\ @))# b]lv /fi6«sf b'O{j6f cGo 7"nf kf6L{x¿ M OlG:6Ro';gn l/ef]No';g/L kf6L{, d]lS;sf]–kLcf/cfO{ (Institutional Revolutionary Party-PRI) / kf6L{ ckm 8]df]q]ml6s l/ef]No';g, d]lS;sf]–kLcf/8L (Party of the Democratic Revolution-PRD) sf] eGbf g];gn PS;g kf6L{sf dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ a9L lyP .@

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k|ltlglwTjsf] kIfkftL ljrf/ ePsf / gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ng;“u glhssf] ;DaGw /x]sf afd kf6L{x¿df dlxnfx¿nfO{ a9L kmfObf x'g] u/]sf] klg cWoogx¿af6 lgisif{ lgSn]sf] 5 .$ Pp6f ax'/fli6«o cWoogaf6 k|fKt tYocg';f/ afd kf6L{x¿sf] lgjf{rg tfut eGg' g} ;Qfdf dlxnfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;f]r egL k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .%

t}klg Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf sltko k|df0fx?n] dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt / kf6L{sf k|sf/aLr s'g} kf/:kl/s ;DaGw g/x]sf] s'/f atfp“5g\ . ;+:yfut kf6L{ /fhgLlt / lgodfg';f/ rNg] kf6L{x¿ ePsf /fi6«df ;+;bdf ltgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj p?Uj] / lrnLdf !@ / !# k|ltzt Go"gb]lv sf]:6fl/sfdf #% k|ltzt;Dd pRreO{ gf6sLo 9Ësf] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . To;aLr, kf6L{x¿ a9L JolQmut / cgf}krfl/s /x]sf] / af]lnleof / k]¿ -qmdzM !( / !* k|ltzt_ h:tf sdhf]/ cj:yf ;fy kf6L{ ;+:yfut ePsf /fi6«df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] If]qLo cf};t !& k|ltzteGbf dfly /x]sf] 5 .

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129

lx+;f / k]?df nf]stGqk|lt c;Gtf]ifaf/] JofVof ug{tkm{ nfUbf nfdf] ;do nfU5 . gful/s k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ of]usf] d'Vo jfxgsf] ¿kdf / To;nfO{ gLltdf cg'jfb ug{sf] ;fy} zlQmsf] Psdfq ;+:yfut af6f]sf ?kdf kf6L{x¿ nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] Pp6f ckl/xfo{ efu ePsfn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] jsfnt ug]{x¿n] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;ª\3if{ ug}{ k5{ .

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a9LdtLo÷ax'dtLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ePsf /fi6«x¿eGbf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fi6«x¿ a9L dlxnf lgjf{lrt ug{tkm{ k|j[Q x'G5g\ . lsg < t];|f] cWofodf l/rf8{ Dof6NofG8n] ts{ u/]cg';f/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL -hxf“ kf6L{x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n dtsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df l;6x¿ kf6L{x¿nfO{ af“l8G5_ df -dlxnf h:tf_ ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿;“u cg'alGwt /x]sf pDd]bjf/x¿ / ljleGg kf6L{ ;d"x / lgjf{rg If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ l6s6 …;Gt'ngÚ ug{ kf6L{x¿df Pp6f k|f]T;fxg x'G5 . To;ljk/Lt ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf k|f]T;fxgx¿ km/s 5g\, h;df kf6L{x¿ cGo s'g} pDd]bjf/n] eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] jf:tljs cj;/ ePsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ k|:t't ug{tkm{ k|j[Q x'G5g\ . w]/}h;f] dfldnfdf kf6L{ g]tfx¿n] cfk\mgf >]i7 pDd]bjf/x¿ k'¿ifx¿ x'g\ eGg] ;f]rfO /fV5g\ .

oyfy{df ;g\ @))@ df !*@ j6f /fi6«sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPcg';f/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf s+u|];sf ;b:ox¿dWo] dlxnfn] cf};t !% k|ltzt, ldl>t k|0ffnLx¿df !! k|ltzt -h;df ;+;bsf] s]xL efu ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]/ / s]xL efu Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]/ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\_ / ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf ( k|ltzt l;6 cf]u6]sf 5g\ .(

;a} Nofl6g cd]l/sL /fi6«x?n] -k|lt:kwf{Tds lgjf{rg gePsf] So'afafx]s_ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf] s'g} g s'g} ;+:s/0f k|of]u u5{g\, oBlk, $ j6f /fi6«df aGb;"rLsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;+of]lht ¿k ldl>t k|0ffnL /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf !) x]g{'xf];\_ . ;"rLut ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fi6«x¿dWo] & j6fn] aGb;"rL k|of]u u5{g\ eg] % j6fn] v'nf;"rL k|of]u u5{g\ . p?Uj]sf] Pp6f ljeflht k|0ffnL 5, h;df dtx¿nfO{ kf6L{ :t/df hDdf ul/G5 / ;d"xx¿aLr ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ul/G5 . To;kl5 k|To]s ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdf ljt/0f ul/G5 . sf]nlDaofsf] JolQmut ;"rL k|0ffnLdf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf Pshgf pDd]bjf/ dfq /x]sf] x'G5 . dt kf6L{:t/df xf]Og oL pkkf6L{ ;"rL (Sub-Party List) x¿df ljefhg ul/G5 .!)

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k|To]s tLgj6f kbdWo] Pp6fdf dlxnfnfO{ /fVg} k5{ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ klxnf] jf bf];|f] xf]Og t];|f] :yfgdf ;dfj]z u/]/ kf6L{x¿ To;nfO{ lglZrt ug{ nfu]sf 5g\ . sf]:6fl/sfdf ;g\ !((( eGbf klxn] kb:yfkg hgfb]z /x]sf] lyPg / kf6L{x¿ dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfgf] ;"rLsf] k'5f/lt/ /fVg pGd'v lyP . oBlk To; jif{ /fli6«o dlxnf Ph]G;Lsf ;dfj]bgx¿sf] k|ltlqmofdf Toxf“sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] kf6L{x¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgjf{lrt x'g] jf:tljs cj;/ ePsf] kbdf /fVg} k5{ eGg] 3f]if0ff ;lxtsf] Pp6f km};nf hf/L u¥of] . To;n] kf6L{x¿nfO{ To:tf] ;"rL kb k|To]s k|fGtdf Pp6f kf6L{n] ljutdf lht]sf] cf};t l;6 ;ª\Vofdf n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] x'g'kg]{ ;Demgf lbnfof] .!@ To; cfb]zn] x]g{ nfossf kl/0ffd b]vfof] M ;g\ @))@ sf] lgjf{rgkl5 s+u|];df dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt !$ k|ltztaf6 #% k|ltzt k'Uof] .!#

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s}og\ :yfgdf ltgLx¿ sDtLdf Pp6f /fhg}lts kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] cfwf hlt 5g\, t/ kf6L{ g]t[Tjdf k'¿if;“u a/fa/Lsf] xs kfPsf 5}gg\ . w]/}h;f] /fi6«df ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ /fhg}lts ;+u7gsf ;ldltx¿ / zlQmsf cgf}krfl/s ;~hfnx¿nfO{ k'¿ifx¿n] lgoGq0f u5{g\ .

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1 Friedman, Elisabeth, 2000. Unfinished Transitions: Women and the Gendered Development of Democracy in Venezuela, 1936–1996. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, p. 96.

2 Baldez, Lisa, 2004a. ‘Obedecieron y cumplieron? The Impact of the Gender Quota Law in Mexico’. Paper presented at the meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas, 7–9 October 2004. Women made up 52 percent of the PAN’s PR candidates, compared to 47 percent for the PRI and 42 percent for the PRD.

3 See also Caul, Miki, 1999. ‘Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties’. Party Politics. Vol. 5, no. 1; and Norris, Pippa, ‘Breaking the Barriers: Positive Discrimination Policies for Women’, in Jyette Klausen and Charles S. Maier (eds). Has Liberalism Failed Women? (forthcoming).

4 Caul 1999, op. cit., p. 81. 5 Reynolds, Andrew, 1999. ‘Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World:

Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling’. World Politics. Vol. 51, no. 4 (July), p. 569. 6 Baldez, Lisa, 2004b. ‘Elected Bodies: The Gender Quota Law for Legislative Candidates in

Mexico’. Legislative Studies Quarterly. Vol. XXIX, no. 2 (May), pp. 231–58. 7 Htun, Mala, 2001. ‘Electoral Rules, Parties, and the Election of Women in Latin America’.

Paper prepared for the 97th annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 30 August–2 September.

8 Latinobarómetro, 2004. ‘Una década de mediciones’ [A decade of measurements]. Informe Resumen. Santiago de Chile, 13 August 2004, <http://www.latinobarometro.org> (accessed 25 October 2004).

9 Norris, Pippa, 2004. Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

10 Archer, Ronald P. and Matthew Shugart, 1997. ‘The Unrealized Potential of Presidential Dominance in Colombia’, in Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Shugart (eds). Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133–4.

11 Htun, Mala and Mark Jones, 2002. ‘Engendering the Right to Participate in Decisionmaking: Electoral Quotas and Women’s Leadership in Latin America’, in Nikki Craske and Maxine Molyneux (eds). Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America. London: Palgrave, pp. 39–40.

12 García, Ana Isabel, 2003. ‘Putting the Mandate into Practice: Legal Reform in Costa Rica’. Paper presented at the International IDEA Workshop, Lima, Peru, 23–24 February.

13 Jones, Mark, 1998. ‘Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Lessons from the Argentine Provinces’, Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 31, no. 1 (February), pp.

135

3–21; and Jones, Mark, 2004. ‘Quota Legislation and the Election of Women: Learning from the Costa Rican Experience’. Journal of Politics. Vol. 66, no. 4 (November), pp. 1203–23.

14 Baldez 2004b, op. cit. 15 Htun, Mala, 2001. ‘Women’s Leadership in Latin America: Trends and Challenges’, in

Politics Matters: A Dialogue of Women Political Leaders. Washington, DC: Inter-American Dialogue, p. 16.


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dGqL / Joj:yflksf;DaGwL sfo{x¿aLr c;dfgtfsf] lgod klg dlxnfsf lgldQ ck|ToIF ?kdf a]kmfObfhgs /x]sf] 5 lsgls o;n] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ pRr:t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{kflnsf tyf Joj:yflksfsf kbx¿df ;d]t lgo'lQmsf lglDt k|j[Q x'g afWo kf/]sf] 5 . pRr :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] Osf]n] g];gn] l8 P8ldlg:6«];g h:tf ljlzi6 z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df tflnd k|fKt x'G5g\, hxf“ ;a}h;f] k'¿if pTs[i6 /x]sf 5g\ .

kf“rf} u0ftGqsf ;+:yfx¿ / ltgLx¿nfO{ :yfloTj lbg] /fhg}lts kf6L{ b'j}åf/f dlxnfx¿k|lt b'Jo{jxf/ ul/Psf] 5 . tflnd / 5gf}6 ug]{ v'nf d~r x'gaf6 w]/} 6f9f /x]sf] cfgf] ;Í'lrt ljrf/ / a'9\of}nLdf 9Nb} uPsf] g]t[Tjsf ;fy k|mfG;]nL /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] gfd rn]sf k'¿ifx? :jod\nfO{ clu a9fpg ?rfpg] ;d"xsf] ¿kdf dfq} sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ngn] klg oL k|rngx¿sf] pQ/bfloTjsf] lx:;f lng}k5{, lsgeg] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjsf] k|0ffnLdf /fVg o;n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/]g / gf/LjfbLx¿n] klg kl/jt{g /fhg}lts kf6L{af6 xf]Og ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngaf6 cfpg] ck]Iff u/] . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k nfdf] ;do;Dd kf6L{ g]t[Tjsf ;fy} lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;d"xdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj sd /x\of], ltgLx¿sf cfjfh ;'lgg sl7g ePsf] kfOof] .

w]/} jif{;Dd lgjf{lrt sfof{nodf dlxnfx¿nfO{ gfdfÍg ug]{ Ps dfq bn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ /x\of] .# o;/L pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ sf]6f k|0ffnL gegLsg of] k|0ffnL nfu" u/] . ;g\ !(&$ df dlxnf g]t[Tjsf nflu sf]6f ;dfj]z ug{ ;f];ln:6 kf6L{n] cfgf] lgodfjnLnfO{ ;+zf]wg u¥of] . -;'?df !) k|ltzt /x]sf] o; lgodnfO{ ;g\ !(() df

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#) k|ltzt sf]6f l;6 a9fOof]_ . ;f];ln:6 kf6L{n] klg o'/f]k]nL ;+;bsf nflu lgjf{rgdf sf]6f k|0ffnL -Pp6f ;dfg'kflts ;"rL k|0ffnLcGtu{t_ nfu" u¥of], clg To;sf] lgs} kl5 ;g\ !((^ df o;n] ;+;bLo ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ #) k|ltzt sf]6fsf nflu dtbfg u¥of] -h'g ;g\ !((& df nfu" eof]_ . gf/LjfbL k|]/0ff n]; e]t]{; -u|Lg kf6L{_ af6 cfof], h;sf] lgodfjnLdf dlxnf k'¿if ;dfgtfaf/] n]lvPsf] 5 . s'g} klg blIf0fkGyL kf6L{x¿n] sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf 5}gg\ .

k|mfG;df /fhgLltdf dlxnf pkl:yltsf] Pp6f clGtd cj/f]w Gofo;DaGwL lyof] . ;g\ !(*@ gf]e]Da/df /fi6«sf] ;jf]{Rr Goflos lgsfo ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\n] dxfgu/kflnsf lgjf{rgdf n8\g] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLdf s'g} klg lnËsf] clwstd &% k|ltzt k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg] P]gsf] k|fjwfgdfly k|xf/ u¥of] -#,%)) eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;x/x¿df_ . glh/sf] ?kdf :yflkt o; lg0f{oåf/f ;'wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fdfly sfnf] afbn d8fl/of] .

oL ;Dk"0f{ cj/f]wnfO{ k/f:t ug{ To; k|0ffnLnfO{ dflyaf6 ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 7flgof] . lgjf{rgdf p7\g] pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ld>0f ug{'kg]{ cfjZos /x]sf] P]g kfl/t ug]{ o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿df k|mfG; / a]lNhod dfq x'g\ . oBlk, dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ o;sf w]/}h;f] l5d]sLx¿ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] …ljj]sÚ dfly e/ k5{, ;dfgtf;DaGwL P]gåf/f Joj:yflksfsf] lgb]{ztkm{ d'v kmsf{P/ k|mfG; Pp6f ckjfbsf] ¿kdf v8f ePsf] 5 .

;dtfsf] cjwf/0ff

;dtfnfO{ lglZrt lgjf{lrt kbx¿df ;ª\VofTds ¿kn] ;'lglZrt ;dfg kx'“r eg]/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . …;dfgtfsf] nflu dfuÚ / …;fdflhs¿kn] ;+/lrt lje]bkgÚ$ sf] ¿kdf b]vf kg]{ o; wf/0ffn] nf]stGqdf dlxnfsf] gful/stf, cyf{t\, ;dfgtf / lnËx¿aLrsf] leGgtfsf] zf:qLo låljwfnfO{ b/lsgf/ ug{ d2t u5{ . o;n] cd"t{ ;fj{nf}lssjfb ljifo;"rL / dlxnfsf /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjsf] d'2faf/] Pp6f j}slNks ljZn]if0fdflysf] k'glj{rf/nfO{ afWo agfPsf] 5 .

s] ;dtf / sf]6f ;dfg xf] < ;dfgtfdf lglxt bz{g -q'l6ljxLg ;dfgtf_ sf]6fdf lglxt bz{g -h;n] Pp6f åf/ lgdf{0f u5{, clg lje]bk"0f{ ePsf] ¿kdf ;f]lrG5_ eGbf leGg 5 eGg] ljrf/ /fVg]x¿sf] pQ/ …xf]OgÚ eGg] x'G5 . Plnofg] ef]u]n kf]N:sL eGg'x'G5– …;dtfsf] cy{ %)–%) xf]OgÚ, …Pp6f cNk;ª\Vossf] k|ltlglwTjsf] gfddf xf]Og ;dfg bhf{sf gfddf ;dtfsf] dfu ul/G5 .Ú% ;dfgtfnfO{ :yfoL ¿kn] P]g agfpgsf nflu dtbfg klg ul/Psf] 5 eg] l;4fGttM sf]6f Pp6f c:yfoL pkfo xf] . t}klg, ;dtf ;DaGwL k|mfG;]nL P]g sf]6fnfO{ lgjf{lrt dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof t'?Gt} a9fpg Pp6f gd"gfsf] ¿kdf /Iff ug]{ jfbljjfbx¿sf] ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

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;j{k|yd sfplG;n ckm o'/f]kåf/f of] k|:tfj k|:t't ul/Pkl5 ;g\ !**) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ ;dtfsf] cjwf/0ff k|fb'ef{j eof] .^ k|mfG;df ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf of] k|:tfj clwsf/Lx¿dfly bafa lbg] ljåfg\ / gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ngx¿åf/f leq\ofOPsf] lyof] . vf; ljåfg\x¿sf] ljrf/åf/f gf/LjfbL P]g ;'wf/ / ;+zf]wg sfo{n] b|'t ult lnof] . ;g\ !((@ df cp kfpef]o/ l;6f]o]lGg;, lna/]6, Oufln6]6, Kofl/6] (Au pouvoir Citoy Ennes ! Liberte, Egalite, Parite )& zLif{ssf] k':tsn] To; cjwf/0ffnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg d2t k'¥ofof] . clg ;g\ !((^ df /]s'On 8fNnf]h df k|mflG;gL bfldr]nn] dlxnfx¿ sfg'gL¿kn] …ljrf/ gul/Psf / cb[ZoÚ ePsfn] ltgLx¿ sfg'gL l;4fGtsf] ;xfos lnË ePsf] b]vfpg'eof] . k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtdf oyfy{¿kdf ;dtfsf] pkfoåf/f lnËnfO{ PsLs[t ug} k5{ eg]/ pxf“n] cGTo ug{'ePsf] 5 .*

;dtfsf nflu cfx\jfg ljåfg\x¿sf ;fy} /fhg}lts ¿kn] ;lqmo dlxnfx¿åf/f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !((^ h'g dlxgfdf ;a} dlxnf / /fhg}lts kl/lwaf6 cfPsf b; hgf e"tk"j{ dGqLn] Pn PS;k|]; (L' Express) klqsfdf ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf Pp6f 3f]if0ffkq k|sflzt u/] . kl5 To; jfbljjfbsf] kl/0ffddfly o; k|sfzgsf] 7"nf] c;/ k¥of] .

afd / blIf0fkGyL b'j} /fhg}lts g]tfx?åf/f o;nfO{ lj:tf/} lnOPkl5 ;g\ !((! sf] /fi6«k|d'v lgjf{rg / ;g\ !((& sf] ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgtfsf ;dfgtf Pp6f d'Vo d'2f aGof] . k|ltlglwTjsf] ;Í6sf] ;Gbe{df dlxnflagfsf] nf]stGqnfO{ s'¿k nf]stGqsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] lyof] . dt ;j]{If0fn] klg s] b]vfof] eg] dflg;x¿n] ;De|fGtx¿sf] gjLs/0f / gf/Ls/0f x]g{ rfx]sf lyP .( afd kf6L{nfO{ zlQmdf Nofpg] ;g\ !((& sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] ;dfhjfbL g]tf nfog]n hf]l:kgn] 9f]n lk6fPsf s]Gb|Lo d'2fx¿dWo]sf] Ps /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿sf] gjLs/0f -;dfgtf / lgjf{rg hgfb]zsf] ax'ntf ;Lldt ug{]nufot_ /x]sf]n] ;'wf/x¿nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofof] .

;dfgtf ;DaGwL jfbljjfbn] u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ljifos l;4fGtx¿af/] lx+;fTds av]8f pTkGg u¥of], h;n] afdkGyL / blIf0fkGyLaLr ljefhg Nofof] / gf/LjfbLx¿nfO{ klg 5'6\ofof] . To;sf] lj/f]w ub}{ k/Dk/fut u0ftGqjfbLx¿n] gful/sx¿nfO{ ju{df ljefhg ug]{ ePsfn] ;dfgtfn] ;fj{nf}lssjfbsf] lj?4 k|xf/ ug]{5 eGg] ;f]r] . ;dfgtfsf] ;dy{g ug]{x¿ ltgLx¿ lyP h;n] cf}krfl/s ;dfgtfjfbsf] sdhf]/Ldfly hf]8 lbP clg dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z gug]{ s'g} klg nf]stGq jf:tljs nf]stGq xf]Og eGg] s'/f sfod /fv] . ;'wf/sf nflu dtbfgn] To; jfbljjfbdf cGTo Nofof] / ;dfgtf clxn] gful/s ljrf/ / /fhg}lts v]nf8Lx¿sf] aLr Psdt ag]sf] 5 .

;'wf/x¿

dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr ;dfgtf;DaGwL ;g\ !((( h'nfOsf] ;+j}wflgs P]gn] ljwflosf ;+;b ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs kl/lwdf /xL ;sf/fTds sfo{jfxL ug]{ clwsf/ lbG5 .

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lgDglnlvt bkmfsf ;fy To; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # -;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] cljefHotf_ sf] of] k"/s ePsf] 5, …lgjf{rgsf] hgfb]z / lgjf{lrt kbx¿dfly dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg kx'“rsf] kIfdf sfg'g /x]sf] 5 .Ú To;kl5 /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] …sfg'gåf/f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf -l;4fGt_ nfu" ug{ o;n] ;xof]u lbg]5Ú eg]/ v'6\ofp“5 -wf/f $_ . …ParityÚ eÌ] kbfjnL sf] ;§f …EqualityÚ eGg] zAb ?rfOPsf] lyof], To;}n] cl3Nnf] kbfjnL To; d"n kf7df b]vf kb}{g . cf}krfl/s ;dfgtf Jojxf/df nfu" ul/g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Ps l5gsf nflu cNkdt :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ /x]sf] ;'wf/n] ls6fg dfq u5{, t/ ;fj{ef}d hgtfnfO{ k'gJof{Vof u/]/ o;n] of] pTkGg ePsf] nfIfl0fs Joj:yfnfO{ tf]8\g] ePsfn] of] cfwf/e"t xf] . …t6:y gful/stfÚ / JolQmx¿af6 ag]sf] …;dfhsf] PsfTdstfÚ dfly cfwfl/t k'/fgf] Joj:yfsf] :yfgdf ;dtfn] lålnËL, å}w Joj:yfnfO{ leqfp“5 .

;g\ @))@ h'g ^ df …lgjf{rg hgfb]z / lgjf{lrt x'g] kbx¿df dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg kx'“rÚ ;DaGwL P]g kfl/t ubf{ of] gof“ cj:yfsf] kl/0ffd b]vf k¥of] . o; P]gnfO{ ;dtf;DaGwL P]gsf] ¿kdf klg a'‰g] ul/G5 . o;df ;"rL k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt kf6L{x¿sf lgldQ ;Dk"0f{ lgjf{rgdf ltgLx¿sf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdf k|To]s lnËsf] %) k|ltzt x'g' cfjZos 5 -Ps PsfOsf] cGt/sf ;fy_, olb To:tf] geP Tof] ;"rL c:jLsf/ ul/g]5 . o; P]gn] ;d]6]sf lgjf{rgx¿df o'/f]k]nL ;+;b, If]qLo / l;g]6sf -rf/ jf To;eGbf a9L l;6 ePsf ljefux¿df, l;g]6sf] %) k|ltztsf nflu_, / dxfgu/kflnsf lgjf{rgdf -sDtLdf #,%)) hg;ª\Vof ePsf dxfgu/kflnsfx¿df_ lgjf{rgsf x'g\ .!) Ps r/0f dfq ePsf] ;"rL k|0ffnL lgjf{rg -o'/f]k]nL ;+;b, l;g]6 / If]qLo lgjf{rg_ sf nflu ;"rLsf gfdx¿ lz/b]lv k'5f/;Dd k'¿if / dlxnf -jf dlxnf / k'¿if_ x¿sf aLr PsfGt/ qmdn] x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf P]gdf 5 . b'O{ r/0f ePsf ;"rL k|0ffnL lgjf{rgx¿sf lgldQ -If]qLo lgjf{rg / sf]l;{sfg ;efnufot sDtLdf #,%)) hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;x/ / gu/x¿df x'g] dxfgu/kflnsf lgjf{rgdf_ ^ hgf pDd]bjf/ ePsf] k|lt ;d"xdf -dlxnf / k'¿if s'g} klg qmddf ;"rLs[t ug{ ;lsG5_ ;dfgtf k|fKt ug}{k5{ . oBlk, ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL nf]k x'g] cj:yfnfO{ ;Lldt kfg{ ;g\ @))# df If]qLo lgjf{rgsf lgldQ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 9f“rf kl/jt{g ug]{ ;g\ @))$ sf] If]qLo lgjf{rgdf tL lgjf{rgdf b'O{j6f r/0f ePsf] eP tfklg ;"rLdf s7f]/ ¿kdf PsfGt/ qmd nfu" ug{ ;/sf/ ;xdt eof] .

Psn ;b:oLo ax'dtLo k|0ffnL k|of]u ug]{ ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf lgldQ, @ k|ltzt cGt/sf ;fy k|To]s lnËsf pDd]bjf/ %) k|ltzt p7fpg g;Sg] c;kmn kf6L{x¿sf lgldQ P]gn] cfly{s hl/jfgf tf]s]sf] 5 . klxnf] r/0fdf k|fKt dt ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ltgLx¿nfO{ lbg /fHoåf/f 5'6\ofOPsf] cfly{s ;xfotf …pDd]bjf/sf] s'n ;ª\Vofaf6 k|To]s lnËsf] pDd]bjf/sf] s'n ;ª\VofaLr /x]sf] leGgtfsf cfwf a/fa/sf] k|ltztn]Ú 36fOG5, pbfx/0fsf nflu olb Pp6f kf6L{n] #% k|ltzt dlxnf / ^%

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k|ltzt k'¿if k|:t't u/]df leGgtf #) ljGb' /x]sf] 5, o;k|sf/n] o;sf] cfly{s ;xfotf !% k|ltztn] s6f}tL ul/g] 5 .

PsfTds dgf]gog k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ljefuLo ;efx¿ eg] o; P]gåf/f k|efljt 5}gg\ .

sfof{GjogM ;g\ @))! sf] gu/kflnsf / l;g]6sf] lgjf{rg / ;g\ @))@ sf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rg

gof“ P]gsf] klxnf] k/LIf0f ;g\ @))! sf] dfr{ !! b]lv !* ;Dddf ;DkGg gu/kflnsf lgjf{rgn] ;f] P]g ;dfgtfnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;Ifd /x]sf] s'/f b]vfof] . o;df kl/ifb\sf s'n ;b:ox¿sf] k|ltzt $&=% kf/]/ #,%)) eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;x/ / gu/x¿df #*,))) hlt dlxnfx¿ :yfgLo kl/ifb\x¿df lgj{flrt eP . lgjf{lrt kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿dWo] @%=& k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf] ;g\ !((% sf] t'ngfdf Pp6f pNn]Vo pknlAw -*$=* k|ltzt_ ePsf] lyof] . k|To]s lnËsf %) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/ p7fpg} kg]{ afWotf vf; sl7gfOlagf k"/f ul/P em}“ nfUg ;S5 M kf6L{ ;"rLdf /x]sf ^)) hlt pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtcg';f/ cGt/jft{f lnOPsfx¿dWo] &* k|ltztn] cfgf] ;"rL agfp“bf ;dfgtf ;DaGwL P]g sfof{Gjog ug{ …;lhnf]Ú ePsf] 7fg] .!! kf6L{x¿n] …Go"gtd ;]jfÚ u/]gg\M u[x dGqfnon] ;~rfng u/]sf] Pp6f gd'gf ;+sngcg';f/ olb ^ hgf pDd]bjf/sf] sf]i7df ;a} kf6L{n] ;a}eGbf dfly tLghgf k'¿if / To;kl5 tLg hgf dlxnf v8f u/]sf eP clGtd kl/0ffd $# k|ltzt dlxnf x'g] lyof] .

lgjf{lrt dlxnfsf] cg'kft ;a}eGbf sd -#,%)) b]lv (,))) hg;ª\VofM clxn];Dd oL gu/kflnsfx¿df dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ;a}eGbf sd /x]sf] lyof]_ $&=$ k|ltztb]lv -#),))) eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsfx¿df_ $* k|ltzt;Dd ;d'bfosf] cfsf/ cg';f/n] leGg x'G5 .

oBlk, #,%)) eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf gu/kflnsfx¿df -hxf“ klxnf s'g} cj/f]w /x]sf] lyPg_ $% k|ltzteGbf a9Lsf] pknlAwsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ ;g\ !((% sf] @! k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf #)=! k|ltzt dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsfn] o; P]gsf] c;/ ljk/Lt ;Gbe{df klg lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . gu/k|d'vx¿ ck|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f r'lgg] ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf] lgo'lQm k|lqmofdf sd c;/ k/]sf] lyof] h;af/] o; P]gn] s]xL klg af]n]sf] 5}g . lgjf{lrt d]o/x¿dWo] !)=( k|ltzt dfq dlxnf lyP . of] Ps cf};t k|ltzt xf], h;n] #,%)) eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf -oLdWo] ^=( k|ltztdfq dlxnfåf/f zfl;t lyP_ / #,%)) eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf -h;dWo] !!=@ k|ltzt dlxnfåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] lyof]_ ;x/ / gu/aLr /x]sf] pNn]Vo l/QmtfnfO{ phfu/ ub}{g . /fhgLltdf n}lËs c;dfgtfn] zlQmsf] d'xf/df /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{ .

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tflnsf !@ M k|mfG;df dlxnf / /fhg}lts zlQm

ldlt -;g\_

;b:o ;+Vof

dlxnf ;+Vof

% dlxnf lgjf{rgsf] k|sf/

;/sf/ @))$ -clk|n_ $@ !) @#=*

o'/f]k]nL ;+;b @))$ &* #$ $#=% ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;"rL

/fli6«o ;ef @))@ %&& &! !@=# Psn ;b:oLo ax'dtLo, b'O{ r/0fdf

l;g]6 @))$ ##! %^ !^=(

;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnLM 7"nf If]qx¿, ;dfg'kflts ;"rL, ;fgf If]qx¿ b'O{ r/0f k|0ffnL

If]qLo kl/ifb\ @))$ !,**) *(% $&=^ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;"rL

;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ -ljefux¿_ @))$ #,(^^ $!! !)=$ Psn ;b:oLo ax'dtLo,

b'O{ r/0fdf

:yfgLo kl/ifb\ #,%)) eGbf dfly hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;x/ / gu/x¿

@))! *,))$ #*,!)^ $&=% ;dfg'kflts ;"rL, b'O{ r/0fdf

:yfgLo kl/ifb\ #,%)) eGbf tn hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;x/ / gu/x¿

@))! #(#,&(^ !!*,#@! #)=! ;dfg'kflts ;"rL, b'O{ r/0fdf

d]o/ @))! #^,%%* #,(*& !)=( Psn ;b:oLo ax'dtLo, b'O{ r/0fdf

k|mfG;df ;+;bLo zfvf -/fli6«o ;ef / l;g]6_ dfeGbf sfo{sf/L zfvfdf dlxnfx¿ lgs} a9L ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf] lj8Dagf 5 .

dlxnfsf] ;a}eGbf a9L k|ltzt ePsf ;efx¿ ;dfg'kflts ;"rL dtbfgåf/f lgjf{lrt ePsfx¿ x'g\ . ;"rL k|0ffnLsf] lgjf{rgdf ;dfg¿ksf] dlxnf–k'¿if pDd]bjf/x¿ x'g' cfjZos x'g] ;g\ @))) sf] ^ h'gsf] P]g sfof{Gjogn] To; k|jl[QnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5M ;g\ @))! sf] lgjf{rgkl5 #@,%)) eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;x/ / gu/x¿sf :yfgLo kl/ifb\x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof sl/a bf]Aa/ ePsf] 5 hxf“ pgLx¿n] kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿dWo] $&=% k|ltzt cf]u6]sf 5g\ .

;|f]t M k|mfG;]nL u[x dGqfno, ;g\ @))$

143

bf];|f] k6s P]g sfof{Gjog ePsf] ;g\ @))! ;]K6]Da/ @# sf] l;g]6 lgjf{rgkl5 dflyNnf] ;bgdf !)=( k|ltzt l;6 dlxnfdf uof] -klxnfsf] %=( k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf, *$=& k|ltzt pknlAwsf ;fy_ . &$ ;"rL k|0ffnLåf/f -;dfgtfsf] zt{df_ / @* j6f Psn ;b:oLo k|0ffnLdf -;dfgtf cfjZos gePsf]_ u/L lgjf{rgsf nflu Ps ltxfO l;6x¿ -#@! dWo] !)@_ v'nf lyP . lgjf{rgsf nflu w]/} dlxnf v8f eP -pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] $@ k|ltzt_ . To;lbgsf] cGTodf !)@ dWo] @@ hgf -@!=% k|ltzt_ dlxnf lyP . ;dfgtf cj/f]w nfu" /x]sf] ;dfg'kflts ;"rLdf lgjf{lrt k|foh;f] ;a} dlxnf -@@ hgfdf @)hgf_ lgjf{rgdf ljhoL eP .

vf; u/]/ blIf0fkGyL afx'Nosf s}og\ k|ltli7t JolQmn] -kbu|fxL l;g]6/x¿_ ax'efuLo …leGgdtÚ ;"rL agfpg] /0fgLlts pkfo lnPsfn] l;g]6df dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof cgk]lIft lyof] . ;"rLdf t];|f] :yfgdf /flvPdf xfg]{ hf]lvd p7fpg'eGbf ltgLx¿n] cGo ;"rLx¿df klxnf] :yfgdf b]vf kg{ ?rfP . clg oL …jfON8 sf8{Ú ljrf/x¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ gub}{ kf6L{n] ;b:ox¿nfO{ rfx] cg';f/ ug{ lbP . oBlk, s}og\ afdkGyL dlxnfn] pbfx/0fsf nflu ;f];ln:6 pDd]bjf/kl5 bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf rf/ hgf afdkGyL dlxnf pDd]bjf/ k|To]s dlxnfx¿n] lgjf{lrt eP/ blIf0fkGyL pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s r'gf}tL lbPsfn], dlxnfsf] ;/f]sf/nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg t k/} hfcf];\ blIf0fkGyL pDd]bjf/x¿sf] lgldQ of] Jo:ttf 3fts l;4 eof] .

@@ hgf lgjf{lrt dlxnfdWo] !# hgf -%( k|ltzt_ afdkGyL kf6L{sf lyP -;ft hgf ;f];ln:6, kf“r hgf sDo'lg:6 / Pshgf lu|g kf6L{sL_ . l;g]6df dlxnfx¿dWo] sDo'lg:6 ;d"xsf] ;jf]{Rr cg'kft /x]sf] 5 -$#=% k|ltzt_ . To;kl5 ;f];ln:6sf] -!$=$ k|ltzt_ blIf0fkGyL ;d"xx¿ ;]G6l/:6 o'lgog -!#=@ k|ltzt_, u0ftGqsf] nflu gf/f (Rally for the Republic-RPR) -$=@ k|ltzt_ / :jtGq u0ftflGqsx¿ (Independent Republicans) -@=$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 .

k|efjsf/L eP tfklg l/Qmtfx¿ ePsf]n] o; gof“ P]gdf ;'wf/ ul/g'k5{ . oyfy{df o;n] gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/Lx¿, cGt/gu/kflnsf ;+/rgfx¿ / ;a}eGbf dfly ljefuLo ;efx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] 5 . logLx¿ k'¿iftkm{ nlrnf] /x];Dd -ltgLx¿df !)=$ k|ltztdfq dlxnf ;b:o 5g\_ Joj:yflksf lgjf{rgsf nflu dgf]gogsf] af“8kmf“8dfly ltgLx¿sf] gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ M kf6L{x¿n] …c;nÚ lhNnfx¿, k|d'v kf6L{ JolQmTjx¿ -tL dtbftfx¿n] lrg]sf_ ljefu :t/Lo lgjf{lrt clws[tx¿aLr af“8kmf“8 ug{ ?rfp“5g\ .

cGTodf, ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{, ;+;bLo lgjf{rg;“u ;DalGwt P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿ k|To]s lnËaf6 jt{dfgsf] %) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/L lbg] jf cfly{s hl/jfgf ef]Ug] eGg] 5 . t/ /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] lhDdf nufpg] ePsf]n] oy]i6 dfqfdf s7f]/ 5}g . olb ;g\ @))@ h'g ( b]lv !^ sf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgx¿af6 s'g} kf7 l;Sg] xf] eg] 7"nf kf6L{x¿n] a9L dlxnf pDd]bjf/ p7fpg k5fl8 x6\g'kg]{ x'g;Sg] kbu|fxLx¿sf] …alnbfgÚ lbg cfjZos x'g] ePsf]n] cfly{s hl/jfgf ltg{ ?rfPsf 5g\ .

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;g\ @))$ sf tLgj6f lgjf{rgaf6 lgsfNg ;lsg] lgisif{ lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 M If]qLo kl/ifb\x¿df $&=^ k|ltzt -;g\ !((* sf] @&=% k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf_ dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP / o'/f]k]nL ;+;bdf $#=% k|ltzt dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP t/ ljefuLo ;efx¿df !)=( k|ltzt dfq -;g\ !((* sf] *=^ k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf_ dlxnf 8]Ko'6Lx¿ lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . of] P]g lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ 5 M o;n] Psn ;b:oLo k|0ffnLåf/f lgjf{lrt ePsfx¿nfO{ s]xL gu/Lsg dlxnf k|ltlglwTj klxn]b]lv g} pRr /x]sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;"rL k|0ffnLåf/f lgjf{lrt ;efx¿sf] gf/Ls/0fnfO{ a9fPsf] 5 . o;n] …k'¿ifÚ lsNnfx¿ /x]sf klxn]sf / kl5sfx¿aLr /x]sf] l/SttfnfO{ cem km/flsnf] kf/]sf] 5 . of] dlxnfx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L e]befjdf kg]{ :yfgdf cem a9L …;Rofpg]Ú e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/g] Pp6f ;sf/fTds P]gsf] gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f xf] .

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1 They gained these rights under an ordinance of 21 April 1944. 2 In 1936 French women did not have any political rights, yet three women became

ministers. 3 In the post-war period, the Popular Republic Movement (Catholic) also elected women,

but this movement soon disappeared from the political scene. 4 Gaspard, Françoise, 1994. ‘De la parité: genèse d’un concept, naissance d’un mouvement’

[On parity: the genesis of a concept, the birth of a movement]. Nouvelles Questions Féministes. Vol. 15, no. 4, p. 31.

5 Vogel-Polsky, Eliane, 1994. ‘Les impasses de l’égalité ou pourquoi les outils juridiques visant à l’égalité des femmes et des hommes doivent être repensés en terme de parité’ [The

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impasse of equality, or why judicial measures for the equality of women and men have to be rethought in terms of parity]. Parité-Infos, special issue. No. 1, p. 9.

6 In 1989, it organized a seminar on parity democracy. 7 Gaspard, Françoise, Claude Servan-Schreiber and Anne Le Gall, 1992. Au pouvoir

citoyennes! Liberté, Egalité, Parité [To power, women citizens! Liberty, equality, parity]. Paris: Seuil.

8 Demichel, Francine, 1996. ‘A parts égales: contribution au débat sur la parité’ [Equal shares: Contribution to the debate on parity]. Paris: Recueil Dalloz Sirey, 21 March.

9 According to an IPSOS poll (Journal du Dimanche, 22 June 1997), 80 percent of those interviewed said they approved of the idea of putting the objective of male–female parity into the constitution. See Sineau, Mariette, 1998. ‘La féminisation du pouvoir vue par les Français-es et par les hommes politiques: images et représentations’ [The feminization of power seen by the French and by political man: images and representations], in Jacqueline Martin (ed.). La Parité: Enjeux et mise en oeuvre [Parity: the stakes and the implementation]. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail, pp. 61–81.

10 Towns and cities with more than 3,500 inhabitants are a minority of the 36,000 municipalities, but account for two-thirds of the total number of council members elected.

11 A CSA poll conducted from 15 to 18 February 2001. 12 The three other women elected, who belong to small political groupings, sit (like the

Green woman deputy) in the group of individuals not registered with any parliamentary group, as a minimum of 20 members of the Assembly are required to constitute such a group.

13 Sineau, Mariette, 2001. Profession: femme politique. Sexe et pouvoir sous la Cinquième République [Profession: political woman. Gender and power under the Fifth Republic]. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po., p. 248.

14 National Assembly, [official analytical report of the 3rd session], 15 December 1998.

yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Agacinski, Sylviane, 1998. Politique des sexes [The politics of the sexes]. Paris: Seuil

‘Femmes en politique’, 1997. Pouvoirs, No. 82

Génisson, Catherine, 2002. La parité entre les femmes et les hommes: une avancée décisive pour la démocratie [Parity between women and men: a decisive step forward for democracy]. Report to the Prime Minister. Observatory on parity between women and men. Paris: Documentation Française

‘La Parité “pour”’, 1995. Nouvelles Questions Féministes. Vol. 15, no. 4

‘La Parité “contre”’, 1995. Nouvelles Questions Féministes. Vol. 16, no. 2

147

Le piège de la parité: Arguments pour un débat [The parity trap: arguments towards a debate], 1999. Paris: Hachette-Littératures

Mossuz-Lavau, Janine, 1998. Femmes/hommes: Pour la parité [Women/men: for parity]. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

Sineau, Mariette, 2002. ‘Parité in Politics: From a Radical Idea to Consensual Reform’, in Isabelle de Courtivron et al. Beyond French Feminisms. Debates on Women, Politics and Culture in France, 1981–2001. New York and London: Palgrave/St Martin’s Press, pp. 11–126

— 2003. Genderware: The Council of Europe and the Participation of Women in Political Life. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing


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;g\ @))@ sf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf ;Gbe{df, t/ of] ;do ;a}eGbf 7"nf] aSof}tfsf ;fy ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL oyf:yfgdf g} /x\of] . k|lt kf6L{ Pp6f If]qLo / Pp6f /fli6«o b'O{j6f leGg ;"rL ePsf] k|0ffnL aGb ;"rLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] k|0ffnL;“u ldN5 . oBlk, unt 9ª\un] kl/eflift /0fgLltsf sf/0f dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿åf/f naL ug]{ k|of;sf] ck]lIft c;/ k/]g . ;a} kf6L{ ;"rLdf sDtLdf @% k|ltzt dlxnf pDd]bjf/ x'g'k5{ eg]/ ltgLx¿n] dfu u/] . oBlk, ;"rL k|sflzt x'“bf /fli6«o ;"rLdf dlxnfx¿sf] gfd !^ k|ltzt / /fli6«o / If]qLo ;"rLdf ;du|df !) k|ltzteGbf sd dfq lyof] eg] ljleGg kf6L{sf aLr 7"nf] c;dfgtf lyof] . ofsf]jf cf]P8/fjf]uf]n] l6Kk0fL u/]cg';f/ …!# j6f lgjf{rg If]qdf hDdf @@@ k|TofzLdWo] #( hgf -cy{ft\ !&=% k|ltzt_ pDd]bjf/sf ;fy cnfOG; km/ 8]df]q]m;L P08 k]m8]/]zg–P8LPkm ( Alliance for Democracy and Federation-ADF)/ clk|msg 8]df]qmf6\;\ sf]cln;–cf/8LP (African Democrats Coalition-RDA) hg n}lËs ;dfgtf hdfpg c¿ cufl8 uof] .Ú! k|mG6 ckm ;f];n kmf];]{; –PkmPkmP; (Front of Social Forces-FFS) / sf]cln;g ckm 8]df]q]ml6s kmf];]{;–;LPkm8L (Coalition of Democratic Forces-CFD) sf] cg'kft !# k'¿ifsf nflu ! dlxnf lyof] cyf{t\ dlxnfx¿ pDd]bjf/x¿sf] & k|ltzt dfq k'u] .

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of] cj:yfnfO{ efu efudf u/]/ kf6L{ ;"rL agfpg pDd]bjf/x¿ dgf]gog ul/Psf] ljlwaf/] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

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w/f}6L /sd e'QmfgL M lgjf{rg n8\b} u/]sf s]xL kf6L{df pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdf btf{ x'g dgf]gLtx¿n] #,%)),))) eGbf a9L l;PkmP k|mfÍ w/f}6L e'QmfgL ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf lyof] . lgjf{rg n8\g rfxg] ax';ª\Vos dlxnfsf lgldQ olt 7"nf] /sd w/f}6L a'emfpg c;Dej 5 . k|foh;f], cg'ej / ;Lkn] r'gfj n8\gof]Uo dlxnfx¿nfO{ of] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sdL /x]sfn] x6fOPsf] lyof] . o;/L cfly{s ;d:of dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ klxnf] cj/f]w lyof], lsgls w]/} /fhg}lts kf6L{n] pDd]bjf/x¿n] e'Qmfg ug{'kg]{ w/f}6L e'Qmfg ub}{gg\ .

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k|fo /fhg}lts kl/lwsf k'¿if ;dy{sx¿af6 :jtGq / :jfjnDaL x'g ;'? u/]sf lgjf{lrt dlxnfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ ltgLx¿nfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L a9L lgjf{lrt kbdf /x]sf cg'ejL dlxnfx¿eGbf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k"0f{tof ckl/lrt / cg'ejljxLg s]xL dlxnf lgjf{rgdf n8\g] l;6df 5flgPsf x'G5g\ . ljutdf lgjf{lrt s]xL dlxnfn] cfkm" ;g\ @))@ sf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf dgf]lgt gx'g'sf] sf/0f oxL xf] eg]/ eg]sf 5g\ . dlxnfx?nfO{ 5gf}6 x'gsf nflu o;k|sf/sf] cfjZostf c:ki6, kl/jt{gzLn / kf6L{ dgf]gog cj/f]wk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

151

t}klg, o;k|sf/sf] kbk"lt{n] /fhg}lts ¿kn] cg'ejL dlxnfx¿nfO{ Pp6f cj;/ lbg;Sg] ePsfn] o;n] ltg} dlxnfx¿ l;sf/ klg x'g ;S5g\ cyf{t\ ltgLx¿ cfgf] ;dy{ssf] kl/jt{gzLn sf/0fsf] cwLgdf x'G5g\ . cfk\mgf ;dy{s;“usf] ;Dks{df kl/jt{g cfPkl5 jf kf6L{sf k'¿if g]tfx¿aLr zlQm jf g]t[Tjsf nflu ;ª\3if{sf sf/0f ltgLx¿nfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 eg]/ ljutdf lgjf{lrt w]/} dlxnfn] eg]sf 5g\ . o:tf] kbk"lt{, kf6L{x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] kb:yfkg / ltgLx¿sf] xs ;a} s'/f s'g} lglZrt /fhg}lts g]tfx¿;“usf] JolQmut ;DaGw / ?lrsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] x'G5 h;sf JolQmut ?lrn] ljifout of]UotfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u5{ .

/fhg}lts g]tfx¿sf kIfaf6 o; rngn] /fi6«df dlxnfx¿sf] gful/stf ;DaGwL ltgLx¿sf] af]w / nf]stGqsf] cy{af/] s]xL k|Zgx¿ v8f u5{ . g}nf sla/sf cg';f/ a'ls{gf kmf;f]nfO{ pklgj]z agfOPsf] lyof] / gful/stfsf] ljrf/, h;sf] cy{ JolQmx¿ clwsf/x¿sf] ;+jfxs x'g\ eGg] x'G5, n] ;dfhdf cem;Dd h/f uf8] sf] 5}g .@ gful/stf / nf]stGq;“u ;DalGwt lrGtgsf] s]Gb|laGb' /x]sf] ;dfgtf;DaGwL l;4fGt cem};Dd Pp6f c:ki6 zAb g} /x]sf] 5 lsgeg] lgjf{lrt sfof{nosf] s'/f cfp“bf dlxnf / k'¿ifnfO{ clwsf/df ;dfg ;f]lrPsf] 5}g .

dlxnf dtbftfx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf M a'ls{gf kmf;f]sf] hg;ª\Vofdf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt -%@ k|ltzt_ kf6L{x¿sf lgldQ dlxnfsf] dtnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ k|of; ug{ oy]i6 sf/0f x'g ;S5 . dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;~hfnnfO{ wGoafb, dlxnfx¿nfO{ r'gfjL ¥ofnL cleofgsf nflu ultzLn agfpg, dtbfg u/fpg / dtbfg s]Gb|df 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf pkl:yt u/fpg ;lhnf] 5 . dlxnfdfly …rf}kfof dtbftfÚ sf] 5fk nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . lgjf{rg kl/0ffddf dlxnf dtsf] jhgaf/] ;fjwfg /x]sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] dlxnf dtbftfsf] To; ;d"xnfO{ nf]Eofpg s]xL dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . b'ef{Uojz, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dlxnf cfgf] lgjf{rg Ifdtfaf/] cem;Dd r]tgzLn eO;s]sf 5}gg\ .

pDd]bjf/x¿sf] pb\ud :yn M ;g\ @))@ sf] lgjf{rgsf nflu /fli6«o e"efunfO{ !# j6f lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf]n] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ :yfgLo dtbftfnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ tL ljleGg If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/x¿ kbk"lt{ ug{ afWo t'Nofof] . o;sf] cy{ of] eof] ls ;fdflhs–cfly{s zlQmsf] lglZrt :t/ pkef]u ug]{ s]xL dlxnf pDd]bjf/ k'¿if sd ePsf lgjf{rg If]qx¿df btf{ eP . To:tf dfldnfdf kf6L{n] Ifdtf ePsf] sf/0fn] pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ vf]hL u/]gg\, t/ To;sf] abnf If]qLo jf /fli6«o ¿kdf zlQm ePsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ dgf]gog u/] .

pDd]bjf/x¿sf] Ifdtf M a'ls{gf kmf;f]df ljleGg af}l4s dlxnfx¿ Pp6f ;d"xsf] ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\, ltgLx¿ /fhg}lts ;Gbe{åf/f /fhgLltdf ;xefuL x'g] snfdf kf/Ët x'g k|]l/t ePsf 5g\ . s]xL dfldnfdf cfgf] JolQmut /fhg}lts b[9 lgZrodf e/ kb}{ ltgLx¿ ljleGg /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;“u cfa4 ePsf 5g\ jf cGo dfldnfdf ltgLx¿sf] of]Uotfsf sf/0f d'Vo kf6L{sf g]t[Tjåf/f vf]lhPsf lyP . dlxnf dtbftf


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152


;d"xnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf sf/0f /fli6«o dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ g]t[Tj lbg] dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL x'g xf};nf lbOPsf] lyof] . o:tf] k|jl[Q ckl/kSj 5 / o;n] cNkdtdf /x]sf wgLdfgL af}l4s dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfq ;+nUg u/fPsf] 5 . cfgf] ;"rLdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ubf{ u'0fx¿nfO{ jf:tjdf of]Uotf dfGg] kf6L{ g]tfx¿ ce}m klg sd dfq clgoldt 5g\ . To:t} u/]/, ;'?cft ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] eljiodf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] u'0f:t/df c;/ kg]{ eP tfklg ce}m klg o;nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

cGo ;"rgfx¿n] s] ;'emfj lbG5g\ eg] /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] lgjf{rg ;"rLdf dlxnfnfO{ kbk"lt{ ug]{ s'/f cfp“bf ljifout of]Uotf k|foh;f] b]vfk5{ . ofsf}jf cf]O8/fjuf]n] cfgf] n]vdf l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ ls Pshgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/n] …;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf dlxnfx¿nfO{ jl~rt ug{ lbg' nfO{ lg/fwf/ xf]Ú . Pp6f ;"rLdf Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ :yfg glbOg'df eGg] ul/Psf] Psdfq sf/0f pgL Pshgf k'¿if gePsfn] xf] eGg] tYo tL pDd]bjf/n] yk ul/g\ .

;fdfGotof kf6L{ ;"rLsf lgldQ pDd]bjf/x¿sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofaf/] o; k|lqmofn] pTkGg u/]sf] pRr¿kn] k|rf/ ul/Psf åGåx¿åf/f k|dfl0ft lgjf{rg nl8/x]sf cg]sf}“ pDd]bjf/x¿ -k'¿if tyf dlxnf_ n] jfbljjfb u/]sf 5g\ . kf6L{leq pDd]bjf/x¿sf] /fhg}lts tf}n kf6L{ ;"rLdf ltgLx¿sf] :yfgn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . o; ;Gbe{df dlxnf pDd]bjf/ k|j4{sx¿n] cfk\mg} …k|f]l6luhÚ cyf{t\ cfgf] c;Gt'i6 k'¿if ldqx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ /Iff ug{ rt'¥ofO“ b]vfpg ;Lldt dfq :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6;“u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ kf6L{ ;"rLdf dlxnfsf] sdhf]/ k|ltlglwTjsf sf/0fx¿dWo]sf x'g\ .

l;lsPsf kf7x¿

a'ls{gf kmf;f]sf] ;Gbe{df dlxnf kbk"lt{af/] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|efjnfO{ t}klg v'6\ofpg ;ls“b}g . pDd]bjf/x¿sf] 5gf}6 / lgjf{rg ;"rLx¿df :yfg lgwf{/0f h:tf cGo w]/} sf/s tŒjx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5g\ . of] lk5nUu' k|j[lQ kf6L{k|ltsf] jkmfbf/L / cl:y/ u"6aGbLx¿ ;[hgf ub}{ /fhg}lts g]tfx¿aLrsf] zlQm åGåaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] 5 .

dlxnf ;d"xx¿sf] Pp6f 7f]; ;~hfnlagf pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog / 5gf}6 ug]{ cfwf/x¿ / cem a9L dlxnf k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf nflu bafa lbg] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] k|lqmofdfly k|efj Go"g x'G5 . jsfnt / naL ug]{ ckof{Kt /0fgLltsf sf/0f kf6L{ ;"rLdf lhTg ;lsg] :yfgdf dlxnfsf] pRr cg'kft k|j4{g ug{ ;~rfng ul/Psf jsfnt / naL ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;Lldtdfq c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

nf]stflGqs 9ª\un] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ a'ls{gf kmf;f]sf] /fhg}lts ;+:sf/n] ce}m cg'dlt lbPsf] 5}g . lgjf{lrt sfof{nosf lgldQ pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6df /x]sf

153

:ki6 cfwf/x¿sf] sdLdf /fhg}lts ckl/kSjtf JoQm ePsf] 5 . cfrf/ ;+lxtfx¿ oy]i6¿kdf :ki6 ul/Psf jf /fhg}lts g]t[Tjåf/f ;Ddfg ul/Psf 5}gg\ .

dlxnf ;xeflutfsf nflu sf]6f nfu" ug]{ cfgf] jrgj4tfnfO{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] ;Ddfg ub}{gg\ . cleofgd'vL lqmofsnfkx¿df dlxnf ;d"xx¿ ;Ël7t gePsfn] To;f] ug{ ltgLx¿dfly s'g} bafa 5}g .

;fdfGotof, o'jf dlxnfx¿ -kf7zfnf uPsf jf guPsf_ /fhgLltdf ;dfg¿kn] ;xefuL x'g ;fdflhsLs[t ePsf 5}gg\ . w]/} cj:yfdf g]t[Tj bfaL ug{sf] nflu ;Ifd x'g ltgLx?df cfjZos cg'ej 5}g . /fhg}lts /+ud~rdf kx'“r k|fKt ug{ / Toxf“ k|efj kfg{ ltgLx¿nfO{ ce}m klg k'¿if /fhg}lts g]tfx¿af6 k|z:t ;xfotfsf] vf“rf] 5 .

/fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] :yfg / e"ldsfn] ;/sf/L hflu/df ltgLx¿sf] kx'“rnfO{ c;/ kf5{ . $* j6f cflwsfl/s ¿kdf dfGotf k|fKt /fhg}lts kf6L{dWo] Pp6f dfq dlxnfåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] 5 / d'Vo /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] g]t[Tj xfn klg k'¿ifx¿sf] nflu dfq k]jf /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf nflu kf6L{sf] ;lqmo ;b:otf b'n{e /x]sf] 5, h;n] ltgLx¿sf] lgldQ g]t[Tjsf kbx?df k'Ug sl7g agfp“5 . ;fdfGotof, ltgLx¿sf] ;b:otf k'¿if -cfkmGt jf ldq_ åf/f lgoGq0f ul/Psf] 5, h;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfgf] ?lr cg';f/n] 5gf}6 / ;dy{g u5{g\ . oL cj:yfdf /fhg}lts ¿kn] ;lqmo s]xL dlxnfsf] jrga4tf ltgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} JolQmut lg0f{o / pTk|]/0ffsf] kl/0ffd gx'g klg ;Sg] hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 .

s}og\ b[i6fGtdf dlxnfx¿ kbk"lt{ x'g] ljlwn] ltgLx¿nfO{ :jfoQtfaf6 jl~rt agfp“5 . ltgLx¿sf] ;dy{sx¿;“usf] ;DaGw / jkmfbf/Lsf] kl/0ffd lqmofzLntf xf]Og ;fª\s]lts dfq x'G5 .

r'gf}tLx¿

/fli6«o ;efdf cfgf] k|ltlglwTj j[l4 ug{df dlxnfx¿n] jt{dfgdf ;fdgf u/]sf r'gf}tLx¿ lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M

• /fhg}lts 1fg / cg'ej k|fKt ug{',

• dlxnf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] Pp6f 7f]; ;~hfn agfpg' / /0fg}lts u7aGwg tof/ ug{',

• ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf of]Uo dlxnfnfO{ ultzLn agfP/ ;lqmo /fhgLltdf ;+nUg u/fpg',

• dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'¿if;/x k"0f{ gful/stfsf] cEof; ug{ ;Ifd agfpg',

• e"ldsf kl/jt{g ug{' / /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]t[Tj lgsfoleqsf dlxnfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;an agfpg',


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flu dlxnf kbk"lt{


• lgjf{rg ;"rLx¿df pDd]bjf/x¿-dlxnf / k'¿if_ sf] dgf]gog / rognfO{ k|efljt kfg{' /

• cfgf] lgjf{rg cleofgnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfly{s ;|f]tx¿dfly kx'“r k|fKt ug{' jf ultzLn agfpg' -ljz]if u/]/ kf6L{x¿sf lgldQ /fHosf] cfly{s af“8kmf“8df_ .

/0fgLltx¿

pko'{Qm cfwf/df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 ug{ w]/} /0fgLltx? l;kmfl/; ug{ ;lsG5 .

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf a9fpg 7f]; / ;dfj]zL ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0f M ;lqmo bafa ;d"xsf] bL3{sfnLg bafaljgf dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf rfx]cg';f/ b|'t¿kn] j[l4 x'g] 5}g eGg] s'/fdf s'g} zÍf 5}g . oBlk, dlxnf ;d"xx¿aLr ljefhg / åGåsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k o; nIosf] ;DaGwdf P]Soj4tfdf sdL cfp“5 . dlxnfx¿sf] pDd]bjf/LnfO{ 6]jf lbg vf; ;/f]sf/ / /fhg}lts Ph]G8fsf ;fy ;femf cfjfhsf] ljsf; ug{ dlxnfx¿n] Pp6f 7f]; / ;dfj]zL ;~hfn agfpg] pkfo kQf nufpg'k5{ . tNnf] txsf ;+3 / ;d"xx¿åf/f ;dy{g k|fKt ug{ dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ cfkm" c;'/lIft ePsf] dx;'; ug{'nfO{ k/flht ug]{ / /fhg}lts¿kn] ;zQm ePsf] cg'ej ug{ d2t ug]{ Pp6f pkfo xf] .

cf}krfl/s sf]6fx¿ / lgoGq0fsf] nflu naL ug{' M s}of}“ jif{;Dd /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cgf}krfl/s sf]6f sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf jrgx¿åf/f k|nf]eg lbPsf 5g\ . oBlk, Jojxf/df ltgLx¿ nfu" ePgg\ / lhTg ;lsg] :yfgx¿df dlxnfnfO{ kb:yfkg ug]{ hgfb]zsf ;fy cf}krfl/s sfg'gL sf]6fx¿sf] k|:tfjgfaf/] ljrf/ ul/g'k5{ .

gLltx¿sf af/] hfgsf/L a9fpg] M a9L k|efjsf/L /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf lgldQ dlxnfx¿sf] cfk\mg} /fhg}lts ljrf/ x'g'k5{, pgLx¿ To;nfO{ k|f;lËs tj/n] :ki6tfsf ;fy cleJoQm ug{ ;Ifd x'g' cfjZos 5 / ltgLx¿ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf cled'vLs/0f / sfo{qmdx¿aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ a'em\g ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . ltgLx¿ /fhg}lts v]nsf bfpk]r / lgodx¿nfO{ a'em\g / /fhg}lts jfbljjfbdf k|of]u x'g] cd"t{ / ljz]if1tfo'Qm efiffsf] 1ftf x'gdf ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . oL leGg :t/x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] cyfx cfjZostf k"/f ug{ o:tf tflnd cfjZos 5g\ .

k|fylds / dfWolds ljBfnox¿df dlxnf ljBfyL{x¿sf] gful/s lzIff klg /fhg}lts d'2fx¿af/] cEo:t dlxnfx¿sf] 6's8L agfpgsf nflu pkof]uL 5 . ;fg} pd]/b]lv /fhg}lts sfo{åf/f lzIff / l;sfOn] aflnsfx¿sf] gful/s r]tgfnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ d2t u5{ ;fy} ltgLx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df tNnf] :t/df ;xefuL x'g xf};nf

154



155

lbG5 h;af6 kl5 uP/ g]t[Tjsf] ;+/rgfdf clwsf/ ePsf kbx?df ltgLx¿sf] kx'“r k'uf];\ .

;lqmo /fhgLltdf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dlxnfnfO{ uf]naGb u/]/ ;xefuL agfpg' M clxn];Dd ;dfhsf] caf]nf cfwf efusf] aLrdf /x]sf] b[li6sf]0fsf ljrf/x¿nfO{ JoQm ug{ Ifdtfjfg\ dlxnf g]tfx¿ b]vf kg]{ cg'dlt lbgsf nflu cfgf] vf; cfjZostf, cGtb{[li6 / pTk|]/0ffd'vl/t ug{ dlxnfx¿ uf]naGb x'g' cfjZos 5 . u|fdL0f txsf ;+3 / ;d"xx¿åf/f ;dy{g k|fKt ug{' dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ cfkm" c;'/lIft ePsf] dx;';nfO{ x6fpg' / /fhg}lts ¿kn] ;zQm ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;xof]uL pkfo xf] .

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xfotf ug]{ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf M ;a}eGbf of]Uo dlxnfx¿nfO{ ul/aLsf sf/0f pDd]bjf/ x'gaf6 cnu kfl/Psf] cj:yf / ;a}eGbf of]Uo dlxnfx¿ /fli6«o /fhgLltdf b]vf kg]{ xf] eg] dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xfotf ug{ sf]if :yfkgf cfjZos /0fgLltx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] .

o; 36gf cWoogn] b]vfPcg';f/ lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf dlxnf kbk"lt{nfO{ ljleGg sf/s tŒjn] c;/ kf5{g\ . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|of]u ug]{ cGo :yflkt nf]stGqx¿df eGbf To;sf/0fn] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] sd k|efj 5 . Joj:yflksfdf /fd|/L k|ltlglwTj x'g dlxnfx¿ uf]naGb x'g}k5{, cfjZos ;Lkx¿ l;Sg'k5{ clg cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ug{'k5{, ;Dej eP Pp6f ljz]if ;xfotf sf]if . cGTodf, /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ k/flht ug{ dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ Pp6f Go"gtd sf]6f lglZrt ug]{ Pp6f k|efjzfnL P]g klg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

kfbl6Kk0fL

1 Ouedraogo, Yacouba, 2002, ‘La palme de la misogynie au FFS et a la CFD’ [The prize for misogyny goes to the FFSA And the CFD]. Journal Le Pays. No. 2604, p. 3

2 Kaber Naila, 2002. ‘Citizenship, Affiliationa d Exclusion: Perspective from the South’ IDS Bulletin. Vol. 33, no. 2.


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157

;':t ultdf lgwf{l/t x'“b} u/]sf] /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof j[l4, /fhg}lts lgsfox¿df n}lËs ;dfgtfdf k'Ugsf nflu ljleGg gLltut pkfox¿ nfu" eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] pkl:yltsf] j[l4 / ;'/Iffsf lglDt sf]6f k|0ffnLn] To:tf] ;+oGq k|:t't ug]{ ePsfn] clxn] o;nfO{ ljZjel/ ckgfO“b} 5 . sf]6f k|0ffnL] pkof]usf] kIf / ljkIfdf lbOPsf ts{x¿ s] s] x'g\ < s:tf] k|sf/sf] sf]6f k|0ffnLn] Jojxf/df dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ uxlsnf] j[l4tkm{ pGd'v u/fPsf] 5 < ljleGg lgjf{rg k4ltdf s'g sf]6f k|0ffnLn] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] sfd u5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] s;/L nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 < o; cWofon] lgjf{rg sf]6f ;lxtsf] ljZjnfO{ / s'g sf]6fn] dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ P]ltxfl;s 5nfª\tkm{ 8f]¥ofp“5 jf 8f]¥ofPsf] 5 eg]/ hf“ra'em u5{ .

!= sf]6f jf sf]6f k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <

dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ sf]6fn] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL, ;+;b, s'g} ;ldlt jf ;/sf/sf] s'g} lgsfodf dlxnf ;b:osf] lglZrt ;ª\Vof jf k|ltztsf] Joj:yf u5{ . sf]6fn] ;/sf/, ;+;b / :yfgLo kl/ifb\x¿ h:tf cfdlgjf{rg jf lgo'lQmåf/f u7g x'g] ;+:yfx¿df dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo /fV5 . n}lËs sf]6fn] ;dfj]lztfsf cfwf/df j}wtf k|fKt u5{, h;cg';f/ dlxnfsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjsf d'Vo sf/0fx¿ /fhg}lts bnx¿ / ;du|df /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿sf] c;dfj]zL k|rngx¿ x6\5g\ . sf]6f k|0ffnLn] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] kbk"lt{sf] af]em Pshgf dlxnfdf geO{ kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdfly lgoGq0f sfod ug]{ /fhg}lts bnx¿dfly yf]kl/lbG5 .! sf]6fn] dgf]gog / 5gf]6

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj j[l4Mn}l·s sf]6fdf gof“ k|j[lQx?

158


ug]{x?nfO{ dlxnfsf] 5gf]6 / kbk"lt{ ug{ afWo kfb{5 / ljZjsf w]/}h;f] e"efudf dlxnfx?nfO{ cfh pgLx¿;“u gePsf] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .

lgjf{rgdf n}lËs sf]6fsf ax'k|rlnt b'O{ k4ltx? 5g\ M cf/lIft l;6 / pDd]bjf/sf] sf]6f .

pDd]bjf/sf] sf]6f M o;n] lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/x?df dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] Go"gtd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ub{5, clg lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdf of] nfu" x'G5 . sfg'gL pDd]bjf/ sf]6faf/] ;+ljwfg, lgjf{rg ;DaGwL P]gx¿ jf /fhg}lts bn;DaGwL P]gx¿df pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . P]gåf/f :yflkt To:tf] sf]6fn] ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts bnnfO{ cfjZos k|ltztdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ kbk"lt{ ug{ afWo u/fp“5 . /fhg}lts bnx¿åf/f oL afx]ssf :j}lR5s kf6L{ sf]6fx? :j]R5fn] nfu" ul/G5g\ / dWokGyL–afdkGyL em'sfj ePsf bnx¿df o:tf] k|j[lQ a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 eg] pbf/ / k/Dk/fut bnx¿ ;fdfGotof sf]6f k|0ffnL k|lt clgR5's jf b[9tfk"j{s lj/f]w ug{tkm{ pGd'v x'G5g\ .

cf/lIft l;6 M o;n] ;+ljwfgdf jf P]gåf/f tf]lsPcg';f/ ;+;bdf /x]sf k|ltlglwx¿dWo] dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ lglZrt l;6 ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ub{5 . cf/lIft l;6x¿nfO{ lgjf{lrt sf]6f dWo]sf eg]/ uGg'x'“b}g eg]/ s;}n] ts{ ug{;S5 . oBlk, tL l;6x¿ kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu lgo'lQm ug{'eGbf dlxnfsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ s]xLn] ;dfj]z ub}{ cGon] c;dfj]z ub}{ cfhef]ln cf/lIft l;6x¿ ljleGg k|sf/df cfp“5g\ . o'ufG8fdf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf Pp6f ljz]if dtbftfsf] ;d"xåf/f dlxnf Pshgf lgjf{lrt x'g] u/L %) j6f l;6 cf/lIft 5g\ . ?jfG8fdf Toxf“sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ Pp6f ljz]if sfo{ljlwåf/f lgjf{lrt #) k|ltzt l;6 dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft 5g\ . tfGhflgofdf @) k|ltzt l;6 dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft 5g\ / Toxf“ ;+;bdf lgjf{lrt ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf /fhg}lts bnx¿aLr cf/lIft l;6 ljefhg ul/G5 . s]Gof / s]xL c/a /fHodf h:t} cf/lIft tL l;6x¿ lgo'lQm k|lqmofåf/f k"lt{ ul/G5 .

c:ki6 clg ;a}nfO{ c“ufNg] ju{sf] …dlxnfÚ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Pshgf dfq jf lgs} sd dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ cf/lIft l;6x¿ x'g] klxn]sf l;4fGtnfO{ ca kof{Kt ePsf] dflg“b}g . cfhef]ln sf]6f k|0ffnLn] dlxnfn] sDtLdf #) jf $) k|ltztsf] …r/d cNk;ª\VofÚ lgdf{0f u?g\ jf ljleGg cGt//fli6«o ;lGw / cle;lGwdf dfu ul/Pcg';f/ …n}lËs ;Gt'ngÚ ug]{ p2]Zo /fv"g\ eg]/ lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zo /fV5 . /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] k|j]zdf /x]sf] cj/f]w gx6];Ddsf nflu Pp6f c:yfoL pkfosf] ?kdf sf]6f k|0ffnLnfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 ;lsG5 .

sf]6f k|0ffnLn]] vf; u/]/ dlxnf ;xeflutfdf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5, lsgeg] ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ ;d:of ;fdfGotof dlxnfsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTj xf] . clwsf+z /fi6«df dlxnfx¿ hg;ª\Vofsf] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L ePsf] t/ ljZjel/df ltgLx¿n] !^

159

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj j[l4M n}lËs sf]6fdf gofF k|j[lQx?

k|ltzteGbf sd dfq ;+;bsf] l;6 cf]u6\g] ePsfn] sf]6f k|0ffnL vf; u/]/ cfjZos / ;fGble{s klg 5 .

lnË t6:y sf]6f M oBlk, sf]6f k|0ffnLnfO{ lnË t6:ysf ¿kdf klg ;+/rgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o; dfldnfdf, pbfx/0fsf nflu kbx¿sf lgldQ bnsf] ;"rLdf jf lg0f{o lng] lgsfodf s'g} klg lnËn] ^) k|ltzteGbf a9L jf $) k|ltzteGbf sd :yfg cf]u6\g gx'g] cfjZos of]Uotf x'g;S5 . dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ sf]6f k'¿if k|ltlglwTjsf nflu clwstd b]lvg] ePsfn] lnË t6:y sf]6f n] b'j} lnËsf lgldQ clwstd ;Ldf lglZrt ug{;S5 . slxn]sfxL“ lnË t6:y sf]6f k|0ffnLsf lgodx¿ k'¿iflj?4 lje]bk"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] sf]6f k|0ffnLsf lj/f]wLx¿sf] ts{nfO{ v08g ug{ /0fg}lts 5gf}6sf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u ul/G5 .

b|'t dfu{ (Fast Track) sf] ¿kdf sf]6f k|0ffnL M cfhef]ln xfdL hf]8{g / ckmuflg:tfg h:tf P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fhgLltaf6 k|foM k"0f{¿kn] cnu /flvPsf :yfgx¿df sf]6f sfo{qmdx? k|j]z u/fOPsf] b]V5f}“ . To:tf] cj:yfdf n}lËs sf]6fx¿n] /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] k|j]z / k|ltlglwTjsf] hf]8bf/ k|f/De (Kick-Start) sf] sfo{ u5{ . cGo cj:yfdf, lg0f{o lng;Sg] cf]xbfdf kx'“r k|fKt ug{df dlxnfx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf pknlAwnfO{ 7f]; agfpg / c¿ a9L ;'b[9 kfg{ jf k5f}6]kgnfO{ /f]Sg sf]6fnfO{ k|j]z u/fOG5 . :SofG8]g]leofnL /fi6«x¿n] dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjdf qmlds j[l4sf] 9f“rf -tnsf] p4/0f x]g{'xf];\_ k|:t't u5{g\ eg] ch]{lG6gf, sf]:6fl/sf, blIf0f clk|msf / ?jfG8f h:tf /fi6«n] gof“ …b|'t dfu{Ú 9f“rfsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ .@

…dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] ;d:ofnfO{ sf]6f k|0ffnLn] dfq ;Daf]wg ug{ ;ls“b}g . /fhg}lts bnx¿, lzIff k|0ffnL, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, 6«]8 o'lgogx¿, rr{ h:tf wfld{s ;+:yfx¿ ;a}n] cf–cfk\mgf ;Ë7gx¿leq dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ hub]lv g} Jojl:yt 9Ën] k|j4{g ug]{ pQ/bfloTj lng}k5{ . o;n] ;do lng]5 . of] /ftf/ft jf Ps jif{ jf kf“r jif{df x'“b}g . ;fy{s kl/jt{g dx;'; ug{sf nflu o;n] Ps jf b'O{ k':tf lng]5 . l:j8]gdf xfdLn] ul//x]sf] sfd oxL xf] . xfdLn] sf]6f k|0ffnLaf6 ;'? u/]gf}“ . /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] k|j]znfO{ ;xh agfpg xfdLn] klxnf cfwf/ tof/ u¥of}“ . xfdLn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ To; If]qdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu bIf /x]sf] lglZrt x'g] u/L tof/ kf¥of“}, clg xfdLn] k|0ffnL tof/ kf¥of}“ h;n], k'¿ifx¿sf nflu cnu x'g s]xL sd nHhf:kb agfof] . To;kl5 7"nf] pknlAw cfjZos /x]sf] :yfg / ;+:yfsf lgsfox¿df xfdLn] Pp6f cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf sf]6f k|0ffnLnfO{ k|of]u u¥of}“ .Ú

lalu{6f b\xn, lgjt{dfg ;efd'v, l:j8]g

160


@= sf]6f M kIf tyf ljkIf

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts pkl:ylt j[l4 ug]{ Pp6f pkfosf] ¿kdf sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] k|j]zaf/] kIf / ljkIfdf ljleGg ts{ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . kIf / ljkIfx¿ tn ;"rLs[t ul/Psf 5g\ .

@=!= ljkIf

• dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] ePsfn] sf]6f ;a}sf lgldQ ;dfg cj;/sf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt 5 .

• /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj ;fdflhs ju{x¿aLrsf] /f]hfO xf]Og, ljrf/ / bnaLrsf] /f]hfO x'g'k5{ .

• sf] lgjf{lrt x'g] eGg]af/] dtbftfn] lg0f{o ug]{ ePsfn] sf]6f k|0ffnL cnf]stflGqs 5 .

• sf]6f k|0ffnLn] /fhgLlt1x¿ cfgf] of]Uotfsf cfwf/df geO{ n}lËs cfwf/df lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g\ eGg] ;"lrt u5{ / o;af6 of]Uo pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ kfvf nufOG5 .

• s}og\ dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ dlxnf ePs} sf/0fn] dfq lgjf{lrt x'g rfx“b}gg\ .

• sf]6f k|0ffnL k|j]z u/fO“bf bn ;Ë7gdf 7"nf] dfqfdf åGå pTkGg x'G5 .

• dlxnfsf lglDt sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkl5 c¿ ;d"xsf lgldQ klg ;f]xL dfu x'G5, h;sf] kl/0ffd s]jn ;d"xut ?lrcg';f/ k|ltlglwTjsf nflu /fhgLlt x'G5 .

@=@ kIf

• dlxnfx¿sf lglDt sf]6f k|0ffnLn] lje]b ub}{g, a? pgLx?nfO{ Gofok"0f{ 9Ën] /fhg}lts l;6x¿sf] ;fem]bf/L ug{sf nflu /x]sf] jf:tljs cj/f]wx¿sf lgldQ Ifltk"lt{ lbG5 .

• sf]6f k|0ffnLn] Pp6f ;ldlt jf ;efdf w]/} dlxnfx? Ps;fy ePsf] ;"lrt u5{, o; l/tn] ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTjdf /x]sf dlxnfn] k|foh;f] cg'ej ug]{ bjfj Go"gLs/0f u5{ .

• gful/ssf] ¿kdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ 5 .

• /fhg}lts hLjgdf dlxnfsf] cg'ej cfjZos 5 .

• k'¿ifx¿n] dlxnfx¿sf ;/f]sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . w]/} dlxnfn] dfq dlxnfx¿sf] ljljwtfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5g\ .

161


• lgjf{rg z}lIfs of]Uotf;“u ;Da4 ljifo geO{ k|ltlglwTj;“u ;Da4 ljifo xf] .

• dlxnf k'¿if hlQs} of]Uo 5g\, t/ k'¿ifx¿sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf dlxnfsf] of]UotfnfO{ Go"g bhf{sf] agfOPsf] 5 / sd cfsng ul/Psf] 5 .

• sf]6f k|0ffnLn] JolQmut ¿kdf dflg;sf lj?4 lje]b ub}{g, a¿ sf]6f k|0ffnLn] P]gx¿n] /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] k'¿ifnfO{ dfq dgf]gog ug]{ k|jl[QnfO{ ;Lldt agfp“5 . dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ klg dtbfg ug{ ;Dej ePsfn] dtbftfsf] cj;/nfO{ km/flsnf] kfl/Psf] 5 .

• sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/fpgfn] åGå x'g ;S5, t/ tL åGåx? c:yfoL x'G5g\ .

• xfn !&( j6f /fi6« kIfw/ /x]sf] dlxnflj?4sf ;a} vfn] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw -CEDWA_ sf ;fy} !((% sfo{sf nflu a]Olhª d~rnufot n}lËs ;dfgtf ljifos w]/} cGt//fli6«o ¿kdf dfGotf k|fKt ;Dd]ngn] dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjsf lgldQ nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ .

• ljZjdf k'¿ifx¿n] *) k|ltzteGbf a9L ;+;bsf l;6 cf]u6\g'nfO{ s;/L dgfl;j 7x/fpg ;lsG5 <

dlxnfsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjsf ;d:ofx¿af/] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ljlwx¿sf s'g s'g /0fgLltx? ;fGble{s 5g\ eGg]af/] ;f]rljrf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kl/0ffd x'G5 . Tof] ;d:of dlxnfsf] ;Lldt cg'ej jf 1fgsf] ¿kdf c;+ultk"0f{ tj/n] l;lh{t 5 eg] dlxnfnfO{ lzlIft u/fpg' ;xL pkfo xf] eg]/ x]l/G5 . csf{tkm{, alxis/0fsf ;+:yfut ;+oGq ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ d'Vo ;d:of dfGg] xf] eGg] To;kl5 kl/jt{gsf] af]em ;+:yfx¿ / /fhg}lts bnx¿dfly /flvG5, h;nfO{ lje]bk"0f{ cEof;x¿sf lgldQ pQ/bfoLsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 .

@=#= ;dfgtfsf b'O{ cjwf/0ffx¿

;fdfGotof, dlxnfsf lgldQ sf]6f k|0ffnLn] ;dfgtfsf] Pp6f cjwf/0ffaf6 csf]{ cjwf/0fftkm{sf] :yfgfGt/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . ;dfgtf;DaGwL zf:qLo pbf/jfbL l;4fGt …;dfg cj;/Ú jf …k|lt:kwf{Tds ;dfgtfÚ sf] l;4fGt lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu cf}krfl/s cj/f]wx¿ x6fP/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbg'nfO{ g} kof{Kt xf] eGg] ;f]lrGYof] . af“sL s'/f dlxnfsf] JolQmut Ifdtfdfly lge{/ lyof] .

kl5Nnf s]xL bzsx¿df dlxnfjfbLx¿sf] bafakl5 ;dfgtf;DaGwL csf]{ cjwf/0ff– …kl/0ffdsf] ;dfgtfÚ sf] l;4fGtn] a9\bf] ¿kdf ;fGble{stf / ;dy{g k|fKt ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ts{ s]jn cf}krfl/s cj/f]wx¿ x6fpgfn] dfq jf:tljs ;dfg cj;/ pTkGg x'“b}g eGg] 5 . k|ToIf e]befjsf ;fy} n'Kt /x]sf cj/f]wx¿sf] Pp6f hl6n 9f“rfn] /fhg}lts k|efjsf] cfgf] efu k|fKt ug{df dlxnfx¿sf nflu cj/f]w

162


k'¥ofp“5 . sf]6f / c? vfnsf ;lqmo ;dfgtfsf ;fwgx¿ o;k|sf/n] kl/0ffdsf] ;dfgtftkm{ a9\g] pkfo x'g\ . ;fwgsf] ¿kdf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;dfg Jojxf/åf/f ;dfgtfnfO{ Pp6f nIosf] ¿kdf xfl;n ug{ ;ls“b}g eGg] cg'ejdf of] ts{ cfwfl/t 5 . cj/f]wx¿ eP eg] of] ts{ ul/G5 ls kl/0ffdsf] ;dfgtf k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f ;fwgsf] ¿kdf Ifltk"lt{ lbg] pkfox¿nfO{ k|j]z u/fpg'k5{ .

#= sf]6f jf sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] ;+;f/

;g\ @))% df $) eGbf a9L /fi6«n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ub}{ jf ljleGg k|sf/sf P]g kfl/t ub}{ lgjf{rgdf sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf 5g\ . cGo %) eGbf a9L /fi6«df Toxf“sf d'Vo /fhg}lts bnx¿n] :j]lR5s ¿kn] lgjf{rgsf nflu dgf]gog ug]{ pDd]bjf/x¿sf] lglZrt k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfsf ;fy sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf 5g\ . sf]6f k|0ffnLs} sf/0f ch]{lG6gf, sf]:6fl/sf, df]hflDas, ?jfG8f / blIf0f clk|msf h:tf /fi6«x¿ ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf dflyNnf] :yfgdf /x]sf gl8{s /fi6«x¿;“u k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .

sfg'gL lgjf{rg sf]6f k|of]uaf/]sf] l;+xfjnf]sg tflnsf !# df lbOPsf] 5 . To; tflnsfn] b]vfPcg';f/ /fhgLltdf w]/}h;f] sfg'gL n}lËs sf]6f k|0ffnL kl5Nnf bzsx¿tfsf dfq k|j]z u/fOPsf lyP .

ljZjsf ljleGg If]qx¿df ljleGg k|sf/sf sf]6f k|l;4 /x]sf 5g\ .# o;sf ;DaGwdf cu|0fL If]q Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL kl/jt{gn] /fhgLltdf n}lËs sf]6fsf nflu dfu{k|z:t u/]sf] 5 . clk|msf, afNsg / blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf sf]6f Joj:yf xfn;fn} nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ . klZrdL o'/f]kdf sf]6f d'VotM bnsf :j]lR5s sf]6f sf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5, t/ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf k|mfG; / a]lNhod /x]sf 5g\ . k"j{ / dWo o'/f]kdf Hofb} yf]/} bnn] dfq sf]6f;DaGwL P]gx¿ kfl/t u/]sf 5g\ / ;+;bsf nflu s'g} klg sfg'gL n}lËs sf]6f;DaGwL lgodx? /x]sf 5}gg\ . o:tf] lj/f;t cf+lzs ¿kn] Pp6f ldyssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] eP tfklg sDo'lg:6 zf;g Joj:yfdf …ank"j{ssf] d'lQmÚ sf] ¿kdf sf]6f Joj:yfn] o; If]qsf sf]6f k|0ffnLsf lj/f]wLx¿nfO{ g} an k'¥ofPsf] 5 . c/a ljZjdf ljleGg ;d"x -wfld{s, hfltut jf j+zut_ sf] lgldQ 5'6\ofOPsf l;6x¿sf] ¿kdf sf]6f k|0ffnL k|l;4 5 / xfn;fn} dfq s}og\ /fi6«n] lglZrt l;6x¿ 5'6\ofOg' kg]{ Pp6f ;d"xsf] ¿kdf …dlxnfÚx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ .

n}lËs sf]6f k|0ffnLs} kl/0ffd:j¿k dlxnf /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjdf cfwfl/t /fi6«x¿sf] ljZj juL{s/0fdf xfn;fn} Pp6f gf6sLo kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . sf]6fsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ?jfG8f, sf]:6fl/sf, ch]{lG6gf, df]hflDas / blIf0f clk|msf xfn cGt/Joj:yflksf ;+3sf] ljZjdf lgs} pRr :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd juL{s/0fsf] ;jf]{Rr :yfgdf Ps lsl;dn] PSn} /x]sf kf“rj6f gl8{s /fi6« 8]gdfs{, lkmgNofG8, cfO;NofG8, gj]{ / l:j8]g h:tf /fi6«n] xfn r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{' kl//x]sf] 5 .

163


tflnsf !#M /fli6«o ;+;bdf ;+j}wflgs sf]6f tyf lgjf{rg P]gdf sf]6f k|0ffnL ePsf /fi6«x¿*

sf]6fsf] k|sf/-;+ljwfg /÷jf

P]gdf_**

k|j]zu/fOPsf] jif{

xfnsf]sf]6f k|0ffnL

-Ü_

;+;bdf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt-xfn;fnsf] lgjf{rg_

cd]l/sfchl{]G6gf C,L !((!, !((! #) #$=! -@))#_af]lnleof L !((& #) !*=% -@))@_a|flhn L !((& #) *=@ -@))@_sf]:6fl/sf L !((^ $) #%=! -@))@_8f]ldlgsg l/klAns L !((& @% !&=# -@))@_OSj]8f]/ L !((& @) !^=) -@))@_u'Pgf C,L pknAw 5}g ## @)=) -@))!_xf]G8'/; L @))) #) )%=% -@))!_d]lS;sf] L @))@ #) @@=^ -@))#_Kffgfdf L !((& #) (=( -!(((_kf/fUj] L !((^ @) !)=) -@))#_k]? L !((& #)! &=% -@))!_o'/f]ka]lNhod L !(($ ## #%=# -@))#_af]l:gof xh{uf]legf L @))! ## !^=& -@))@_k|mfG; C,L !(((, @))) %) !@=! -@))@_d];]8f]lgof L @))@ #) !&=% -@))@_;lj{of PG8 df]G6]g]u|f] L @))@ #) &=( -@))#_clk|msf / vf8L d'n'slha'6L L @))@ !) !)=* -@))#_Ol/l6«of C pknAw 5}g #) pknAw 5}ghf]8{g L @))# ^ l;6 %=% -@))#_s]Gof C !((& ^ l;6 ^=& -@))@_df]/f]Ssf] L #) l;6 !)=* -@))@_?jfG8f CL @))# #) $*=* -@))#_;'8fg L pknAw 5}g !) (=& -@)))_tfGhflgof C @))) @)–#) @@=# -@)))_pufG8f C !((%, (*( %^ l;6 @$=& -@))!_Pl;ofckmuflg:tfg C @))$ @% @%= -@))$_cfdl{]gof L !((( % $=^ -@))#_afª\nfb]z C @))$ $% l;6 @=) -@))!_OG8f]g]l;of L @))# #) !!=) -@))$_sf]l/of 8]df]qm]l6s l/= L pknAw 5}g @) pknAw 5}gg]kfn C !((),!(() % %=( -!(((_kfls:tfg L @))@ ^) l;6 @!=^ -@))@_lkmlnlkG; C !((%, !((% @) !&=* -@))!_tfOjfg C !((& !)–@% @@=@ -@))!_

164


* Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfdf tNnf] ;bg jf Psn ;bg . af]lnleof, a|flhn, k]?, lu|;, ;lj{of / df]G6]g]u|f], gfldlaof, blIf0f clk|msf, tfGhflgof, afª\nfb]z, rLg, ef/t, g]kfn, kfls:tfg, lkmlnlkG; / tfOjfgdf klg :yfgLo / If]qLo Joj:yflksfx¿df ;+j}wflgs sf]6f k|0ffnLx¿ 5g\ . x]g{'xf];\ < http://www.quotaproject.org>

** C sf] cy{ ;+ljwfgx¿df v'6\ofOPsf sf]6fx¿sf k|jfwfgx¿ xf] / L sf] cy{ P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] sf]6fx¿sf] k|fjwfg xf] .

;|f]tM Dahlerup, Drude and Lenita Freidenvall, 2005, ‘Quotas as a “Fast Track” to Equal representation for women. ‘International Feminist Journal of Politics. Vol. 7, no.1, March; and <http://www.quaotaproject.org.>

#=!= gl8{s /fi6«x¿

bzsf}“;Dd gl8{s /fi6«x¿df ljZjdf dlxnfsf] ;a}eGbf pRr /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lyof] . of] j[l4 w]/}h;f] ljut #) jif{df eof] . ;g\ @))! / @))% sf] cjlwdf ;DkGg lgjf{rgx¿kl5 ;g\ @))% df ;+;bdf /x]sf ;b:ox¿sf] s'n ;ª\VofdWo] l:j8]gdf $% k|ltzt, 8]gdfs{df #& k|ltzt, gj]{df #^ k|ltzt / cfO;NofG8df #) k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwTj lyof] .

;fdfGo a'emfOsf] ljk/Lt :SofG8]g]leofdf s'g} klg ;+j}wflgs wf/f jf P]gn] dlxnfsf] pRr k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu ub}{g . of] j[l4sf nflu bnleqsf dlxnf ;d"xsf ;fy} ;fdfGotof dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿n] lbPsf] nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] bafanfO{ g} k|foh;f] o;sf] >]o lbg ;lsG5 . /fhg}lts bnx¿n] cfk\mgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ cyf{t\ lhTg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ePsf dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 u?g\ eGg] lglZrt ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿ uf]naGb / ;Ël7t eP . gl8{s /fi6«x¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ePsf] j[l4sf] jf:tljs k|f/De s'g} klg bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/ sf]6fsf] Joj:yf ug{'eGbf klxn] cyjf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf eof] .

:SofG8]g]leofdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 ug]{ bafa ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts bndfly lbOPsf] lyof] . s]xL bn ljz]if u/]/ dWokGyL–jfdkGyL bnx¿n] bnut ?kdf g} :j]lR5s sf]6f gLlt nfu" u/]/ k|ltlqmof hgfP . ;g\ !(&), *) / () sf] bzsdf tLgj6f :SofG8]g]leofnL /fi6«df klxn] jfdkGyL bnx¿n] clg ;f];n 8]df]qm]l6s kf6L{x¿ h:tf /fhg}lts bnx¿ cfkm}“n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿sf cfwf/df sf]6f;DaGwL gLlt nfu" ePsf] lyof] . oBlk, w]/}h;f] dWokGyL / jfdkGyL bnn] sf]6fk|0ffnLnfO{ …cg'bf/Ú dfg]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !((# df l:jl8; ;f];n 8]df]qm]l6s kf6L{n] …;"rLsf] k|To]s bf];|f] :yfgdf dlxnfÚ sf] l;4fGt k|j]z gu/fp“bf;Dd To:tf] lyof] . %)M%) ePkl5 dlxnfx¿ ca …sf]6f dlxnfÚ /x]gg\ a? …k'¿ifx? sf]6fsfÚ h:tf] b]lvP .

165


#=@= /fhg}lts bn / sf]6f

lgjf{rgdf sf]6f k|0ffnLn] nf]stflGqs k|lqmofsf] hunfO{ g} :kz{ u5{ / lj/f]wLx¿sf cg';f/ o;n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf k|ltlglwx¿ 5fGg kfpg] dtbftfsf] clwsf/;“u åGå x'g;S5 . oBlk, cWofo # n] ;ª\s]t u/]cg';f/ dgf]gogx¿ r/d cj:yfx¿ x'g\ / dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/ dtbftfdf geO{ /fhg}lts bnx¿df lglxt x'G5 . k|foh;f] /fi6«df /fhg}lts bnx¿ /fhg}lts sfof{nosf] jf:tljs k|j]zåf/ ePsfn] sf]6f k|0ffnLn] /fhg}lts bnsf] s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / :yfgLo sfof{nox¿aLr ljjfb x'g]tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg ;S5 . :yfgLo sfof{nox¿ s]Gb|Lo bn ;Ë7gsf] x:tIf]klagf cfk\mg} pDd]bjf/ p7fpg kfpg] cfgf] clwsf/sf nflu a9L ;+3if{ ub{5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu k];fut jf hftLo cfjZos of]Uotfx¿df cfwfl/t cGo lsl;dsf sf]6fx¿nfO{ klg cf}krfl/s ¿kn] ;dfj]z u/fO“bf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ sf]6f gLlt nfu" u/fpg lglZro g} ;lhnf] x'G5 . s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf geO{ l;6x¿sf] c;dfg'kflts ;fem]bf/L ub}{ Pp6f If]qsf] ;6\6f csf]{ vf; If]qnfO{ lbg] u/L ;+;bsf l;6x¿nfO{ /fi6«sf ljleGg e"efudf ljt/0f ug]{ If]qLo …sf]6fÚ jf:tjdf w]/}h;f] /fi6«df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk, To:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ lj/n} sf]6f elgG5 .

#=#= ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fHo Joj:yf / ;+;bLo agf]6

Oltxf;n] ;flat u/] em}“ nfU5 ls sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog k|foh;f] l;6x¿ …cf]ul6g]Ú k'/fgf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf eGbf gof“ k|0ffnLdf ;/n x'G5 clg To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k gof“ ;d"xx¿ / xfn eO/x]sfaLr åGå pTkGg x'g;S5 . ;fdfGotof, lgjf{lrteGbf dgf]gogaf6 k"lt{ x'g] kbsf nflu sf]6f nfu" ug{ sd hl6n x'G5 . k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf x/]s bnn] Pshgf dfq pDd]bjf/ k|:t't ug]{ ax';ª\Vos k|0ffnLdf eGbf ;dfg'kflts ;"rL k|0ffnLdf n}lËs sf]6f gLlt nfu" ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . åGåkl5sf] ;dfhdf cfhef]ln cGt//fli6«o ;d'bfon] dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ k|efjzfnL pkfo ckgfpgsf nflu k'g;+{/rgfsf gfosx¿dfly 7"nf] bafa lbO/x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ åGåkl5 O/fs / ckmuflg:tfg h:tf klxn] Hofb} Go"g dlxnf k|ltlglwTj /x]sf ;dfhsf alnof] lkt[;QfTds ;+:s[ltx¿df xfdLn] @% b]lv #% k|ltzt;Ddsf] n}lËs sf]6f k|j]z u/fO“b} ul/Psf] b]V5f}“ . cGt//fli6«o ;d'bfosf] ;dy{gdf :yfgLo dlxnfx¿sf] cfGbf]ngsf] 7"nf] bafakl5 sf]6f;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ afNsg /fi6«x¿df klg k|j]z u/fOPsf] 5 .

sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog k|foh;f]l;6x¿ ‘cf]ul6g]’ k'/fgf] /fhg}ltsk|0ffnLdf eGbf gof“df ;lhnf] x'G5 .

166


#=$= ;fª\s]lts dlxnf <

ef/tdf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] &$ cf}“ ;+zf]wgn] gu/ / ufp“ -k~rfot_ x¿sf :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfox¿df ## k|ltzt l;6 dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft u/]sf] 5 . sf]6fsf ;fy} sf]6fsf] gLlt ef/tLo /fhgLltdf ;'kl/lrt / lgs} ljjfbf:kb /x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/n] cfnf]kfnf] Joj:yf k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf n}lËs sf]6fnfO{ cg';"lrt hfltsf lgldQ sf]6fsf l;6x¿sf ;fy ;+of]hg ul/Psf] 5, h;cg';f/ k|To]s j8fsf] l;6sf lgldQ s'g ju{nfO{ r'gfj n8\g lbOg] 5 eGg]af/] klxnf g} lg0f{o ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k :yfgLo kl/ifb\x¿df b;f}“ nfv ef/tLo dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ . ef/tLo dlxnf cfGbf]ngn] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ kl/rflnt / k|lzlIft u/]sf] 5 . nf]s;ef -/fli6«o ;+;bsf] tNnf] ;bg_ df dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ l;6 ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ -sf]6f_ sf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] eP klg ;+;båf/f k6s k6s c:jLs[t ePsf] 5 . gfldlaof, Ol/l6«of, tfGhflgof / pufG8fn] h:t} afª\nfb]z / kfls:tfgn] klg :yfgLo kl/ifb\x¿sf] lgldQ n}lËs sf]6f nfu" u/]sf 5g\ .

…xfdLn] ufp“ k~rfotx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft ;+;bLo l;6x¿sf lgldQ k|of; u/]sf 5f}“, of] lgs} k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] . xfdLn] k~rfotx¿df dlxnfsf lglDt ## k|ltzt l;6 cf/lIft u/]sf 5f}“ . o; gLlteGbf klxnf, xfdL;“u kbLo g]t[Tjsf nflu dlxnfx? tof/ lyPgg\, t/ o; gLltsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k /fhg}lts bnx¿n] dlxnfx¿sf] vf]hL ug{'k5{ . xfdLn] ldl>t k|ltlqmof kfPsf 5f}“ . s]xL k'¿ifn] dlxnfx¿ cufl8 a9]sf] x]g{ rfx]gg\, To;}n] ltgLx¿n] cfk\mgf >LdtL, a'xf/L / cfdfx?nfO{ dfq cufl8 NofP . t/ s]xL of]Uo, lzlIft dlxnfx¿ klg cufl8 cfP . nf]s ;efsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g s'g} klg ;Ifd dlxnf 5}gg\ eGg] k'/fgf] ts{ yfGsf] nflu;s]sf] 5 . lsgeg] clxn] d]o/ / gu/kflnsf ;ldltsf] ;efWoIfsf] ¿kdf sfo{/t dlxnfnfO{ ;+;bsf] ;Defljt pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf tof/ ul/“b} 5 . k~rfotx¿df a9LeGbf a9L dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'“b}5g\ / ljwflosL ;efsf lgldQ pDd]bjf/x¿sf] of] d"Nojfg ;d"x xf] . o;k|sf/ ljz]if u/]/ ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] o:tf] kftnf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] ef/t h:tf] /fi6«df l;6x¿sf] sf]6f lgs} k|efjzfnL pkfo xf] . ef/tdf %$# ;b:oLo ;bgdf ^=% k|ltzt dfq, #( hgf dlxnf ;b:o 5g\ . ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] lgldQ l;6 cf/If0fsf nflu k|:t't Pp6f ljw]os klg clgl0f{t /x]sf] 5, 5nkmn eO/fv]sf 5g\ . Tof] clxn];Dd kfl/t ePsf] 5}g, t/ dnfO{ nfU5 To;n] lbgsf] k|sfz b]Vg]5 .Ú

;'ifdf :j/fh, nf]s;ef ;b:o, ef/t

ef/tdf sf]6fsf cfwf/df lgjf{lrt dlxnfx¿nfO{ …jfl/; dlxnfÚ gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 lsgeg] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf >Ldfg\x¿sf lgldQ k7fOPsf] ¿kdf :yfgLo kl/ifb\df

167


/fVg ;lsG5 h;n] a}7sx¿df >Ldfg\x¿sf] :yfgdf efu;d]t lng ;S5g\ . ljZjsf cGo e"efudf klg /fhgLltdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ ljz]if u/]/ sf]6f k|0ffnLåf/f lgjf{lrt ePsfx¿nfO{ …;fª\s]lts dlxnfÚ x¿sf] ¿kdf x]l/g ;S5 . …sf]6f k|0ffnLÚ nfO{ dlxnfx¿af/] ePsf cg';Gwfgx¿n] w]/} cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ljz'4 ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTjdf /x]sf], ljz]if u/]/ lgjf{lrt dlxnfx¿sf] cfk\mg} lgjf{rg If]q jf bnx¿df jf /fhg}lts lgsfox¿aflx/sf ;zQm cfGbf]ngx¿df zlQmsf] cfwf/ gePsf] v08df b]vfPsf] 5 . oBlk, k|f/Dedf k"0f{tof cnu kfl/Psf] / zlQmljxLg cg'ej u/]sf t/ qmdzM cfTdljZjf; hufP/ k|efj hdfPsf dlxnfx¿sf ;kmn syfx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf lgldQ dlxnf cfGbf]ng jf cGt//fli6«o ;‹;+:yfx¿n] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdx¿ k|bfg ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .$

…sf]6f b'j}tkm{ wf/ ePsf] t/af/ h:t} xf] . sf]6f k|0ffnLn] Psftkm{, dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ k'¿ifx¿n] :yfg agfpg} kg]{ ePsfn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ug{ k'¿ifnfO{ ;f]Rg afWo agfp“5 eg] csf]{tkm{, tL :yfgx¿ vf]Ng] k'¿ifx¿ g} ePsfn] ltgLx¿n] cfkm"n] Joj:yfkg ug{;Sg], k'¿ifx¿sf] x}sd a9L ;lhnf] u/L :jLsf/ ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] vf]hL u5{g\ .Ú

cGgf afn]6\af], k"j{ ;f+;b, :k]g

oBlk, cfkm"n] ljho k|fKt u/]sf] l;6sf nflu dlxnf ;b:ox? cfkm" ljhoL ePsf] bnk|lt cfef/L /x]sf] / a9L e/ k/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5, -k'¿ifx?n] To;f] ub]{gg\ eGg] h:tf] u/L_ . o;af6 å}w dfkb08sf] cg'ej x'G5 . dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿dfly k'¿if /fhgLlt1x?n] ug]{ gu/]sf] h:tf] u/L ltgLx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f dfq /fhgLlt ;'? u/]sf] cf/f]k klg nfUb} cfPsf] 5, ljz]if u/]/ cg'ofoL k|0ffnLx¿df . s]xL sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] k5fl8sf] cfzo lgMzª\sf]r ?kdf jkmfbf/ dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿ pTkGg ug{' /x]sf] 5 pbfx/0fsf nflu kfls:tfg / k]?sf] h:tf] . ;fª\s]lts dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ lgjf{lrt x'gsf nflu kl/0ffdd'vL Ifdtf clej[l4 / dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿af6 dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]ux¿ k|fKt x'G5 g} eGg] 5}g .

$= sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog

sf]6f k|0ffnLsf lgodx? kof{Kt 5}gg\ . o; k|0ffnLn] cfgf] p2]Zo k|fKt u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] s'/f Jofks dfqfdf sfof{Gjog jf nfu" ug]{ k|lqmof / ljlwdfly lge{/ /xG5 . cf/lIft l;6x¿ ltgLx¿sf] :jefj cg'?k g} nfu" ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf x'g] ePsfn] k|foM pDd]bjf/ sf]6f gLlt nfu" ul/“b}g . sfof{Gjogsf] ljlw :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] / nfu" ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] 5}g eg] #), $) jf %) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/ sf]6fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ul/g] ;Defjgf sd /xG5 jf /xg] u/]sf]

168


5 . sf]6f k|0ffnL ;'?b]lv g} /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] 5gf}6 / dgf]gog k|lqmofdf lglxt /x]sf] x'g'k5{ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu ljleGg /fi6«df ul/Psf leGgfleGg} cWoogx¿af6 k|fKt tYo cg';f/ Pp6f lgjf{rg ;"rLdf k|To]s lnËaf6 sDtLdf #) k|ltzt cfjZos x'g] sf]6f k|0ffnL k|j]zsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k dlxnfn] :jtM #) k|ltzt l;6 lhTg] ;+efjgf x'“b}g . /fhg}lts bnx¿n] #) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/ dlxnf x'g}kg]{ cfjZostf k"/f ug{ klg ;S5g\ t/ ltgLx¿n] k|fozM lhTg g;lsg] kbx¿df ;"rLsf] k'5f/df dlxnfnfO{ /fV5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qdf kbk"lt{ ul/g' kg]{ l;6 ;ªV\of yf]/} /x]sf] 5 / lgjfr{gsf nflu w]/} bnx? p7]sf 5g\ eg] bnsf] ;"rLdf dflyNnf] :yfgdf x'g] ePsfn] ;fdfGotof k'¿ifx¿ g} lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . v'Nnf;"rL ePsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k|of]u ug]{ s]xL /fi6«df dtbftfn] dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ 36'jf ug{ ;S5g\ -jf k'¿if pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ a9'jf ug{ ;S5g\_ . To;af6 dlxnfsf] lgjf{lrt x'g] cj;/df gsf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . oBlk, xfn;fn}sf cGo 36gfx¿df dtbftfn] ljz]if u/]/ afd em'sfj ePsf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdf dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ?rfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 h;df k|fyldstfo'Qm dtbfgsf] ;Defjgfsf ;fy v'nf;"rLn] dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ nfe k'¥ofp“5 .

log} sf/0fn] ubf{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf d]n vfg] / sfd ug]{ vfnsf] sf]6f k|0ffnL / ltgnfO{ nfu" ug]{ lgodx¿ nfu" ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . w]/} sf]6f k|0ffnL;DaGwL P]gx¿ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf 5g\ jf lgjf{rg ;"rLx¿df dlxnfn] s'g s'g :t/÷kbx?

lng] eGg]af/]sf] kb:yfkg hgfb]z -DofG8]6_ sf ;fy cfh tT;DaGwL d:of}bfx¿ tof/ ul/b} 5g\ . Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsg] sf]6fx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M

O/fs M ;g\ @))$ sf] lgjf{rg P]gsf] wf/f $-#_ cg';f/ /fhg}lts bnx¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts bnsf ;"rLx¿df k|To]s t];|f] :yfgdf /fVg}k5{– …;"rLdf klxnf] # hgf pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] clgjfo{ ¿kdf dlxnf ! hgfeGbf sd x'g' x'“b}g, ;"rLsf] cGTo;Dddf klxnf] ^ hgf pDd]bjf/dWo] dlxnf @ hgfeGbf sd pDdb]jf/ x'g'x'“b}g .Ú To; k|fjwfgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\ @))% df lgjfl{rt k|ltlglwx¿dWo] #! k|ltzt dlxnf lyP .

ch]{lG6gf M ;g\ !((! sf] sf]6f P]gcg';f/ bnsf ;"rLx¿df cfk\mgf pDd]bjf/dWo] sDtLdf #) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ;f] P]gdf kl5 ePsf ;+zf]wgx¿n] dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ 5'6\ofOg'kg]{ :yfgx¿sf] Gog"td ;ªV\of tf]s]sf] 5 M b'O{b]lv $ j6f :yfgx¿ pknAw eP Pshgf dlxnf, % b]lv * j6f :yfgx¿df sDtLdf klg b'O{ hgf dlxnf, ( b]lv !! j6f :yfgdf sDtLdf klg tLg hgf dlxnf / !@ b]lv !$ :yfgdf sDtLdf klg rf/ hgf dlxnf . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\ @))# df lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿dWo] #$ k|ltzt dlxnf x'g k'u] .

sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lgod cfkm}df ;a}yf]s xf]Og . o;sf] ;xL sfof{Gjogsf] klg plQs} dxŒj x'G5 .

169


l:j8]g M ;f];n 8]df]qmf6\;, jfd bn / lu|g bnnufot w]/} /fhg}lts bnn] …aGb;"rLÚ nfu" u/]sf 5g\, hxf“ k'¿if pDd]bjf/x¿sf] Pp6f ;"rLnfO{ …aGbÚ ul/Psf] x'G5 jf dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rL;“u kfn}kfnf] /flvPsf] x'G5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k bn ;"rLdf dlxnfx¿ k|To]s csf]{ :yfgdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .

oBlk, k|foh;f]M sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ sfo{df cfjZostf eGbf sd} Wofg lbOG5 . sf]6f k|0ffnLnfO{ z'4¿kn] k|tLsfTds /x]sf] dflgg] lglxt af]wsf sf/0f jf Pp6f gLltsf] nIo / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu cfjZos x'g] pkfox¿aLrsf] ;DaGwsf sf/0fn] o;nfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf]n] o:tf] ePsf] x'g;S5 . s]xL ;fdfGo lgodx¿af/] ;f]Rg ;lsG5 .

!= sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] k|sf/ k|rlnt lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;“u d]n vfg] x'g' cfjZos 5 .

@= pDd]bjf/sf] sf]6f sfof{Gjog ug{sf lgldQ pDd]bjf/x¿sf] dof{bfqmdaf/] lgod jf :yfgsf] sfof{b]z clt cfjZos 5 .

#= c;Ddltsf] nflu b08 Hofb} dxŒjk0"f{ 5 . lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg lgsfo h:tf sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfonfO{ cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf gk'u]sf pDd]bjf/ ;"rLx¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{sf nflu pko'Qm clwsf/ lbg}k5{ . :j]lR5s bnut sf]6fsf ;DaGwdf /fhg}lts bnx¿leq Pp6f pRr :t/Lo lgsfonfO{ ;xdlt /x]sf] lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ lbOg'k5{ .

bnsf] ;"rLdf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] qmdsf ;DaGwdf ls6fgLsf ;fy} c;xdltsf nflu b08x¿lagf sf]6fk|0ffnL k|fjwfgx¿ ;fÍ]lts dfq x'G5g\ . csf]{tkm{, lgjf{rg n}lËs sf]6f oL of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf] 7fp“df dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj j[l4 ug{ ljZjel/ g} clt k|efjzfnL l;4 ePsf] 5 .

%= lgisif{

!= sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjdf Jofks j[l4 Nofpg' xf] .

@= ;kmn sf]6f k|0ffnLn] lgDglnlvt cj:yfx¿tkm{ pGd'v u/fp“5 M

• sf]6f k"lt{ ug{sf nflu oy]i6 ;ª\Vofdf of]Uo pDd]bjf/x¿ cfkm";“u x'gsf nflu /fhg}lts bnx¿åf/f ;lqmo¿kn] dlxnf kbk"lt{,

• s]xL ;fª\s]ltssf] abnf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf cNk;ª\Vos dlxnfx? hf] /fhg}lts cfbz{x¿ / ;+:s[ltdfly k|efj kfg{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ /

• JolQmsf] ¿kdf lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdfly k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf ePsf jf vf; b[li6sf]0f / ;/f]sf/ ePsf dlxnfx¿ .

170


#= dlxnfx¿sf nflu #) k|ltzt l;6 lglZrt ug]{ lgodx¿ kfl/t ug{'dfq kof{Kt x'“b}g . sf]6f k|0ffnL sfof{Gjzog ug]{ csf]{ r/0f dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ dgg ug{'k5{ M

• sf]6f k|0ffnLsf lgodx¿ hlt c:ki6 x'G5g\ TolQ g} a9L ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog gx'g] hf]lvd x'G5 . pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ sf]6f k|0ffnLn] a9L dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'g] cj:yftkm{ :jtM cufl8 a9fp“b}g .

• sf]6f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿ / cGo ;d"xsf] bafa cfjZos 5 .

• sf]6f k|0ffnLsf lgldQ cfjZos of]Uotfdf c;Ddltsf nflu b08 Joj:yf x'g}k5{ .

$= sf]6f k|0ffnLsf ;dy{sx¿sf] ljZjf; jf To;af6 cfzf u/]sf s'/fx¿sf ljk/Lt w]/} /fi6«df dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ sf]6faf/] k|To]s lgjf{rg k|lqmofsf ;fy k6s k6s åGåx? bf]xf]l/P/ cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/fOPsf ;DaGwdf p208tf rsf{rsL{x¿ ePsf cGo /fi6«df sf]6f k|0ffnL oyf:yfgdf ePkl5 åGåx¿ ;dfKt eP . t/, ljZjsf cGo e"efux¿df lagf s'g} ljjfb n}lËs sf]6f nfu" ul/Psf klg 5g\ .

%= dlxnfsf lgldQ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] sf]6fn] dlxnfsf lgldQ /fhgLltdf /x]sf ;a} cj/f]wnfO{ lgd{"n kfb}{g eGg] s'/fsf] x]Ssf /fVg' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . sf]6fsf] j[l4;“u} dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿sf] cksLlt{s/0fsf] j[l4 x'g klg ;S5 . kfl/jfl/s hLjg, 3/ Jojxf/ / /fhgLltaLr ;+of]hgdf /x]sf] sl7gfO cem klg dlxnfsf] k"0f{ gful/s clwsf/df Pp6f uDeL/ cj/f]w /x]sf] 5 . c¿, /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj PSn} x'g ;Sb}g t/ Tof] ;du| ;dfhdf cfjZos cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿sf ;fy ;dk"/s ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 ug{ s'g} Pp6f dfq pkfo geP tfklg sf]6f / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;DaGwL 5nkmnn] s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ ljsNkx¿tkm{ OlËt u5{ . uNtLaf6 l;Sb} / w]/} jif{ k'/fgf k|of]ux¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k s]xL /fi6«n] lglZrt k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ kl/is[t u/]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf eljiodf ul/g] k|of]usf lgldQ tL cg'ejx¿nfO{ ljZjel/sf dlxnfx¿sf] lgldQ pknAw u/fP/ xfdLn] s]xL dfu{bz{g / lgb]{zgx¿ pknAw u/fpg] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}“ . csf]{ cWofodf, ;+;bdf axfn /x]sf dlxnfx¿tkm{ x]g]{5f}“ / cfgf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ j[l4 ug{sf lgldQ ltgLx¿n] s] ug{ ;S5g\ eGg]af/] 5nkmn ug]{5f}“ .

kfbl6Kk0fL1 Dahlerup, Drude and Lenita Freidenvall, 2005. ‘Quotas as a “Fast Track” to Equal

Representation for Women’. International Feminist Journal of Politics. Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 26–48.

171


2 Dahlerup and Freidenwall 2005, op. cit. 3 Electoral gender quotas in all major regions of the world are compared in Dahlerup, Drude

(ed.), forthcoming 2006. Women, Quotas and Politics. London: Routledge. 4 The ‘effectiveness’ of women politicians is discussed further in Dahlerup, forthcoming 2006

(op. cit.), and in Hassim, Shireen, 2003. ‘Representation, Participation and Democratic Effectiveness: Feminist Challenges to Representative Democracy in South Africa’, in A. M. Goetz and S. Hassim (eds). No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making. London: Zed Books, pp. 81–109.

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? / yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Ballington, Julie (ed.), 2004. The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA

Dahlerup, Drude, 1988. ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics’. Scandinavian Political Studies. Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 275–98

— (ed.), forthcoming 2006. Women, Quotas and Politics. London: Routledge

— and Lenita Freidenvall, 2005. ‘Quotas as a “Fast Track” to Equal Representation for Women’. International Feminist Journal of Politics. Vol. 7, no. 1, March, pp. 26–48

Hassim, Shireen, 2003. ‘Representation, Participation and Democratic

Effectiveness: Feminist Challenges to Representative Democracy in South Africa’, in A. M. Goetz and S. Hassim (eds). No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making. London: Zed Books, pp. 81–109

International IDEA, 2003. The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA

— 2003. The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA

— and Stockholm University, Global Database of Electoral Quotas for Women, available at <http://www.quotaproject.org>

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), ‘Women in National Parliaments’, available at <http://www.ipu.org>

A series of country case studies on electoral quotas collected by International IDEA is available at International IDEA and Stockholm University, Global Database of Electoral Quotas for Women, available at <http://www.quotaproject.org/case_studies.cfm>

A series of working papers on quotas produced by Stockholm University is available at <http://www.statsvet.su.se/quotas>

172


;g\ @))# cS6f]a/df ?jfG8fsf] ;+;bsf] tNnf] ;bgdf dlxnfx¿n] $*=* k|ltzt l;6 lht] .@ ;+;bdf k'¿if / dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf sl/a ;dfgtf k|fKt u/]/ of] ;fgf] /fi6«sf ;+;bdf lgjf{lrt dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] clxn] ljZjsf ;a} /fi6«dWo] klxnf] bhf{df k'u]sf] 5 .

?jfG8fsf] e/v/}sf] Oltxf;sf ;DaGwdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] k|ltzt ;a}eGbf :d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^! df a]lNhodaf6 :jtGqtf k|flKtsf ;fy ?jfG8fnL dlxnfx¿nfO{ dtflwsf/sf ;fy} lgjf{rgdf p7\g] clwsf/ ;d]t lbOof] . ;g\ !(^% df ul7t klxnf] ;+;bdf dlxnf ;b:on] klg ;]jf lbg ;'? u/] .# oBlk, ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf ePsf] u[xo'4 / ;g\ !(($ sf] g/;+xf/ x'g'eGbf klxn] /fi6«sf] ;+;bdf ?jfG8fnL dlxnfx¿n] !* k|ltzteGbf a9L l;6 slxn] klg cf]u6]gg\ .$

?jfG8fdf x't' cltjfbLx¿n] t'T;L cNk;ª\Vos / x't' dWodfuL{x¿lj?4 u/]sf] ;g\ !(($ sf] g/;+xf/af6 sl/a *,)),))) dflg;sf] xTof eof] -Tox“fsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] b; efusf] Ps efu_, af“r]sfx¿nfO{ :tAw agfof] / ;+;b ejgnufot /fi6«sf] k"jf{wf/ Wj:t kfl/of] . !)) lbg;Dd sfod /x]sf] Tof] sTn]cfd x't'sf] k|e'Tjsf] /fi6«k|d'v h'legfn xfJofl/dfgfsf] zf;g Joj:yfdfly rf/jif]{ u[xo'4df ;+nUg /x]sf] t'T;L cflwkTo /x]sf] ?jfG8fg k]6«f]of]l6s k|mG6 -cf/kLPkm_ n] ;g\ !(($ h'nfO{df ;]gfåf/f ljho k|fKt u/]kl5 ;dfKt eof] . Pstfsf Pp6f lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng / u'l/Nnf ;]gf /x]sf] cf/kLPkm clxn] k|e'Tj hdfPsf] -t/ Ps dfq xf]Og_ t'T;L /fhg}lts bn ePsf] 5 . ?jfG8fdf cfh of] ;Qfdf /x]sf] 5 .

cfdg/;+xf/ kl5 ;g\ !(($ b]lv @))# ;Ddsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg ;/sf/sf] gf} jif]{ zf;gsfndf ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj -lgo'lQmåf/f_ @%=& k|ltztdf k'Uof] / n}lËs cfwf/df ;+j]bgzLn gof“ ;+ljwfg nfu" ul/of] . t/ cfdg/;+xf/ kl5 ;g\ @))#

gd'gf cWoog M ?jfG8f

?jfG8fM hxf“sfdlxnfx¿n] cfwf;+;b yfd]sf 5g\

Plnhfj]y kfpn]!

173

sf] klxnf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf dlxnfn] sl/a %) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj xfl;n u/]sf] b]Vg kfOof] .

dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ gf6sLo pknlAwx¿ x'g' dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf vf; ;+oGqx¿, To;dWo] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttf, sf]6f k|0ffnL / gjLg lgjf{rg ;/+rgfsf] Pp6f kl/0ffd xf] . o; 36gf cWoogn] tL ;+oGqx¿af/], vf; u/]/ dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj / dlxnfsf] ;Ël7t cfGbf]ngaLrsf] ;DaGw, g/;+xf/kl5sf] ?jfG8fdf n}lËs e"ldsfx¿df ePsf cy{k"0f{ kl/jt{gx¿ / n}lËs d'2fx¿k|ltsf] ?jfG8fsf] ;Qf;Lg bn -cf/lkPkm_ sf] jrga4tfdfly s]lGb|t eP/ ltgLx¿sf] pb\udnfO{ JofVof ug]{ k|of; ug]{5 . o;n] ?jfG8fsf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] u/]sf s]xL pknlAw tyf eljiodf ltgLx¿sf lgldQ /x]sf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ klg ;+lIfKt ?kdf k|:t't ug]{5 .

;+j}wflgs vfsf

cfdg/;+xf/kl5sf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] cGTosf] glhsdf ;g\ @))) df ?jfG8fn] gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ kfg]{ sfo{ u¥of] / !@ ;b:oLo gof“ ;+ljwfg cfof]u u7g u¥of] . cfof]udf gful/s ;dfhsf] Ps dfq k|ltlglw;d]t /x]sL Pshgf h'l8y sfgfs'h]nufot To; tLghgf dlxnf ;b:o lyP . ltgn] cfof]udf /x“bf …n}lËs lj1Ú sf] ¿kdf / cfgf] k|fylds lgjf{rg If]q -?jfG8fdf dlxnfx¿sf] cfGbf]ng_ sf] ;Dks{ ;"qsf] ¿kdf ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]lng\ .%

To; cfof]unfO{ ;l+jwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{], To; d:of}bfnfO{ ljrf/ dfUg / To; b:tfj]hsf] dxŒj tyf d'Vo ljrf/x¿af/] hgtfnfO{ ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] u/L th'{df ul/Psf] k/fdz{ z[ª\vnfdf hgtfsf dfem n}hfg] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .^ ?jfG8fsf w]/}h;f] lg/If/ hg;ªV\of;“u ul/Psf] ljrf/ljdz{sf] ljifo / k|lqmof b'j}dfly /fhg}lts ;De|fGtx¿sf] lgoGq0f /x]sf] eP tfklg sDtLdf b]vfj6L ?kdf g} eP klg Tof] Pp6f ;xeflutfsf] k|lqmof lyof] / o; ;xeflutfsf] k|s[ltn] dlxnfx¿ / dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿åf/f dxŒjk"0f{ ;Nnfx–;'emfjsf nflu cg'dlt lbPsf] lyof] .&

;dfgtf To; gof“ b:tfj]hsf] husf] ¿kdf /x]sf] xf];\ eÌ] lglZrt ug{ dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿ ;l+jwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{sf] jl/kl/ kl/rflnt eP . 5ftf ;Ë7g, sn]lS6km\; k|f] km]ld;÷6\j];] xfDj] -k|f] km]ld;_ / o;sf ;b:o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] To; k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg bafa ;[hgf u/] / dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ tyf n}lËs Pj+ ljsf;df dlxnf dGqfno;“usf k|oTgx¿nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s ;dGjo u/] .

;g\ @))# d]df ?jfG8fsf] gof“ ;+ljwfg cf}krfl/s¿kdf nfu" eof] .* o;n] n}lËs ;dfgtfk|ltsf] jrga4tfnfO{ kljq dfg]/ /fv]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf vf; ;Gbe{sf ;fy ;g\ !(&( sf] dlxnflj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug]{af/]sf] dxf;lGw (CEDAW) nufot ?jfG8fn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf ljleGg cGt//fli6«o

?jfG8fM hxfFs

f dlxnfx¿

n] c

fwf ;+;b yfd]sf 5

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174


dfgjclwsf/sf ;+oGqx¿ / ;lGwx¿af/] pNn]v l/Psf] 5 . o;n] …/fi6«sf] ljsf;df ?jfG8fnLx¿aLr / n}lËs ;dfgtfaf/] s'g} k"jf{u|xlagf dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿aLr ;dfg clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfÚk|lt jrga4tf klg hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] efu Psn] klg ?jfG8fnLx¿aLrsf] ;dfgtfnfO{ cfk\mgf …cfwf/e"t l;4fGtÚx¿dWo] Pssf] ¿kdf :yfkgf u5{ . ;dfgtfk|ltsf] of] ;DdfgnfO{ dlxnfnfO{ …lg0f{o lnOg] ;Dk"0f{ cËÚ df sDtLdf #) k|ltzt :yfg lbP/ r/0fa4 ¿kdf lglZrt ul/g'k5{ .

oBlk, of] dgg ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 ls ;dfg clwsf/, n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf ;DaGwdf ?jfG8fsf] ;l+jwfg cu|ufdL eP tfklg cGo dxŒjk"0f{ ljlwx¿df of] ;Lldt kfg{] vfnsf] 5, hftLotf;DaGwL d'2f jl/kl/ /x]sf] jfs\:jtGqtfdflysf] k|ltaGwaf/] vf; ;/f]sf/x¿ p7fO“b} 5g\ .

sf]6f k|0ffnL / gof“ lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ;+/rgf

cfdg/;+xf/kl5 lgjf{lrt sfof{nodf dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ug{ gof“ lgj{frg ;DaGwL w]/} ;+/rgf nfu" u/fOPsf 5g\ .( ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] cGTotkm{ ?jfG8fn] ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjaf/] k|of]ux¿ u¥of] . dlxnf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿df sfo{ ug]{ hgfb]zsf ;fy Jofks k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df To;a]nfsf] Ps;bgfTds Joj:yflksfdf b'O{hgf dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . tL b'O{hgf dlxnf /fhg}lts bnx¿af6 geO{ d'n'se/sf u|fdL0f e]udf :yflkt dlxnfx¿sf] kl/ifb\x¿sf] ;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnLaf6 cfPsf lyP -To;af/] tn lj:t[t ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5_ .

;g\ @))# sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/sf ;a} ;+/rgfdf dlxnfn] cf]u6\g] l;6 ;ª\Vofdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf j[l4 u¥of] .

l;g]6

?jfG8fsf] -xfnsf]_ lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] dflyNnf] ;bg l;g]6df cf7 jif{sf] sfo{cjlwsf lgldQ @^ hgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt jf lgo'Qm x'G5g\ . l;g]6sf s]xL ;b:o k|fGtLo / If]qLo kl/ifb\x¿åf/f lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ eg] c?x¿ /fi6«k|d'v / cGo lgsfo -pbfx/0fsf nflu /fli6«o ljZjljBfno_ af6 lgo'Qm x'G5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePcg';f/ dlxnfx¿n] l;g]6df #) k|ltzt l;6 cf]u6\5g\ .

k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;bg (The Chamber of Deputies)

?jfG8fnL Joj:yflksfsf] tNnf] ;bg RofDa/ ckm l8Kol'6h xf] . Toxf“ kfr“ jif{] sfo{sfn;lxtsf *) hgf ;b:o x'G5g\ . tLdWo] %# hgf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL -kLcf/_ åf/f k|ToIf lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . af“sL /x]sf l;6x¿sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ lgjf{rg x'G5 M k|To]s k|fGt / /fhwfgL ;x/ lsufnLaf6 dlxnfåf/f @$ hgf -#) k|ltzt_ l8Ko'6Lx¿ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\, b'O{hgf /fli6«o o'jf kl/ifb\åf/f lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ / Pshgf ckfË ;+3x¿sf] dxf;+3åf/f lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ .

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dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ cf/lIft @$ j6f l;6df dlxnfx¿ dfq lgjf{rg n8\5g\ cyf{t\ lgjf{rgdf dlxnfx¿ dfq p7\g ;S5g\ / dlxnfx¿n] dfq dtbfg ug{ kfp“5g\ . dlxnfx¿sf] l;6sf lgldQ x'g] lgjf{rgsf] ;dGjo dlxnfx¿sf] kl/ifb\sf] /fli6«o k|0ffnLåf/f ul/Psf] lyof] / Tof] ;g\ @))# sf] cfdr'gfj ;DkGg ePsf] xKtfdf g} ePsf] lyof] . pNn]Vo s'/f of] 5 ls RofDa/ ckm l8Ko'l6hn] @$ j6f cf/lIft l;6sf cltl/Qm v'nf k|ltikwf{sf l;6x¿df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf yk !% hgf dlxnfx¿ kfof] .

o;k|sf/n] *) j6f l;6dWo] dlxnfx¿sf] hDdf #( j6f -$*=* k|ltzt_ l;6 lyP .

dlxnf kl/ifb\x¿

cfdg/;+xf/sf] nuQ} n}lËs tyf ljsf;df dlxnf dGqfnon] ;j{k|yd dlxnf kl/ifb\sf] Pp6f /fli6«o k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/]kl5 ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf kl/ifb\x¿ ;]n tx -;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|zf;lgs PsfO_ df dlxnfx¿åf/f dfq lgjf{lrt ;a}eGbf tNnf] txsf PsfOx? x'g\ . To;kl5 k|To]s cluNnf k|zf;lgs :t/ -If]q, lhNnf / k|fGt_ x¿df ck|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f lgjf{lrt ;+/rgfx¿ x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;fdfGo :yfgLo kl/ifb\x?sf] ;dfgfGt/ ¿kn] ;~rflnt x'G5g\ / dlxnf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ . b; ;b:oLo kl/ifb\x¿ :yfgLo :t/df ;Lk ljsf; tflnd lbg / dlxnf clwsf/af/] r]tgf j[l4 ug{ ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿sf] cf}krfl/s k|ltlglwTjsf] / b'O{ k|0ffnLaLrsf] ;Dks{ sfod u/fpg dlxnf kl/ifb\sf k|d'vn] ;fdfGo :yfgLo kl/ifb\df cf/lIft l;6 kfp“5g\ .

dlxnf kl/ifb\af6 lgjf{lrt ;+;b ;b:o j]y{ d'sfd';f]gL o; k|0ffnLsf] dxŒjnfO{ o;/L JofVof ug'{x'G5 M

xfd|f] /fi6« / ;dfhsf] Oltxf;df dlxnfx¿ k'¿if;“u ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf hfg ;Sb}gy] . k'¿ifx¿ ePsf] :yfgdf cfk\mgf cfjZostfaf/] dlxnfx¿n] af]Ng' x'“b}g eGg] ;f]lrGYof] . pgLx¿sf nflu k'¿ifx¿n] ;f]Ry] / af]Ny] . o;k|sf/ -dlxnf kl/ifb\x¿sf ;fy_ of] Pp6f kl/rfng ug]{ ;+oGq ePsf] 5 . o;n] -dlxnfx¿nfO{_ k|lzlIft u/fPsf] 5 ===o;n] ltgLx¿df s]xL cfTdljZjf; -sf] :t/_ a9fPsf] 5, h:tf] ls cfdlgjf{rg glhs cfp“bf dlxnf -kl/ifb\_ df Pp6f ljifo;"rL aG5 . …gful/ssf] ¿kdf dlxnf eP/ tkfO{+n] p7\gsf nflu, cleofg ;~rfng ug{sf nflu, pDd]bjf/L lbgsf nflu, cGo dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu nfUg'k5{ .Ú ltgLx¿n] g]t[Tj;DaGwL cfTdljZjf; k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .!)

nf]stGqLs/0f / tNnf] txdf ;+nUgtfsf ;DaGwdf dlxnf kl/ifb\x¿ dxŒjk"0f{ eP klg ;|f]tsf] sdLn] ltgLx¿sf] k|efjnfO{ clwstd kfg{df cj/f]w k'¥ofp“5 / ltgLx¿ /fi6«el/ Psgf;n] ;lqmo ePsf 5}gg\ . :yfgLo dlxnf kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿ j}tlgs xf]Ogg\ clg cfgf] j}tlgs sfo{ / kfl/jfl/s pQ/bfloTjx¿ ;Dkfbg ug{'sf cltl/Qm ltgLx¿n] :j]lR5s ;]jf ug{' kg]{ ePsfn] kl/ifb\x¿ x'g;Sg] eGbf sd k|efjsf/L

?jfG8fM hxfFs

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/x]sf 5g\ . t}klg, oL tNnf] txsf kl/ifb\x¿df dlxnfx¿ gof“ /fhg}lts :yfg agfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . clg ;g\ @))# sf] ;+ljwfgn] k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;bgdf dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft l;6 k"lt{ ug{ oL ;+/rgfx¿ to u/]/ ltgLx¿sf] dxŒjnfO{ j[l4 u/]sf] 5 .

;;+bdf dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] pkl:ylt clej[l4 ug{] sf/s tŒjx¿

dlxnf cfGbf]ng / gful/s ;dfhsf] kl/rfng

cfdg/;+xf/kZrft\, ;dfh / ;/sf/ l5GgleGg ePsf] avt efjgfTds ¿kn] g/fd|f] wSsf nfu]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] aLrdf sltko cTofjZos ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ub}{ dlxnf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf vfnL :yfg k"lt{ ug{ t'?Gt} k|j]z u/] . ;g\ !((@ df :yflkt 5ftf ;Ë7g k|f] km]ld;nfO{ k'gM;+:yfut ug{ ax'hftLo cfwf/df dlxnfx¿ Ps} :yfgdf cfP . ;g\ !((@ df !# j6f dlxnf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ k|f] km]ld;n] clxn] To:tf $) eGbf a9L ;+:yfnfO{ ;dGjo u5{ .!! of] ljz]if u/]/ dlxnfsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;Ël7t agfpg, dlxnfsf /fhg}lts ;xeflutf;DaGwL d'2fx¿af/] ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg / d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug{df k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5 .

?jfG8fsf] gful/s ;dfhsf dlxnfx¿n] gful/s ;dfh -k|f] km]ld;åf/f k|ltlglwTj ul/Psf]_, sfo{sfl/0fL zfvf -n}lËs / ljsf;df dlxnf dGqfno_ / ;+;bLo zfvf -dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] d~r_ sf aLr jsfntnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ tLg cfofdsf] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ .

o; ;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f nueu gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] k|df0fLs/0ftfsf ;'?cft ul/Psf] ?jfG8fnL dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] k|lqmof xf] . To;a]nf k|f] km]ld;n] cfk\mgf ;b:o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿;“u gof“ ;+ljwfgsf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/, ?lr / ;'emfjx¿sf ;DaGwdf k/fdz{x¿ u/] . To;kl5 ;b:osf ;/f]sf/x¿sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ug{ ltgLx¿n] n}lËs / ljsf;df dlxnf dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx¿ / dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] d~r;“u e]6 u/] . tL tLgj6f If]qn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn agfpg / ;/sf/df dlxnf k|ltlglwTj j[l4sf lglDt ug'{kg]{ vf; sf/afxLx¿ l;kmfl/; ug{ Pp6f gLltkqdf ;+o'Qm ?kdf of]ubfg u/] h;nfO{ ;+ljwfg cfof]udf k]; ul/of] . d:of}bf ;+ljwfgn] ltgLx¿sf] ;/f]sf/nfO{ oy]i6¿kn] k|ltlalDat ul/;s]kl5 k|f] km]ld; /fi6«JofkL hgdt ;ª\u|xdf To; b:tfj]hnfO{ kfl/t ug{sf] nflu ;dy{g ug{ dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub}{ ltgnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ Pp6f cleofgdf ;+nUg eof] .

k|f] km]ld; ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/L / ;+;bLo zfvfx¿df /x]sf dlxnf;“u ;dGjo ug]{ ;+oGqdfkm{t\ dlxnf cfGbf]ng;“u zlQmzfnL cfjfh ag]sf] 5 . cGt//fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu cd]l/sL lgof]u -o'P;PcfO8L_ n] ;g\ @))@ df tof/ kf/]sf] Pp6f k|ltj]bgn] ;Lldt Ifdtf, ;dGjosf ;d:ofx¿ / ;/sf/åf/f cTolws lgoGq0fnufot ?jfG8fnL

177

gful/s ;dfhn] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf r'gf}tLnfO{ klxrfg u¥of]!@ t/ hggLltnfO{ cfsf/ lbgdf k|f] km]ld;n] v]Ng] u/]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] k|z+;f u¥of] . To; cWoogn] ?jfG8fdf dlxnfsf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ gful/s ;dfhsf …;a}eGbf ;zQm If]qÚ /x]sf] / k|f] km]ld; k|efjsf/L hg jsfntsf] e"ldsf ePsf] ?jfG8fnL gful/s ;dfhdf /x]sf yf]/} ;Ë7gx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] eGg] 6'Ëf] nufof] .!# o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;/sf/df ;+nUg dlxnf kbflwsf/Lx¿;“u lgdf{0f ul/Psf] pRrtxsf] ;dGjofTds / ;xof]ufTds ;DaGwsf] Pp6f kl/0ffd xf] . b'ef{Uojz, To; lgs6 ;DaGwn] k|f] km]ld;sf] :jtGqtf / ;/sf/nfO{ cfnf]rgf ug{ ;Sg] To;sf] Ifdtf;“u ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 .

kl/jt{gzLn nl}·s e"ldsf

k|efjsf/L dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf cltl/Qm ;+;bdf k'u]sf dlxnfsf lgldQ gf6sLo pknlAwx¿nfO{ cfdg/;+xf/kl5sf] ¿jfG8fdf cfPsf] n}lËs e"ldsfdf dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jt{gåf/f klg v'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . cfdg/;+xf/sf hftLotfsf cfwf/df dfq xf]Og dlxnfx¿nfO{ n}lËs sf/0fn] klg l;sf/ agfOPsf] lyof]M ltgLx¿ anfTsf/, anhkm\tL xf8gftf s/0fL / :tganL h:tf of}ghGo cfqmd0f / oftgfsf] lgldQ ljjz u/fOPsf lyP . cfdxTofaf6 af“r]sf dlxnfx¿ eGg} g;lsg] qm"/tfsf] ;fIfL ag] clg ltgLx?n] cfk\mgf >Ldfg\, afnaRrf, cfkmGtx¿sf ;fy} ;d'bfo ;d]t u'dfP . o; lx+;fsf cltl/Qm, dlxnfx¿n] cfgf] hLljsfsf] ;fwg / wg;DklQ u'dfP, ltgLx¿ 3/af6 lj:yflkt eP clg cfgf] kl/jf/ la5f]l8Psf] b]v] . ljt08fsf] nuQ} hg;ª\Vofsf] &) k|ltzt dlxnf -dlxnf / aflnsfx¿_ sf] lyof] .!$ hg;ª\Vofsf] o; c;Gt'ngdf Wj:t ePsf kl/jf/ / ;d'bfox¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ub}{ dlxnfn] t'?Gt} 3/d"nLx¿, ;d'bfosf g]t[x¿ / cfly{s ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] . cfdg/;+xf/n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfkm"af/] km/s 9Ën] ;f]Rg afWo t'Nofof] / w]/} 36gfdf ltgLx¿n] o:tf ;Lk k|fKt u/] hf] cGo cj:yfdf k|fKt ug]{ lyPgg\ . clxn] ?jfG8fdf dlxnf hg;+Vof Toxf“sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] %$ k|ltzt efu cf]u6\b} ax'dtdf 5 / /fi6«sf] pTkfbs Ifdtfdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf dtdf 5g\ .

dlxnfdflysf cTolws af]emx¿ / ltgLx¿sf c;fwf/0f of]ubfg ¿jfG8fsf ;fj{hgls ax;x?sf 7"nf lx:;f /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))# clk|ndf k|f/lDes lgjf{rgx¿af/] af]Nb} Toxf“sf /fi6«k|d'v kfpn sfufd]n] eGg'eof]– …xfdLn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ / ltgLx¿sf] ;/f]sf/nfO{ /Iff ug]{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn k'¿ifnfO{ dlxnfx?nfO{ dtbfg ug{sf lgldQ clkn ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ .Ú pxf“n] eGg'ePsf] lyof] – …dlxnfsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjn] lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] dtbfg If]qsf] Pp6f lx:;af6 6f9} /fV5 / /fhg}lts lg0f{ox¿sf] j}wtfdfly c;/ kf5{ ===To; sf/0f /fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] ;xeflutf ltgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] / ;du| /fi6«sf] ;'wfl/Psf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts cj:yfx¿sf lgldQ cfjZos 5 .Ú!%

?jfG8fM hxfFs

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178


?jfG8g kfl6«of]l6s k|mG6 -cf/kLPkm_ sf] jrga4tf

cfdg/;+xf/kl5sf] k'gk|f{lKt / k'g;{+/rgfsf nflu ?jfG8fnL ;/sf/n] / ljz]if u/]/ ;Qfdf /x]sf] cf/lkPkmn] dlxnf ;dfj]lztf;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f pQd nIo agfPsf] 5 .!^ clek|fo / sfo{If]q b'j}df of] k4lt ljnIf0fsf] 5 . cWofo cWofo u/]/ o;sf] cem a9L cWoog ug{' cfjZos 5 lsgeg] dlxnf ;dfj]zL ljsf;zLn /fi6«df yf]kl/Psf] lgtfGt …klZrdLÚ dfGotf xf] eGg] dfGotf;“u o;n] ljdlt /fVb5 .

/fi6«sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o w]/} sf/s tYox?df cfwfl/t 5 . cf/kLPkmsf pufG8fsf n}lËs ;dfgtf;DaGwL d'2fx¿af/]sf] ;dfj]zL gLltk|lt w]/} C0fL 5, hxf“ o;sf w]/} ;b:ox?n] lgjf{;gdf jiff}{+ latfPsf lyP . ;+;bdf dlxnfnfO{ @) k|ltzt l;6 ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu pufG8fn] cf/lIft l;6 k|0ffnL k|of]u u5{ . %^ lgjf{rg If]q / k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Pp6f l;6 dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . blIf0f clk|msfsf] clk|msg g];gn s+u|]; -PPg;L_ sf dlxnfx¿sf] of]ubfg / ;kmntf;“u cf/kLPkmsf dlxnf / k'¿if o; k|0ffnL;“u ;'kl/lrt /x]sf lyP . cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfsf nflu dlxnfx¿n] o;sf cfk\mg} txx¿leq klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n] . lgjf{l;t cfGbf]ngsf] ¿kdf jiff}{+b]lvsf] ;z:q åGåx¿åf/f cf/kLPkmsf ;'?cftsf lbgx¿b]lv g} ltgLx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n] . o:tf] ;+nUgtfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfndf dlxnf ;dfj]lztfsf] kIfdf ;dy{g ug{ / gof“ ;+ljwfgdf ltgLx¿sf pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpgsf lgldQ Pp6f d~r pknAw u/fof] .

cf/kLPkmsf] d'lQm cnÍf/ o;sf cfk\mg} ;b:ox¿åf/f c“uflnPsf] lyP / dlxnfsf] P]ltxfl;s alxis/0fsf ;fy} t'T;L cNk;ª\Vosdf nfu" ul//sf] lyof], of] n}lËs ;+j]bgzLntf clxn] ;/sf/L gLlt ag]sf] 5 . n}lËs / ljsf;df dlxnf dGqfnosf clwsf/L hf]xg d't'Dafn] JofVof u/]cg';f/ …lgjf{;gdf x's]{df k'¿ifx?n] lje]bsf] cg'ej hfg]sf 5g\ . n}lËs ljifo clxn] xfd|f] /fhg}lts ;f]rfOsf] Ps efu ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs leGgtf ePsf xfd|f] hg;ª\Vofsf ;Dk"0f{ cjojnfO{ xfdL k|z+;f u5f}{+ lsgeg] xfd|f] /fi6«n] Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ alxis/0f ug{'sf] cy{ s] xf] eGg]af/] b]v]sf] 5 .Ú!& n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt c“ufn]sf] cf/kLPkmsf ;b:ox¿n] cfdg/;+xf/kl5sf] ?jfG8fdf n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn zf;g Joj:yfsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf;af/] ;"lrt u/]sf 5g\ .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cjlwdf ?jfG8fdf sf]6fsf] Joj:yf x'g'eGbf klxnf cf/kLPkmn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;+;bdf lgoGq0f u/]sf l;6x¿dWo] sl/a %) k|ltzt;Dddf lgo'Qm u¥of] . dlxnf lgo'lQmx¿df cGo /fhg}lts bnx¿ kl5 g} k/] To;}sf/0fn] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cjlwdf dlxnfx¿n] ;+;bsf] @%=& k|ltzteGbf a9L :yfg slxNo} klg agfpg ;s]gg\ .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg ;/sf/df cf/kLPkmsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] lyof] / ;g\ @))# cu:6sf]

179

;ª\qmd0fsfnkl5sf /fi6«k|d'v kpn sfufd]sf] lgjf{rg / ;g\ @))# cS6f]a/df gof“ ;+;bsf] :yfkgfkl5 dfq o;n] zlQmdflysf] cfgf] ks8nfO{ ;'b[9 agfof] . o;sf u7aGwgsf bnx¿sf;fy cf/kLPkmn] RofDa/ ckm l8Ko'l6hdf v'nf¿kdf k|lt:kwf{sf &#=* k|ltzt l;6df lgoGq0f u5{ . dlxnf l;6x¿df /fhg}lts bnx¿åf/f k|lt:kwf{ ul/Psf] lyPg t/ ko{j]Ifsx¿n] cf/f]k nufPcg';f/ cf/lIft l;6x¿sf ax';ª\Vos dlxnfx¿ klg cf/kLPkmk|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fVy] . lk|m8d xfp;n] u/]sf] /fi6«x¿;DaGwL xfn}sf] ;j]{If0fdf /fhg}lts clwsf/ / gful/s :jtGqtfsf ;DaGwdf ?jfG8fnfO{ …:jtGq g/x]sf]Ú >]0fLdf 5 .!( cfk\mgf nf]stflGqs ;+3;+:yfx¿df ;xefuL x'g] Ifdtfsf nflu ltgLx¿ k"0f{ nf]stflGqs g/x]sf] /fhg}lts bnk|lt cfef/L x'g] ePsfn] / Tof] /fHoaf6 ;f“rf] cy{df :jtGq x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;n] ?jfG8fnL dlxnf / dlxnf cfGbf]ngnfO{ clglZrt bhf{df /fV5 .

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k'¿if ;dsIfLn] ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug'{sf cltl/Qm ?jfG8fsf] ;+;bsf dlxnf ;b:ox?n] cGt//fli6«o cfly{s ;xof]u / ;dy{gdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] df]rf{ jf ;d"x agfPsf 5g\ . ¿jfG8fdf of] To;k|sf/sf] klxnf] ;d"x xf], hxf“ bnut leGgtfsf ;b:ox¿ d'2fx¿sf] ;d"xdf Ps;fy sfo{ u5{g\ . ;+;b ;b:o sf]gL lAohf l;sfdfgf JofVof ug'{x'G5 – …ha ;d"xsf] s'/f cfp“5, s'g} /fhg}lts bnx¿;“u ;/f]sf/ g/fvL xfdL dlxnfsf] ¿kdf Ps x'G5f}+ . o;k|sf/ xfdL xfd|f] bnaf/] ;f]Rb}gf} . dlxnfsf ¿kdf xfdL dfly cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLx?sf af/]df ;f]R5f} .Ú@) ;d"xsf w]/} e"ldsf 5g\ M o;n] k|rlnt sfg'gx?sf] ;dLIff u5{ clg lje]bk"0f{ ljw]osx¿df ;+zf]wgx¿ k|:t't u/fp“5, k|:tfljt sfg'gx¿nfO{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLntfsf] cf“vfåf/f k/LIf0f u5{, dlxnf cfGbf]ng;“u ;Dks{ u5{ / sfg'gL d'2fx¿af/] hgtfnfO{ ;+j]bgzLn agfpg / To;af/] ;Nnfx lbgsf nflu dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿;“u a}7s / tflnd ;~rfng u5{ .

Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljwflosL pknlAw ;g\ !((( df dlxnfnfO{ hUufsf] :jfldTj k|fKt ug{df cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] sfg'gnfO{ vf/]h ug{' xf] . ?jfG8fnL dlxnf ;+f;bx?, h;n] vf; u/]/ dlxnf cfGbf]ngnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / v'nf l;6x¿df k|lt:kwf{ u/]/ cfPsf / /fhg}lts bnx¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ @$ hgf, sfg'g th'{df ubf{ To;nfO{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] cfgf]] pQ/bfloTj ePsf] cg'ej u5{g\ .

ljZjsf cGo e"efudf h:t} j[xt\ k|ltlglwTj;“u ;DalGwt r'gf}tLx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . gof“ ;+;bsf sltko ;b:ox¿ cg'ejljxLg 5g\ . g]tfx¿sf] ¿kdf ltgLx¿n] cfgf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf -sf] sdL_ / cg'dflgt ;/ntfsf] k'/ftg wf/0ffsf ;fy} cfgf] kbsf lgldQ gof“ sf]6fk|lt cg'u|lxt x'g'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff TofUg' k5{ . :yfgLo / /fli6«o b'j} txdf dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft l;6x¿ / k'¿ifx¿;“u v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{åf/f k|fKt l;6x¿aLr :ki6 leGgtf /x]sf] 5 .

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;Dk"0f{ ?jfG8fnL dlxnfnfO{ Pp6f Psn lgjf{rg If]q ;f]Rg' eljiosf nflu ;d:ofk"0f{ x'G5 . jt{dfgdf, dlxnfx¿sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ Pp6f ;Ë7g k|f] km]ld;åf/f ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|ltlglwTj ul/Psf] 5 / dlxnfx¿sf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstfx¿af/] dlxnf ;f+;baLr 7"nf] dt}So /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, Pp6f kl/kSj nf]stGqdf /fhgLlt / ck]lIft /fhg}lts kl/0ffdx¿k|lt zlQmdfly dlxnfx¿sf] kx“'rnfO{ ;f]em} c;/ kfg{] sf]6f h:tf]df ;d]t dlxnfx¿ c;xdt x'G5g\ . ;fob sf]6f gof“ ePsfn] o;f] ePsf] x'g;S5 / dlxnf cfGbf]ngdf k|efjzfnL cfjfhn] ltgLx¿sf] k|j]znfO{ To:tf] hf]8tf]8sf ;fy ;dy{g u/]sfn] ltgLx¿sf] pkof]lutfaf/] To; cfGbf]ngleq ;fj{hlgs ljdlt gePsf] x'g;S5 .

oBlk, ljZjsf w]/} cGo e"efudf h:t} sf]6f, ;'/lIft l;6 / j[xt\ k|ltlglwTjx¿ k|yd kfOnf dfq x'g\ eGg] Pp6f ;f]r 5 . e"tk"j{ dlxnf dGqL gPnf]O;L OGo'Daf eGg'x'G5 M ?jfG8fsf] ljsf;sf] o; df]8df ?jfG8fdf dlxnfx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s alxis/0fsf nflu Ifltk"lt{ lbg gof“ lgjf{rg ;+oGq cfjZos 5 …olb tkfO{+;“u +/fd|/L kfng kf]if0f gul/PsL aRrL l5g\ eg] tkfO{+n] ltgnfO{ cfk\mgf cGo afnaRrfx¿;“u t'ngf ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg . t;y{ ltgnfO{ ljz]if vfgf lbg'k5{ .Ú@!

ljz]if u/]/ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf …dlxnf d'2fÚ g/x]sf ljifodf dlxnfx¿dfly s] k|efj k5{ eg]/ x]g{ af“sL klg /xG5 . oL dlxnfx¿n] bf]xf]/f] af]em p7fp“5g\ . ltgLx¿n] d'2fx¿sf] gof“ k+lQm, pbfx/0fsf nflu k//fi6« dfldnfleq, n}lËs b[li6sf]0f 3';fpg] ljlwx¿ kQf nufpg} kg]{ ePsf] / hxf“ cfwf/e"t ljsf;sf] Jofks cfjZostf 5, clg clwsf/, kb / ;|f]tx¿ tyf lzIffdflysf] kx'“rsf ;DaGwdf dlxnf cem} klg k'¿ifeGbf lk5l8Psf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] dlxnfsf] lgjf{rg If]qk|lt akmfbf/ /xg'k5{ .

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?jfG8fsf] ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ clk|msfdf sf]6fx¿sf] k|of]u clg åGåkl5sf] cj:yf u/L b'O{j6f k|jl[Qsf] ljzfn kl/k|]Iodf x]g{ ;lsG5 . k|fylds ¿kn] sf]6fsf] k|of]uåf/f kl5Nnf] $) jif{df ljZjsf cGo s'g} klg e"efudf eGbf ;a ;xf/g clk|msfdf ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] j[l4 b/ tLa| /x]sf] 5 .@@ clg, cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3 (IPU) sf cg';f/ kl5Nnf kf“r jif{df åGåkl5sf /fi6«x¿ …/fli6«o ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] cfOkLo' :t/ lgwf{/0fsf dflyNnf #) j6f /fi6«df :ki6 eP/ ;kmntfk"j{s v8f ePsf 5g\ .Ú clg oL /fi6«x¿ sf]6f tyf ;'/lIft l;6x¿nfO{ …gof“ ;[hgf ul/Psf -ltgLx¿sf_ lgjf{rg If]qdf dlxnf pkl:ylt / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ k|of]u ug{df k|efjzfnL ePsf 5g\ .@#

?jfG8fnL cfdg/;+xf/kl5sf] b; jif{df ;a} ?jfG8fnLx¿sf lgldQ ljzfn kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g\, t/ ;a}eGbf gf6sLo kl/jt{g dlxnfx¿df cfPsf] 5 . ?jfG8f ce}m klg Hofb} cljsl;t 5 / lzIff, sfg'gL clwsf/, :jf:Yo / ;|f]tx¿dflysf]

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kx'“rsf ;DaGwdf Jofks ;ª\Vofsf ?jfG8fnL dlxnf k'¿ifeGbf a9L dsf{df k/]sf 5g\ . emg\ ;f/f], ¿jfG8fnL ;+;bdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] sl/a ;dfg k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] t/ Psdfq /fhg}lts bnn] /fhg}lts b[Zodfly k|e'Tj hdfPsf] Pp6f /fi6«df kl/0ft ePsf] 5 .

oL r'gf}tLx¿ x'“bfx'“b} klg dlxnfx¿n] cfk\mgf gf6sLo pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;g\ @))# sf] n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn gof“ ;+ljwfg / RofDa/ ckm l8Ko'l6h\df ltgLx¿nfO{ $*=* k|ltzt l;6 lbnfPsf] ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ nf]stflGqs nfesf ;fy ;'b[9 agfp“b} 5g\ . oL ;kmntfx¿ ¿jfG8fsf] cfdxTof, sf]6f k|0ffnL / ;/sf/df /x]sf dlxnfx¿;“usf] ;xsfo{ / ¿jfG8fg k]6«f]Ol6s k|mG6sf] :ki6 ;dy{g;“u} ?jfG8fdf dlxnfx¿sf] cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f ;+jl4{t cleofgsf vf; cj:yfx¿sf] kl/0ffd lyof] . ?jfG8fnL 36gfn] xfdLnfO{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZjsf cGo e"efusf lgldQ gd'gf x'g;Sg] gof“ lgjf{lrt ;+oGqx¿sf] pbfx/0f pknAw u/fp“5 .

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1 This case study draws on and excerpts previously published material by the same author. Powley, Elizabeth, 2003. Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwanda’s Transition. Washington, DC: Women Waging Peace; and Powley, Elizabeth, 2005. ‘Rwanda: La moitié des sièges pour les femmes au Parlement’ [Rwanda: half the seats for women in Parliament], in Manon Tremblay (ed.). Femmes et parlements: un regard international [Women and parliaments: an international view]. Montreal: Remue-ménage.

2 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 2003. ‘Rwanda Leads World Ranking of Women in Parliament’, 23 October. See <http://www.ipu.org/press-e/gen176.htm>.

3 ‘Africa: Rwanda: Government’. Nationmaster, <http://www.nationmaster.com/country/rw/Government>.

4 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 1995. Women in Parliaments 1945–1995: A World Statistical Survey. Geneva: IPU.

5 Judith Kanakuze, personal interview, July 2003. 6 ‘Legal and Constitutional Commission’, <http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/index.htm>. 7 Hart, Vivien, 2003. ‘Democratic Constitution Making’. United States Institute of Peace,

Special Report 107, <http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr107.html>. 8 Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, <http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.

doc>. 9 For a more complete description of electoral mechanisms designed to increase women’s

participation, including triple balloting in the 2001 district-level elections, see Powley 2003, op. cit.

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10 Berte Mukamusoni, personal interview, translated in part by Connie Bwiza Sekamana, July 2002.

11 For more information on women’s NGOs in Rwanda, see Newbury, Catharine, and Hannah Baldwin, 2001. ‘Confronting the Aftermath of Conflict: Women’s Organizations in Postgenocide Rwanda’, in Krishna Kumar (ed.). Women and Civil War: Impact, Organizations, and Action. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 97–128.

12 ‘Rwanda Democracy and Governance Assessment’, produced for USAID by Management Systems International, November 2002, p. 35.

13 ‘Rwanda Democracy and Governance Assessment’, op. cit., p. 37. 14 Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 1997. Rwanda’s Women and

Children: The Long Road to Reconciliation. New York: Women’s Commission, p. 6. 15 ‘Rwandan President Urges Women to Stand for Public Office’. Xinhua News Agency, 23

April 2003, <http://www.xinhua.org/english/>. 16 Rwandan Government, ‘Good Governance Strategy Paper (2001)’, <http://www.rwanda1.

com/government/president/speeches/2001/strategygov.htm>. 17 John Mutamba, personal interview, July 2003. 18 Powley 2003, op. cit. 19 Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2004, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/

freeworld/2004/table2004.pdf>. 20 Connie Bwiza Sekamana, personal interview, July 2002. 21 Aloisea Inyumba, personal interview, July 2002. 22 Tripp, Aili Mari, 2004. ‘Quotas in Africa’, in Julia Ballington (ed.).The Implementation of

Quotas: Africa Experiences, Stockholm: International IDEA.23 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 2004. ‘Women in Parliaments 2003: Nordic and Post-

Conflict Countries in the Lead’, <http://www.ipu.org/press-e/gen183.htm> (accessed 8 September 2004).

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o; 36gf cWoogn] ;+;bdf dlxnf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ljleGg sfg'gL / ;fdflhs ;+oGqx¿sf] lrq0f ub}{ clwsf/ k|flKttk{msf] dlxnfsf] kynfO{ ljZn]if0f u5{ / dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] sfo{qmd agfpg] lbzfdf ch]{lG6gfsf /fhg}lts bnx?sf] el"dsfnfO{ k/LIf0f u5{ .

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186


u/fP . To; ljw]osaf/] ;g\ !(() ;]K6]Da/df 5nkmn eof] clg b'O{j6f bnx¿M o'lgog ckm b 8]df]q]ml6s ;]G6/ (Union of the Democratic Centre) / d'ed]G6 km/ ;f];lhNd\ (Movemet for Socialism) afx]s ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts ;d"xsf] ;xdltdf ;g\ !((! gf]e]Da/ ^ df 7"nf] ax'dtåf/f RofDa/df RofDa/df kfl/t eof] / P]g aGof] . -To;a]nf o;nfO{ dfnxf/f] P]g eg]/ a'lemGYof] ._ o;n] /fhg}lts bnx¿n] k|:tfj u/]sf] ;"rLdf sDtLdf #) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/x¿ dlxnf x'g}kg]{ / To:tf dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgjf{rgdf lhTg ;lsg] l;6x¿df p7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]/ /fli6«o lgjf{rg P]gsf] wf/f ^) nfO{ ;+zf]wg u¥of] . o;sf cltl/Qm, o;n] tL cfjZostfx¿ k"/f gug]{ s'g} klg bnsf] ;"rL btf{ gul/g] Joj:yf;d]t u¥of] .

sf]6f P]g kfl/t ug{]tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg] P]ltxfl;s sf/0fx¿af/]sf] ljZn]if0f Pp6f j[xt\ cg';Gwfg cfof]hgfsf] ljifoj:t' g} x'g;S5 . s]xL lg0ff{os sf/s tŒjx¿af/] oxf“ rrf{ ug'{ kofK{t x'G5 . To;df dlxnf /fhg}lts JolQmTjsf] ljsf; / dlxnf cfGbf]ng;“u ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw, ljleGg /fhg}lts bnaf6 dlxnfx¿ Ps} :yfgdf h'6\g', ltgLx¿sf] 1fg, t'ngfTds cg'ejx¿ / ljw]osx¿sf] ljZn]if0f, ;d:ofaf/]] ltgLx¿sf] 1fg / eljiosf kl/sNkgfx¿ tyf ljz]if u/]/ gf/LjfbL hd36 (Feminist Gatherings) / /fli6«o dlxnf e]nfåf/f dlxnfx¿sf] j[xt\ kl/rfng ;dfj]z 5g\ .

;g\ !(($ sf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgn] -;+j}wflgs ;efåf/f kfl/t, h;sf ;b:ox? sf]6f sfg'gcGtu{t lgjf{lrt lyP_ To; P]gsf] ;+j}wflgstfaf/] To:tf pkfox¿df lglxt l;4fGtnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf]n] ar]v'r]sf zÍfx¿nfO{ :ki6 kf¥of] .

/fli6«o ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& n] dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr jf:tljs ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . h;cg';f/ lgjf{lrt / /fhg}lts bnsf kbx?df kx“'r /fhg}lts bnx?nfO{ lgodg u/]/ / lgjf{rg zf;g Joj:yfdf ;sf/fTds sfo{åf/f ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm wf/f &% n] jf:tljs ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Jojxf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ s+u|];nfO{ ;sf/fTds sfo{sf pkfox¿ kfl/t / k|j4{g ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u5{ . ;f] wf/fn] vf; u/]/ dlxnfsf -bkmf @#_ ;DaGwdf nfu" /x]sf] cGt//fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ ;lGwn] klxrfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿, ;g\ !(&( sf] dlxnflj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj lgd"{n kfg{] dxf;lGw -bkmf @@_ k|lt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ k"0f{ pkof]u / cEof;sf] klg ;'lglZrt u5{ .

cGTodf, wf/f @ n] wf/f #& df nlIft ;sf/fTds sfo{ ;+ljwfg kfl/t ul/Psf] ;dodf nfu" ePsf k|fjwfgx?eGbf sd x'g' gx'g], P]gn] Joj:yf u/];Dd sfod /xg' kg]{ / To;af6 P]g ;ª\Vof @$,)!@ n] klxrfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿nfO{ pN6fpg] s'g} klg k|of;nfO{ ljkmn kfg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf /fhgLltdf Go"gtd dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k nf]stGqsf] u'0f:t/df ;fy{s clej[l4 ub}{ ch]{lG6gfsf] s+u|];df Pp6f dggof]Uo j[l4 eof] .

of] n]Vbf;Dd #) k|ltzt dlxnf ;b:o /x]sf] RofDa/ ckm l8Ko'l6hdf dlxnfx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?cft ;g\ !(*# df eof] . l;g]6df klxnf] dlxnf ;g\ !(*#

187

df lgjf{lrt eP tfklg ;g\ @))! df #% k|ltzt gsf6];Dd dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj jf:tjdf k|efjzfnL lyPg . To; ;dob]lv l;g]6/x¿ k|ToIf lgjf{lrt x'g yfn] clg ;g\ !(($ sf] ;+j}wflgs ;+zf]wg nfu" ePkl5 k"0f{ l;g]6 lgjf{rgsf nflu tof/ lyof] .

Ps k6sdf cfwf ;b:ox¿ lgjf{lrt x'g] RofDa/ ckm l8Ko'l6hsf nflu sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] ;':t sfof{Gjog l;g]6sf] cj:yf;“u t'ngf ubf{ To;df cGt/ 5 . Toxf“ ;g\ !(($ sf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgn], klxnf l6Kk0fL ul/Pcg';f/, dlxnf ;xeflutfdf Ps jif{leq g} #) k|ltzteGbf a9L j[l4nfO{ t'?Gt k|efj kfg{ k'gM lgjf{rgsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ l;6 tof/ x'g'k5{ eGg] sfof{b]z lbof] .

tflnsf %M ch]{lG6gL s+u|];, RofDa/ ckm l8Ko'l6h, !(*#– @))!M dlxnf ;ª\Vof / ;a} ;b:osf] cg'kftdf dlxnf k|ltzt

jif{ -O=;+=_ hDdf ;b:ox¿ dlxnf pDd]bjfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof s'nsf] k|ltzt

!(*# @%$ !! $=#

!(*$ @%$ !# %=!

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!((( @%& &@ @*=)

@))! @%& && #)=)

@))% @%% *^ ##=&

;|f]t M Botte, Susana and Evangelina Borola, 1996. ‘La representacion femenia en el Congrteso de la Nacion [Women’s representation in the Argentine Congress]. HCND, Sec. Parlamentaria, DIP. Estudios e investigaciones 9, Mujer; Consejo Nacional de la Mujer, October 2001; Argentine Chamber of Deputies, February 2002; and Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), January 2005.





188


* l6of/f 8]n lkmuf], cG6f/l68f / cfOnf; 8]n P6nflG6sf] ;/ k|fGtx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf lyP .** /fli6«o sf]6f P]g nfu" ePsf] .

;g\ @))) sf] l8;]Da/df x:tfIfl/t cf1lKt gDa/ !,@$^ n] o;sf] lgldQ dfu{k|z:t u¥of] . o;n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿åf/f JoQm ul/Psf] /fhgLlt / gful/s ;dfhdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ljBdfg dlxnfx¿sf s}og\ lk/dsf{nfO{ l;g]6sf] lgjf{rgsf nflu bnsf ;"rLx¿df dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] k|efjsf/L kb:yfkgnfO{ ;+:yfkg u/]/ sf]6f P]gnfO{ km/flsnf] agfp“b} ;Daf]wg u¥of] . To; cf1lKtn] tf]s]sf] k|ltztdf clgjfo{¿kn] k|To]s /fhg}lts bn, u7aGwg jf c:yfoL u7aGwgsf] ;DalGwt ;"rLsf] ;Dk"0f{ pDd]bjf/df nfu" ul/g'k5{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]/ cfjZos #) k|ltzt Go"gtd ;Ldf xf] eg]/ lgwf{/0f klg u¥of] . of] P]g sfof{Gjog x'g k'glg{jf{rgsf nflu v'Nnf /x]sf kbx¿df clg To; ;"rLsf] klxnf] :yfgaf6 clgjfo{¿kn] nfu" ul/g'k5{ .

tflnsf ̂ M ch]{G6fOg s+u|];, l;g]6 !(*#– @))!M dlxnf ;b:o ;ª\Vof / s'n l;g]6x¿sf] cg'kftdf dlxnf k|ltzt

jif{ -O=;+=_ hDdf ;b:ox¿ dlxnf pDd]bjfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof s'nsf] k|ltzt

!(*# $^ # ^=%

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@))!*** &! @% #%=@

@))% &@ @$ ##=#

189





;|f]t M Botte, Susana and Evangelina Borola, 1996. ‘La representacion femenia en el Congrteso de la Nacion [Women’s representation in the Argentine Congress]. HCND, Sec. Parlamentaria, DIP. Estudios e investigaciones 9, Mujer; Consejo Nacional de la Mujer, October 2001; Argentine Chamber of Deputies, February 2002; and Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), January 2005.

* l6of/f 8]n lkmuf], cG6f/l68f / cfOnf; 8]n P6nflG6sf] ;/ k|fGtx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf lyP .

* RofDa/sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ k|lt lgjf{rg If]q t];|f] l;g]6/ ;+of]hgn] 9f“rf kl/jt{g u/]sf] lyof] . klxnf] k6s sf]6f P]g nfu" ePsf] .

* k|fGtx¿af6 k|ltlglwx¿ k|ToIf lgjf{lrt .

cem #) k|ltzt;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu" ul/“bf Ps} k|sf/sf] Go"gtd of]Uotf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] M olb #) k|ltztsf] kl/0ffd Pp6f leGg ;ª\Vofdf b]lvof] eg] nfu" x'g] ;ª\Vof k|fKt ug{sf nflu Tof] ;ª\VofnfO{ ;dfof]hg ul/g'kYof]{ / of] cfjZostfnfO{ :ki6 agfpgsf nflu To; cf1lKt;“u Pp6f tflnsf klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf /x]sf] o:tf] Go"gtd of]Uotfsf] sdLn] /fi6«el/ g} s}og\ dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ cGofok"0f{ alxis/0ftkm{ 8f]¥ofPsf] lyof] .

cGTodf, s] s'/f dgg ug{ of]Uo 5 eg] vf; u/]/ ch]{lG6gfsf ;Dk"0f{ k|fGtx?df ;DalGwt Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg lgoldt ug{sf nflu xfn sf]6f P]g /x]sf] 5 / tL P]gx¿ :yfgLo kl/ifb\x¿df ;d]t nfu" x'G5g\ .

/fhg}lts bnx¿ / dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf k|j4{gdf ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ /fhg}lts bnx¿n] d'Vo e"ldsf v]N5g\ . oBlk, sf]6fx¿af/] xfn;Dd w]/} /fhg}lts bnsf cfk\mg} lgod 5}gg\ . /fhg}lts bnx¿leq clgjfo{ lgodx¿sf] cefj Pp6f r'gf}tL xf] / Tof] s'g} zÍflagf dlxnf /fhg}lts sfo{stf{x¿sf lgldQ ;dfg cj;/sf nflu ;ª\3if{sf clgl0f{t d'2fx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] . t}klg, k|foh;f] bnn] qmlds ¿kn] cfk\mgf ljwfg÷a8fkq jf pklgodx¿ ;+zf]wg ub}{ 5g\ . ;dfgx¿sf] u0ftGqsf] ljsNk (Alternative for a Republic of Equals) h:tf gof“ k|ultjfbL cfGbf]ngx¿ lagf s'g} k"jf{u|x …-Unf; l;lnª_Ú@ u7g ePsf 5g\ .

/fhg}lts bnx?åf/f dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfdf c;/ kfg]{ sf/s tŒjx?

kIfdfM

aGb / /f]lsPsf ;"rL (Closed and Blocked) o'Qm ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL . ch]{lG6gfsf] dfldnfdf To;nfO{ elgPcg';f/ ln:6f ;jfgf cyf{t\ aGb / /f]lsPsf]

190


;"rLdf ;dfj]z x'g] dlxnfsf] cg'kft lgwf{/0f ug{ ;sf/fTds sf/s tŒj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ cGo lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /x]sf s]xL k|fGtdf lgjf{lrt ;fgf] ;ª\Vofsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ko{j]If0f u/]/ 6'Ëf] nufpg ;lsG5 .

dlxnf ;lqmotf M xfn ePsf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ k/f:t ug{;Sg] / ;"rLx¿df ;dfj]z x'g;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf dlxnfx¿ ;fdfGotof lzlIfsf, k];fut dlxnf, kf1, snfsf/, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ / dfgj clwsf/sdL{x¿ h:tf ljleGg k[i7e"ld ePsf JolQmx¿ x'g\ . oL ltgLx? g} x'g\ hf] gof“ cfGbf]ng / k|ultzLn If]qsf u7aGwgsf] ;"rLdf /x]sf 5g\ / h;n] cfgf] kbLo x}l;ot sfod /fVg ;S5g\ clg h;df cfgf] / s+u|];sf nflu k|lts"ntf / ;kmntf b'j}sf] cg'ejsf nIf0f /x]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿ d'Vo ljwfos / ;+ljwfgsf pT;fxL /Ifs / o;sf ;Ldfx¿sf] s7f]/ cf1fkfnsx¿ x'g\, ltgLx¿ dlxnfx¿sf ;/f]sf/k|lt nlIft clwsf+z ljw]ossf n]vs x'g\ / dlxnfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/df dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAwsf nflu pQ/bfoL klg ltgLx? g} dflgG5g\ .

bnx¿n] P]gnfO{ kfng ug{' cfjZos 5 M /fhg}lts ;ÍNk / /fhg}lts bn ;+/rgfdf ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;xefuL eP/ klg lg0f{o lng;Sg] x}l;otdf k'Ug ;Ifd gePsf ax';ª\Vos dlxnf clwsf/sdL{x¿sf] ;Ë7gsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k|fKt ePsf] sf]6f;Ddt x'g'k5{ . dlxnfx¿ sfg'g / sfg'gåf/f k|bQ ljlw;Ddt x'gsf O{io{fn' /Ifsx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

cg'1f M /fli6«o lgjf{rg ;+lxtfdf P]g ;ª\Vof @$,)!@ n] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ lhTg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] sDtLdf #) k|ltzt dlxnf gePsf] s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnsf] ;"rL btf{ ul/g] 5}g .

ljkIfdfM

pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ ;+oGq M sf]6f P]g nfu" eO;s]kl5 k/Dk/fut /fhg}lts bnx¿ pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6 ug{ ljleGg u}/k/Dk/fut ;+oGq lgdf{0ftkm{ df]l8Psf 5g\, of] glhsaf6 x]g{ nfossf] 5 . s+u|];df kx'“r k|fKt ug{ /x]sf ;t{x¿ lgs} c;dfg 5g\ . k'¿ifx¿sf lgldQ /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] k/Dk/fut …k'/fgf l76fx¿Ú sf] ;~hfnn] ug{] sfo{nfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5, of] dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ csf{] s'/f xf] eg]/ g]t[Tjn] lg0f{o u/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfsf] e"ldsf Pp6f To:tf] k'“hL xf] h'g ;fd'bflos ;Dkbfsf] efu xf] -ljjfxsf] ;bfrf/åf/f_ eGg] wf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eP/ >LdtLx¿nfO{ To:tf] bhf{df /flvPsf] 5 h'g ltgLx¿sf >Ldfg\x¿n] sfg'g;Ddt 9+un] k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . oyfy{df, sf]6f k|0ffnL cGtu{t dlxnfx¿n] cf]u6\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf Joj:yflksfsf l;6x¿nfO{ kfl/jfl/s ;DklQ;d]t 7flgG5 clg 5f]/L, lbbL–alxgL, ldqx¿ cflbnfO{ k'¿if /fhgLlt1x¿n] cfkm" xsbf/ ePsf] ;f]Rg] l;6sf lgldQ dgf]gog ul/G5 . cfh;d]t, c;+oldt jf k/Dk/fut g]t[Tjn] …sf]6fsf] e'QmfgL ug]{Ú / ;s]df tL :yfgx¿df ljgoL / cf1fsf/L dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgjf{lrt u/fpg] k|of; ug]{af/] cfafh p7fO /xG5 .

191

l;lsPsf kf7x¿

ch]lG6gfsf] cg'ejn] s]xL pNn]vgLo z[ª\vnf pTkGg u5{g\, h;sf] rrf{ ug'{n] dxŒj /fV5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, ;dfgtf k|fKt ug{ s}og\ r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

l;lsPsf ;a}eGbf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ kf7x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

• sf]6f P]g ceLi6 k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f pkfo xf] . o;sf k|:tfjsx¿n] o;nfO{ hlxn] klg n}lËs ;dfgtf k|flKtsf lglDt ;Dej agfpg of] Pp6f pkfo xf] eGg] ;f]r] clg of] cf“k}mdf Pp6f ceLi6 xf] eGg] slxn] klg ;f]r]gg\ .

• sf]6f P]gn] clwstd ;Ldf -l;lnª_ xf]Og Pp6f Go"gtd ;ª\Vof tf]S5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, #) k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltlglwTj s]jn cfwf/dfq ;f]lrPsf] lyof], /fhg}lts bnx¿df pTkGg d'2f / k|Zgx¿af/]sf] Pp6f nfdf] ;"rLaf/] 5nkmn ug{' cfjZos lyof] lsgls s}og\ dfldnfx? cfh;Dd klg k"0f{¿kn] ;Daf]lwt ePsf 5}gg\ .

• s]xL dlxnf clwsf/sdL{sf lgldQ clxn];Dd lgif]w ul/Psf] pDd]bjf/Ldf kx'“r k|fKt ug{ To:tf :yfg vf]Ng' l;Q}“df kfPsf] 5'6 xf]Og .

• 6Lsf l6Kk0fL x'“bfx“'b} klg gof“ k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogn] s+u|];df dlxnfsf] pkl:yltnfO{ k|efjsf/L j[l4tkm{ pGd'v u/fPsf] 5, cGoyf Tof] k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] lyof] . To;sf/0f, To; pkfon] p5fn]sf] jfbljjfbeGbf 6f9f k|:tfljt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 .

• ljleGg /fhg}lts zlQmx?aLr ljz]if u/]/ Go"gtd #) k|ltzt x'g'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cj1f ug]{ p2]Zon] P]Soa4tf /x]sfn] kl/l:ylt ljrf/0flo /x]sf] lyof] . dlxnfx¿aLr P]Soa4tf bnk|ltsf] jkmfbf/LeGbf a9L dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] lyof] .

• s]jn :qLlnËL x'g'sf] tYon] cfkm}“df n}lËs jrga4tf jf o; k|of;df P]Soa4tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{g . s]xL dlxnf hlt rf“8f] zlQmsf] hlt glhs k'U5g\, ltgLx¿n] cfg} lnËsf lk/dsf{nfO{ Tolt g} lal;{Psf] b]lvG5 .

• sf]6fnfO{ JoQm¿kdf lj/f]w u/]/ P]Soa4tfsf] sdL :ki6 b]vfPsf t/ sf]6fsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf v8f x'g glxlRsrfP/ ltgLx¿n] h;sf] lj/f]w u/] To;}af6 kmfObf p7fpg] dlxnfsf] k|jl[Qsf ;DaGwdf r]tfjgL Jojl:yt klg /flvPsf] 5 . of] k|jl[Q Pp6f bf]if xf], h;nfO{ sDtLdf Pp6f …g}lts cfTd;dk{0fÚ sf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{'k5{ .

r'gf}tLx¿

• clxn] s+u|];df dlxnf ;+Vof 7"nf] /x]sfn] ltgLx?sf] P]Soa4tf, ;dfgtf / Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu / ;du|df dlxnfx¿nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts





/ cfly{s c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ ;Rofpg k|rlnt P]g–sfg'gx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|j4{g ug{ clgjfo{¿kn] ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿dfly Ph]G8f s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .

• Joj:yflksfsf If]qdf xfn}sf jif{x¿df s]xL pknlAw / s]xL c;kmntf b]lvPsf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] k|fGtdf 3/]n' lx+;faf/] sfg'gx¿ kfl/t ul/Psf 5g\ . t}klg, oL clwsf/x¿sf] cEof; / pkef]u ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L / oy]i6 sfo{ljlwx¿ cem} cjnDag ul/Psf] 5}g . ;+;bLo kl/lwdf o:tf] cu|;/tfn] /fi6«sf ;fdfGo cj:yfx?nfO{ k|ltlalDat ub}g g t ltgLx¿ To:tf P]gx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / ;DdfgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ tof/ /x]sf] alnof] Gofokflnsfsf] ;dy{g;fy cfPsf] 5 . To;ljk/Lt ch]{lG6gfsf] Gofok|0ffnL w/fzfoL x'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] tL P]gx¿ nfu" ug{ Tof] ;Ifd /x]sf] 5}g .

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1 As Marcela V. Rodríguez indicates, affirmative action recognizes that at times it is necessary to provide certain groups with unequal instruments in order to guarantee real equality of opportunity and treatment. In effect, when social inequality is the prevailing norm in the initial context prior to the distribution of goods, resources or tools, we cannot expect mere formal equality to be capable of ensuring real equality. This is especially relevant for the purposes of evaluating the legitimacy of the system of quotas for women, in a context in which gender discrimination and social hierarchy are the norm. See Rodríguez, Marcela V., 2000. ‘Igualdad, democracia y acciones colectivas’ [Equality, democracy and collection action], in Alda Facio and Lorena Fries (eds). Género y Derecho [Gender and rights]. Chile: Lom Ediciones, pp. 249ff.

2 The expression ‘glass ceiling’, created in the 1970s, symbolizes the invisible barriers that keep women from reaching the highest decision-making positions in both public and private organizations. Both at work and in politics, this artificial barrier, considered by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as ‘a transparent yet solid wall, made from organizational attitudes and prejudices’, remains in place despite decades of social development and the strides made towards gender equality.

3 See note 1.





194


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aª\unfb]zdf ;x/L :yfgLo ;/sf/ b'O{j6f txdf lgld{t x'G5M -s_ kf}/;ef -() j6f gu/kflnsf lgsfo_ hxf“ kf}/;efsf cfo'Qmx¿åf/f lgjf{lrt sDtLdf tLghgf




198


dlxnf ;b:osf lgldQ sf]6fsf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 / -v_ gu/ lgud -hDdf ^ j6f 5g\_ . u|fdL0f :yfgLo ;/sf/, lhNnf, pklhNnf, o'lgog / ufp“ u/L rf/ k|sf/sf kl/ifb\åf/f lgld{t x'G5g\ . oL :yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfsf lgldQ dtbfg ug{ ;fy} lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf v8f x'g] clwsf/ eP tfklg kl5Nnf bzsx¿df s]xL dfq dlxnf l;6 lhTg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !((# df o'lgog kl/ifb\df dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft l;6x¿df ;+;båf/f sfg'gdfkm{t\ k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . …/fHo gLltsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtÚ cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ( n] :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((& df gof“ k|fjwfgcGtu{t o'lgog kl/ifb\sf] k|yd lgjf{rg ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

ef/t

ef/tdf, k~rfotL /fh ;+:yfx¿ -kLcf/cfO{_ n] tLgj6f txdf sfo{ u5{g\ M ufp“ k~rfot, Onfsf -Ans_ k~rfot / lhNnf k~rfot . k~rfotsf] cfsf/ If]qsf] hg;ª\Vofdfly lge{/ x'G5 / ljleGg If]qdf !*–@) xhf/ b]lv %))–!,))) ;Ddsf] leGgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . &# cf}“ / &$ cf}“ ;+j}wflgs ;+zf]wg P]gx¿n] ;g\ !((@ b]lv kLcf/cfO{x¿sf] e"ldsf ;'b[9 agfpg'sf ;fy} ;x/L / u|fdL0f :yfgLo ;/sf/df dlxnfsf lgldQ cf/lIft l;6x¿ k|j]z u/fof] .!@ k~rfotsf] sfo{sfn kf“r jif]{ x'G5, k|ToIf lgjf{rg x'G5 / dlxnf tyf ;dfhsf cGo ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf lgldQ ## k|ltzteGbf a9L l;6 clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{'k5{ . ufp“ k~rfot:t/df lgjf{rgsf] 9f“rfaf/] lg0f{o ug{ /fHox¿sf lgldQ 5f]l8Psf] Onfsf -Ans_ / lhNnf k~rfotsf ;efWoIfx¿sf] lgjf{rg ck|ToIf x'G5 . dlxnfsf lgldQ l;6sf] cf/If0f kfn}kfnf] cfwf/df ul/of], h;sf] cy{ klxnf] r/0fsf cf/lIft l;6x¿ bf];|f] r/0fdf …cf/lIft ul/Psf] lyPgÚ . o;k|sf/n] dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿sf lgldQ lg/Gt/tf, ltgLx¿sf] cg'ejsf] ljsf; / ltgLx¿sf] zlQmsf] cfwf/lznf lgdf{0fdf cj/f]w pTkGg ePsf] lyof] .

kfls:tfg

kfls:tfgdf k/j]h d';/{kmsf] ;}lgs zf;gn] Toxf“sf ;a} rf/j6} k|fGtdf :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo h:t} lgsfo :yfkgf ug{ ;g\ @))) sf] zlQm lgIf]k0f of]hgf nfu" u¥of] . o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf tLg}j6f tx lhNnf kl/ifb\, txl;n kl/ifb\ -pklhNnf:t/_ / o'lgog kl/ifb\ -ufp“:t/_ x¿df dlxnfsf lgldQ ## k|ltzt sf]6fsf] ;'lglZrttf u¥of] . o'lgog kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf lgjf{lrt t/ txl;n / lhNnf kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿ o'lgog kl/ifb\df lgjf{lrt kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿åf/f ul7t Pp6f lgjf{rs d08nåf/f ck|ToIf ¿kdf lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . o'lgog kl/ifb\x¿n] * b]lv !) j6f ufp“ cf]u6\5g\ . To;sf @! hgf ;b:odf Pshgf gflhd -;efWoIf_ Pshgf gfoj gflhd -pk;efWoIf_ cf7j6f cfd d';ndfg l;6, rf/j6f dlxnf d';ndfg l;6, rf/j6f d';ndfg ls;fg / dhb'/ l;6, b'O{j6f dlxnf ls;fg / dhb'/ l;6 tyf

199

Pp6f wfld{s cNk;ª\Vos x'g] u/L l;6x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf] cy{ @! j6fdWo] ^ j6f l;6 dlxnfsf lgldQ ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g\ . o;k|sf/n] jf:tljs sf]6f k|ltzt ## k|ltzt xf]Og @( k|ltzt x'G5, h'g k|foh;f] pNn]v ul/g] tYofÍ xf] . gflhdx¿ jf cNk;ª\Vos l;6sf lgldQ s'g} sf]6f g5'6\ofOPsf] tYosf sf/0f To:tf] ePsf] xf] .!#

cEof;df sf]6f k|0ffnLM s] To;n] km/s kf5{ <

P]gsf] cfjZostf, k|lqmof / kl/0ffd tyf sfof{Gjogsf JolQmut cg'ejx¿åf/f k|efljt eP/ cf/lIft l;6x¿sf] c;/ tLgj6f /fi6«df leGgfleGg} /x]sf] 5 . cf/lIft l;6n] :yfgLo ;/sf/df ;fk]If¿kn] s]xL sd ;ª\Vofdf dlxnfsf] kx'“rnfO{ ;'lglZrttf lbPsfn] sf]6fn] ;DalGwt /fi6«x¿df dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f ljjfb ug{ nfossf] /x]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/df sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] c;/

ts{of]Uo s'/f s] 5 eg] ;'/lIft l;6x¿sf] ;kmntfsf] ;"rsx¿dWo]sf] Ps :yfgLo ;/sf/df dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt j[l4 ePsf] 5 / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] sfo{df ltgLx¿sf] cem a9L ;xeflutfn] kl/0ffd b]vfO/x]sf] 5 . cf/If0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k :yfgLo ;/sf/df dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj tLgj6} /fi6«df j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

aª\unfb]zdf ;g\ !((& sf] o'lgog kl/ifb\ lgjf{rgdf dlxnfsf lgldt cf/lIft l;6df hDdf !# xhf/ dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . /fi6«sf rf/j6f ;x/L lguddf hDdf ^# hgf dlxnf cfo'Qm lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP .

cf/lIft l;6n] ef/tdf ;dfhsf ;a} txsf !) nfveGbf a9L dlxnfnfO{ u|fdL0f txdf lg0f{o lngdf ;xefuL agfPsf] 5 .

;g\ !(&( kl5 kfls:tfgdf ;g\ !(*#, !(*&, !((@ / @))! df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ @))) – @))! sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rgn] $@ xhf/ $( hgf dlxnfnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/df ;xefuL u/fof] .

dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿n] :yfgLo txdf NofPsf] u'0ffTds c;/sf s]xL k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . ef/tdf n3' shf{ sfo{qmdx¿, ;fIf/tf cleofg jf cGo ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngdf dlxnf k|ltlglwx?n] /fd|f] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ / ;kmn b]lvPsf 5g\ .!$ aª\unfb]zdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rgn] sfd–st{Jo (ToR) / oL lgsfox¿sf] lqmofsnfksf kl/lwx¿sf ;fy} tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostfaf/] k|Zgx¿ p7fPsf] 5 .!% kfls:tfgdf ;dfhsf ljkGg ju{sf dlxnf dtbftfn] kx'“rof]Uo ePsfn] dlxnf kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿;u“ ;Dks{ ul//x]sf 5g\ / cfgf] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ cfzf dlxnf kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿;dIf /flv/x]sf 5g\ .




200


:yfgLo ;/sf/df dlxnfsf] cg'ej

blIf0f Pl;ofdf :yfgLo ;/sf/df dlxnfsf] cg'ej lnË / ju{, zf;g Joj:yf, :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] k|sf/, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ;~hfnx¿ / :yfgLo ;/sf/df dlxnfsf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfnfO{ c;/ kfg{] k|yfhGo sfg'gx¿åf/f dWo:y ul/Psf] 5 . ltgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf lzIff, tflnd / ;|f]tx?sf] sdLn] klg c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, 3/ u[x:yLsf k'¿if ;b:ox¿dfly dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿ e/kg{' / cfly{s ;|f]tx¿df -pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx¿sf lgldQ tnasf] Joj:yf 5}g_ kx“'r dfly ltgLx¿sf] c;fdYo{n] klg ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf c;/ kf5{ . lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fn] :yfgLo :t/df dlxnfsf] vf; cg'ejnfO{ lrq0f u5{ .

aª\unfb]zdf dlxnf cfo'Qmx¿nfO{ rf/j6f d'Vo st{Jo kfng ug{af6 lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 M hGd tyf d[To' btf{ / gful/stf / rfl/lqsnufot ljleGg k|df0fkq hf/L ug{, ejgx¿sf] 9f“rf hf“ra'em ug{, hgu0fgf / cGo ;a} hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL ;j]{If0fdf ;xfotf k'¥ofpg / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg ug{ .!^ dxfgu/kflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf dlxnf sld;g/x¿dfly dlxnf / afnaflnsfdflysf] zf]if0f /f]syfd ug{;“u ;DalGwt pQ/bfloTj dfq ;'lDkPsf] 5 eg] k'¿if cfo'Qmx¿n] cGo ;a} st{Jokfng ug{df g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]N5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, ;/sf/n] dlxnf cfo'Qmx¿sf lgldQ j]tgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg af“sL g} /x]sf] 5 clg ;a}eGbf dfly vf; sfof{no sf]7f, oftfoft / cGo ;'ljwf h:tf ;'ljwfx¿dfly ltgLx¿sf] kx'“r 5}g .

kfls:tfgdf kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf cfkm"x¿n] lgdGq0ff gkfpg] u/]sf] u'gf;f] w]/} dlxnf kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿sf] /x]sf] 5 / %) k|ltzteGbf sd dlxnf kl/ifb\ ;b:on] ;efWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ePsf] Pp6f dfq a}7sdf ;xefuL ePsf lyP . lhNnf / o'lgog kl/ifb\ :t/df ljsf; of]hgfx¿af/] dlxnfx¿;“u k/fdz{ g} gu/Lsg ltgLx¿sf] 3/d} k|foh;f] x:tfIf/ ug{sf nflu jf NofKr] nufpgsf nflu sfuhftx¿ k7fOG5g\ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|foh;f] k|:t't ug{sf nflu s'g} k|ToIf lgjf{rg If]q ePsf] g7flgg] ePsf]n] g t ltgLx¿nfO{ ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;dfg lx:;f g} lbOG5 . ;g\ @))) df sf]6f nfu" ePkl5 lgjf{rgdf p7]sf k|foM ;a}h;f] pDd]bjf/n] To:tf] u/] lsgeg] ltgLx¿sf] k'¿if cfkmGtx¿ jf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] To; kbsf nflu ltgLx¿sf] gfd k|:t't u/] . :ki6tM o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/df :jtGq kfqsf] ¿kdf ltgLx¿sf] bhf{nfO{ vf]O/f] vG5 .

k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf nflu r'gf}tLx¿

o; efun] blIf0f Pl;ofdf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿df dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ s]xL d'Vo r'gf}tLsf] l;+xfjnf]sg u5{ .

!= lgjf{rg If]q k|ltlglwTj M aª\unfb]zdf …:yfgLo lgsfox¿df kl/ifb\sf ;b:osf] ¿kdf dlxnf ;b:ox¿ cfgf] e"ldsf / sfo{af/] ;r]t 5}gg\ . k|foh;f]

201

dlxnf dtbftf gu/kflnsfx¿df cfgf] k|ltlglw sf] xf] / ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ s] xf] eGg]af/] ;d]t hfGb}gg\ .Ú kl5Nnf] k6s ;g\ @))# df ;DkGg o'lgog kl/ifb\ dtbfgaf/] ul/Psf] Pp6f cWoogcg';f/ s}og\ dlxnf ;'/lIft l;6x¿df geO{ ;fdfGo l;6x¿sf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ OR5's /x]sf lyP .!* o;n] ltgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ sf]6f k|0ffnLåf/f ;fdfGo l;6sf lgldQ OR5's x'gsf nflu ;zQmLs/0f ul/Psf] ¿kdf x]5{g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ lrq0f ug{ ;S5 jf o;n] sf]6fåf/f lgjf{lrt dlxnfsf lgldQ lgjf{rg If]q k|ltlglwTjsf] sdLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]vfpg ;S5 . dlxnf / k'¿if b'j}n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ d'2fx¿dWo] Ps ;|f]tx¿dfly s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fn] ltgLx¿sf] :jzf;g clwsf/sf] lvNnL p8fpg] s'/f xf] . dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿n] wgdf cfwfl/t /fhgLlt, ljzfn lgjf{rg If]qe/ ofqf ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] ltgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffaf/]sf d'2f / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] /fhg}lts hLjgdf k"0f{¿kn] ;xefuL x'gdf dlxnfsf] IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt kfg]{ / cnUofpg] kbf{k|yfnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf c6'6 k|efjsf cj/f]wx¿sf] klg ;fdgf ug{'k5{ .

@= :yfgLo :t/df ;fk]If k|efj M ef/tdf dlxnfx¿n] cfgf] /fhg}lts ;+/If0fsf nflu bnsf ljleGg lgsfosf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?;“u ldn]dtf] ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . ;+/rgfTds r'gf}tLx¿dWo]sf] Ps /fHo ;/sf/sf ;fd'Gg] k~rfotsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf xf], h;n] k~rfotsf] :jzf;g / To;df lgjf{lrt ePsfx¿nfO{ IfoLs/0ftkm{ n}hfG5 . s}og\ dlxnfn] ;d'lrt kfl/>lds gx'“bf k~rfotx? e|i6frf/ / kfl/>lds gkfP klg sfd rnfpg ;Sg] pRr ju{sf JolQmx¿sf] k|e'TjnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ a9L v'nf /x]sf x'G5g\ eg]/ cf}“NofPsf 5g\ . o;k|sf/ k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] k|j]zsf nflu ;b:ox¿sf ck]Iff, tflnd / kfl/>lds h:tf d'2fx¿dfly Wofg s]lGb|t ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] x'G5 .

#= dlxnfn] s;sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ < kfls:tfgdf dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿ To; k|0ffnLleq cfk\mg} nflu :yfg agfpgdf ;ª\3if{/t /x]sf 5g\ . k~hfasf 5 j6f lhNnfsf] Pp6f cWoogn] b]vfPcg';f/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf zlQm / sfo{x¿af/] dlxnf kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿sf] 1fg / ;"rgf lgs} Go"g /x]sf] lyof] .@) ltgLx¿ cfk\mgf k'¿if ;dsIfLx¿åf/f /fhgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf c:jLsf/ ug]{ k/Dk/fut ;f]rfOlj?4 åGå ul//x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ dlxnfsf] dfq k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf eg]/ x]l/G5 / lnË ljz]ifsf lgldQ /x]sf cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿sf] dfq pQ/bfloTj lbOG5 . kl/ifb\sf dlxnf ;b:osf lgldQ cfk\mg} vNtLaf6 oftfoft vr{ wfGg sl7g x'g] ePsf]n], ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] cfgf] kl/jf/sf k'¿if ;b:ox¿dfly cfly{s ¿kn] e/ k/]sf] x'“bf ;'/lIft l;6df ljho k|fKt u/]sf kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿nfO{ s}og z'Ns lbOPsf] lyPg .

tL tLgj6f /fi6«sf] k|ltlglwd"ns / bnLo /fhgLltdf ju{, hflt, wd{ / j+zut cfwf/df dlxnfx¿aLrsf -k'¿ifx¿aLr h:t}_ leGgtfx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljlwn] ;dfKt




202


kfl/;lsPsf] 5 . aª\unfb]zdf w]/}h;f] lgjf{lrt dlxnfx?sf] :t/ / lzIff b'j}sf b[li6n] ;De|fGt dlxnf x'g\ .@! ef/tdf k~rfotsf] ;b:otfdf ul/a ls;fg / s[lif dhb'/x¿sf] dggof]Uo pkl:ylt ePsfn] k~rfotsf ;/k~rx¿ -;efWoIf_ pRr ju{sf 5g\ eg]/ arn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .@@ kfls:tfgdf kl/ifb\sf dlxnf ;b:ox¿dWo] sl/a Ps ltxfO ;b:o lg/If/ lyP / ax';ª\Vos u|fdL0f k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf lyP .@# oxf“ /x]sf] r'gf}tL dlxnf / k'¿if b'j}sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ o:tf] tj/n] nf]stGqLs/0f ug'{ xf], h;cg';f/ pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6df ju{ / hftn] Tolt dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng gkfpg\\, oBlk To; If]qnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ulx/f c;dfgtfx¿n] o;df k|efj kfg]{ 5g\ .

lgisif{

aª\unfb]z, ef/t / kfls:tfgdf s]lGb|t oL 36gf cWoogn] a9\bf] ;ª\Vofn] :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfodf ;+nUg eO/x]sf]n] cf/lIft l;6x¿n] dlxnfsf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjsf] d'2fnfO{ jf:tjdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] ;'emfj lbG5 . ltgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtfn] k|fGtLo / /fli6«o:t/sf] /fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ j[xQ/ ;xeflutftkm{ 8f]¥ofpg ;Sg] s]xL k|df0f /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿n] dlxnfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; cjZo u5{g\ / cfk\mgf ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ ltgLx?nfO{ dlxnf ;d"xx¿n] ;Dks{ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] klg xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}“ . ;du|df dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿ sd e|i6 5g\, To;}n] hgtfsf cf“vfdf ltgLx¿n] :yfgLo ;/sf/df s]xL xb;Dd ljZj;gLotf lbnfPsf 5g\ eGg] s]xL k|df0f;d]t /x]sf 5g\ .

oBlk, dlxnf k|ltlglwTjn] ;+/rgfTds, JolQmut / bnLo /fhgLlt h:tf s}og\ r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . ltgLx¿nfO{ ltgsf k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿n] uDeL/tfk"j{s ln“b}gg\, tflnd / ;"rgfsf] :t/ gfh's /x]sf] 5, bnsf g]tfx?n] :yfgLo ;/sf/dfly k|e'Tj hdfpg 5f8\b}gg\ . o;k|sf/ sl7g cj:yfdf k/]sf dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿n] kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|of; u5{g\, t/ kl/jf/leq /x]sf] c;Gt'lnt n}lËs c;dfgtfn] dlxnfsf d'2fx¿df :jtGq c8fg lng lg?T;flxt kfg{ 5f8\b}gg\ . xfdLn] of] klg b]V5f}“ ls s]xL kl/jt{g x'“bfx'“b} klg :yfgLo /fhgLltdf dWod / pRr ju{sf] lg/Gt/ k|e'Tjsf] cy{ of] x'G5 ls dlxnfx¿aLrsf] leGgtfn] vf; ljlwx¿nfO{ ;dfKt kfl/Psf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ of] x'G5 ls tNnf] hftsL dlxnfn] ltgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} ;d'bfosf] ;Gtf]ifhgs 9Ën] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sl7g ePsf] kfp“l5g\ . To;}avt ltgLx¿ s'g} klg ;fdfGoLs/0f ul/Psf dlxnf ;/f]sf/nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Ifd x'b}gg\ . bf];|f], bhf{sf] leGgtfn] ubf{ ul/a, tNnf] hftsf] cNk;ª\Vos dlxnfn] k|e'TjzfnL, ljz]ifflwsf/ ;/f]sf/x¿;Dd p7]/ lng] hf]lvd Hofb} pRr x'G5 . cGTodf, ef/tdf k|of]u ul/Psf h:t} l;6x¿sf] s|dfut cf/If0fsf] cy{ /fhgLltdf ;xefuL x'g] dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿n] cfgf] lgjf{rg If]qnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ clg To;sf/0fn] cfg} nflu cfwf/ agfpgsf lgldQ ltgLx¿n] ;ª\3if{ u5{g\ .

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1 This chapter is based on a longer paper prepared for Dahlerup, Drude (ed.). Quotas for Women Worldwide. London: Routledge.

2 While there has been some empirical work done on the process by which reservations for women were introduced and implemented and on the outcome for both women representatives and local government institutions in each of the three countries (Buch 2000, Mahtab 2003, Bari 1997: see below), this is the first comparative study on the issue.

3 Women in South Asia (including Nepal and Sri Lanka) occupy only 7 percent of the parliamentary seats, 9 percent of the cabinet seats, 6 percent of the positions in the judiciary and 9 percent in the civil service. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2000. Human Development Report 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

4 The first quotas were part of the British administrative regime in South Asia under the Government of India Act of 1935, which established quotas for women and minority groups.

5 Article 331 stipulated a reservation of seats for the Anglo-Indian community for two years if the president thought it to be under-represented in Parliament.

6 Chowdhury, Najma, 2003. ‘Bangladesh’s Experience: Dependence and Marginality in Politics’, in International IDEA. The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experiences. Quota Workshops Report Series. Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 50–8.

7 Ali, Shaheen, 2000. ‘Law, Islam and the Women’s Movement in Pakistan’, in Shirin M. Rai (ed.). International Perspectives on Gender and Democratisation. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

8 See Goetz, Anne-Marie, 1996. ‘Dis/organizing Gender: Women Development Agents in the State and NGO Poverty-reduction Programmes in Bangladesh’, in Shirin M. Rai (ed.). Women and the State: International Perspectives. London: Taylor & Francis; Goetz, Anne-Marie (ed.), 1997. Getting Institutions Right for Women in Development. London: Zed Books; Kabeer, N., 1994. Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London: Verso; and Kabeer, N., 1995. ‘Targeting Women or Transforming Institutions? Policy Lessons from NGO Anti-poverty Efforts’. Development and Practice. Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 108–16.

9 The Human Development Index rankings for the three countries in 2003 are 139 for Bangladesh, 127 for India and 144 for Pakistan. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2003. Human Development Report 2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

10 Rai, S. M. and Sharma, K., 2000. ‘Democratising the Indian Parliament: the “Reservation for Women” Debate’, in S. M. Rai (ed.). International Perspectives on Gender and Democratisation. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

11 Frankl, Emma, 2003. ‘Quota as Empowerment: The Use of Reserved Seats in Union

204


Parishad as an Instrument of Women’s Political Empowerment in Bangladesh’, unpublished paper, Stockholm University.

12 In 2000 there were 532 district panchayats, 5,912 block or tauluk panchayats and 231,630 village or gram panchayats, and there are more than 3 million elected panchayati raj representatives, of whom women constitute one-third. See Ford Foundation, 2002. ‘From Public Administration to Governance’. New Delhi.

13 Graff, I., 2003. ‘Women’s Representation in Pakistani Politics: The Quota Systems under the Musharraf Regime’. Paper presented at the International Conference on Women and Politics in Asia, Halmstad, Sweden, 6–7 June.

14 Buch, Nirmala, 2000. ‘Women’s Experience in New Panchayats: The Emerging Leadership of Rural Women’. Occasional Paper 35, Centre for Women’s Development Studies (CWDS), Delhi.

15 Reyes, Socorro L., 2002. ‘Quotas in Pakistan: A Case Study’. Paper prepared for a workshop hosted by International IDEA.

16 Mahtab, N., 2003. ‘Women in Urban Local Governance: A Bangladesh Case Study’. Paper presented at the International Conference on Women’s Quotas in Urban Local Governance: A Cross-national Comparison. New Delhi, February.

17 Mohanty, Bidyut, 2003. ‘Women’s Presence in Panchayats (Village Councils) in India: A New Challenge to Patriarchy’. Paper presented at the International Conference on Women and Politics in Asia, Halmstad, Sweden, 6–7 June.

18 Mahtab 2003, op. cit. 19 The remuneration varies from 10 rupees (INR) per sitting to 50 INR. The sarpanch can

get up to 100 INR. 20 Bari, Farzana, 1997. ‘Discovering Female Representatives in Local Government’,

unpublished report. 21 Frankl 2003, op. cit., p. 42. 22 Buch 2000, op. cit. 23 Bari 1997, op. cit.

cWofo %

cWofo %c:;f s/fd tyf hf]gL nf]e]Gb':sL

clxn]sf ;+;bx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj pNn]Vo ¿kn] Go"g /x]sf] eP tfklg clxn] dlxnfx?n] ;+;bdf /x“bf cfgf] ;+Vof hlt;'s} eP klg s;/L k|efj kfg{ ;lsG5 / jf:tjdf s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;+VofeGbf k/ x]l//x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] v]nsf lgodx¿ / ljZjsf ;+;bleqaf6 k|fKt 1fg / a'emfOnfO{ dlxnfx¿sf d'2f / ;/f]sf/x¿ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu k|of]u ug{ l;ls/x]sf 5g\ . To;f] u/]/ ltgLx¿n] cfk\mg} ;kmntfsf] ;DefJotf dfq j[l4 ul//x]sf 5}gg\ a? ltgLx¿n] gof“ k':tfsf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ ;+;bLo k|lqmofdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu dfu{ k|z:t ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;+;bdfkm{t\ dlxnfx¿n] /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf cfgf] k|efjnfO{ s;/L clwstd agfpg ;S5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{sf nflu s'g–s'g /0fgLlt ;a}eGbf pkof]uL 5g\ < To; If]qdf k|j]z ug{ cfsfª\Iff /fVg]x¿;“u ;+;bsf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] s'g kf7 ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;S5g\ < /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿n] s;/L k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ < xfdL ;8saf6 ;+;btkm{ cufl8 a9\bfb]lv ;+;bdf bvn ubf{;Ddsf log} ljifox¿dfly o; cWofodf s]lGb|t /x]sf 5f}“ .

!= ;;+b\df bvn ug'{

sfo{sf nflu a]Olhª d~r -;g\ !((%_ df !*) eGbf a9L ;/sf/x¿ …lg0f{o ubf{ dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] nIo k|fKt ugf{n] nf]stGqnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ / o;sf] ;xL sfo{nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu===cfjZos===;Gt'ng===pknAw u/fp“5Ú! eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt eP . hltv]/ ljZjsf ljleGg e"efusf dlxnfx¿n] dtbfgsf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu ;ª\3if{ u/] To;a]nf ltgLx?n] ckl/xfo{¿kdf To;n] dlxnfsf]

;+;bdf dlxnfMk|efj kfb{}

207

208


cem a9L k|ltlglwTjtkm{ 8f]¥ofpg]5 eGg] ck]Iff u/]sf lyP . o; k':tssf cWofox¿n] lrq0f u/]cg';f/ ltgLx¿sf ck]Iff slxNo} k"/f ePgg\ . To; ljk/Lt, dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;+;bdf jf:tjdf g} lgjf{lrt u/fpgsf nflu dlxnfx¿n] csf{] nfdf] / sl7g ;ª\3if{sf] af6f] lng' k¥of] . To; k|of;sf] s]xL efudf dlxnf dtbftfnfO{

cfgf] k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ g} ;dy{g ug{sf nflu /fhL u/fpg ug'{k/]sf] kxn ;dfj]z 5 . w]/}h;f] /fi6«df /fli6«o ;+;b k|j]zsf vf; dfWodx¿sf ?kdf Hofbft/ sfd /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df s]lGb|t x'G5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt /fhg}lts kbk"lt{sf nflu kf6L{sf] k4lt kl/jt{g ug{ /fhg}lts kf6L{leq / aflx/sf dlxnfx¿ cfkm} ;Ël7t / uf]naGb x'G5g\ .

dlxnfx¿ ;+;bdf k|j]z u/]kl5 ltgLx¿sf] ;ª\3if{ ;dflKtaf6 lgs} 6f9f x'G5 . ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿ k'¿ifsf] If]qdf k|j]z u5{g\ . ;+;bx¿ cfk\mg} ;/f]sf/df sfo{ ub}{ / cfk\mg} ;'ljwfsf nflu sfo{ljlwx¿ :yfkgf ub}{ k'¿ifaf6 :yfkgf ePsf, ;+u7g ul/Psf / k|e'Tj sfod ul/Psf lyP . dlxnfnfO{ jl~rt ug{ hfgfhfg s'g} if8\oGq ePsf] lyPg . of] s'g} Pp6f d'2fdf dfq geO{ clwsf+z 36gfdf lyof] . nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt w]/} h;f] ;+;bx¿ k'¿ifsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] jf k'¿ifx¿sf nflu dfq /x]sf] /fhg}lts k|lqmofsf pTkfbg lyP . To;pk|fGtsf ;+;bLo ;efx¿n] w]/}h;f] efusf nflu oL :yflkt ;efx¿ cg'?k 9f“rf lnPsf lyP . k'¿if k|e'Tj /x]sf oL ;Ë7gx¿n] cjZo+efjL ?kdf /fi6« / ;+:s[ltcg';f/ leGg k|sf/sf vf; k'¿if k"j{fu|xx¿nfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{g\ .

xfn;fn};Dd klg of] …;+:yfut k'¿ifTjÚ ljwflosfsf] Pp6f cb[Zo u'0f ePsf] 5, of] lglxt, csf6\o / clwsf/sf] ?kdf kfPsf] h:tf] 5 . ev{/} dfq Joj:yflksfsf] k'¿ifTj cfwf/ ;"Id k/LIf0fcGtu{t cfPsf] 5 . oyfy{df clwsf+z /fi6«x?df @) cf“} ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ dfq Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts e"ldsf Pp6f ;fj{hlgs d'2f aGof] .

;g\ @))% df ljZjel/sf ;+;bsf ;b:ox¿df !^=) k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . gl8{s /fi6«x¿df ltgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;a}eGbf pRr $)=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] c/a /fi6«x¿df ltgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj -;g\ @))% hgj/L_ df ^=% k|ltztdfq /x]sf] lyof] .@

dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;+;bdf lgjf{lrt u/fpgsf nflu klxnf ePsf k|of;sf h:t} u/L clxn] ;+;bleq /x]sf dlxnfx¿ ljZjsf] Joj:yflksfleqaf6 dlxnfnfO{ ;Ël7t, uf]naGb, pTk]|l/t / pGgltzLn agfp“b}5g\ . ltgLx¿ /0fgLlt kl/sNkgf ub}{5g\ / dlxnfx¿;“u k|f;lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ / P]gdf kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh agfpgsf nflu sfo{ ub}{5g\ .

dlxnf ;f+;bx?n] kfg{ ;Sg] jf:tljsc;/ To; ;efn] sfo{ ug]{ cfly{s //fhg}lts ;Gbe{, k[i7e"ld, cg'ejL clg ;+;bdf ePsf dlxnfx?sf] ;ª\Vof / ;+;bLo v]nsf lgodx? nufot ljleGg s'/fx?dfly e/ k5{ .

209

;+;bdf dlxnfM k|efj kfb}{

dlxnf ;f+;b\x¿n] kfg{ ;Sg] jf:tljs k|efj /fi6« /fi6« cg';f/ km/s x'g] s}og\ cl:y/ tŒj (Variables) x¿dfly e/ k5{ . tL cl:y/ tŒjx¿df To; ;efn] sfo{ ug]{ cfly{s / /fhg}lts ;Gbe{x¿, k[i7e"ld, ;+;bdf /x]sf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'ej / ;ª\Vof tyf ;+;bLo k|lqmofsf lgodx¿ kb{5g\ . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] lgjf{lrt eO;s]kl5 oL k|To]s tŒjx¿df kfg]{ km/ssf] pNn]Vo ?kdf ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] x'G5 . oL tŒjx¿df /fi6« /fi6«sf aLrdf 7"nf] leGgtf x'g] ePsfn] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] cfgf] k|efjnfO{ s;/L clwstd kfg]{ eGg]af/] ;j{dfGo ¿kdf k|f;lËs x'g] u/L ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ sl7g 5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm, dlxnfx¿n] s:tf] k|sf/sf] k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ eGg]af/] ;fk]If¿kdf sd cg';Gwfg / ;"rgf pknAw 5 . dlxnf / pgLx¿sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsfsf] o; vf; If]qdf c¿ a9L 1fg / a'emfOsf] cfjZostfnfO{ /]vflÍt ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] sfo{sf nflu a]Olhª d~rn] dlxnfsf] cj:yf;DaGwL cfof]u (Comission on the Status of Women, CSW) ;“u ;+o'Qm¿kdf /fhgLltdf …km/s kfb}{ dlxnfÚ ljifodf c¿ a9L …clen]vÚsf nflu cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5 .# sfo{If]qdf h] pknAw 5 To;af6 cg'dfg ubf{ / ljZjel/sf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;“usf] cGtjf{tf{ / 5nkmnx¿sf cfwf/df xfdLn] To; k|lqmofdf c;/ kfg{sf nflu dlxnfx¿n] k|of]u ul//x]sf / k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] s]xL /0fgLlt tyf oGq ;+/rgfx¿ klxrfg u/]sf 5f}“ . oL ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;Ël7t kfg{ / k|:t't ug{sf nflu xfdLn] Pp6f /0fgLlt lgdf{0f u/]sf 5f}+, h;nfO{ xfdLn] …lgodx¿sf] /0fgLltÚ eGg] u/]sf 5f}+ . To;kl5 cfpg] 36gf cWoogx¿n] tL /0fgLltx¿dWo]sf] s]xLsf] sfof{GjognfO{ lrq0f u5{g\ .

!=! pkl:ylt

dlxnfx¿sf] k|efjsf] xb ;+;bdf /x]sf dlxnfsf d'2f / ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{sf lgldQ pTk|]l/t /x]sf dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdfly g} a9L e/ k5{ .

gf/LjfbLx¿n] k|foh;f] ts{ ug]{ ub{5g\ ls cu'jf dlxnf ;+;b ;b:ox¿ jfl/; k'¿if ag]sf 5g\ lsgls ltgLx¿ Joj:yflksfdf ;fdflhsLs/0f eP clg ltgLx¿n] k|lt:yfkg u/]sf k'¿ifx¿af6 cnu u/fpg gl;sg] eP . xfdLnfO{ o;dfly zÍf 5 . dlxnfx¿ cg'kl:yt /x]sf a]nf km/s lsl;dn] Jojxf/ ug]{ ?kdf k'¿ifx¿ lrlgPsf 5g\ . o;n] n}lËs ;LdfnfO{ layf]Ng] ePsfn] Pshgf dfq dlxnfsf] pkl:yltn] eP klg k'¿ifsf] Jojxf/nfO{ kl/jt{g u5{, w]/} dlxnfsf] pkl:yltn] To;nfO{ cem a9L kl/jt{g u5{ . klZrd o'/f]k]nL cg'ejn] b]vfPcg';f/ dlxnf ;f+;bsf] kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Nofpg] r]i6f x'“bf s]xL ;+Vofn] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ kl/0ffd NofPsf] 5 .

Pshgf dfq dlxnfsf] pkl:yltn] ;d]t km/s kfg{ ;S5 eg] ;+;bdf dlxnfsf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ pTk|]l/t dlxnfx¿ 3gLe"t ;+Vofdf ePdf dfq bL3{sfnLg ;fy{s kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . cfk\mgf k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿;“u ldn]/ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] cfk\mgf k'¿if ;xsdL{;“usf] ;lqmo ;fem]bf/LnfO{ 7Dofpg ;S5g\ .

210


oBlk, ;+Vofåf/f ;/n¿kdf kl/jt{g cfp“b}g, a? of] dlxnfx¿sf] cj/f]wnfO{ k/flht ug]{ Pp6f hl6n k|lqmof xf], h;df pkl:ylt cfjZos ;+of]usf] Pp6f efudfq xf] . b|'b] bfn]?ksf cg';f/ dlxnfsf] 7"nf] ;d"x pkl:yt 5 eGg] hf“r ltgLx¿s} / ;fdfGo dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ /x]sf cj:yfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg] P]gåf/f dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ljsf;sf] ult tLa| ¿kn] j[l4 x'g' xf] . oL ;zQmLs/0fsf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ x'g\ .

7"nf] ;+Vofdf pkl:yt eO;s]kl5 dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ Ps;fy sfd ug{ tTk/ /x]/ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] …;Í]ltstfÚ sf] cj:yfnfO{ k/flht ug{ ;S5g\ cyf{t\ ltgLx¿ cwLg:y ePsf] af]weGbf cu|tkm{ ultzLn x'g'sf ;fy} Joj:yflksfleq / aflx/ b'j}df kf/:kl/s lqmofTds tyf /0fg}lts ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . Joj:yflksfx¿leq Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;d"xn] kf6L{ nfOgx¿nfO{ kf/ ug{ ;xh agfp“5 / ljz]if u/]/ ;fdflhs cfd"n kl/jt{gsf lgldQ Pp6f ;dLs/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ csf]{ cfwf lx:;f ltgLx¿sf] k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿;Dd k'Ug ;xh agfp“5 . dxTjk"0f{ ;d"xsf] ¿kdf ltgLx¿sf] pkl:yltn] gful/s ;dfh ;Ë7gx¿df ltgLx¿sf] kx'“rsf] ;Defjgf / xbnfO{ s}og\ u'0ffn] jl[4 u5{, To;sf] abnf o;n] ljw]os / o;sf] gLltx¿dfly k|efj kfg{sf nflu cfjZos /x]sf] ultnfO{ a9fp“5 . :SofG8]g]leof / cGoqsf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;DaGwL cWoogdf bfn]?kn] kfPcg';f/ dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿n] c¿nfO{ kbk"lt{ ug{sf nflu sfo{ u/] clg dlxnfx¿nfO{ nfe k'¥ofpg gof“ ljw]os / ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; u/] . ltgLx¿sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePkl5 Pshgf dlxnf /fhgLlt1 x'g ;xh eof] / dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿af/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g cfof] .$ ;g\ @))% df dl;{l8h dfl6of] l8ofhn] a]lNhog / l:jl8; ;f+;bx¿af/]sf] cfgf] cWoogdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] pkl:ylt j[l4 ePh:t} u/]/ ltgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs k|ltlglwTjdf klg j[l4 x'g] s'/f kQf nufP .% dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof sl/a !% b]lv @) k|ltzt Go"g x'“bf k'¿if ;f+;bx¿ k'¿if dtbftfh:tf ePsf] eGbf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ dlxnf dtbftfh:tf sd /x]sf lyP . oL leGgtfx¿ ;'xfp“bf] k'¿ifnfO{ 5gf}6 ug{sf nflu 9f“rf tof/ kfl/Psf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmofåf/f pTkGg ePsf] a+UofOsf sf/0fn] xf] . To:tf] k|lqmofdf ;kmn x'gsf nflu dlxnfx¿n] …k'¿ifsf of]Uotfx¿Ú k|bz{g ug'{k5{, t;y{ ltgLx¿df k'¿if ;f+;b;“u ldNg] u'0fx¿ x'g] a9L ;Defjgf x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Jofkf/–Joj;fo jf sfg'gh:tf k'¿ifx¿sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf k];fdf ltgLx¿sf] hLjgrof{ x'g;S5 . To:tf u'0fx¿ k|bz{g ug{sf nflu ltgLx¿n] 3/]n' hLjgnfO{ alnbfg lbPsf] x'g;S5 clg ltgLx¿n] ;fdfGo k'¿if jf dlxnfeGbf afnaRrf kfpg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . oBlk, ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] cg'kft a/fa/sf] glhs k'u]kl5 ltgLx¿n] dtbftf dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs u'0fnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{ a9L ;Defjgf x'G5 .

!=@= lgodx¿sf] /0fgLlt

o; cWofodf ;+;bLo k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] c;/df j[l4 Nofpg ;xof]u ug{sf nflu xfdLn] Pp6f /0fgLlt lgdf{0f u/]sf 5f}“ . of] lgodx¿sf] /0fgLltdf k"0f{ ljsf;df

211


dlxnfsf ;/f]sf/x¿af/] sfo{ ul//x]sf] / To;nfO{ k|j4{g ul//x]sf] dlxnfx¿sf] ljlzi6 ;d"xsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .

;/n¿kdf k|:t't ubf{ o; /0fgLltsf tLgj6f efu /x]sf 5g\ M lgod l;Sg], lgodsf] k|of]u ug]{ / lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug]{ . lgodx¿ eGgfn] xfd|f /Lltl/jfh, k/Dk/f, nf]sdt, cgf}krfl/s rng Pp6f Joj:yflksfn] sfo{ ug{] ljlwx¿nfO{ lgoldt ug{] vf; lgodx¿ x'g\ . o;df P]g th'{df ug{] k|lqmof, ;efdf sfo{ ljefhg, kb ;f]kfg ;+/rgf, cfrf/, cg'zf;g, k/Dk/f, afgLJoxf]/f, o;sf] cfGtl/s sfo{ / ;/sf/sf cGo c+u tyf ;]jf ug{ of] lgjf{lrt ePsf] gful/s;“u o;sf] ;DaGwnufotsf s'/fx? ;efsf cfbz{ k5{g\ .

lgodx¿ l;Sg], k|of]u ug]{ / kl/jt{g ug]{ /0fgLltdf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf 5 / of] dlxnf ;f+;b lgjf{lrt ug{df /x]sf] p2]Zo kl/jt{g k|fKt ug{' xf] eGg] ljZjf;df cfwfl/t 5 . dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ km/s kfg]{ ;f/e"t kl/jt{gx¿ rf/ k|sf/sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut / sfo{ljlw kl/jt{g, k|ltlglwTj kl/jt{g, kl/0ffddf k|efj / ;+jfb egL juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= ;+:yfut / sfo{ljlw kl/jt{gn] ;+:yfsf] k|s[ltnfO{ abn]/ a9L …dlxnf d}qLÚ agfpgsf nflu ckgfOPsf pkfox¿nfO{ cf}Nofp“5 . j[xQ/ n}lËs ;r]tgf dlxnf ;b:ox¿ c6fpgsf nflu 9f“rf tof/ kfl/Psf] sfo{ljlw kl/jt{g;“u cfPsf] x'g'k5{ . of] ju{, pd]/, hft, j+z, zf/Ll/s Ifdtf, n}lËstf, cleefjsTj j[l4 ePsf] ;+j]bgzLntfsf] pTkfbg xf] clg hLjgsf] r/0fsf] k'¿ifx¿sf] hLjgdf h:t} u/]/ dlxnfsf hLjgdf o;sf] lg0ff{os c;/ x'G5 .

@= k|ltlglwTj kl/jt{gdf Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ / pRr kx'“rnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu ul/Psf vf; sfo{x¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . o;df dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg, cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf …/f]ndf]8nÚ Ifdtfsf] ljj]sk"0f{ k|of]u, n}lËs ;dfgtf sfg'g jf ;dtf jf ;dfgtf P]gx¿sf] k|j4{g / lgjf{rg tyf lgjf{rg cleofg P]gx¿df plrt kl/jt{g ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 . k|ltlglwTj kl/jt{gdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ Joj:yflksfsf dxŒjk"0f{ kbx¿df kb:yfkg ug{sf nflu / ;/sf/df ltgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt ;'/lIft kfg{sf nflu 9f“rf tof/ kfl/Psf ;+;bleqsf sfo{x¿ klg ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . o;df /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df a9L dlxnfnfO{ ;+;bdf Nofpgsf lgldQ ul/Psf] kl/jt{g klg ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'k5{ . kf6L{df dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ /fhg}lts cj;/x¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf ;fy} pRr bhf{df k'Ugdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;Ël7t¿kn] ;dy{g ug{sf nflu k|ltlglwsf] x}l;otn] lbg] zlQmnfO{ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] k|foh;f] k|of]u u5{g\ . pRr kb k"lt{ ug{sf nflu ;+;b ;b:ox¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ ;d"x agfp“5g\ .#= kl/0ffdnfO{ c;/÷k|efljt kfg'{n] vf; u/]/ sfg'gL / gLltut cGo pkhx¿nfO{ …gf/LjfbLs/0fÚ jf k'gM n}lËss/0fnfO{ cf}“Nofp“5, dlxnfx¿sf] kIfdf P]g / gLltnfO{ km]l/Psf] jf k|efljt kfl/Psf] xb ToxL xf] . o;df Ph]G8fdf dlxnfsf d'2fnfO{ /fVg' /

212


;a} ljw]osx¿ dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ d}qLk"0f{ / n}lËs¿kdf ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] lglZrt ug{' b'j} s'/f ;dfj]z /x]sf] x'G5 .

$= ;+jfb kl/jt{gdf ;+;bleq / aflx/ b'j} :yfgsf kl/jt{gx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 . dlxnfsf] kl/k|]IonfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s vf]hL u/]/ lgoddf af“lwof];\ eGgsf nflu Joj:yflksfsf] efiffnfO{ abNg] k|of; ul/g' dfq xf]Og Joj:yflksf d~rnfO{ hgtfsf] efj abNg / /fhg}lts k'¿ifx¿n] hlt g} dlxnfx¿n] klg /fhg}lts :yfgsf] lgldQ Ps} kbdf a/fa/ 9+udf :yfoL¿kn] /xg ;s"g\ eGgsf nflu /fhgLltsf] ;+jfb kl/jt{g ug{ k|of]u klg cfjZos 5 . o;k|sf/sf] lgw{Ss eP/ af]Ngfn] cfd;~rf/ / ;fdfGo hgtfdf a9L kx'“rsf] Joj:yflksfsf] cj;/nfO{ ;fjh{lgs jfbljjfbdf dlxnfx¿sf d'2f / pgLx¿sf /fhg}lts Ifdtfaf/] ;r]tgf pTkGg ug{df k|of]u u5{ .

tflnsf !%M dlxnf ;xeflutfdf kefj kfg]{ kl/jt{gsf rf/j6f If]q

;+:yfut÷k|lqmofut

k|ltlglwTj

a9L n}lËs ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ pkfox¿åf/f Joj:yflksf ;;+bnfO{ cem a9L …dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ d}qLk"0f{Ú agfpg',

dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbP/, lgjf{rg / k|rf/ k|;f/ P]gx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{ / n}lËs ;dfgtf P]gnfO{ k|j4{g u/L ;;+bdf dlxnfx?sf] cgj/t / pRr kx'“r k|fKt ug'{,

k|ltkmndfly k|efj÷c;/ dlxnf ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} P]gnfO{ …gf/LjfbLs/0fÚ ug'{,

;+jfb dlxnfsf] kl/k|]IonfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s vf]hL u/]/ lgoddf af“lwof];\ eGgsf nflu Joj:yflksfsf] efiffnfO{ abNg] k|of; ug{' /

dlxnfx¿k|ltsf] hgtfsf] efjdf kl/jt{g Nofpg k|f]T;fxg lbg' .

213


tflnsf !^M dlxnfx¿ M ;+;bdfkm{t\ k|efj kfb}{

;:+yfut÷k|lqmofut / k|ltlglwTj k|ltkmn / ;j+fbdfly k|efj

lgodx¿ l;Sg' cfGtl/s ;+;bLo cfrf/ ;+lxtf -cyf{t\ a:g] jf af]Ng] :yfg s;/L dfUg]_ tflnd / cled'vLs/0f cEof;x¿df ;xefuL x'g', efif0f ug{] snf / k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ljsf; ug]{, clg k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿;“u ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug'{ / ljwflosfsf ;b:ox?dfly k|efj kfg{ vf]Hg' -naL ug{'{_

dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿;“u ;~hfn ug{' .

a9L jl/i7 ;f+;bx¿;“u ;Ët / c6'6 ldqtf jf cg'r/ ug'{ .

;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ a'em\g' / ;~rfng ug{' .

dlxnf b[li6sf]0f, dlxnf ljlzi6 cfjZostfx¿ / n}lËs d'2fx¿aLr /x]sf] leGgtfnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] .

;~rf/ dfWod, /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o ;Ë7gx¿;“u uf]naGb x'g] .

n}lËs ;+jfbdfly Wofg lbg' .

ljleGg ;ldltx¿ -cyf{t\ ah]6, /Iff, j}b]lzs dfldnf_ df pkl:ylt hgfpg' .

…g/dÚ ;ldltx¿sf] d"No / dxTjnfO{ :ki6 kfg{' .

lgodx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug'{

cfGtl/s lgjf{rgx¿ tyf kf6L{leq klg dlxnfsf lgldQ gfdfÍg / dtbfgsf] cj;/ agfpg' .

d'Vo kbx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kl:yltk|lt Wofg cfs[i6 ug'{ .

;ldltsf] sfo{df nufgL ug'{ .

;/sf/L ;dfg cj;/sf kbx¿ / dlxnf dGqfnosf] lgldQ hf]8 ug'{ / :yfkgf ug'{ .

dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu xfn /x]sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ cleofg rnfpg' .

a9L kTof/ kfg{] vfnsf] / sd j}/efjo'Qm k|sf/sf jfbljjfbx¿sf] lgldQ

;+;bLo sfo{;"rLx?nfO{ k|efljt kg'{ M dlxnf

;+j]bgzLn pkfox? k|j]z u/fpg' -cyf{t\ sfd ug]{ cfdfx¿sf lgldQ ;'xfpg] u/L ;+;bLo sfo{tflnsf kl/jt{g ug'{_ .

dlxnfsf d'2faf/] ;fj{hlgs ;f]wk'5 ug'{ / To;af6 k|fKt 7x/x¿nfO{ ;/sf/L Ph]G8f / ;+;bLo sfo{qmdx¿df d'2f /fVgsf nflu k|of]u ug{] .

ljw]osx¿sf] kIfdf af]Ng' / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;x k|fof]hg tyf k|fof]hg ug'{ .

k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿;“u ;fem]bf/L k|fKt ug'{ .

;~rf/ dfWodx¿;“u ;xof]u lnP/ lglZrt ;/f]sf/af6 ;fj{hlgs d'2f agfpg' . cyf{t\ Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ lglbi{6 ug{] tl/sf, of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf d'2fx¿, n}lËs c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ cGo c;dfgtfx¿;“u hf]8\g' .

k|ltlglwTj k|fKt ug{sf nflu cGo c;dfj]z ;d"xx¿;“u u7aGwg ug'{ .

;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] lgjf{rg If]qnfO{ / hg;dy{gsf] cfwf/nfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{sf nflu aflx/ k'Ug] k|efjsf/L /0fgLltsf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ .

214


lgodx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ ug'{

;d'Rrf kf6L{sf] nflu pDd]bjf/, ljz]if u/]/ g]t[Tjsf] kb 5gf}6 ;DaGwL lgodx¿ kl/jtg{ ug'{, lglZrt ;ldlt jf dlxnf÷k'¿if k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;dfg'kflts d'2fx¿df sf]6f k|0ffnL k|j]z u/fpg' .

dlxnfx¿sf] lxj\k :yfkgf ug'{ .

n}lËs ;dfgtf ;ldltx¿ :yfkgf ug'{ .

sfof{Gjog / /]vb]v ug{ tyf ljZj;gLotfnfO{ lglZrt ug{sf] nflu /fli6«o ;+oGq :yfkgf ug'{ . Joj:yflksfsf] ;do tflnsfdf k|ultaf/]sf] lgoldt jfbljjfbnfO{ ;+:yfut kfg'{ .

dlxnf jQmfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu ;+oGq :yfkgf ug'{ -cyf{t\ k'¿if ;xsdL{nfO{ eGbf ltgLx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' ._

kl/jt{g:j¿k cfPsf kl/0ffdx¿ dlxnfsf lgldQ d}qLk"0f{ /x"g\ eGg] lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut / sfo{ljlwut ;'wf/ / cfw'lgsLs/0f k|lqmofx¿df ;xefuL x'g' .

dlxnfsf] lg0f{o lng] k|of;nfO{ ;xh agfpg] 9Ën] th'{df ul/Psf sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx¿sf lgldQ cfly{s k|f]T;fxg pknAw u/fpgnfO{ xf};nf lbg' . -pbfx/0fsf nflu g]t[Tj tflnd ljBfnox¿, g]t[Tj k+lQmdf jf pDd]bjf/Ldf a9L dlxnfx¿ ePsf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf ;/sf/L cg'bfg jl[4 dlxnfsf] lg0f{o clwsf/sf] lgldQ 5'6\ofOPsf ljlzi6 k|sf/sf dlxnf ah]6 k|j]z u/fpg' ._

u[lx0fLsf] ¿kdf …dfqÚ /x]sf] dlxnfsf] 5ljnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{, ltgLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L / sfo{bIf /fhgLlt1x¿sf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ / dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿sf] 5ljnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{sf nflu dlxnf cfGbf]ng / ;~rf/ dfWod;“u ;xsfo{ ug'{ .

k'¿ifsf] gSsn ug{] k|of; ug'{ / gf/LTjnfO{ n'sfpg' jf c:jLsf/ ug'{sf] abnf dlxnfsf] ?kdf cfgf] klxrfgk|lt uj{ ug'{,

dlxnfsf lgldQ dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] :km'/0f eO/x]sf d'2fx¿ -cyf{t\ åGå ;dfwfg, zflGt :yfkgf, dfgjclwsf/, ljz]if dlxnfx¿sf] ah]6_ nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu P]gnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg' .

@= lgodx¿ l;Sg'

;+;bLo ;efn] gLltx¿af/] ax; u5{, sfg'gx¿ th{'df u5{, ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / k|efjx¿nfO{ hf“R5, ;/sf/sf lgldQ kbk"lt{ ug]{ ;d"x pknAw u/fp“5 / ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] Wofgk"j{s lgu/fgL u5{ . k|foh;f] Joj:yflksfx¿sf]

ah]6;“u ;DalGwt sfo{ x'\G5, ltgLx¿ ah]6sf] cf}krfl/s af“8kmf“8 / ;/sf/L vr{sf] n]vf k/LIf0f b'j}sf nflu pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ cl3Nnf / kl5Nnf a]Grx¿df, ;/sf/ / lj/f]wL bn tyf sfo{ / sfo{ljlw ;ldltx¿df ;Ël7t /x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf ;+/rgfx¿åf/f 5nkmn, ko{j]If0f, ;f]wk'5 / k|If]k0f cflb x'G5g\ . ;f+;bx¿ ljz]if d'2fsf If]qx¿df ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ pGd'v x'G5g\ / ;+;bLo ;efx¿sf ljleGg

dlxnf ljwflosfx?sf] klxnf] v'6\lsnf] eg]sf] ;+;bn] s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] a'‰g' xf] h;n] pgLx?nfO{ k|efjzfnL agp“5 .

215


;+/rgf / k|lqmofx¿df k"/f u/]sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df cfgf] ;+;bLo dfgdof{bf agfp“5g\ .

dlxnfx¿ k|efjzfnL ;+;b x'gsf nflu ltgLx¿n] ;+;bLo ;efsf sfo{x¿ :ki6;“u a'em]sf] x'g' k5{ clg ltgLx¿n] v]nsf lgodx¿ lnlvt tyf clnvt b'j} ;+lxtf / ;+;bdf sfds'/f u/fpgsf nflu /x]sf sfo{ljlw / ;+oGqx¿ l;Sg} k5{ . oL lgodx¿nfO{ cem /fd|/L pkof]u ug{, cfkm"nfO{ ;lHht ug{ / dlxnfx¿sf ;/f]sf/ / nIodf pGglt ug{sf nflu lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug{ k|efjsf/L /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf lgldQ ltgLx¿n] klxnf ;+;bsf cfGtl/s cEof;x¿ l;Sg'k5{ . kl/jt{gsf k|To]s rf/j6f d'Vo If]q, gfd tf]s]/ eGg'kbf{ ;+:yfut / sfo{ljlwut, k|ltlglwTj, pkh / ;+jfbdfly k|efj, ;d"xcGtu{t /x]sf oL ljrf/nfO{ tn lj:tf/kj"{s JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] k'li6df ;/n kx'“r / k7gof]UotfnfO{ ;xh agfpgsf lgldQ k|To]s If]qleq xfdLn] ;'emfj lbPsf s]xL ljlzi6 /0fgLltx¿nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ dfg]/ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}“ .

@=!= ;+:yfut÷k|s[ofut

;+;bLo ;efleq cem a9L k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfo{ ug{ / To; 1fgnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'gsf nflu dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ klxnf] sbd Joj:yflksf ;efn] s;/L sfo{ u5{ eg]/ a'em\g' xf] . ;f+;bx¿n] of] 1fg ljlzi6 tflnd / cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdx¿sf ;fy} a9L ;fdfGo ;fdflhsLs/0f k|lqmofx¿nufot ljleGg tl/sfn] k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;efn] s;/L sfo{ u5{ eGg]af/] ;+;bsf g]tf / cGo clws[tx¿sf lgldQ gof“ ;b:ox¿sf nflu cled'vLs/0f k|bfg ug{' ;fdfGo xf] . k|foh;f] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] klg To:tf tflnd lbG5g\ .

;f+;bsf] kf6L{n] sfo{ljlwx?nfO{ s;/L a'‰5 / kf6L{ cfkm}+ To; sfo{ljlwdf s;/L ;+nUg ePsf] x'G5 eGg]af/] cGtb{[li6 k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿åf/f lbOg] tflnd ljz]if u/]/ pkof]uL x'G5 . ;+;bLo sfo{ lgwf{/0f k|foh;f] kf6L{sf] ;+/rgfdf e/ kg{] ePsfn] sfo{ljlwx¿dfly kf6L{x?sf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj /x]sf] x'G5 . ljZjsf s]xL e"efudf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] ;+;bLo sfo{ljlwdf k'¿ifx¿eGbf sd cg'ejL x'g;Sg] ePsfn] ljz]if u/]/ dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ ljz]if ;Lk–tflndx¿ lbG5g\ . oBlk, ljsf;zLn ljZjsf s}og e"efudf To:tf] tflnd lbgsf nflu k|foh;f] kf6L{x¿;“u ;|f]t jf tTk/tf x'“b}g . jf:tjdf, w]/} 36gf cWoogn] cf}“NofPcg';f/ k|foM kf6L{k|ltsf] akmfbf/Ln] ;fdfGotof /fhg}lts ;+jfbsf] ljsf;nfO{ clg ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ s'g} ;xfotfnfO{ ckfË agfpg ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s]xL c/aL / Nofl6g cd]l/sL /fi6«sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] cem} s'g} klg ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf lgldQ cg'dlt lb“b}gg\ / dlxnfsf b[li6sf]0f / pgLx¿sf d'2f s'g} klg ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] k|fyldstf kfpg of]Uo x'“b}gg\ eGg] cg'dfgdf u5{g\ ;+;bleq /

Joj:yflksfaf/] cled'vLs/0fsfo{qmdx¿ / /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf]tflndåf/f l;Sg'xf];\ .

216


aflx/sf b'j} 7fp“sf kf6L{leq of] k|ltWjlgt x'G5 .

;~hfn Joj:yfkg dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ Pp6f lg0ff{os tflnd / ;fdflhsLs/0fsf]

;+oGq xf] . cGoyf To;nfO{ k|fKt ug{ / jiff}{+sf] cg'ej cfjZos x'g] :yfgdf ;~hfn Joj:yfkgn] 1fgdf b|'t kx'“r k|bfg u5{, dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿af/] 5nkmn ug{ / cfgf] 1fg ;fem]bf/L ug{sf nflu Ps 7fp“df e]nf x'gdf ;Ifd agfp“5, o; k|sf/n] o;n] ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ 7"nf] dfqfdf an k'¥ofp“5 . To:tf] ;~hfn kf6L{leq -sd nuftf/_ / cGt/ kf6L{ b'j}df x'G5 . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] cGt/ kf6L{ u7aGwg l:j8]g, k|mfG;, lgb/NofG8;\, blIf0f clk|msf, qmf]Pl;of / OlhK6nufotsf w]/} /fi6«df ;kmn ePsf] 5 . tL d'2fx¿ anfTsf/ P]g, lgjf{rg ;'wf/, ;+:yfut ;'wf/, JolQmut x}l;ot / cGo /fi6«sf ljlzi6 d'2fx¿ -h:tf] ls OlhK6df >Ldfg\sf] cg'dltljgf g} /fxbfgLsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kfpg] dlxnfsf] clwsf/ / ef/tdf blnt jf klxn] c5't elgg] ul/Psf] cg';"rLt hftsf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / cfly{s clwsf/_ hlt g} ljljw 5g\ . ljz]if u/]/ o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿df b]vfk/]sf] Pp6f 36gf dlxnf Joj;foLx¿ / ;f+;bx¿ /x]sf ;dy{g ;d"xx? u7g klg dggof]Uo 5 . lkmgNofG8sL ;f+;b Ps l/§f cf];'sfOg]gsf] egfOdf …oL dlxnfx¿ kf6L{ nfOgeGbf aflx/, Jofj;flos If]q aflx/ Ps :yfgdf e]nf eP/ Pscsf{nfO{ JolQmut¿kdf dfq xf]Og Jofj;flos¿kn] ;xof]u ug{df ;Ifd ePsf]

tYo cd"No 5Ú . a9L cg'ejL ;f+;bbx¿åf/f ;b'kb]z lbg' -cyf{t\ ;'k/Lj]If0f ub{} d2t ub}{ / ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zg lb“b}_ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ljz]if tflnd lbg] sfo{ csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ ljlw

xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]b/NofG8;\df …5fof lbg]Ú Pp6f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof], h;df lgjf{lrt sfof{nodf gfdflÍt x'g lxlRsrfpg] dlxnfnfO{ lgjf{lrt ;b:oåf/f cfTdljZjf; k|fKt ug{df ;xfotf k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] .

/fi6«x¿aLr dlxnfsf ljrf/ / /0fgLltx¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf lgldQ :yfg lbg vf]Hg] Pp6f ljZjJofkL ;+/rgf cGt/ Joj:yflksf ;+3 xf] . -o; cWofokl5sf] gd'gf cWoog x]g'{xf];\ ._ o; lgsfon] dlxnfx¿sf] b[Zotf / k|efjfjsfl/tfnfO{ :yfgLo, If]qLo, cGt{/fli6«o ¿kdf pTyfg ug{] sfo{ ug'{sf ;fy} dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ g]t[Tj, Ifdtf lgdf{0f ;xfotf / ;"rgf pknAw u/fp“5 .

ljz]if u/L dlxnfsf lgldQ th'{df ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf cltl/Qm dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿ b'j} ;dfj]z cled'vLs/0f cEof;x¿ dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . ;xtflnd ;qx¿df dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfgf] ?lrsf] ljifoaf/] ;Daf]wg ug{ / k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿;“u ;~hfn ljsf; ug{sf ;fy} :yflkt …cfrf/ ;+lxtfÚx¿nfO{ s;/L l5rf]Ng] eGg]af/] l;Sg k|f]T;fxg lbOG5 . To;} avt k'¿if ;f+;bx¿nfO{ dlxnfsf d'2fx¿af/] / dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ Joj:yflksfdf

;f+;bx¿;“u ;~hfn ug]{ / a9Lcg'ejL dlxnf ;f+;bx¿åf/f ;b'kb]z-5fof“_ lbg'xf];\ .

dlxnf / k'¿ifsf lgldQ ;xtflnd ;qdf ;xefuL x'g'xf];\ .

217


k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfo{ ug{df ;Ifd agfpg'sf] dxTjaf/] ;r]t u/fOG5 . o;n] n}lËs d'2fx¿af/] ;r]tgf j[l4 ug]{ Pp6f cj;/ lbg] dfq geO{ ltgLx¿sf w]/}h;f] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts ;/f]sf/x¿;“usf] cGt/;DaGwsf] xbnfO{ bzf{pg] ePsfn] ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ Joj:yflksfdf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd agfpg dlxnf ;xsdL{x¿ ;fd'Gg] s}og\ k'¿if k|ltlglwn] cg'ej ug{] qf;sf] efjgfnfO{ k/flht ug{sf nflu Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ kfOnf xf] . o; k|sf/n] k'¿if ;f+;bx¿sf] tflnd / cled'vLs/0fn] dlxnfsf d'2fx¿ / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpgsf nflu Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .

;+;bsf] lnlvt / clnlvt b'j} lgod / sfo{ljlwaf/]sf] ;"rgfsf cltl/Qm dlxnfx¿n] cfjfh / 5lj k|If]k0f clg efif0fsnfaf/]sf] tflnd ljz]if ¿kn] ;xfotfk"0f{ ePsf] kfpg ;S5g\ . cfTdljZjf;k"0f{ ?kdf af]Ng / kTof/ kfg]{ 9Ën] ts{ ug{df s}og\ dlxnfdf sl7gfO /x]sf] x'G5 / s]xLn] ljzfn Joj:yflksf ;bgdf cfkm"nfO{ ;'lgg] agfpg sl7gfO ePsf] cg'ej u5{g\ . ljsf;zLn nf]stGqx¿df ljz]if u/]/ gjk|j]zLx¿n] af]Ng] cj;/sf] nflu cg'dlt kfpg / Joj:yflksfdf af]Ng] sfo{ljlwsf gfnLa]nLaf/] hfGg sl7gfO /x]sf] :jLsf/ u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu la|l6; xfp; ckm sdG;df e"tk"j{ gflosf lUnG8f HofS;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] tflnd k|fKt dlxnfsf] cfjfhsf] k'¿if;/xsf] c;/ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft u5{ .

:yflkt nf]stGqx¿df s]xL dlxnf ;f+;bn] ;~rf/ tflnd ;qx¿ rnfPsf 5g\ . c¿ s'/fx¿sf ;fy o;df ;ef;Dd]ng / sfo{zfnfx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\, hxf“ ;f+;bx¿nfO{ …ldl8of l:ksÚ -cyf{t\ ;~rf/hut\n] s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;"rgfdf ?lr /fV5g\ / To;nfO{ s;/L ;a}eGbf /fd|/L k|bfg ug]{_ af/] ;"lrt ul/G5 / ;~rf/dfWodsf JolQmTjx¿;“u ;~hfn s;/L ug]{ / dlxnf d'2fx¿af/] s'g a9L ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] ;'emfj lbG5 .

@=@ k|ltlglwTj

;+:yfut lgod, rng / sfo{ljlwx¿ -kf6L{ /fhgLltsf cltl/Qm_ Joj:yflksfsf kbflwsf/L / sld6L sfo{x¿ / ;f+;bx¿ af]Ng] :yfgdf 5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g'h:tf sfo{ lgSof]{n ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf kbk"lt{, kf6L{sf] cj:yf, jl/i7tf qmd, u'6, Ifdtf, ;/sf/sf nflu ;dy{g, /fli6«o jf :yfgLo ljj/0f / ;/f]sf/af/] ljz]if 1fg s'g} Pp6f sf/s tŒj jf sf/s tŒjx¿sf] ld>0fdfly e/ k/]sf] xg' ;S5 . ;xL /0fgLlt s]xL xb;Dd Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vofdfly e/ kg{] ePsfn] sDtLdf klg dlxnfx¿n] d'Vo ;/f]sf/x¿, cj:yf / sfo{x¿nfO{ klxrfg ug{'k5{ / dlxnfnfO{ ldNg] df]rf{df k'¥ofpg] ljlwx¿nfO{ /0fg}lts

;~rf/hut\nfO{ s;/L ;~rfng ug]{eGg]af/] l;Sg'xf];\ .

;+;bdf d'Vo kbx¿ klxrfg u/]/ To;df dlxnfnfO{ k|j]z u/fpgsf nfluRofgnx¿sf] ljsf; ug{'xf];\ .

218


agfpg'k5{ . xfn /x]sf af6fx¿ dlxnfx¿nfO{ d'Vo bhf{x¿df k|j4{g ug{sf nflu v'Nnf /x]sf] 5}g eg] gof“ dfu{x¿sf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ .

@=@=! nl}·s ;dfgtf ;ldltx¿

s]xL /fi6«df To:tf dfu{x¿ Joj:yflksf jf ;/sf/L dlxnf ;ldltx¿ jf dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ cfgf] Ph]G8fdf ;dfj]z u/]sf cem Jofks ;ldlt x'g ;S5g\ . ;a ;xf/f clk|msf / g]b/NofG8\;df cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s n}lËs ;dfgtf ;ldltx¿ ;kmntfsf ;fy :yflkt ePsf lyP eg] :s6NofG8 / j]N;sf ;efx¿df Jofks cfwf/ ePsf ;dfgtf ;ldltx? /x]sf 5g\ h'g dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿sf] bafadf dlxnf k|ltlglwx?sf] bafadf u7g ePsf lyP / ltgLx?n] ;dfgtfsf ;DaGwdf lgs6sf] rf;f] /fV5g\ . Go'lhNofG8, c:6«]lnof / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf u7g ePsf h:tf dlxnf ljwfosx¿sf ;ldlt klg k|efjzfnL /x]sf 5g\ . cGo cj:yfdf /fi6«JofkL 5ftf ;Ë7gx¿ -u}/ ;/sf/L_ jf ;zSt u|fdL0f txsf ;Ë7gx¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ d'Vo If]qdf Nofpgsf nflu pTk|]/ssf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ . tflnd / z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿åf/f jf ;~rf/åf/f k|ltlglwTjsf nflu bafaåf/f c¿ dfu{x¿ klg vf]Ng ;lsG5 . ;/sf/x¿nfO{ zlQm / lg0ff{os e"ldsfsf ;Dk"0f{ :t/df dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu cGt//fli6«o bafanfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .^

tL kbaf/] / To;df dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|j]z u/fpg] ljlwx¿af/]sf] 1fgnfO{ dlxnf / k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿ b'j}aLr / /fd|f ;'emfj, u7aGwg / ;~rfngåf/f ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;lsG5 .

d'Vo kbdf /x]sf dlxnfx¿n] kfg]{ k|efj cfgf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{' dfq xf]Og, cGo dlxnfsf lgldQ ltgLx¿n] af]Ng] cj;/nfO{ ;xh klg agfp“5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu sf]nf]/f8f] /fHosf] ljwfg;efn] ljwfg;ef ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] af]Ng] cfrf/– Jojxf/df /x]sf] leGgtfnfO{ lnË, jl/i7tf, ?lr / kf6L{sf] cfwf/df n]vfhf]vf u¥of] . of] kfOof] ls jftf{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{df / cGo dlxnf pkl:yt, b]lvg] -ltgLx¿nfO{ b]lvg] :yfgdf a;]/_ / clwsf/o'Qm kbdf x'“bf cfkm"nfO{ a9L ;'lgg] agfpgdf dlxnfx¿n] a9L c;n sfd u/] .& o; cg';Gwfgn] of] klg b]vfof] ls s]xL jftf{, 5nkmn / a}7sx¿df k'¿ifx¿sf] k|e'Tjn] k'¿ifsf] zlQm j[l4 u¥of] / dlxnf / k'¿if ;f+;b cf}krfl/s kb ;dfg x'“bfx“'b} klg s]xL jftf{{, 5nkmn / a}7sx?df dlxnfx¿sf]

zlQmnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/of] .

dlxnfx¿sf] bf]Aa/ j[lQ ljsf; ug]{ / To; k|sf/n] d'Vo kbx¿df ltgLx¿sf] a9f]Q/L kfpg] Pp6f ljlw dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ b[Zodf cfpg' / cfTdljZjf;df

j[l4 Nofpgsf lgldQ ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug]{ eGg]af/] l;s]/ xf] . ;~rf/ If]qdf /f]huf/ kfPsf dlxnfx¿sf] cfTd:yfkgf / pGgltsf cfk\mg} ;d:ofx¿ x'g] ePsf]n] ltgLx¿ ;f+;bx¿sf] dlxnfsf ;/f]sf/af/]sf] ?lrk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g klg ;S5g\ . jf:tjdf, k|foh;f] ;~rf/ If]qdf /x]sf d'Vo ;d:ofdWo]sf] Ps lg0ff{os

dlxnfx¿ b[Zodf cfpg] s'/f j[l4 ug{sf nflu ;~rf/dfWodsf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .

219


e"ldsfdf dlxnfx¿sf] sdL xf], h;sf] k|efjsf/L ¿ksf] cy{ ;DkfbsLosf] ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf lg0f{ox¿ / pTkfbgsf ljifox? 7"nf] ¿kdf k'¿ifx¿åf/f lgoGq0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;~rf/hut\df dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:ylt j[l4 ePkl5 dlxnf ;f+;bx¿, /fhgLlt1, kqsf/ / cGo k|;f/s / n]vssf] ;femf ?lr / ;/f]sf/sf] cfwf/df ;~hfnsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;DefJotf klg j[l4 x'G5 .

gd'gf em}“ u/]/ dlxnfx¿sf] ?lrn] ltgLx¿nfO{ cem;Dd ljz]if1tfsf] ;fdflhs gLltsf If]qx¿df sd OHhtbf/ -clg ;DejtM sd zlQmzfnL_ eGg] 7flgPsf lzIff, :jf:Yo / kfl/jfl/s dfldnfh:tf ;ldltsf sfo{x¿tkm{ 8f]¥ofPsf] 5 . ljQ, /Iff / j}b]lzs dfldnfh:tf k/Dk/fut¿kn] ;+;bleqsf k|efjzfnL If]qdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos 5 eg]/ w]/} dlxnf ;f+;bx? ljZjf; u5{g\ . lje]bnfO{ cfkm}“df Gofo;+ut agfpg ;ls“b}g eg]/ cGon] ts{ u5{g\ . o'/f]k]nL /fhgLlt zf:qLx¿n] ;fdflhs d'2fx¿nfO{ …g/dÚ eg]/ j0f{g ugf{n] ltgLx¿nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ g/x]sf] ¿kdf Jo+Uo ul/G5 / o'/f]k]nL dlxnfx¿ ;a}eGbf ;lqmo /x]sf tL If]q ;fj{hlgs Jo+Uosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] efu -:yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/df lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿_ sf] ¿kdf u0fgf x'G5 eGg] tYonfO{ a]jf:tf u5{ eg]/ dxŒjk"0f{ a'“bf agfPsf 5g\ . tL If]qnfO{ 5fGg ?rfpg] ePsfn] dlxnfx¿ To;nfO{ 5gf}6 u5{g\ / a"9fkfsfx¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/ cyjf …8] s]o/ÚnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] eGg]h:tf Hofb} sl7g lg0f{o ub}{ :jLsf/ u5{g\ .* …s8fÚ / …g/dÚ d'2fx¿af/] k'/fgf] 9f“rfsf] k/Dk/fut e]b a]7Ls xf] / To;af/] dlxnf k|ltlglwåf/f lj/f]w x'g'k5{ . cfbz{ ¿kdf Pp6f bf]xf]/f] /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ul/g' g} k5{M Psftkm{, To:tf If]qsf] dxTjnfO{ lg/Gt/¿kn] hf]8 lbg'k5{ eg] csf]{tkm{ ;Dk"0f{ gLlt If]qx¿df dlxnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfnfO{ lglZrt ug{sf nflu Ps;fy k|of; ul/g'k5{ .

@=# k|ltkmndfly c;/ / k|efj

dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿sf] c;/af/] 5nkmn ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf d'2f / dlxnfsf kl/k|]IoaLr Pp6f e]b agfpg' pkof]uL x'G5 . dlxnfsf d'2fx¿ tL x'g\, h;n] d'Votof ls t 7"nf] ef}lts ;/f]sf/sf sf/0fn] -cyf{t\ jIf :ynsf] SofG;/ l:qmlgª, k|hgg clwsf/x¿_ ls t ;fdflhs sf/0fn] -cyf{t\ n}lËs ;dfgtf, jfnaRrf :ofxf/ gLlt_ dlxnfnfO{ c;/ kf5{ .

dlxnfsf kl/k|]Iox¿ /fhg}lts ;/f]sf/x¿af/] dlxnfsf bl[i6sf]0fx? x'g\ . s]xL cg';Gwfgn] cf}+NofPcg';f/ km/flsnf] cy{df b'j} lnËsf lgldQ Ps}vfn] d'2fx? dxŒjk"0f{ eP klg d'2fx¿af/] dlxnfsf kl/k|]Io k'¿ifx¿sf] eGbf leGg x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !((^ df a]

;a} ;ldltx?df dlxnf pkl:ylt :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ ubf{v]l/ …g/dÚ ;ldltx?sf] k|efjnfO{ dxŒj lbg'xf];\ .

dlxnfx¿sf] kl/k|]Io / dlxnf d'2faf/] e]b ug{'xf];\ clg b'j}sf af/] ;f+;bx¿nfO{ lzlIft agfpg'xf];\ .

220


nfotdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPcg';f/ dlxnf / k'¿if b'j}n] cfly{s d'2fx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP tfklg cf“lzs sfd, Go"g j]tg, lgjl[Qe/0f;DaGwL clwsf/x¿;“u dlxnf a9L ;/f]sf/ /fVy] eg] k'¿ifx¿ a]/f]huf/Laf/] ;/f]sf/ /fVy] .

dlxnfx¿dfly cg's"n c;/ x'g] pkh pTkÌ ug{sf nflu dlxnfsf d'2f / dlxnfsf kl/k|]Iox¿ b'j}af/] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿df hfgsf/L / a'emfO x'g' cfjZos 5, h;nfO{ jf:tljstfsf] csf]{ cfwf efunfO{ x]/] dfq klg k'U5 eg]/ o; k':tssf k|foM ;a}h;f] of]ubfgstf{x¿n] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . ;f+;bx¿n] kfg{ vf]Hg] k|efjsf] k|sf/

klg ckl/xfo{ ¿kn] kf6L{ cg';f/n] leÌ x'G5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu l:j8]gdf cfgf] cg';Gwfgdf -o; u|Gydf_ n]gf jfUg]?bn] pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ljleÌ /fhg}lts kf6L{sf dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿, dlxnfsf d'2fx¿ tyf ;/f]sf/x¿dfly hf]8 lbgtkm{ cled'v x'G5g\ .

t/ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf bnut kl/k|]IonfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ cl:tTjdf /x]sf] x'G5 . dlxnf ;f+;bx?n] dlxnfsf d'2f / kl/k|]Iox¿af/] ;';"lrt x'g] ljleÌ pkfonfO{ ;kmntfsf ;fy k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . o; k':tssf of]ubfgbftfx¿n] s]dfly lg/Gt/¿kn] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] lgk'0ftf / ;|f]tx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;a} k|sf/sf dlxnf ;Ë7g;“u glhssf] ;DaGw sfod /fVg' o; ;DaGwdf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . dlxnfx¿sf] cfGbf]ng;“u o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;Dks{n] klg ;f+;bx¿sf] j}wtfnfO{ jl[4 u5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{zLn, ;w“} leÌ dlxnfx¿sf ;/f]sf/ / gLltut cfjZostfx¿;“u ;Dks{df /fV5 . o'/f]k]nL ;f+;bx¿n] 3/]n' lx+;f, dlxnf aGwg, dlxnf a]rlavg, afn tyf j[4x¿sf] x]/rfx, lgj[QLe/0f / :jf:Yosf d'2fx¿h:tf k|s/0faf/] gLltx¿sf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{sf nflu zf:qLo ljz]if1x¿sf] ;b\efj / 1fg k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . gLltut d'2fx¿af/]sf cg';Gwfgx¿ Pp6f d'Vo /fhg}lts cf}hf/ xf] / dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿, ljz]if1x¿ tyf /fhgLlt1x¿n] cfof]hgf u/]sf ;Dd]ngx¿df ;xefuL eP/ clg p:t} ?lr ePsf cGo ;f+;bx¿;“u ;d"x (Caucus) agfP/ To:tf cg';Gwfgx¿nfO{ ;f+;bx¿n] hDdf kf/]/ k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . l;Sg' / lgodx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug{'sf] b'j}sf] efu ;d"x agfpg' xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu /f]huf/ jf dlxnf :jf:Yoh:tf vf; d'2fx?df ?lr /fVg] ;f+;bx¿ cfp“bf] dxŒjk"0f{ ef]6 / ;ldlt 5nkmnnfO{ klxrfg ug{sf nflu a}7s a:g ;S5g\ / k|ltkmnnfO{ k|efljt kfg{sf nflu bfpkr] / /0fgLltx¿af/] lg0fo{ ug{ ;S5g\ . csf{] /0fgLlt ltgLx¿sf] ;+;bk|lt dlxnf dtbftfsf] kx'“rnfO{ ;xh agfpg' xf] . :s6NofG8df afnaRrfsf] x]/rfx ug{'kg]{ pQ/bfloTj ePsfx¿ -ljz]if u/]/ dlxnfx¿_ n] cfk\mgf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ e]6\g ;s"g\ eÌ] s'/fnfO{ lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;efdf cfuGt'sx¿sf lgldQ Pp6f afn u[x :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;a} ;ldltx?df dlxnf pkl:ylt :yfkgf ;DaGwL sfo{ ubf{ …g/dÚ ;ldltx?sf] c;/nfO{ dxŒj lbg'xf];\ .

221


@=$ ;+jfb

;+;bsf ;b:ox¿sf] ljlzi6 sfo{ / clwsf/ tyf k/Dk/fut k'¿if ;b:otf b'j}sf] Pp6f pTkfbgsf] ?kdf cfk\mg} vf; k|sf/sf] efiff x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf xfp; ckm sdG;sf] cf}krfl/s kbx¿, ;Daf]wg ul/g] ljlwx¿ / 5nkmnsf lgodx¿sf ;fy} s}og\ jif{;Ddsf] k'¿if k|e'Tjaf6 Aof/]s, lnËafbL / e2f …76\6fÚ sf] u'0f ePsf] Pp6f ;+jfb lyof], h;nfO{ ljz]if u/]/ cfk"mdfly k|of]u x'“bf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] Tof] crfSnL ePsf] kfP . af]Ng] / 5nkmn ug]{ k|ljlwx¿af/] hfgsf/ x'gfn] To:tf] …ofx'Ú -c;xdtLdf xNnf u/L lrRofpg]_ 5f]6\ofpgdf d2t k'U5 . tL rngaf/], v/fa cfr/0f ePsf ;f+;baf/] cfnf]rgf ug{ pT;'s /x]sf ;~rf/ If]qsf dlxnfx¿ / cGo kqsf/dfem eG8fkmf]/ u/]/ a]nfotL dlxnfx¿n] xfp; ckm sdG;df /x]sf] lnËjfbk|lt Wofgfsif{0f ug{df ;~rf/nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k'¿if ;f+;bx¿sf] afnskg / lnËjfbL Jojxf/af/] k|]; / 6]lnlehgsf nflu ljifosf] Pp6f z[+vnf g} aÌ k'Uof] . klxn] To;af/] yfxf gkfPsf hgtfn] cfgf] ;f+;bsf] Jojxf/nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]gg\ .

#= lgodx¿nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg'

lgodx¿nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eÌ]af/] l;s]/ dlxnfx¿n] d'Vo ;ldlt / kbx¿df ;xefuL x'g], 5nkmn / jfbljjfbdf cfgf] s'/f ;'lgg] cj;/nfO{ w'Tg ;S5g\ / cfgf] ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . lgodx¿af/] hfgsf/ x'g' dlxnfsf kbnfO{ pRr agfpg] / dlxnfx¿sf d'2f / kl/k|]Iosf] dxTjnfO{ b;f{pg] bL3{sfnLg k|lqmofsf] klxnf] efu xf] . csf]{ kfOnf clwstd k|efjsf nflu tL lgodnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eÌ]af/] l;Sg] xf] . s}og\ dlxnf ;f+;bn] ;fdgf ug]{ ;d:ofx¿dWo]sf] Ps 5nkmn / jfbljjfbx¿df ltgLx¿sf lgldQ ;do g5'6\ofOg' xf] clg ltgLx¿n] d'Vo ;ldltx¿ / d'Vo kbx¿df ;xefuL x'gsf nflu 5gf}6 x'g sl7g ePsf] kfp“5g\ . o; k|sf/n] ltgLx¿ cfgf] ;Lk tyf 1fgnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd x“'b}gg\ / ltgLx¿sf of]ubfgnfO{ ;xL 9+un] ;xL 9Ën] lgSof}n ug{ ;ls“b}g . lgodx¿nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eÌ]af/] l;s]/ cGo dlxnf k|ltlglw / ;~rf/;“u ldn]/ dlxnfx¿n] o; bf]ifk"0f{ 3]/fnfO{ 5f]8\g ;S5g\ . tn 5nkmn ul/Psf tL lgodx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug{] s}og\ bfpk]rnfO{ /fli6«o 3]/faflx/ ;d]t ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;lsG5 .

o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\, sdgj]Ny ;lrjfno, o'/f]k]nL ;+3 / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 tyf cGt//fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿h:tf cGt//fli6«o ;Ë7gn] ;"rgf ;fem]bf/LnfO{ ;xh agfP/ lgodx¿nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eÌ]af/] l;Sg d2t ug{ ;S5g\ / d2t u5{g\ . ltgsf a}7sx¿n] 5nkmnnfO{ dlxnfsf cfjZostf, /0fgLlt / pknlAwx¿ Jofks ;dfhsf

ln·jfbL ;+jfbnfO{ eG8fkmf]/ ug{'xf];\, clg To;nfO{ bafpgsf nflu efif0f /5nkmnsf k|ljlwx¿ l;Sg'xf];\ .

222


lgldQ pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ltgsf ljrf/ / ltgsf k|sfzgx¿ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ / ;~hfn ljsf; ug{sf nflu ljz]if1 / /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ Ps} ynf]df Nofp“5g\ .

#=! ;+:yfut÷k|ls|ofTds

Joj:yflksfsf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s e"ldsfx¿ k|foM :yflkt lgod / sfo{ljlwx¿åf/f 5'6\ofOG5g\ . tyflk, k|efj / x:tIf]ksf lgldQ s]xL :yfg /x]sf] x'G5, h;nfO{ dlxnfx¿n] ;s];Dd j[l4 ug{'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] cfGtl/s lgjf{rgx¿df dlxnfx¿nfO{ gfdfÍg / dtbfg ug{, cgf}krfl/s kbx¿df dlxnfsf gfdx¿ k|:tfj ug{ / d'Vo kbx¿df dlxnfsf] cg'kl:ylt jf ;fk]If cg'kl:ylttkm{ Wofgfs[i6 ug]{tkm{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt nf]stGqx¿df

;efx¿df jfbljjfb ug{df eGbf ;ldltsf] sfo{df dlxnfx¿n] /fd+|f] ug]{ dggof]Uo k|df0fx¿ ePsfn] ;ldltsf] sfo{df pknAw cj;/x¿dfly vf; Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;f] eg]/, k|foh;f] ;+;bdf k|lti7fsf] ljifo agfOg] / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n]

cfgf] nfdf] Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ :yfg ToxL“ ePsfn] dlxnfx¿n] ;efdf jfbljjfb ug{ 5f8\g' x'“b}g . ;fdfGotof jfbljjfb ug]{ snf vf; u/]/ dxŒjk"0f{ xf] / To;nfO{ ;+;bLo kf7\oqmdåf/f ljBfnox¿;“u hf]l8Psf ;~hfnx¿sf ;fy} g]t[Tjdf /x]sf ;+3–;+:yfx¿åf/f k|f]T;fxg / k|fof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;+;bLo ;~hfnx¿n] dlxnf jQmfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{df / jfbljjfbsf] sd k|ltåGåfTds z}nLdf kl/jt{g ug{df Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf klg v]Ng ;S5 .

Joj:yflksfsf] e"ldsfn] kl5 ;/sf/df x}l;ot agfpg] ePsfn] ;ldltx¿sf] z[+vnf / Joj:yflksf kbåf/f dlxnfsf] cu|udg pRr sfof{nosf nflu ltgLx¿sf] of]Uotf Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cjoj xf] . ;/sf/L kbx?df ;dfg cj;/ / dlxnf dGqL / To;sf] ljkIfL bnsf] 5fof ;dsIfL kb dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿åf/f cfgf] ?lr / j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ cu|udgtkm{ cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu /fd|/L k|of]u ul/Psf cGo kb x'g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ !((@ b]lv !((& ;Dd ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf rf/ hgf n]a/ dlxnf ;f+;b 5fof dlxnf dGqLx¿ (Shadow Woman Ministers) /x]sf lyP . n]a/ ;g\ !((& sf] lgjf{rgdf ljhoL ePkl5 tL rf/} hgfnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;/sf/L cf]xbfx¿df -b'O{hgfnfO{ Soflag]6 :t/df_ lgo'Qm u¥of] . ltgLx¿n] n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] e/kbf{] jlsn ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/]/ ltgLx¿ cfgf]] ljefudf dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿sf ;dy{s lyP . ;g\ @))! df ltgLx¿sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 eof] . o;n] -s_ oL kb dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ k|ltaGwfTds x'g' cfjZos 5}g, a? To;sf] abnf cu|udgsf] dfWod x'g'k5{, / -v_ ltgLx¿n] n}lËs ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ;/sf/x¿sf aLr d"n cfwf/ agfpg ;xh agfp“5 eÌ] s'/fnfO{ ;"lrt u5{ .

cfGtl/s lgjf{rgx¿df dlxnfx¿nfO{gfdfª\sg / dtbfg ug{tkm{ Wofglbg'xf];\

223


#=@ k|ltlglwTj

ljleÌ ljlwn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf j[l4 Nofpgsf nflu lgodx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . o; If]qdf tLg rDs] /0fgLlt k|efjsf/L k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 M

• ;+;bdf ljhoL x'g ;Sg] l;6x¿df dlxnfnfO{ gfdfÍg ug{] lglZrt ug{sf nflu /fhg}lts kf6L{x?dfly bafa ;[hgf ug]{,

• ;+;bLo kbx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ z[+vnfdf dlxnf pkl:ylt ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu sfo{ljlw ;+oGqsf] 9f“rf tof/ ug]{, clg

• dlxnfx¿sf] ?lrsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu gof“ ;+/rgfx¿ pTkÌ ug]{ vfnsf] ljwfgsf] 9f“rf tof/ ug]{ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu gof“ dGqfnox¿ ;[hgf u/]/ xf];\ jf dlGqd08nsf] cfsf/ lj:tf/ u/]/ xf];\, /fhg}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] lj:tf/ dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{df pkof]uL pkfo ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . ljBdfg ljwflosfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / ;'wf/ jf gof“ ;+;bsf] ;[hgfn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ jf k|j4{g ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . Pp6f c;n pbfx/0f :s6NofG8 xf], hxf“ gf/LjfbLx¿n] dlxnfx¿sf] Gofof]lrt 9Ën] k|ltlglwTj x'g] :sl6; ljwfg;ef k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofdf x:tIf]k u/] . :sl6; dlxnf sf]cl8{g];g ;d"xsf] 5ftfcGtu{t ltgLx¿n] ;+j}wflgs ;Dd]ng / /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0faf/]sf] jfbljjfb l;h{gf ug{sf lgldQ naL u/] . ;+:yfut 9f“rf / ;+;b ;b:osf] kbk"lt{af/]sf jfbljjfbdf ltgLx¿ ;+nUg eP . ;g\ !((( df :s6NofG8sf] klxnf] ;+;b lgjf{lrt x“'bf o;sf ;b:odWo]sf #& k|ltzt dlxnf lyP eg] #) k|ltzt dGqL, ;ldltsf ;efWoIosf !& j6f l;6dWo] 5 j6fnufot $! k|ltzt ;ldltsf ;b:o dlxnf lyP . To;pk|fGt ;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rgdf ;Dk"0f{ ;+Vof j[l4 eP . oBlk, k"jL{o / dWoo'/f]ksf / o'/f]k]nL k/Dk/fsf cg'ejn] bzf{Pcg';f/ ;+j}wflgs kl/jt{g Pp6f cj;/ xf] Uof/]G6L xf]Og .(

sf]:6fl/sfdf pk/fi6«k|d'v dlxnf x'g'kg]{ Pp6f rng :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf d'2faf/] ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿sf] lgdf{0f dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ kb ;[hgf ug]{ Pp6f ljlw ePsf] s'/f g]b/NofG8\;sf] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To:tf ;ldltn] ;Dk"0f{ ljw]osx¿sf n}lËs ;dfgtfaf/]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ 5fglag u5{ / To;af6 dlxnfx¿sf sfo{;"rLsf] lj:tf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . ltgLx¿n] s}og\ /fhg}lts d'2fsf] n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] k|s[ltaf/]sf] r]tgfnfO{ klg clej[l4 u5{ . tL ;ldltx¿n] ;+;bLo k|lqmofdf ;3fp k'¥ofp“5g\ / To:tf d'2fx¿af/] ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn a9fpg Pp6f e"ldsf klg v]N5g\ .

To:tf ;fwgx¿n] dlxnf d'2fx¿ / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ cnu

jt{dfg ;+/rgfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]zug{sf nflu cleofg rnfpg'xf];\ .

224


kfg]{ / /f]Sg] ug]{ sfd dfq ug{ ;S5 eg]/ s}og\ /fi6«x¿sf dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;/f]sf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . /f]Sg] sfo{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu hf]lvd eP tfklg cg'ejx¿n] ;Í]t u/]cg';f/ kl5 uP/ To:tf] sfo{ :jLs[t x'G5g\ clg jf:tjdf km/flsnf n}lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ lglZrt / j}w agfp“5 . cem dlxnfsf ;ldltx¿, ;'/lIft :yfgx¿ / dlxnf dGqfnox¿df ;]jf u/]/ dlxnfn] d"Nojfg cg'ej k|fKt u5{g\ . pbfx0fsf nflu To;kl5 ltgLx¿n] sfo{sf nflu a]Olhª d~r jf cGo cGt//fli6«o ;lGwsf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f u/]/, cGo ;ldltdf sfd u/]/ ljleÌ d'2faf/] cfgf] k|efj lj:tf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . dlxnf ;ldltx¿nfO{ :yfoL ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf x]l/g' cfjZos 5}g, t/ cl:tTjdf x'“bfv]l/ ltgLx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ cfgf] ;Lk k|bz{g ug{df ;Ifd agfp“5g\ clg o; k|sf/n] cGo /fhg}lts If]qsf lgldQ k|If]k0f ug]{ d~rsf] ¿kdf sfd u5{g\ . a? n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ljefusf] cg'ej ePsf dlxnfx¿n] o; a9f]Q/L ePsf] r]tgf / dlxnfsf d'2fx¿af/]sf] 1fgnfO{ cGo dGqfnodf n}hfG5g\, o; k|sf/n] dlxnf ;/f]sf/nfO{ d"nwf/df nfg] k|lqmofnfO{ cu|udgtkm{ n}hfG5 .!)

#=# k|ltkmndfly c;/ / k|efj

k|hgg clwsf/x¿, ;dfg Hofnf, afnaRrf :ofxf/ / afnaRrf clwsf/af/] jfbljjfbsf lgldQ s/sfk u/]/ dlxnf ;/f]sf/ k|j]z u/fpgsf ;fy} n}lËs ;dfgtf P]g tyf ;+zf]wgx¿ k|:tfj u/]/ sfo{ljlw sfg'g;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ ;+;bLo Ph]G8fnfO{ k|efljt kfg{sf nflu nuftf/ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . cGoyf, To:tf 5nkmnx? n}lËs ?kdf cGw x'Gy] . ;f+;bx¿n] dlxnfx¿sf] l:ylt / cj:yfaf/] ;fj{hlgs hf“ra'emx¿ u/]sf 5g\ / To;sf kl/0ffdnfO{ j}wflgs sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . tL d'2fx¿nfO{ sfo{;"rLdf /flv;s]kl5 cGo /fhgLlt1x¿sf]

Jojxf/ kl/jt{g x'G5 . h]xf];\, /fhg}lts¿kn] ;dfgtfsf d'2fx¿nfO{ klxnf sfo{;"rL aÌ aGb]h nufpg'eGbf dlxnf ;dfgtfsf lj?4df hfg' a9L sl7g x'G5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] Pp6f pbfx/0fdf lnËe]b pDd]bjf/ P]g, @))@ xf],

h;n] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ dlxnf ;f+;b / pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 Nofpgsf nflu ;sf/fTds sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 . of] ljw]os o;sf lj/f]wLx¿ r'krfk a;]sf], dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf lj/f]w ug{ tTk/ g/x]sf] a]nf ;a} kf6L{sf] ;xdltdf k|foM s'g} ljdltlagf th{'df ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} sf/0fsf nflu ;g\ @))@ df /fli6«o ;efdf 5nkmndf k|m]Gr kf6L{sf s}og k'¿if lj/f]wLx? cg'kl:yt /x] .

s]xL 36gfdf ltgLx¿sf jf:tljs dteGbf dlxnfx¿åf/f ;xk|fof]hg, efif0f / ljw]os k|fof]hgh:tf lqmofsnfk lgs} a9L k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ . k|mfG;]nL ;+;bLo ;+/rgfx¿df dlxnfsf d'2fk|ltsf] ;dy{gnfO{ x]l/Psf] Pp6f cWoogdf kfOPcg';f/ gf/LjfbL ljw]osx¿nfO{ ;xk|fof]hg ug{df, gf/LjfbL P]gsf nflu efif0f ug{df /

dlxnfsf d'2fx¿nfO{ 5nkmndf NofP/;+;bLo sfo{;"rLx¿nfO{ k|efljtkfg'{xf];\ .

225


gf/LjfbL P]gnfO{ ;dy{g ug{df k'¿ifeGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ ;Defljt /x]sf lyP . a]nfotL xfp; ckm sdG;sf d'2fdfly Wofg s]lGb|t ug{] ;fwgx¿ /x]sf] lbgsf] ;a]/}sf k|:tfjx¿af/]sf] cWoogdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;dy{g ug{df cfk\mgf k'¿if ;xsdL{eGbf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ lgs} a9L] ;lqmo /x]sf] kfOof] .!!

oBlk, ljsf;zLn ljZjsf s}og\ e"efudf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ dlxnfx¿af/]sf] ljw]os;“u s'g} k|sf/n] ;+nUg /xgdf al~rt /xg] u/]sf s}of}“ pbfx/0f /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] x'g' w]/}h;f] o:tf ts{df ltgLx¿sf ;xsdL{x¿sf] ;dy{g / cg'df]bgsf] sdL /x]sf] x'G5 / To;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ kfvf nufpgdf of]ubfg lbg;S5 eÌ] ltgLx¿sf] r]tgfsf ;fy} …gf/LjfbLÚ x'g';“u ;DalGwt /x]sf s]xL lglZrt nf~5gfsf sf/0fn] xf] . o;n] c¿ cufl8 dlxnfx¿sf ;/f]sf/nfO{ d"nwf/ agfpg] jf dlxnfsf d'2fx¿ / Joj:yflksfåf/f ;~rfng ul/Psf cGo k|To]s d'2fx¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwaf/] r]tgf j[l4 ug]{ cfjZostfnfO{ hf]8 lbgsf nflu /]vflÍt u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ah]6 / cfly{s ;/f]sf/x¿n] ;a}nfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ k'¿ifsf] ;/f]sf/sf] ¿kdf dfq x]l/g'x'“b}g / Tof] k'¿ifsf] dfq ;/f]sf/ xf]Og . To:t} u/]/ :jf:Yo, ;dfh sNof0f / lzIffn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfq c;/ kfb}{g .

#=$ ;+jfb

s]xL lglZrt /fi6«df dlxnf / k'¿ifaLrsf] ;dfgtfaf/]sf ;f+:s[lts cfbz{x¿ jf clwsf/af/]sf ;+jfb, k|ltlglwTj;DaGwL of]Uotf tyf nf]sfrf/x¿ Joj:yflksfsf] ;Gt'ng abNgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] dfu{x¿ x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 8]lg; dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ ;+;bLo ;+jfb abNgdf ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . :SofG8]g]leofnL ;+;bx¿df 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfsf] k|j]z x'g'eGbf klxnf w]/}h;f] /fhgLlt1x¿;“u lje]b, c;dfgtf, n}lËs em\ofpnf] jf n}lËs lx+;fh:tf d'2faf/] af]Ngsf nflu zAbe08f/ /x]sf] lyPg eÌ]af/] b|'b] bfn]?kn] l6Kk0fL ug{'ePsf] 5 . w]/}hgfnfO{ dlxnf zAb (Woman) k|of]u ug{df ;d:of /x]sf] lyof] / dlxnfsf nflu c? g} g/d vfns zAbx¿ k|of]u ug{ ?rfp“y] . ;do laTb} hf“bf gl8{s /fi6«x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] pkl:yltn] kl/jf/af/] lhls/ ug{'sf ;fy} Gofgf]kg / s?0ffsf cleJolQmnfO{ k|j]z u/fp“b} cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ z}nLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .!@ o;n] cleofg ;~rfngnfO{ sd zq'tfk"0f{ ¿kdf k|bz{g u5{ . g]b/NofG8\;df ;+;bLo 5nkmn;DaGwL cWoogn] ue{ktgsf] gLltaf/] 5nkmn ug{] ljlwnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{df -:d/0fLo¿kn] Pp6f pkrf/hGo jf wfld{s d'2faf6 5gf}6sf] d'2fdf kl/jt{g_ dlxnfsf x:tIf]kx¿ s;/L ;+nUg /x] eÌ] s'/fnfO{ k|bz{g u5{ . ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf ul/Psf] Pp6f cWoogn] b]vfPcg';f/ k'¿if

ljw]osx¿sf] kIfdf af]Ng'xf];\, To;nfO{k|fof]hg tyf ;x k|fof]hg ug{'xf];\ .

n}l·s em\ofpnf]h:tf ;/f]sf/sf;fj{hlgs d'2fx¿ agfpg'xf];\ .

226


;f+;bx¿n] cd"t{ cjwf/0ffx¿ cfJxfg ubf{ / dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] x:tIf]k gLlt / lg0f{ox¿n] JolQm / kl/jf/nfO{ s;/L c;/ kf5{ eÌ]af/]sf pbfx/0fnfO{ lglb{i6 ug]{ ;Defjgf k'¿ifx¿sf] eGbf a9L /x]sf] x'G5 .!$

d'Vo cGt/f{{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿df dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿sf] ;xeflutfn] klg dlxnfn] s] ug{ ;S5g\ eÌ]af/]sf] hgdtnfO{ r'gf}tL lbgdf dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f OlhK6 / cGo c/a /fi6«df dlxnf cfGbf]ngaf/]sf efjgfx¿ ;g\ !(($ df sfo/f]df ;DkÌ ePsf] hg;+Vof / ljsf;af/]sf] cGt//fli6«o ;Dd]ng -cfO{;LkL8L_ (International Conference on Population and Development-ICPD) kl5 kl/jt{g eP . of] ;Dd]ng x'g'eGbf klxn] s}og\ OlhK;]nL dlxnf ;f+;b / oyfy{df ;fwf/0f hgtf ;a}eGbf /fd|f o; cy{df lyP ls ltgLx? dlxnfsf cfGbf]ngx¿af/] cGhfg lyP clg ;a}eGbf v/fa o; cy{df ls o;sf Ifdtfsf af/]df Psbd x]nr]qm\ofO“k"0f{ /x]sf lyP . dlxnf cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg ePsfx¿sf] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;DaGwL To:t} ljrf/ /x]sf] lyof] . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ cfO{;LkL8L dlxnfx¿sf] u};/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] s] pknlAw k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP eÌ] s'/fsf] jf:tjdf ;fIfL x'g] / ;femf ;/f]sf/sf d'2fx¿df ltgLx¿;“u ;~hfn ljsf; ug{] Pp6f cj;/ lyof] . o;n] s}og\ ;/f]sf/ tyf nIox¿ ;fem]bf/L u/]sfn] dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf lgldQ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;“u u7aGwg ug{ ;lsg] ;DefJotfnfO{ dx;'; ug{ klg ;Ifd agfof] . To;kl5 jf:tjdf s] ePsf] lyof] eÌ] s'/faf/] a]jf:tf ub}{ Toxf“ ;f+;bx¿ / dlxnf ;Ë7gstf{ b'j}sf] kIfdf r]tgfdf dggof]Uo kl/jt{gx¿ cfPsf lyP . sfo{stf{ / Pshgf /fhgLlt1sf] ¿kdf dlxnf;DaGwL hgr]tgf / ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g cfpg' plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] . cfO{;LkL8L / To; pk|fGtsf] cGt//fli6«o ;~hfnsf cj;/x¿ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf nflu dlxnf d'2fx¿ -kfl/jfl/s sfg'gdf kl/jt{g xf];\ jf k|hgg clwsf/ jf dlxnfsf] eufª\s'/

5]bg (Circumcision) xf];\_ ltgLx¿sf] ;fdfGo ;/f]sf/sf] Pp6f efu /x]sf lyP / kl/jt{gsf nflu vNofª\aNofª\ ul//x]sf k|efjxLg dlxnfx¿sf] em'G8eGbf oL ;/f]sf/nfO{ pRrf/0f ug]{x¿ ;Ifd / ljåfg\ dlxnf lyP h;sf] s'/f

;'Ìof]Uo / uDeL/tfk"j{s lngof]Uo /x]sf] lyof] eÌ] k|bz{g u¥of] .

$= lgodx¿ kl/jtg{ ug'{

dlxnf pkl:ylt / dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿sf] k|j]zn] xfn ePsf Joj:yfkg / sfo{ljlwnfO{ cjZoDefjL ?kdf r'gf}tL lbg]5 . dlxnfsf lgldQ a9L ;'xfp“bf] agfpgsf nflu Go"gtddf klg Joj:yflksfsf] ;dotflnsf, a}7s :yn, afnaRrf :ofxf/;';f/ k|fjwfg, sfd ug]{ ;do / ofqfsf Joj:yfkgx? kl/jt{g x'g ;S5g\ .

xfdLn] dgg u/]sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jt{gdWo]sf] Ps dlxnfsf kf6L{ nfOgeGbf

dlxnf ;DefJotfsf] dxŒj bzf{pgsf]nflu cGt/f{li6o ;Dd]ngx?df ;+nUg x'g'xf];\ .

227


aflx/sf] ;~hfnsf] ljsf; xf] . o;n] xfnsf] o'/f]k]nL ;+;b, blIf0f clk|msf, cd]l/sf, lgb/NofG8 k|mfG;, a]lNhod / O6fnLdf u7g ePsf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿åf/f dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] gLlt, anhkm\tL ljjfx, 3/]n' lx+;f, k|hgg clwsf/, anfTsf/ / ;dfg /f]huf/h:tf d'2fdf a9\bf]¿kn] lg/Gt/ x'g] cGt/kf6L{ ;xof]unfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] eg]/ /]vlfÍt u5{ .

ljleÌ Joj:yflksLo e"ldsfdf dlxnfsf cg'ejx¿n] /fhg}lts k'“hL lgdf{0f u5{g\, h;nfO{ cem a9L pÌlt, xfnsf lgod / ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ / dlxnf /fhgLlt1sf] gof“ k':tfnfO{ d2t ug{sf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

$=! ;+:yfut÷k|ls|ofut

Joj:yflksf ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlw kl/jt{g ;ldltx¿df dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;b:otfsf nflu ;dfg'kflts cfbz{, dlxnfsf lx\jkx¿ -s'g} vf; kf6L{df dlxnfx¿sf] ;+;bLo dtnfO{ ;Ël7t kfg{ lhDd]jf/_ :yfkgf tyf ljleÌ ;+;bLo kbdf dlxnfsf lgldQ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s sf]6fx¿ ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\ . hd{gLdf :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/df cfGtl/s :j]lR5s kf6L{ sf]6f k|0ffnLx¿ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ / k|mfG;df ljwfgsf] dfWodåf/f k|j]z u/fOPsf] 5 . clgjfo{ sf]6fx¿ /fhg}lts ¿kn] sl7g ePsf /fi6«x¿df :j]lR5s nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ltgLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu To:tf gLltdf clGtd Dofb / jf:tljs ;do tflnsf ;dfj]z /x]sf] x'G5 .

sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ ;efk|lt hafkmb]xL ;+oGqx¿ :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . k|ultaf/] lgoldt 5nkmnnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;dotflnsfsf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf o;n] lglZrt u5{ . dlxnf d'2fx¿af/] ;ldlt u7g ug{ Joj:yflksfk|lt klg hafkmb]xL /x]sf] /fli6«o dlxnf gLlt lgsfox¿sf] ;d]t p:t} c;/x¿ x'G5g\ . Joj:yflksfk|ltsf] hafkmb]lxn] dlxnf ;/f]sf/af/] 5nkmn ug{] c;+Vo cltl/Qm cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ ltgLx¿sf sfo{nfO{ Wofgk"j{s x]l/Psf], jfbljjfb ul/Psf] / k|rf/ ul/Psf] eÌ] s'/fnfO{ lglZrt u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu blIf0f clk|msL ;/sf/n] Pp6f /fli6«o n}lËs ;+oGq nfu" u/]sf] 5, h;n] P]g kl/jt{gsf] k|:tfj u5{ / To;sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;'k/Lj]If0f / lglZrt u5{ . blIf0f clk|msfsf] 36gfn] ;+;bleq / aflx/ b'j}df Ps;fysf] sf/afxLn] s;/L sfo{ u5{ eg]/ b]vfp“5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf Pp6f gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] lyof], dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;“usf] k/fdz{df Pp6f dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmd nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] / dlxnf ;/f]sf/nfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg / cg'udgnfO{ lglZrt ug{sf nflu dlxnfsf] cj:yfaf/]sf] sfof{no ;[hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ / k|:tfljt P]gsf] n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfdfly s:tf] c;/ k5{ eÌ]af/] ;+;bnfO{ ;'emfj lbg / l;kmfl/;

dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx?sf] k|ltlglwTjsfnflu ;dfg'kflts d'No tyf dfGotf jfsf]6fx?nfO{ k|j]z u/fpg'xf];\ .

228


ug{sf nflu ;g\ !((& df n}lËs ;dfgtfaf/] Pp6f cfof]u u7g ul/Psf] lyof] -gd'gf cWoog x]g{'xf]nf_ . oL ;+:yfut ;+oGqn] u|fdL0f txsf sfo{stf{;“usf] ;Dks{ sfod /fVg]5g\ eÌ] s'/faf/] lglZrt x'g' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 tf ls ;+;bsf] rf/ kvf{naflx/ s] x'G5 eÌ]af/] ;f+;b\x¿ ;fjwfg xf]pmg\ . sfo{ljlwdf NofOPsf kl/jt{gx¿n] k|efj Nofpg] 5g\, cfkm}“df k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5g\ / ;dfhdf km/flsnf] c;/ kfg{ ;S5g\ . To:tf] Pp6f cEof; hd{gLsf] a'Gb]:tfudf /x]sf] 5M Toxf“ 5nkmnsf nflu af]Ng eg]/ Pshgf dlxnfn] cfgf] xft p7fp“bf pgL :jtM k'¿if jQmfx¿sf] ;"rLsf] zLif{:y :yfgdf k'lU5g\ . of] rngn] k'¿ifx¿n] k|e'Tj hdfPsf ;d"xdf af]Ng] dlxnfx¿sf] ;Íf]rnfO{ pgLx¿ ;xefuL x'g] cj;/x¿nfO{ j[l4 u/]/ k/flht ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . ;f+;bx¿df of] olt uf9f ePsf] 5 ls ltgLx¿ ;+;baflx/ x'“bf ;d]t To; rngnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofp“5g\ .

cfwf/e"t kl/jt{gx¿df lglZrt d'2fx¿, gfd tf]s]/ eÌ'kbf{ dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿;“u glhs /x]sf d'2f / dlxnfx¿df ljz]if1tf /x]sf d'2f -cyf{t\ lzIff, sNof0fsf/L gLlt, kfl/jfl/s gLlt_ nfO{ ;+;bLo kb ;f]kfgdf x]l/g] ljlwnfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 . xfdLn]

rrf{ u/]cg';f/, …s8fÚ / …g/dÚ d'2faLrsf] leÌtfnfO{ cf8 lbg' sl7g 5 / Tof] 9Ng ;Dej 5 . ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+;bLo Ph]G8fdf dfly ws]Ng dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿ a9L ;kmn x'g] ePsfn] …g/dÚ d'2fx¿k|lt ;a} /fhgLlt1sf] a9\bf] ?lraf6 o; k|lqmofsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . Ph]G8f kl/jt{gx¿;“u k|ltkmn kl/jt{gsf] glhssf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .

$=@ k|ltlglwTj

/fhg}lts sfof{nodf dlxnfx¿sf] kx“'rnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf lgod kl/jt{g ug{ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] ;~hfn ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdf b'j} lnËsf lgldQ sf]6fx¿ jf Go"gtd cg'kftsf lgod, dlxnfsf lgldQ ;'/lIft :yfg / /fhg}lts kf6L{sf lgldQ 5'6\ofOPsf ;fj{hlgs sf]ifh:tf ljz]if pkfonfO{ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj IfdtfnfO{ j[l4 ug{sf nflu ckgfOPsf w]/}h;f] k|efjsf/L /0fgLltsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kf6L{ ;Ë7gleq dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s ¿kdf lg0f{o lng;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf kbdf / afx\o¿kn] lgjf{lrt ;efx¿df / ;/sf/L lgo'lQmdf k|j4{g ug{sf nflu /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] /0fgLltx¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof dlxnfnfO{ lgjf{lrt sfof{nox¿sf] pDd]bjf/sf lgldQ gfdfÍg ug{'eGbf kf6L{sf cfGtl/s kbdf Nofpgsf nflu gLltx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ltgLx¿ a9L k|fylds, jrga4 / sNkgfzLn ePsf 5g\ . ljleÌ k|sf/sf sf]6fnfO{ k|j]z u/fpg' ltgLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L sfo{ xf] .

k|foM 36gfx?df sf]6f k|0ffnL dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr sfod /x]sf] c;Gt'ng ;dfwfg ug{ ckgfOPsf c:yfoL pkfo x'g\ . ltgLx¿ k'¿if / dlxnfaLrsf] /fhg}lts ;dt'ng (Equilibrium) nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] Pp6f k|of; x'g\ . o; xft]k':tssf]

…s8fÚ / …g/dÚ d'2faLrsf] e]bnfO{ e· ug'{xf];\ .

229


cWofo $ df b|'b] bfn]?kn] ljleÌ k|sf/sf sf]6f k|0ffnL / ltgLx¿sf kl/0ffdaf/] lj:t[t¿kn] j0f{g ug{'ePsf] 5 .

csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|ltlglwTj /0fgLlt ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs lg0ff{os lgsfonfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu k|ltlglwTjsf] kl/efiffnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg' / pRr lghfdtL ;]jf / Gofokflnsfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf lgldQ cleofg ;~rfng ug{' xf] . To:tf cleofgx? cl:6«of, lkmgNofG8, b g]b/NofG8\;, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo / cGoq ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . csf]{ sl7g t/ cfjZos cl3Nnf] kfOnf lkmgNofG8df ePsf] h:t} o:tf dfunfO{ lghL If]qdf lj:tf/ ug{' xf] .$=# k|ltkmndfly c;/ ÷ k|efj

dlxnfx¿n] k|ltkmnnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf 5g\ eÌ] Pp6f :ki6 ;"rs /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ / ;+;bdf dlxnfsf lgldQ sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] 5 eÌ] tYo xf] . dlxnfsf d'2f / ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu dlxnf a9LeGbf a9L k|efjsf/L ePkl5 k|ltkmndf kl/jt{g ckl/xfo{ 5 . Ph]G8fdfly dlxnfsf d'2fx¿nfO{ p7fOP/ ;+j4{g ul/Pkl5 ltgLx¿n] b|'t ultdf ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlt1sf] ¿lr k|fKt u5{g\ . tL ?lr d'2fx¿sf] km/flsnf] kmf“6 /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[ltsdf ;d]t nfu" x'G5g\ .

ev{/}sf cg';Gwfgx¿n] b]vfPcg';f/ k|ltkmnnfO{ k|efljt kfg{] / dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug{] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ljlw dlxnftkm{ cufl8 a9\gsf nflu kl/rflnt sfo{qmdsf lgldQ cfly{s k|f]T;fxg lbg' xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu aflnsfx¿sf] lzIffnfO{ pRr kfg{sf nflu ef/t ;/sf/n] 5fqfx¿sfnflu ljBfno lgdf{0f ug{sf lbOPsf s'g} klg of]ubfgnfO{ ldnfP/ bf]Aa/ kfg{] jrga4tf hgfof] . 8r ;/sf/n] ljutdf ;a} kf6L{åf/f dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] k|j4{gsf lgldQ ljz]if cfly{s ;xfotf lbgsf nflu eg]/ /fhg}lts kf6L{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs cfly{s ;xfotf k|0ffnL k|of]u u¥of] . blIf0f clk|msfn] dlxnfx¿sf] vf; cfjZostf / ?lrsf lgldQ k|aGw ug]{ cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu Pp6f dlxnf sf]if :yfkgf u¥of] . cfly{s k|f]T;fxgnfO{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ lbOg] ;/sf/L cfly{s ;xfotfdf ltgLx¿sf lgjf{lrt dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] ;+Vof;“u af“w]/ dlxnf k|ltlglwTjtkm{ ;f]em} kl/nlIft ug{ ;lsG5 . of] gLlt o'/f]k]nL ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu O6fnLdf / /fli6«o ;ef lgjf{rgsf nflu k|mfG;df nfu" ul/Psf] 5, tf ls dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] lglZrt ;+Vof gfdflÍt jf abnf gug{] kf6L{x?n] ltgLx¿sf s]xL ;fj{hlgs cfly{s ;xfotfnfO{ TofUg' k5{ .

/fhg}lts sfof{nodf dlxnfsf] kx'“rnfO{ 6]jf lbgsf nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf lgodx¿nfO{ abNg'xf];\ .

dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ kl/rflntsfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cfly{s k|f]T;fxg lbgsf nflu xf};nf lbg'xf];\ .

230


$=$ ;+jfb

;+jfbnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g …;fj{hlgsÚ If]qdf 5nkmn ;xL ljifonfO{ ;Lldt kfg]{ c:ki6 lgodx¿nfO{ kN6fpg] s'/f ePsf 5g\ . dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿;“usf] ;xof]udf s]xL /fi6«df ;f+;bx¿n] ;+;bLo sfo{;"rLnfO{ 3/]n' lx+;f, n'6, anfTsf/, anhkm\tL ljjfx, dlxnf eufª\s'/ 5]bg, ljjfx d~h'/L / ;dlnËL cfdfsf clwsf/x¿df lj:tf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

;+jfbsf If]qdf c¿ a9L kl/jt{g dlxnfx¿ dlxnfsf] ¿kdf cfgf] klxrfgaf/] a9\bf] ¿kn] uj{ ug]{ ePkl5 cfpg] 5 . o'/f]k]nL ;+;bsf k"j{ ;b:o x]8L l8Úcfgsf]gfn] ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] o'/f]k]nL ;+;bsf ;a}eGbf k|efjzfnL dlxnf ;f+;baf/] ;j]{If0f ug{'ePsf] 5 / cfgf] …gf/LTjÚ af/] ;Íf]rL geP/ t/ dlxnfsf] ¿kdf cfgf] klxrfgaf/] uj{ u/]/ ltgLx¿n] cfgf] sfo{, k|efj / sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ pRr agfPsf 5g\ eg]/ ts{ ug{'x'G5 .!^ dlxnfx¿ dlxnfsf ¿kdf cfgf] klxrfgaf/] uj{zfnL jf bfaLsf ;fy k|:t't x'g'sf] abnf Ifdfofrs x'G5g\ . gfb]Hbf :j]bf]efn] pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf] Pshgf dlxnf /fhgLlt1sf] cfTdaf]wdf dlxnf / ltgLx¿sf] of]ubfgk|ltsf] ;fj{hlgs af]w tyf k|ltlqmofnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ /xG5 .

Pshgf dlxnfsf] lnË klxrfg / ltgsf] …aflx/LÚ k|lti7fn] ;d]t vf; u/]/ ;+j}wflgs ;+s6sf ;dodf lgjf{rgk|ltsf] cfsif{0fnfO{ pRr agfp“5 . ;fk]If¿kdf gj/fhg}lts k|j]zLsf ¿kdf dlxnfx¿ w/fzoL x'“b} uPsf] zf;gJoj:yfsf e|i6 tyf tfgfzfxL k|rng;“u k|foh;f] ;+nUg /x]sf 5}gg\ . a? ltgLx¿ gjLgtf, Odfgbf/L, nf]stGq tyf xf]l;of/Lsf], ;'wf/ cfGbf]ngx¿sf lgldQ cd"No /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ 5jLsf] k|tLs aÌ ;S5g\ .

;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kftnfO{ j[l4 ug]{ k|lqmof /fhgLltnfO{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdfGo lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf lnOgsf lgldQ /fhg}lts 5lj kl/jt{g ug]{ Pp6f ljzfn 36gfsf] Pp6f efu xf] . o:tf] k|jl[Qdf kl/jt{g cfpgsf nflu cfd;~rf/df ;fy{s yk an / dlxnf cfGbf]ngleqaf6 ;dy{gsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .

%= ;kmntf gfKg] dfkb08

…xfdLn] jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t Pp6f k|0ffnLnfO{ :yfkgf u/]/ / To;;“u sfo{ ubf{v]l/ dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] u'0f:t/df j[l4 x'G5 eÌ]af/] d ljZj:t 5' .Ú

la/lu6f 8fxn, k"j{ ;efd'v, l:j8]g

/fhg}lts k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿n] km/s kf5{g\ eg]/ bfaL ug{sf nflu ltgLx¿sf] c;/nfO{ dfkg ug{ :ki6 dfkb08 to ug{' cfjZos 5 . To:tf] dfkb08sf] Pp6f

231


cfwf/e"t cjoj dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] sDtLdf s]xL ;do dlxnf ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf u/]sf] sfo{ xf] . To:tf] dfkb08 th'{df ubf{v]/L o; s'/fnfO{ klg dfGotf lbg'k5{ ls -s_ k|ltlglwTj ul/gsf nflu slxn]sfxL“ åGåfTds /x]sf s}og\ dlxnf ;/f]sf/sf ljifo /x]sf 5g\, clg -v_ Pp6f k/Dk/fut k'¿if jftfj/0fdf dlxnfsf] pkl:yltn] g} n}lËs r]tgf pTkÌ u5{ / ck]Iffx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g u5{ .

xfdLn] rrf{ u/]cg';f/ dlxnfx¿n] jf:tjdf h] pknlAw ug{ ;S5g\ Tof] ;+;bdf ltgLx¿sf] ;+Vofcg';f/ km/s x'G5 . lbuf] k|efjsf lgldQ ;+Vofn] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{, olb oy]i6 xf]Og eg] cfjZos cj:yf pTkÌ u5{ . k|ltlglwTj k"/f ug]{ gfh's sfo{nfO{ lglZrt ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] uxlsnf] cNk;+Vof rflxG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof j[l4 x'“bfv]l/ 5nkmndf x:tIf]k, ljw]os k|:tfj tyf k|fof]hg, ;+;bLo ;|f]tx¿dfly kx'“r / g]t[TjbfoL kbsf] cf]u6fO nufot ;+;bLo hLjgsf ;a} kIfdf j[l4 ePsf] dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] xfdLn] ck]Iff ug{'k5{ .

;kmntf lgZro ug{] csf{] nIf0f Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿sf] d'2fdf pgLx¿sf] k|efj klxrfgof]Uo x'g}kg{] xf] . dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] k|efjsfl/tf / pRr k|ltlglwTjsf ;fy ;a} ljw]osx?n] dlxnf kl/k|]IonfO{ ck]lIft¿kdf u0fgfdf lnG5g\ . dlxnfsf] c;/nfO{ vf; u/]/ eÌ] ;"rs k'¿ifn] dlxnfsf] d'2f p7fpg' / dlxnf kl/k|]Iox¿k|lt ;/f]sf/ k|bz{g ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;bLo 5nkmndf dlxnfsf cfjfhdf k'¿ifx¿ nqg' b'j}df cfPsf] Pp6f j[l4 xf] .

;kmntfsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ kIf kl/jt{gsf ljleÌ sf/s ;/sf/, dlxnf ;f+;b, dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿ / gful/s ;dfhsf cGo ;b:oaLrsf] :yfgLo, If]qLo / cGt//fli6«o:t/sf] cGt/lqmof xf] . of] s'/fsf] hlxn] klg x]Ssf /fVg' k5{ ls kl/jt{g / k|efjsf] k|lqmofdf dlxnf / k'¿ifaLrsf] ;fem]bf/L Pp6f d'Vo cjoj xf] . k'¿iflagf PSn} sfo{ ug]{ k|of; ug{' ;Dej 5}g eg]/ s}og\ dlxnf ;f+;bn] v'Nnf ¿kdf ;sf5{g\ .

^= c;/ jl[4 ug{] /0fgLltx¿

dlxnfx¿nfO{ ltgsf] zlQm / k|ltlglwx¿sf] ¿kdf ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ clwstd ug{sf nflu s]xL d'Vo /0fgLlt lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M

!= r]tgf j[l4 ug{'xf];\ M ;~rf/dfWodx¿;“u ;~rflnt cleofg dlxnf tyf k'¿ifsf] ;Gt'lnt ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTjsf] dxTjdfly hgtfsf] Wofg s]lGb|t ug{tkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf] x'g'k5{ . To:tf cleofg / ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ jf dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf lbg ;lsG5 . /fhg}lts hLjgdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ xf};nf lbgdf ?lr /fVg] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ k|foh;f] r]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmdx¿df ;lqmo ePsf 5g\ . To:tf cleofgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbgsf nflu klxrfg ug{ / ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{df / oL d'2fnfO{ gful/s ;dfhsf d'Vo ;b:osf ;fy} ;~rf/ pTkfbs / k|:tf]tfx¿aLr k|j4{g ug{ dlxnf tyf k'¿if

/fhgLlt1 ;lqmo x'g'k5{ . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f ;fOk|;df ;dfg clwsf/, ;dfg pQ/bfloTjsf nflu cfGbf]ng xf], h'g dlxnfx¿ klg /fhgLlt1 x'g ;S5g\ eÌ]af/] hgr]tgf k|j4{g ug{tkm{ nlIft /x]sf] 5 .

@= k'¿ifx¿;“u ;fem]bf/Ldf sfd ug{'xf];\ M vf; /fhg}lts df]rf{x¿leq xf];\ jf aflx/ dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿;“usf] P]Soj4tfsf ;fy k'¿ifsf ;/f]sf/ / kl/k|]Iox¿sf] u0fgf x'g] sfo{qmdsf] 9f“rf tof/ kfbf{v]l/ of] clt cfjZos 5 . ltgLx¿sf] /0fgLltsf] k|efjsfl/tfdfly an k'¥ofpg / ltgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts ;Gb]zsf] dxŒj j[l4 ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf k'¿if ;xsdL{, ;fem]bf/ / dtbftfsf] ;dy{g cfjZos x'G5 eÌ] a9\bf] dx;';sf ;fy o; ljrf/n] clxn] ljZj;gLotf k|fKt ul//x]sf] 5 .

#= of]Uo / OR5's dlxnfx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ lj:t[t agfpg'xf];\ M o;sf] cy{ /fhgLlt1 aÌ] dlxnfx¿sf] ?lrnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} /fhgLltdf ltgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf jl[4 ug'{ xf] . /fhgLltsf nflu of]Uotf / To;df ;xeflutf cf+lzs¿kn] lzIff, cfo / ;doh:tf ;fdfGo ;|f]tdflysf] kx'“rsf] dfldnfsf] s'/f xf] / cf+lzs¿kn] /fhgLlt / /fhg}lts cg'ejx¿af/]sf] 1fg tyf ;"rgfh:tf vf; ;|f]tdflysf] kx'“rsf] dfldnf xf] . pRrlzIff, e'QmfgL kfpg] /f]huf/ / ljleÌ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;Ë7gdflysf] dlxnfsf] kx'“rnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] gLltx¿n] dlxnfsf lgldQ a9\bf] ¿kdf cfltYok"0f{ /x]sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf lgldQ Pp6f ;Gbe{ pknAw u/fp“5 . oBlk, /fhg}lts ¿kn] ;xefuL x'gsf nflu cfkm"df plrt ;|f]tsf] sdL x'“bf;d]t cfgf] kx'“rnfO{ ;xh agfpg;Sg] ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿n] ;[hgzLn /0fgLltx¿ of]hgf u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/tdf s]xL dlxnfn] cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos x'g ;Sg] ;|f]t hDdf ug{df ;Ifd agfpgsf nflu km}lnPsf] kl/jf/, l5d]sL ;Dks{ / cGo …dlxnfÚ s]lGb|t kl/lwsf] c:yfoL ;~hfn agfp“5g\ .

$= ;sf/fTds sfo{ ug'{xf];\ M ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:yltdf jl[4 ug{sf nflu sf]6fx¿ vf; u/]/ k|efjsf/L /x]sf 5g\ . j[l4sf/s / …b|'t dfu{Ú b'j} 9f“rf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . j[l4sf/s 9f“rfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f l:j8]g xf], hxf“ dlxnfx¿n] dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ gfdfÍg ug{ / ltgnfO{ kf6L{ ;"rLdf cg's"n bhf{df kb:yfkg ug{sf nflu cfgf]] kf6L{nfO{ bafa lbg cg]sf}“ pkfo k|of]u u/] . Pp6f tl/sf k|fylds r/0fx¿df Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] Pp6f rng ;/n¿kn] dlxnfsf gfd k|:t't ug{' lyof] . ltgLx¿n] dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu cleofgx¿ cufl8 NofP clg dlxnfnfO{ kf6L{ ;"rLx¿df cem a9L /fd|f] cj:yfdf Nofpg k|:tfjx¿ hf/L u/] . cGTodf ltgLx¿n] rf}sLbf/L u/] clg clgoldttf x'“bfv]l/ k|ltjfb u/] . dlxnfx¿sf] lgjf{rg efUodf dggof]Uo j[l4x¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu of] k|lqmof cf}krfl/s clgjfo{ sf]6fx¿sf] ;|f]tlagf k|fKt ul/Psf] lyof] . sf]6f k|0ffnLsf lgldQ bafa ;[hgf ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf l;kmfl/;x¿, ts{x¿ / wDsLx¿ dlxnfx¿n] $) k|ltzt gfdfÍg k|fKt ug{ cfjZos nIo lgwf{/0f ug{df Tof] ;kmn

232


233

;+;bdf dlxnf M k|efj kfb}{

eof] . tL nIo lgwf{l/t eO;s]kl5 dggof]Uo k|ult k|fKt eof] .!* b|'t dfu{ 9f“rfx¿ ;+qmd0fsfnLg jf nf]stGqLs/0f eO/x]sf /fi6«df ;fdfGotf a9L k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ .

%= ;sf/fTds lje]bsf nflu sfg'gx¿ ;+zf]wg ug{'xf];\ M Pstfsf /fhgLltdf o:tf rngx¿ b'n{e lyP . To:tf gLlt sDtLdf klg k|foh;f] cGo sfg'gL l;4fGtlj?4 hfg] ePsfn] ljutdf ;/sf/x¿n] kf6L{nfO{ dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ afWo agfpg sfg'g k|of]u u/]gg\ . ;/sf/n] afWo kfg{ -a]lNhod_, k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug{ -k|mfG;, O6fnL_ jf dlxnf ljwflosfx¿sf] cem a9L k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ pkfox¿ :jLs[t ug{ -;+o'Qm clw/fHo_ P]g th{'df u/]sf 5g\ . t/ of] Pp6f kl/jt{gx¿sf] If]q xf] . cem}, s]xL /fi6«df dlxnfx¿n] ;/sf/åf/f lgo'Qm ul/Psf lgsfodf l;6x¿sf] lglZrt cg'kft cf]u6]sf] x'g'kg]{ cfjZos ePsf sfg'gx¿ k|j]z u/fPOsf 5g\ . o:tf sfg'g 8]gdfs{df ;g\ !(*% df, lkmgNofG8df ;g\ !(*& df, l:j8]gdf ;g\ !(*& df, gj]{df ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf, g]b/NofG8\;df ;g\ !((@ df / hd{gLdf ;g\ !(($ df k|j]z u/fOPsf] lyof] . oL d'n'sdf k|sflzt tYofÍx¿n] To:tf lgsfodf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf To;kl5 nuftf/¿kn] j[l4 ePsf] ;"rLt u5{ . ;/sf/x¿n] k|f]T;fxg klg k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ /fHon] cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ /fi6«x¿df of] ;xh x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ltgLx¿sf] lgjf{rg;“u ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] cg'kft j[l4 ug{df ltgLx¿n] u/]sf] k|of;dfly e/ k/]/ /fhg}lts kf6L{nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofpg 8r ;/sf/ ;Ifd ePsf] lyof] .

^= hLljsfsf] ;fdfGo :t/nfO{ p7fpg'xf];\ / ;Dk"0f{ dlxnfsf ;|f]tx¿dfly kx'“r k|fKt ug{'xf];\ M :SofG8]g]leofnL dlxnfsf pRr pknlAwx¿ ;/sf/L gLlt, kf6L{x¿sf] cf/De / hg;+Vofdf ePsf kl/jt{gsf] ld>0faf6 pTkÌ ePsf x'g\ . :SofG8]g]leofnL /fhgLltdf dlxnfx¿sf] dggof]Uo cf]xbf dlxnfx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s, cfly{s / ;fdflhs hLjgsf] ;+/rgfdf ePsf ljrf/0fLo kl/jt{gx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf] ;fdflhs / hg;f+lVos hudf cl8Psf] 5 . logLx¿ ;DejtM pN6\ofpg g;lsg] vfnsf 5g\ . ;dfg k|ltlglwTjsf] gLltdf :jfwLg eP/ tyf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?åf/f b'j}df sfo{ ug{] dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] k|efjsf] ;Ëltdf ;~rflnt ;/sf/L ;dfgtf ;'wf/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . gLltx¿n] hg;+Vof / kl/jf/ tyf e'QmfgL lbOPsf] /f]huf/ b'j}df >dsf] n}lËs ljefhgnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] :ki6 k|oTgnfO{ ;d]6]sf]n] s]xL xb;Dd hg;f+lVos / /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf aLr k[i7kf]if0f /x]sf] 5 .

&= dlxnf ;·7g / ;du|df gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx¿;“u ;Dks{ lgdf{0f u/]/ To;nfO{ sfod /fVg'xf];\ M dlxnf cfGbf]ngx¿;“usf] ;Dks{nfO{ sfod ug{' ltgLx¿k|ltsf] ;dy{g / d'2fx¿af/] ;"rgf b'j}sf lgldQ lg0ff{os /x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/]/ dlxnf cfGbf]ngnfO{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿df / Joj:yflksfdf cfwf/ cfjZos x'G5 .

*= ;d"x (Causus) tyf ;~hfn M o;n] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;"rgf, ljrf/, ;|f]tx¿ / ;xof]u ;fem]bf/L ug{df ;Ifd agfp“5 . ;~hfnx¿ kf6L{leq, cGt/kf6L{ -Hofb} b'n{e_,

234


:yfgLo, If]qLo / cGt//fli6«o :t/df cfwfl/t x'g ;S5g\ . a}7s, ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L, Go'hn]6/ / ljB'tLo x'nfs (Email) ;Dks{x¿ pkof]uL ;~hfn cf}hf/ x'g\ . dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿;“u k/fdz{ / dlxnfx¿sf] cfjZostf -dfu_ / ltgLx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s cj/f]w -k"lt{_ x¿nfO{ gfKg] cg';Gwfgn] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ a9L pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L x'g] lqmofsnfksf lgldQ k|of; ug{tkm{ nlIft x'gdf ;Ifd agfp“5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;"rgfsf] k|of]u tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwaf/]sf] tflnd / cGTodf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;du|df ;/sf/ Joj:yfsf] ;+3f/df /fVgsf nflu b]vfkl//x]sf] On]S6«f]lgs ;/sf/ Joj:yf (E-governance) sf rngx¿af/] Pp6f kl/ro / lgk'0ftf;DaGwL tflnd klg a9\bf] ¿kn] cfjZos x'g]5 .

(= cfd;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] cfk\mgf ;/f]sf/sf ljifoaf/] ;~rf/ ug{sf nflu / ;fGble{s d'2fx¿nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ xf] eg]/ Jojxf/ ug{sf nflu cfd ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf k|;f/s, ;Dkfbs / kqsf/x¿n] pknAw u/fPsf ;|f]tnfO{ k|of]u ug{}k5{ . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] 5ljnfO{ pRr agfpgsf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts ljrf/ k|j4{g ub}{ ljz]if u/]/ u|fdL0f If]qx¿df, ljz]if u/]/ cfk\mgf dtbftf;Dd k'Ugsf nflu dlxnfsf lgldQ ;Lldt ;|f]t ePsf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿df /x]sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/ dtbftfnfO{ lzlIft kfg{ / kl/rfng ug{df ;~rf/dfWodx¿ sf/s x'g\ .

!)= dlxnf ;ldltx¿ tyf Joj:yflksfk|lt hafkmb]xL cGo ;+oGq :yfkgf ug{'xf];\ . o;n] dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿sf lgldQ cg'ej k|fKt ug]{ / dlxnf d'2f / kl/k|]Iox¿åf/f 5nkmn ul/g] / k|rf/k|;f/ x'g] cj;/ pknAw u/fp“5 .

!!= dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTjaf/]sf tYo / tYofª\sx¿ ;+sng ug{'xf];\, ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{'xf];\ / km}nfpg'xf];\ . o;n] ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{x¿sf lgldQ lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf dlxnfsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug{ / ;d:ofnfO{ kl/eflift ug{, ;xL ;dfwfg kQf nufpg / ltgLx¿n] ?rfPsf] ;dfwfgsf lgldQ /fhg}lts ;dy{g k|fKt ug{df ;Ifd agfp“5 . vf; u/]/ cfgf] ;+;båf/f dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] km/s kfg{sf nflu jf:tjdf s;/L ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ eÌ]af/]sf tYox¿sf] ;Íng jt{dfgsf] Pp6f cfjZostf xf] .

!@= nl}Ës d'2fx¿nfO{ d"n k|jfx ug'{xf];\ . cGo d'2fsf If]qx¿;“usf] kf/:kl/s e/ / ;Dks{nfO{ k|:6 kfg{sf nflu km/s /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;/f]sf/x¿leq n}lËs d'2fx¿ PsLs[t ePsf 5g\ eÌ]af/] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfsf] u'0f:t/ pRr kfg{'sf] clGtd p2]Zo Pp6f nIo xf], h;tkm{ lg/Gt/¿kn] sfo{ ul/g'k5{ . k'¿ifsf] /fhg}lts e/0fdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf ePh:t} u/]/ dlxnfx¿ /fhg}lts k|lqmofk|lt cfgf] of]ubfgaf/] d:t x'g' x'“b}g, g t ltgLx¿n] h] pknlAw k|fKt x'G5 To;nfO{ s]xL ;dosf lgldQ ;Toh:tf] dfÌ' g} k5{ . /fhg}lts ;xeflutf Pp6f k|lqmof xf] h'g pÌltzLn / ljsf;zLn

235

x'G5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;+nUg /x]sf kfqx¿ kl/jt{geGbf cufl8 /xgsf nflu k|oTgzLn /xg ;w“} tof/ /xg'k5{ . o; k|lqmofdf ;n+Ug /x]sf] k'¿if tyf dlxnfn] kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs x'g cj/f]wx¿ 5g\, t/ ltgLx¿ gof“ / pÌltzLn /0fgLltsf dfWodx¿ x'g\ eg]/ lngsf nflu Ps;fy sfo{ ug'{k5{ . dlxnf tyf k'¿if /fhgLlt1n] dlxnf ;xeflutfsf If]qdf 7"nf] pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . b'j} lnËsf /fhgLlt1n] ;fdfGotof dlxnf /fhg}lts ;xeflutfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpgdf ljz]if u/]/ ;+;bLo ;+/rgfleq of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . cufl8sf] af6f] nfdf] eP tfklg hDdf ul/Psf cg'ejx¿af6 l;lsPsf kf7n] cufl8sf s}og\ kynfO{ ;fy{s¿kdf pHofnf] / ;dtn agfpg ;Sg]5g\ / agfpg] 5g\ .

kfbl6Kk0fL

1 United Nations, 1995. ‘The Beijing Platform for Action: Women in Decision Making’, para. 181, available at <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/decision.htm>.

2 Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2005. ‘Women in National Parliaments: Situation as of 31 July 2005’, <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm>.

3 Excerpted from the moderator’s summary published as UN document ECN.6/1997/lL.2/Add.2.

4 Dahlerup, Drude, 1988. ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Theory of Critical Mass’. Scandinavian Political Studies. Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 275–98. See also Lovenduski, Joni, 2005. Feminizing Politics. Oxford: Polity Press.

5 Mateo Diaz, Mercedes, 2005. Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European Parliaments. Colchester: ECPR Press.

6 See also chapter 4 on how quotas can help this process.7 Kathlene, L., 1995. ‘Position Power versus Gender Power: Who Holds the Floor?’, in G. L.

Duerst-Lahti and R. M. Kelly (eds). Gender Power, Leadership and Governance. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, pp. 167–94.

8 Raaum, N. C., 1995. ‘The Political Representation of Women: A Birds Eye View’, in L. Karvonen and Per Selle (eds). Women in Nordic Politics. London: Dartmouth Press.

9 Lovenduski 2005, op. cit., pp. 85–8. 10 Skjeie, Hege, 1991. ‘The Rhetoric of Difference: On Women’s Inclusion in Political Elites’.

Politics and Society. No. 2. 11 Childs, S. and J. Withey, 2005. ‘Sex Equality and the Signing of Early Day Motions in the

1997 Parliament’. Political Studies. Vol. 52, issue 3. 12 Karvonen, L., G. Djupsund and T. Carlson, 1995. ‘Political Language’, in Karvonen and

Selle (eds), op. cit.

;+;bdf dlxnf M k|efj kfb}{

236


13 Outschoorn, J., 1986. ‘Women in Nordic Politics. The Rules of the Game: Abortion Politics in the Netherlands’, in J. Lovenduski and J. Outschoorn (eds). The New Politics of Abortion. London: Sage.

14 Lovenduski 2005, op. cit.15 Lovenduski, Joni with Claudie Baaudino, Marila Guadagnini, Petra Meier and Diane

Sainsbury (eds), 2005. State Feminism and Political Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

16 D’Ancona, Hedy, 1997. ‘Politieke diva’s rekenen af met de haantjestcultuur in Brussel’ [Political divas reckon with the working culture of Brussels]. Opzij. December.

17 See the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s references to this in the case study that follows.18 Sainsbury, Diane, 1993. ‘The Politics of Increased Women’s Representation: The Swedish

Case’, in Joni Lovenduski and Pippa Norris (eds). Gender and Party Politics. London: Sage.

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Childs, S. and J. Withey, 2005. ‘Sex Equality and the Signing of Early Day Motions in the 1997 Parliament’. Political Studies. Vol. 52, issue 3

Dahlerup, Drude, 1988. ‘From a Small to a Large Minority: Theory of Critical Mass.’ Scandinavian Political Studies. Vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 275–98

— and Freidenvall, L., 2005. ‘Quotas as a Fast Track to Equal Political Representation’. International Feminist Journal of Politics. Vol. 7, no. 1, March, pp. 26–48

Dodson, Debra L., 1991. Gender and Policy Making: Studies of Women in Office. New Jersey: Centre for the American Woman and Politics, Eagleton Institute, Rutgers University

Karvonen L. and Per Selle (eds), 1995. Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap. London: Dartmouth Press

Krook, Mona Lena, 2003. ‘Gender Quotas: A Framework for Analysis’. ECPR General Conference, Marburg

Lovenduski, Joni. 2005. Feminizing Politics. Oxford: Polity Press

—, with Claudie Baudino, Marila Guadagnini, Petra Meier and Diane Sainsbury (eds), 2005. State Feminism and Political Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Matteo-Diaz, Mercedes. 2005. Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European Parliaments. Colchester: ECPR Press

238


;fem]bf/L / nf]stGq

cGt/Joj:yflksf ;+3 -cfO{kLo'_ nf]stGqnfO{ ;+;bLo lgsfox?åf/f pRr tyf ;'b[9 kfg{sf nflu sfo{ u5{ . /fhgLltdf n}lËs ;dfgtf / nf]stGqaLr cfwf/e"t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 / a9L oyfy{¿kdf /fhg}lts hLjgsf ;a} kIfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9L Gofok"0f{ / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf ;fy} alnof] / cem a9L k|ltlglwd"ns nf]stGqsf lgldQ dxŒjk"0f{{ 5 eÌ] a'emfOdf cfwfl/t eP/ o;n] To:tf] u5{ . ;g\ !((& df cfO{kLo'n] o;sf] nf]stGqsf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff (Universal Declaration of Democracy) df o; b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;'b[9 agfof], h;sf] kl/R5]b $ n] nf]stGq / …;fj{hlgs dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr Pp6f ;f“lRrs} ;fem]bf/LÚ nfO{ :ki6tfsf ;fy tfd]n u¥of] .

/fhgLltdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutflagf jf:tljs nf]stGq x'g ;Sb}g eÌ] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ cfO{kLo' o; If]qdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{sf nflu k|of; ub}{ cu|efudf /x]sf] 5 . cem a9L tf]s]/ eÌ'kbf{ ;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{tkm{ ;sf/fTds 9Ën] sfo{ ub}{, cfO{kLo'n] sf/fd / nf]e]Gb':sLn] 5nkmn ug{'ePsf s}og\ d'Vo /0fgLltnfO{ c“ufn]sf] 5 -o;kl5 cfpg] cWofo x]g'{xf];\_ . o; 36gf cWoogn] k|To]s efudf ;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ j[l4 ug{sf nflu cfO{kLo'n] u/]sf sfo{nfO{ o; sfo{sf leÌ kIfx¿nfO{ b;f{p“b} tLg efudf ljefhg u/]/ k|:t't u5{ . …r]tgf clej[l4Ú / …tYofÍ ;ÍngÚ h:tf cfO{kLo'sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb“b} ePsf k|ultx¿ / dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] ljut b; jif{df ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf cj/f]wx¿sf] ;+lIfKt k|of]ujfbL ljZn]if0faf6 of] 36gf cWoogsf] ;'?cft x'G5 . To;kl5 dlxnf

gd'gf cWoog M cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3

cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3sf] cg'ej M dlxnf tyf k'¿ifaLr ;+;bdf ;fem]bf/L k|j4g{ ub{}

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239

;xeflutf / dlxnfx¿sf] vf; of]ubfgnfO{ ;xh agfpgsf nflu Joj:yflksfx¿sf lgldQ ;a}eGbf c;n rng :yfkgf ug{ cfO{kLo'n] k|of]u u/]sf o;sf cfk\mg} ;+/rgfsf ljlwx¿nfO{ k/LIf0f u5{ . clGtd efun] cGt//fli6«o Joj:yflksfx¿df Ifdtf clej[l4sf s}og k|of;nfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{ / oL lgsfox¿nfO{ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] k|ZgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg cfO{kLo'n] clVtof/ u/]sf /0fgLltx¿sf] ¿k/]vf tof/ kf5{ .

…xfdL o; s'/fdf ljZjf; u5f+{} ls dlxnf / k'¿if b'j}n] dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] km/s e"ldsf x'G5 / To;sf/0fn] ;dfhdf ltgLx¿aLr c;dfg :yfg /x]sf] 5 eÌ] ;bLof}“b]lvsf] ljZjf;sf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ tf]8\g Ps;fy zlQm nufPdf dfq lnËaLrsf] jf:tljs ;dfgtf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 ===;dfgtfsf] Pshgf k'¿ifn] ;dfgtf vf]Hg] dlxnf;“u 8/fpg' x'“b}g .Ú

df]h] Ho]t]lGb/f], k"j{ ;efd'v n}lËs ;fem]bf/L ;d"x / ;efd'v, gfldlaofsf] /fli6«o;ef

;+;bdf dlxnf ;g\ !((% b]lv @))$M qmlds k|ultsf] Ps Oltxf;

kl/jt{gsf] k|]/s Pp6f cGt//fli6«o 9f“rf

ljut b; jif{otf Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] Oltxf; Pp6f l:y/ tyf qmlds k|ultsf] Oltxf; xf] . s}og 9f“rfdf o; k|ultnfO{ cGt//fli6«o Ph]G8fdf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf d'2fx¿sf] Pp6f j[xt\ k|fwfGotfåf/f 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ ;+o'Qm cGt//fli6«o ljZj ;Dd]ngdf ;g\ !((% df pgLx¿ d]lS;sf] l;6Ldf e]nf x'“bfv]l/ lg0ff{os Ifdtf ePsf lgsfodf dlxnfsf k|ZgnfO{ sd} p7fOPsf] lyof] . To;avt ljZjsf s'n ;f+;b ;+Vofsf] !)=( k|ltztdfq dlxnf lyP . b; jif{kl5 g}/f]jLdf cfof]lht dlxnfx¿sf] t];|f] ljZj ;Dd]ngdf lg0ff{os Ifdtf ePsf lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf k|Zgn] a9L ;/f]sf/ pTkÌ u¥of] . ;xefuLx¿n] Toxf“ oy]i6 tYofÍsf] sdL tyf To; If]qdf tTsfn ljBdfg n}lËs l/Sttfk|lt j[xt\ r]tgzLntfsf] cefj h:tf ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . kl5Nnf] Ps bzsdf ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjdf ! k|ltztn] dfq j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . o; cj:yf;“u lg/fz x'“b} g}/f]jLsf] ;Dd]ng a9L lbuf] sfo{ / a9\bf] r]tgfsf] ;'?cftsf nflu sf];] 9'Ëf ;flat eof] . ;/sf/ tyf ;+;bn] /fhg}lts hLjgsf ;du| If]qdf n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ jrga4tfsf z[+vnfx¿ agfpg yfn] .

;g\ !((% df ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft jf:tjdf g} 36]sfn] -tflnsf !& x]g{'xf];\_ sfo{sf] nflu a]Olhª d~rn] ;/sf/sf jrga4tfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfof], h;n] lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf dlxnfx¿ s;/L ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ eÌ] k|Zgdf vf; Wofg

cGtJo{j:yflks

f ;+3sf] c

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240


lbof] . o; ;DaGwdf, zlQm ;+/rgfx¿ / lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfg kx'“r / k"0f{ ;xeflutfnfO{ lglZrt ug{ / lg0ff{os e"ldsf / g]t[Tjdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ pkfox¿ clVtof/ ug{ /fi6«x¿nfO{ cfx\jfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{sf] ;a}eGbf ;fy{s cleJolQmdWo]sf] Ps ;g\ !(&( sf] dlxnflj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw (CEDAW) af/] sl/a–sl/a ljZjJofkL cg'df]bg /x]sf] 5 . xfn ! ;o &( /fi6« To;sf] kIf ag]sf 5g\ / o;sf ;t{ gtf]8\g] afrf ub}{ Pp6f csf]{ /fi6«n] To; dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ @))@ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ cfgf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿dWo]sf] Pssf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ubf{v]l/ ljsf; k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] cfwf/e"t e"ldsfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . cGt//fli6«o Joj:yflksfx¿df dlxnfn] cf]u6]sf l;6sf] cg'kftnfO{ xfn o; nIotkm{sf] k|ultnfO{ n]vfhf]vf ug{sf lgldQ Pp6f d'Vo ;"rssf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

ljZjsf k|jl[Qx¿

cg';Gwfg / tYofÍ ;Íngsf ;DaGwdf Pp6f vf8n k'g]{ cfjZostfnfO{ af]w u/]/ cfO{kLo' ljZjel/sf ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfaf/]sf] ;"rgfnfO{ ;"Id;“u bf“Hg / ljZn]if0f ug{tkm{ nfu]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(&% df o;sf] ;a}eGbf klxn]sf] cg';Gwfg k|of;n] #@ j6f /fi6«sf dlxnfsf cg'ejnfO{ ;+of]hg u¥of] . cfh cfO{kLo' !*# j6f cGt//fli6«o Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿n] cf]u6]sf l;6sf] cg'kftaf/]sf] tYofÍsf lgldQ ljZjsf] d'Vo ;|f]t ag]sf] 5 . tL tYofÍsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfO{kLo' dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] k|jl[Qx¿ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ / ltgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf] oyfy{ lrq0f ug{df ;Ifd /x]sf] 5 .

/]vflrq & M ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] ljZj cf};t, ;g\ !((%—@))$

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

b'j} ;bgdflyNnf] ;bgtNnf] ;bg

241


ljut b; jif{ -;g\ !((%–@))$_ df ;+;bsf b'j} ;bgdf !!=# af6 !%=@ k|ltztdf j[l4 x'g' k|ultsf] Pp6f ;Í]t xf], of] sd xf]Og lsgeg] cfh ;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;a} ;dosf] ;a}eGbf pRr :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .

s}og\ jif{;Ddsf nflu ljZjel/ dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] ljj/0fsf] tYof+s ;g\ !((* sf] lyof] . oBlk, ;g\ !(*( df ;fDojfbsf] cGTokl5 ;DalGwt /fi6«x¿sf Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] cg'kft 7"nf] dfqfdf 36\of] . cfZro{hgs gePsf] ¿kdf ljZjsf] cf};tdf gfln; nfUof] M tNnf] ;bg jf Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt ;g\ !(** sf] !$=* af6 ;g\ !((# sf] !)=# k|ltztdf em¥of] . hals s}og\ ;fDojfbL ;/sf/ / Psdfq kf6L{ ePsf /fi6«x¿n] 7"nf] k|ltztdf lglj{/f]w dlxnf -tyf k'¿if_ pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] lglZrt u/]sf] lyof], ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ax'bnLo nf]stGqtkm{sf] xnrnn] dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ a9L k|lt:kw{fTds agfof] .

lat]sf b'O{ jif{df dfq ljZjsf] cf};tn] o;sf] ;g\ !(** sf] :t/nfO{ k'gM k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf k|To]s e"efun] cGt//fli6«o Joj:yflksfx¿df lgjf{lrt dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kftdf s]xL ;'wf/ b]v]sf 5g\ .

If]qLo ;'wf/ tyf cGt/

oBlk, rfvnfUbf] If]qLo cGt/x¿åf/f k|ult ePsf] 5 . lat]sf b; jif{el/ g} gl8{s /fi6«x¿n] #* k|ltzteGbf dflysf cg's"n cf};tx¿sf ;fy cfgf] pbfx/0fLo bhf{nfO{ sfod /fv]sf 5g\ . To; ljk/Lt, xfnsf] ^ k|ltztsf] cf};ttkm{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ clej[l4sf] k|j[lQ x'“bfx'“b} klg dlxnfx¿n] c/a /fi6«sf Joj:yflksfx¿df u/]sf] Go"g k|ltlglwTjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP . oL b'O{j6f If]qeGbf aflx/ cf};t !) b]lv !% k|ltztsf] aLrdf l:y/tftkm{ pGd'v 5 . cd]l/sfel/ g} ;a}eGbf ;fy{s k|ult -+±%=% k|ltzt_ :ki6 /x]sf] 5, ;a–;xf/f clk|msfdf -±+%=# k|ltzt_ / k"jL{ o'/f]kdf -+±$=(k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 -lrq * x]g'{xf];\_

cGtJo{j:yflks

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242


lrq *M Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] If]qLo cf};t ;g\ !((%, @))) / @))$

Ps emnsdf /fli6«o ;+;bx¿

ToxL cjlwdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;a}eGbf pRr cg'kft ;dfj]z ug]{ /fli6«o ;+;bx?sf] :t/ lgwf{/0fdf ;fy{s kl/jt{gx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))# df /fli6«o ;efsf l;6x¿dWo] sl/a cfwfh;f]df dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePkl5 o; ;DaGwdf ljh]tfsf] ¿kdf ?jfG8fn] l:j8]gnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u¥of] . jf:tjdf oL b; jif{df ?jfG8fsf] ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj emG8} #@ k|ltzt cÍn] j[l4 eP/ $*=* k|ltztdf k'Uof] . csf]{ r/ddf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] wSsfsf] ;fdgf rf8 / aª\unfb]zdf ug{'k¥of], hxf“ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj qmdzM !)=^ / *=^ k|ltzt cÍn] 36\of] .

4.3% 3.6% 6.0%

6.3% 12.2% 10.9%

13.2% 15.0% 14.5%

9.8% 11.1% 15.1%

10.7% 13.1% 15.6%

13.2% 15.4% 17.7%

12.7% 15.4% 18.2%

36.4% 38.9% 39.7%

c/a d'n'sx? + 1.7

k|zfGt If]q + 4.6

Pl;of + 1.3

;j–;xf/f clk|msf + 5.3

o"/f]k + 4.9gl8{s /fi6«x¿ ;dfj]z 5}gg\

o"/f]k + 4.5gl8{s /fi6«x¿ ;dfj]z 5g\

cd]l/sfx? + 5.5

gl8{s /fi6«x¿ + 3.3

;g\ !((%–@))$ aLr ePsf nfe k|ltzt c+sdf

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

1995

2000

2004

243


cGtJo{j:yflks

f ;+3sf] c



;sf/fTds¿kn] ljut !) jif{df dlxnfsf] uxlsnf] cg'kft -#) k|ltzt jf Tof]eGbf a9L_ ePsf ;+;bLo k|ltztdf tLg u'0ffn] -;g\ !((% df @=$ k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @))$ df ^ k|ltztdf_ j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] !) k|ltzteGbf sd dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ePsf ;+;bLo k|ltzt sl/a cfwf -;g\ !((% df ^#=% k|ltztaf6 #& k|ltztdf_ 36]sf] 5 .

ljZjel/ g} Pshgf klg dlxnf gePsf ;+;bsf] ;+Vofdf gf6sLo 9Ën] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5}g . b; jif{klxnf ;+;bdf Pshgf klg dlxnf gePsf !@ j6f /fi6« lyP . cfh, -;g\ @))% cu:t;Dddf_ k|zfGt If]q / c/a ljZj b'O{j6f If]qdf dfq gf} j6f 5g\ .

o;sf] w]/}h;f] oL b'O{j6f If]qdf nf]stGqsf] ljsf;;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 . s'j]tsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ dtbfgsf] clwsf/ ;g\ @))% sf] d] dlxgfdf dfq lbOPsf] lyof] eg] ;pbL c/laofsf k'¿ifx¿n] :yfgLo k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt ug{sf nflu ;g\ @))% df dfq klxnf] k6s dtbfg ug{ kfP, dlxnfx¿nfO{ o; cEof;af6 cnu g} /flvof] . ;g\ @))% cu:t;Dddf ;pbL c/laof jf o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\;df k/fdz{ kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg slxNo} klg ul/Psf] 5}g . To:t} u/]/ k|zfGt åLkLo /fi6«x¿ -To;dWo]sf w]/}h;f] ;g\ !(&& b]lv !((# aLr :jtGqtf k|flKtkl5 dfq :yfkgf ePsf lyP_ sf ;fk]If¿kn] gof“ Joj:yflksfx¿df dlxnfnfO{ e/v/}dfq dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . k|zfGt If]qdf ;g\ !(^) df dlxnfnfO{ dtbfg / r'gfjdf pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf p7\g kfpg] clwsf/ lbg] klxnf] /fi6« 6f]Ëf lyof] . o; If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ dlxnfn] To:t} dtflwsf/ k|fKt ug{ csf]{ #) jif{ nfUg ;S5 .

sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] k|j]zM /fhg}lts OR5fsf] cfjZostf

…lnË ;+j]bgzLn ;+:s[ltÚ sf] cg'kl:yltnfO{ k/flht ub}{ s]xL /fi6«x?n] ;sf/fTds kxnsf pkfox¿ k|j]z u/fPsf 5g\ . tL pkfox? Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu dfq geO{ dlxnflj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjsf] cGTo ug]{ dxf;lGwnufotsf cGt//fli6«o lnvtcGtu{t lbOPsf jrg sfof{Gjog ug{;d]t k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .

nf]stGqLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf cfGtl/s åGå b]vfk/]sf s}og\ /fi6«n] cfk\mgf gof“ jf k'g:yf{lkt Joj:yflksfx¿df dlxnfsf] k|ltztdf j[l4 Nofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . k'g:yf{kgf k|lqmof / gof“ nf]stflGqs lgsfox?df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ hdfpgdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{sf] dxTjnfO{ dfGotf lb“b} ljleÌ ;sf/fTds kxnsf pkfo k|j]z u/fOPsf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu ¿jfG8f / a'?G8Lsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ul/Psf] /fli6«o ;+ljwfgn] clxn] dlxnfsf lgldQ l;6x¿ ;'/lIft /fVg k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . blIf0f clk|msf / df]hflDasdf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿åf/f sf]6f k|0ffnLsf ;+oGqx¿ nfu" u/fOPsf 5g\ . If]qLo:t/df, blIf0f clk|msL ljsf; ;d'bfo -South African Development Community-SADC_ sf /fi6«x¿n] xfn} ;g\ @))%

244


;Dddf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu sDtLdf #) k|ltzt;Ddsf] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . oL k|of;n] of] cYof{pg vf]h]sf] 5 ls gl8{s /fi6«x¿;“u} åGåkl5sf /fi6«x¿ clxn] ljZjdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] pRrtd bhf{df /x]sf /fi6« a/fa/sf] bhf{df k'u]sf 5g\ . blIf0f clk|msf, df]hflDas, gfldlaof, pufG8f / Ol/l6«ofsf] ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj xfn @@ b]lv ## k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 .

cd]l/sL /fi6«x¿ ;+;bdf ljut b; jif{df dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ePsf] %=% k|ltztsf] k|efjzfnL j[l4 7"nf] dfqfdf To; If]qsf w]/} /fi6«n] pT;fxsf ;fy ;sf/fTds kxnsf pkfox? nfu" u/]sf sf/0f ePsf] xf] . cd]l/sfsf !! j6f /fi6«df xfn ljleÌ sfg'gL sf]6f k|0ffnLx¿ cl:tTjdf /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] -ch]{lG6gf, sf]:6fl/sf / d]lS;sf]_ df @) k|ltzteGbf a9L dlxnf ;f+;b 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, w]/} /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] :j]lR5s kf6L{ sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf 5g\ .

k|foh;f] /fhg}lts ;De|fGtx¿åf/f xf“lsPsf] c/a ljZjsf k|of;x¿sf] yfngL klxnf] k6s df]/f]Ssf]df ePsf] lyof], ha /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿aLr Pp6f ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ ;g\ @))@ sf] lgjf{rg cufj} ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ #) j6f l;6 ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu lgjf{rg P]gdf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . To;pk|fGt df]/f]Ssf]sf] ;+;bdf #) hgf dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . To; ;dob]lv lha'6L / hf]8{gn] To;sf] cg'z/0f u/]sf 5g\ . lha'6Ldf k|To]s kf6L{n] k|:t't u/]sf pDd]bjf/dWo] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt b'j} lnª\uaf6 x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ dfGb} ;g\ @))@ l8;]Da/df Pp6f sf]6f P]g kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] . Toxf“ ;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffdn] Joj:yflksfdf gof“ lgjf{lrt ;f+;bx¿sf] !) k|ltzteGbf a9L u0fgf ub}{ & hgf dlxnfsf] cgf}7f] cfudgnfO{ b]Vof] . hf]8{gdf dhln;sf] tNnf] ;bgdf dlxnfsf lgldQ ^ j6f l;6 ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu ;g\ @))# sf] lgjf{rgcufj} lgjf{rg P]gdf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . ax/fOgdf ;g\ @))! df ul/Psf] hgdt ;+u|xsf] :jLs[ltkl5 To; /fi6«df dlxnfx¿n] dtbfg ug{ / pDd]bjf/ x'g kfp“5g\ .

sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] cg'kl:yltdfM /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] cfjZostf

To; ljk/Lt aª\unfb]zsf] dfldnfn] sf]6f k|0ffnLljgf g} sf]6fsf] cg'kl:yltdf j}w /fhg}lts kfqaf6 :jLs[lt kfpg dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] vf; sl7gfOnfO{ lrq0f u5{ . ;g\ @))! df dlxnfsf lgldQ dgf]gogsf #) j6f cltl/Qm l;6 ;'/lIft ug]{ sf]6f P]gsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ( k|ltztaf6 @ k|ltztdf em¥of] . oBlk, jf:tjdf To; kl/0ffdsf] cNktfn] dlxnfsf lgldQ $% j6f cltl/Qm ;+;bLo l;6 ;'/lIft ug]{ xfn;fns} cem alnof] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf] k|j]z tkm{ 8f]¥ofof] . of] pkfo b; jif{sf nflu j}w /x]sf] 5 .

o; dfldnfn] ljz]if …c:yfoLÚ pkfox¿ th{'df ug{df /x]sf] sdhf]/Ltkm{ OlËt u5{ . …c:yfoLÚ pkfox¿df dlxnfnfO{ Joj:yflksfdf …b|'t dfu{Ú kf6L{ / dtbftfaLr /fhg}lts hLjgdf dlxnfsf] cfjZostftkm{ oy]i6 dfqfdf ;+j]bgzLntfsf ;fy

245

cfPsf] 5 eÌ] h?/L 5}g . ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsfsf nflu ;+;bLo /fhgLltsf] Joj:yfkgdf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] a9\bf] e"ldsf;d]t v]N5g\ . To;sf/0fn] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ kf6L{:t/df cEof;df Nofpg} k5{ . k/Dk/fut¿kn] k'¿ifx¿sf] jr{:jdf /x]sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ cfgf] ;+/rgfdf k'g/jnf]sg ug{sf nflu, cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf cem a9L dlxnfnfO{ k|j]z ug{ / ltgnfO{ lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ cem a9L k|f]T;fxg lbOg'k5{ -ljz]if cWofo # df x]g'{xf];\_ .

k|mfG; tyf a]lNhodsf pbfx/0f lrq0f ug{ of]Uo 5g\ . ;g\ !((% df %=^ k|ltztsf] ;fgf] ;+Vofaf6 dlxnfx¿n] xfn k|mfG;]nL l;g]6df !& k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ -!!=$ k|ltzt ljGb'n] j[l4_ . To; cjlwdf al]Nhosf] xfp; ckm l/k|]h]G6]l6E;df dlxnfx¿sf] Joj:yflksf k|ltlglwTj !@=@ k|ltztb]lv #%=# k|ltztdf -@#=# k|ltzt cÍ_ j[l4 eof] . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ cfgf] lgjf{rg ;"rLdf dlxnf / k'¿ifsf] ;dfg ;+Vof k|:t't ug{ afWo kfg{sf nflu b'j} /fi6«df lgjf{rg P]gx¿ -k|mfG;sf] ;g\ @))) df / a]lNhodsf] ;g\ @))@ df_ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf lyP .

To; P]gsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug{ k|mfG;df s]xL /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] 3f]/ k|lt/f]w u/] . s]xL pbfx/0fdf ltgLx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ cfgf]] lgjf{rg ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug'{eGbf hl/jfgf ltg{ ;d]t >]o:s/ 7fg] . kl/jt{g qmlds ¿kn] cfPsf] x'gfn] dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj !! k|ltzt b]lv !& k|ltztdf ;'wf/ ePsf] b]v]sf] k|mfG;]nL l;g]6sf] ev{/}sf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffdn] c¿ a9L cfzfsf] ;~rf/ u/]sf] 5 . k|mfG;sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] lgjf{rg ;"rLdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ d'Vo cf]xbfdf ;dfj]z ul/g'sf] cfwf/e"t dxTjnfO{ cem klg a'em\g' k5{ eÌ]af/] oL kl/0ffdx¿n] ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ . -k|mfG;sf] cj:yfnfO{ o; xft]k':tssf] 36gf cWoogdf cem a9L lj:tf/k"j{s j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 ._

;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|j]z / o; ;+:yfdflysf] kx'“rnfO{ ;xh agfpg'sf] dxTjaf/] dtbftfnfO{ klg ;+j]bgzLn ul/g' k5{ . o; kIfdf n}lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ pRr agfpg dtbftfsf aLrdf / dlxnfsf aLrdf ltgLx¿sf] dtflwsf/sf] cEof; ug{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg lbg r]tgf clej[l4 cleofgx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ lat]sf s]xL jif{df lgjf{rg ;DkÌ u/]sf s]xL ;+Vofsf /fi6«df Pp6f dggof]Uo k|jl[Q ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . kfls:tfgsf] ;g\ @))@ sf] lgjf{rgsf] tof/Ldf vf;u/]/ dlxnfnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] ¿kdf p7\gsf nflu / /fi6«sf a9L ¿9LjfbL If]qdf dtbfg ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] sfo{ dxŒjk"0f{{ lyof]], hxf“ dlxnf ;xefuLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ dt v;fNg lgif]w ug]{ :yfgLo sfg'gnfO{ cj1f ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] . n];f]yf]df ;g\ @))@ sf] lgjf{rgdf dlxnf tyf k'¿ifnfO{ cem a9L n}lËs¿kdf ;Gt'lnt /fhg}lts pkfud ckgfpgtkm{ ;+j]bgzLn agfpgsf lgldQ ljz]if cleofg / sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿ cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP .

cGTodf ;sf/fTds kxnsf pkfox¿ tyf ;dfj]zL, lnË ;+j]bgzLn ;fdflhs gd'gfx¿ b'j}sf] /fli6«o Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfsf] cem a9L ;dfg k|ltlglwTjnfO{ k|j4{gsf lgldQ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .


cGtJo{j:yflks

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246


cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3 -cfO{kLo'_ df dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ ;Ddfg;"rs kbjL agfpg'

…cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3 -cfO{kLo'_ n] cem a9L nf]stflGqs ;+:yfx¿df kl/jt{gsf] c;n pbfx/0f lbG5 . tL kl/jt{gx¿ ljleÌ dt, ;Dk|bfo / k[i7e"ldsf dlxnfx¿aLr cfk;L ;xof]u ljZj Joj:yflksfsf] o; ;Ë7gsf] jf:tljs ykdWo]sf] Ps xf] .Ú

>LdtL /Ltf ;':d'r, hd{g a'G8]:6fusL k"j{ ;efWoIf -;g\ !(**–(*_

tflnsf !&M ;+;b / cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3df dlxnf

s= ;+;bdf dlxnf M ;g\ !($%—@)))

;g\ / ljj/0f !($% !(%% !(^% !(&% !(*% !((% @)))

;+;b ;+Vof @^ ^! ($ !!% !#^ !&^ !&&

dlxnf k|ltlglwx?sf] k|ltzt -tNnf] ;bg jf Ps ;bgfTds_ #=)∞ &=%∞ *=!∞ !)=(∞ !@=)∞ !!=^ ∞ !#=$∞

dlxnf k|ltlglwx?sf] k|ltzt -dflyNnf] ;bg_ @=@∞ &=&∞ (=#∞ !)=%∞ !@=&∞ (=$∞ !)=&∞

;|f]t M cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3 -cfO{kLo'_, !((& . /fhgLltdf dlxnf / k'¿if M nf]stGq cem} lgdf{0fsf] qmddf, cWoog gDa/ @*, / -cfO{kLo'_ …/fli6«o ;+;bx?df dlxnfÚ http:/www.ipu.org df pknAw 5 .

-ljZjJofkL ;+;bdf dlxnfaf/] If]q / b]zsf cfwf/df lgoldt ?kdf cBfjlws ul/Psf] tYof+s_

247

v= cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3 ;Dd]ngdf dlxnf M ;g\ !($&—@)))

;Dd]ng / ;f+;b ;+Vof ;f+;b ;+Vof ;f+;b ;+Vof k|ltzt

!($& sfo/f] -#^ cf“} ;Dd]ng_ @$! # !=@∞

!(%) 8lAng -#( cf“} ;Dd]ng_ @)( !) $=*∞

!(^! a|;]N; -%) cf“} ;Dd]ng_ $!( @( &∞

!(^% cf]6fjf -%$ cf“} ;Dd]ng_ #() @% ^=$∞

!(&) b x]u -%* cf“} ;Dd]ng_ $^( ## &∞

!(&% nG8g -^@ cf“} ;Dd]ng_ %)@ #( &=*∞

!(*) aln{g -^& cf“} ;Dd]ng_ %^) $) &=!∞

!(*% nf]d] -&# cf“} ;Dd]ng_ #*^ @* &=#∞

!(() lgsf]l;of -*# cf“} ;Dd]ng_ $$$ %& !@=*∞

!((% Dofl88« -(# cf“} ;Dd]ng_ ^)) !!% !(=@∞

@))) cDdfg -!)# cf“} ;Dd]ng_ ^$* !#( @!=%∞

;|f]t M cfO{kLo', j]a ;fO6 x]g{'xf];\ http://www.ipu.org/umn-e/dlgrns.htm

cfh, cfO{kLo'sf] P]gn] tf]s]sf ;efx¿df ;xefuL dlxnf ;f+;b #) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . %) jif{cufl8 dlxnfn] kmut !=# k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj uy]{ . o; kl/jt{gnfO{ s;/L JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 <

cfO{kLo'sf ;a}eGbf 7"nf ;kmntfx¿dWo]sf] Ps /fhgLltdf / ljz]if¿kdf a9L ;+;bdf n}lËs ;dfgtf lgZro ug{' kg]{ cfjZostfaf/] o;n] lnPsf] ;lqmotfk"0f{ c8fg xf] . of] jrga4tf ;j{k|yd cfO{kLo'df g} nfu" ul/Pkl5 pkfo / sfo{x¿sf] Pp6f z[+vnf g} cfof] . cfO{kLo'n] cfgf] jrga4tfdf /fhgLltdf dlxnf / k'¿ifaLrdf ;fe]mbf/L lgZro ug{] s'/f lgs} rf“8f] u/]/ hfx]/ u¥of] . cfhsf] ljwfgn] dlxnf jf k'¿ifsf] ;xeflutfsf lgldQ n}lËs ;dfgtf cfO{kLo'sf] clGtd nIo xf] eg]/ lgZro u5{ .

cfO{kLo'leqsf] cg's"n /fhg}lts OR5fzlQmsf] alnof] wf/ / o;sf ;b:o ;+;bx¿df n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] cfjZostfk|ltsf] a9\bf] r]tgf tyf To;sf nfeaf6 dlxnfx¿n] kmfObf p7fPsf 5g\ . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug{'k5fl8sf] k[i7e"ld of] g} /x]sf] lyof] -aS; # x]g{'xf]nf ._ cfO{kLo'sf] a}7ssf] Joj:yfn] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpgdf dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf / To; kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ cfO{kLo'sf] jrga4tf b'j}sf lgldQ ;fIfL 5 . of] To; ;Ë7gsf] ;du| sfo{df 7"nf] k|efj kfg{sf nflu dlxnfsf] Pp6f cfk\mg} :yfgsf lgldQ ltgn] ;3g¿kn] naL ug{'sf] kl/0ffd xf] .


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dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] e/kbf]{ j[l4 dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7snfO{ ;'lDkPsf] a9\bf] k|wfgtfcg'?k ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*% b]lv !((% ;Ddsf] cfO{kLo' ;efdf dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:yltdf ePsf] j[l4 lj:tfl/t lyof] . oBlk, clxn] ePsf ;+/rgfx¿ / dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] j[xQ/ pkl:ylt b]Vgsf nflu ;Ë7gleq Pp6f :ki6 /fhg}lts OR5fzlQm x'“bfx'“b} klg dlxnf ;xeflutf l:y/ h:t} x'g yfNof] . lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu :ki6¿kn] cem ;an sfo{sf] cfjZostf kg]{5 .

cfO{kLo' dlxnfx¿sf] alnof] ;xeflutf lgZro ug{sf nflu cfk\mg} ;+/rgfleq ;sf/fTds kxnsf pkfox¿ nfu" ug]{ klxnf] cGt//fli6«o ;Ë7gdWo]sf] Ps xf] . oL pkfox¿sf] sfof{Gjog d'Votof cfO{kLo' sfo{sf/L ;ldltaf6 b'O{ hgf k'¿if / b'O{hgf dlxnf /x]sf] n}lËs ;fem]bf/Lo'Qm ;d"xåf/f ;'?cft ul/Psf] tLg jif{;Ddsf] k/fdz{ k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfPsf] lyof] . cGTodf uP/ sf]6f tyf nIox¿ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] lgwf{/0f ub{} pkfox¿sf] Pp6f z[+vnf cfO{kLo' P]g / lgodx¿df ;dfj]z eP . tL cfO{kLo'sf tLgj6f d'Vo lgsfo sfo{sf/L ;ldlt, ;~rfns kl/ifb\ / ;ef;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf lyP .

• sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] lgjf{rgdf Pp6f bl/nf] sf]6f k|0ffnL k|j]z u/fOPsf] lyof]M clxn] o;sf lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿dWo] @) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g}k5{ . -P]gsf] kl/R5]b @#=@_

• ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf lgldQ Pp6f n}lËs t6:y nIo kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] s7f]/tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] v08df o;sf ;b:ox¿dWo] sDtLdf #) k|ltzt b'j} lnËsf x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt u5{ M tLg ;b:oLo k|To]s k|ltlglwd08nnfO{ dlxnf tyf k'¿if b'j}nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ cfx\jfg ul/g] 5 . of] nIonfO{ ;Ddfg gul/Psf v08df ;f+;bsf] dtbfg clwsf/ t];|f]df 36fOg] 5 . -;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] lgod !=@_

• ;efsf lgldQ csf]{ n}lËs t6:y nIo kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof], hxf“ Pp6f nx/df tLg k6s;Dd b'j} lnËsf k|ltlglwlagf k|ltlglw d08nx¿ cfO{kLo' ;efdf pkl:yt x'G5g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] dtbfgsf] clwsf/ / cflwsfl/s¿kdf btf{ ePsf] ;+Vof 36fOG5 . -P]gsf] kl/R5]b !)=# / !%=@ -;L_ _

lat]sf jif{x¿df cfO{kLo'n] o;sf] cfk\mg} ;+/rgfx¿leq u'0ffTds tyf ;+VofTds b'j} kl/k|]Iodf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg u/]sf] 5 .

…o; ;efsf] Psdfq ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;kmntfnfO{ lglZrt ug{ sl7g x'g]5 . t/ d eÌ ;S5' ===ls s'g} zÍflagf o;sf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo pknlAw rfx] k"0f{ a}7sdf xf];\ rfx] :yfoL ;ldlt jf cGo ljz]if a}7sx¿df xf];\, oxf“ ;DkÌ ePsf k|foM ;a} 5nkmnn] n}lËs d'2fx¿k|lt k"0f{ ?lr b]vfPsf] 5 . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7sn] lnPsf] @) jif{sf] dlxnfsf] kIfaf6 o;n] ;do / lbuf] ;dk{0f lnPsf]

249


cGtJo{j:yflks

f ;+3sf] c



5, t/ cfh dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] cfO{kLo' a}7s …lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug{dfÚ Pp6f ;kmntfsf] syf ePsf] 5 . a}7sn] cfO{kLo'sf] lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf, b[Zotf / k|efj lgZro u5{ / dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfaf/] cfO{kLo'sf sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; ug{df dlxnfnfO{ lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng cg'dlt lbG5 .Ú

lkmlnlkg\ ;]g]6/ lkof sfo]tfgf],;efWoIf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7ssf] dlgnf ;q, !!@ cf}“ ;ef

aS; #= lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu dlxnf ;f+;b¿sf] a}7ssf cg'ejx¿

dlxnfsf] kIfaf6 o;n] ;do / lbuf] ;dk{0f lnPsf] 5, t/ cfh dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] cfO{kLo'a}7s …lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug{dfÚ Pp6f ;kmntfsf] syf ePsf] 5 . a}7sn] cfO{kLo'sf] lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf, b[ZofTdstf / k|efj lgZro u5{ / dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfaf/] cfO{kLo'sf sfo{qmdx¿ ljsf; ug{df dlxnfnfO{ lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng cg'dlt lbG5 .

dxTjfsfª\IfL k|f/De

dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7saf/]sf] ljrf/ Ps csf{;“u kl/lrt x'g / ;f+;bsf] ¿kdf cfk\mgf cg'ejx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{sf nflu dfq geO{ dlxnfnfO{ cfO{kLo'sf sfo{aLr a9L ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;fxg lbg] lgZro u/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] Pp6f ;fgf] t/ ;lqmo ;d"xaf6 cfof] . ^% cf}“ cGtJo{j:yflksf ;Dd]ngtfsf cfO{kLo'sf] sfo{;"rLdf n}lËs ;dfgtf ;dfj]z ug]{ ;+oGqx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{ / dlxnfn] n}lËs ;+Vofdf o;sf] ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g]af/] lgZro ug{sf nflu O6fnL / ;+3Lo u0ftGq hd{gLsf dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;g\ !(&* df af]gdf klxnf] a}7ssf] cfof]hgf u/] . To; ;d"xn] csf{] cfO{kLo' ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g] k|ltlglwd08ndf af]gdf pkl:yt ePsf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;Dej eP;Ddsf] ;+Vofdf ;dfj]z ul/g'kg{] l;kmfl/; u¥of] eg] To; pk|fGtsf ;Dd]ngdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] :t/ &=* k|ltztaf6 %=( k|ltztdf em/]sf] b]lvof] .

lgodx¿ l;Sg' -!(&*—*@_

o; klxnf] ;'?cftn] cfO{kLo'df k|efjsf/L 9Ën] …dlxnf cfGbf]ngÚ sf] cf/De u¥of] . cfO{kLo'sf] ljwfg cg'?ksf ;qx¿sf] qmddf dlxnfn] cgf}krfl/s 9Ën] a}7s a:g] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP . k|foh;f] vfgf vfg] dWofGt/x¿df cfof]lht tL 36gfx¿ ;Dd]ng cfof]hs /fi6«sf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ jf cGtJo{j:yflksf a}7ssf

250


k|ltlglwx¿åf/f ;+of]lht x'Gy] . a}7s dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;/n¿kdf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug{ / Ps csf{af/] hfGg lbgsf nflu s'g} lglZrt sfo{;"rLlagf a:Yof] . ckl/xfo{¿kn] o; cjlwn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfO{kLo'sf lgodx¿ a'‰g] cj;/ k|bfg u¥of] .

lgodx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug{' -!(*#—()_

cfO{kLo'sf ;+/rgfx¿af/] /fd|/L a'em]/ ;g\ !(*# df dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] cfO{kLo'sf] tTjfjwfgcGtu{t dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] Pp6f ;+3 :yfkgf ug]{ clenfiff JoQm u/] . Pp6f gf} ;b:oLo tof/L ;d"xnfO{ To; k|Zgaf/] cWoog u/]/ l;kmfl/; ug{] sfd lbOof] . ;f] ;d"x / cfO{kLo'sf dxf;lrjaLr k/fdz{ eof] clg k|To]s cfO{kLo' ;Dd]ngsf] k|f/Dedf a}7s a:g] u/L Pp6f ;d"xsf] :yfkgf u/]/ dlxnf ;xeflutf k|j4{g ul/g] 5 eGg] lg0f{o ul/of] . To;df cGtlg{lxt ljrf/ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7sn] ;Ë7gsf] sfo{ ;d"xx¿, k"0f{ 5nkmnx¿, gLlt clg lg0f{ox¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{5 eGg] lyof] .

;g\ !(*$ df cfO{kLo' ;~rfns lgsfox¿n] o; lg0f{onfO{ kfl/t u/], To;af6 dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7snfO{ cfO{kLo' ;lrjfnoaf6 oy]i6 cfly{s ;xfotf, k|fljlws ;+of]hg / ;dy{g k|fKt x'g] eof] .

dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] klxnf] cgf}krfl/s a}7sf] ;ft jif{kl5 cfO{kLo' ;lrjfnoåf/f ;+of]lht dlxnf ;f+;bx?sf] klxnf] a}7s nf]d]df ;g\ !(*% df ePsf] &# cf“} cGt/Joj:yflksf ;Dd]ngtfsf a:of] . To;kl5 k/Dk/fut¿kn] cfof]hs Joj:yflksfn] dlxnfx¿aLr jftf{nfO{ ;xh agfpg / JolQmut ;Dks{ ljsf; ug{sf nflu a}7ssf ;xefuLx¿sf lgldQ ef]hsf] cfof]hgf ug{ yfNof] .

lgodnfO{ kl/jt{g ub{} -!((! b]lv xfn;Dd_

dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7ssf] ;[hgfn] dlxnfsf lgldQ Pp6f d~r pknAw u/fof], h;åf/f ltgLx¿n] cfk\mgf ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ / cfO{kLo'leq cfk\mgf sfo{;"rLx? ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu bafa lbP/ nfu" ug{ ;Ifd eP . ltgLx¿sf p2]ZodWo]sf] Ps n}lËs d'2fnfO{ cfO{kLo'åf/f ;du|df ;Daf]wg ul/g]af/] lgZro ug{' / To;nfO{ ;Ë7gsf ;du| sfo{df d"n¿kdf k|jflxt ug{' klxn] klg lyof] / xfn klg /x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ @))% clk|ndf !!@ cf}“ cfO{kLo' ;Dd]ngtfsf PrcfO{eL÷P8\;af/]sf] o;sf] cfk\mg} ;sf/fTds ljjfbkl5 a}7sn] ;j{;Ddt 9+udf kfl/t ePsf] cfO{kLo' k|:tfjdf lnË;“u ;DalGwt tTjx¿df of]ubfg lbg ;Ifd ePsf] lyof] . o; k|lqmofn] dlxnfx¿n] ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s ;xfotf, a;fO ;/fO{b]lv lnP/ åGå ;dfwfg;Ddsf ljjfbsf] km/flsnf] If]qdf of]ubfg lbPsf] b]v]sf] 5 . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] kxndf k|To]ssf] nIo cfO{kLo'leq dlxnfx¿sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf lgZro ub}{ lgDglnlvt ;+:yfut kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g\ M

251


cGtJo{j:yflks

f ;+3sf] c



• cf}krfl/s ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf, h;åf/f dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7sn] o;sf sfo{x¿af/]sf] ljj/0f lbG5 / cfO{kLo'sf] ;~rfns kl/ifb\nfO{ l;kmfl/; k|:t't u5{ .

•Pp6f lnËåf/f csf]{ lnËdfly >]i7tfsf] ;Gb]z lbg;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf] s'g} klg zAbnfO{ lgd{"n kfg{sf nflu ;g\ !((% df cfO{kLo' P]g / lgodx¿sf] efiff ;+zf]wg,

• cfO{kLo'n] ;~rfng ug]{ cfk\mgf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr ;fem]bf/Lsf] efjgfnfO{ dgg\ u/]/ sfo{ ug'{kg{] lgZro ug{sf nflu ;g\ !((& df Pp6f n}lËs ;fe]mbf/L ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f,

•;+of]hg ;ldltåf/f ;xof]u ul/Psf] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7snfO{ cflwsfl/s¿kdf dfGotf lbgsf nflu o'lgogsf P]g tyf lgodx¿df ;g\ !((( df ;+zf]wg / ;g\ @))@ df a}7s / o;sf ;+of]hg ;ldltsf lgodx¿ kfl/t, /

•cfO{kLo'sf] ;Dd]ng x'“bf To; a}7ssf] sfo{ tyf ;fdfGotof n}lËs d'2fx? ;Ë7gsf]] sfo{df k|ltlalDat ePsf] lgZro ug{ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7snfO{ d:of}bf P]gx¿df ;+zf]wg k]; ug]{ cg'dlt lb“b} ;g\ @))$ df ;efsf lgodx¿df ;+zf]wg . To; ;+zf]wgn] of] clwsf/ ePsf] Psdfq lgsfosf] ¿kdf To; a}7snfO{ :yflkt u5{ .

o:tf ljgd| k|f/Deaf6 dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7s cfO{kLo' ;efx¿df ;xefuL x'g] dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf ;fy{s j[l4 ug{df o; k|sf/n] ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !($& df ;Dd]ngdf dlxnfx¿ ;Dk"0f{ k|ltlglwsf] ! k|ltztdfq lyP eg] ^@ cf}“ ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuLx¿dWo] * k|ltzt dlxnf x''“bf ;g\ !(&% df s]xL k|ult ePsf] lyof], ;g\ @))$ df !!! cf“} ;Dd]ng;Dd k'Ubf k|ltlglw dlxnfx¿sf] ;du| k|ltzt @( k|ltztn] cfsflzof] . cfh dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ ljZjsf ljleGg ;+;bdf eGbf jf:tjdf cfO{kLo' a}7sx¿df a9L c;n k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 .

ljZjel/ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] s:tf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 <

P]gx¿ kl/jt{gsf cltl/Qm dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] a}7sn] lgDglnlvt s'/f pknAw u/fPsf] 5 M

•dlxnf ;f+;bx¿aLr cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ug{sf nflu Pp6f df]rf{,

•dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ /fli6«o :t/df cfkm"n] u/]sf] k|ult k|bz{g ug{sf nflu Pp6f cj;/, /

•cfO{kLo' a}7sx¿df / a9L ;fdfGo¿kdf ;+;bx¿df dlxnf ;f+;bsf] pkl:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg /0fgLltx¿sf nflu Pp6f …lyÍ 6\ofÍÚ .

252


kl/jt{gx¿ 3/df nfu" ug'{ M dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ /fli6«o :t/df ;xfotf ub{}

olb cfO{kLo'sf] cfk\mg} ;+/rgf :t/df ul/Psf kl/jt{gx¿ cGt//fli6«o pbfx/0f / If]qLo tyf /fli6«o ;+oGqx¿ :yfkgfsf ;DaGwdf 36gf cWoogsf] x'G5 eg] /fli6«o:t/df s]lGb|t sfo{sf] cfjZostf x'G5 eÌ] s'/f klg ;To xf] . o;sf/0f cfO{kLo'n] klg o; If]qdf o;sf] sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 .

lat]sf s]xL jif{df cfO{kLo'sf /0fgLltdf dlxnfsf vf; cfjZostfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o :t/df ;Daf]wg ug{' / n}lËs d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;+;bLo IfdtfnfO{ j[l4 ug{' ;dfj]z /x]sf] 5 . n}lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ dlxnfnfO{ ljz]if jf JolQmut¿kdf xf]Og, ;dfhnfO{ ;du|df k|efj kfg]{ / ;dfh;“u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] d'2fsf] ¿kdf a'lemG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{' ;dfhdf dlxnf tyf k'¿ifn] v]Ng;Sg] e"ldsfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{' cfjZos kg]{ / dlxnf tyf k'¿if b'j}dfly kg]{ c;/nfO{ x]g{'kg{] ePsfn] dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ dlxnfsf] d'2feGbf klg n}lËs d'2fsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 . Pp6f cy{df w]/}h;f] d'2fnfO{ n}lËs kl/k|]Ioaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 / ltgLx¿nfO{ dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿sf leÌ ;d"xdf leÌleÌ k|efj kg]{ ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] cj:yf, ltgLx¿sf sl7gfO / ;kmntfaf/] cfO{kLo'n] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] /fli6«o ;xfotf /0fgLltx¿sf] ljsf;df pkof]uL cGtb{[li6 pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . oL nx/x¿sf ;fy s]xL d'Vo /0fgLltnfO{ d'Vo u/]/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

;+;bsf dlxnf ;b:ox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{'

/fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] Oltxf;df Pp6f ;Lldttf ;+;bLo If]qdf k|j]z ubf{v]l/ ltgLx¿sf] cf/lDes cg'ejsf] sdL xf] . To;}n] ltgLx¿sf] hgfb]znfO{ pko'Qm 9Ën] k"lt{ ug{sf nflu lgjf{rgcl3 / kl5sf b'j} r/0fdf dlxnfdf cfTdljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{' / ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{' lg0ff{os x'G5 . ev{/} cfO{kLo'sf] Wofg åGåaf6 pTkGg /fi6«x¿df s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . ?jfG8fnL dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lgldQ Pp6f uf]i7Ln] dlxnf ;f+;b tyf eljiosf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ To; If]qsf cGo dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;“u ;"rgfx¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} cleofgsf ;+oGqx¿ tyf /0fgLltx¿af/] ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿ / /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]tfx¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfof] .

a'?G8L / ?jfG8fdf ;~rfng ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿ dtbftf / cem ljz]if u/]/ dlxnfx¿;“usf] ;Dks{nfO{ alnof] agfpgtkm{ nlIft /x]sf] lyof] . dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] cfgf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] e|d0fdf hfg / nf]slk|o jfbljjfbx¿df ;xefuL x'gdf k|fKt ePsf] bftfx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 nfe p7fP . s}og\ lgjf{rg If]qdf o;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfgf] lgjf{rg If]qsf ;/f]sf/x¿k|lt ;+j]bgzLn agfof] / x'g nfu]sf] /fhg}lts k|lqmofaf/] JofVof ug{ d2t k'¥ofof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu a'?G8Ldf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿

253


cGtJo{j:yflks

f ;+3sf] c



dlxnf;“u c?;f (Arusha) zflGt–;Demf}tfsf u"9tf tyf tfTko{x¿af/] JofVof ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP .

a'?G8L, ?jfG8f / l6df]/—n]:6]df gjlgjf{lrt dlxnfx¿n] cfgf] g]t[Tj / ;~rf/ ;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug]{ rfxgf JoQm u/] . cfO{kLo'sf tflndsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;fy{s¿kn] ;fj{hlgs jQm[Tj, cleofg efif0fsf] tof/L ug]{ tyf efif0f ug]{ / ;~rf/ /0fgLlt / k|ljlw ljsf; ug]{af/] s]lGb|t ePsf lyP .

;+;bLo sfo{ljlw;DaGwL tflnd klg k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . lha'6Ldf ;f+;bx¿sf] e"ldsf / hgfb]zaf/] cfO{kLo' tflnd uf]i7Lx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . oL uf]i7Ldf dlxnf tyf k'¿if b'j} ;f+;b ;xefuL ePsf lyP . l6df]/—n]:6]df ;f+;bx¿nfO{ l6df]/—n]:6]sf] Oltxf;df bf];|f] ah]6 l;+xfjnf]sgsf] tof/L ug{df d2t k'¥ofpgsf nflu ah]6 ;q ;'? x'g'eGbf klxnf n}lËs kl/k|]Ionufot ah]6 k|lqmofdf ;+;bsf] e"ldsfaf/] Pp6f uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

dlxnf ;+u7g nufot;“u ss; (Caucuses) x¿ / ;~hfn ljsf;

vf; n}lËs d'2fx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf lgldQ gjlgjf{lrt dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] zlQm kf6L{ ;+/rgfx¿eGbf 6f9f /x]/ Ps u7 x'gdf ltgLx¿sf] P]Soa4tf / Ifdtfdf lglxt x'g;S5 . oBlk, ;a} kf6L{af6 dlxnfsf aLrdf To:tf] Pstf pTkÌ ug{' ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . ?jfG8f / a'?G8Ldf oL ;+/rgfx¿ 5“b} 5g\ M ¿jfG8fnL dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] df]rf{ -FFRP_ / a'?G8Lsf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] ;+3 -SOFEPA_ x¿n] tL ;+3sf j}wtf / kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ;'b[9 kfg{ sfd u/] . cfO{kLo'sf] ;xfotfn] oL ;+:yfx?sf] j}wtfdf / kl/jt{gsf nflu ltgLx?sf] Ifdtfsf] If]qdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

cfO{kLo' lqmofsnfkx¿ n}lËs d'2fdf sfo{/t ljleÌ /fli6«o ;fem]bf/aLr ;Dks{ /flvPsf] lgZro ug{df klg s]lGb|t ePsf 5g\ . ¿jfG8fsf] dfldnfdf ;+j}wflgs k|lqmoftfsf ;~rfng ul/Psf] Pp6f uf]i7Ln] ?jfG8fnL dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] df]rf{sf ;b:o, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fli6«o ;efsf sfg'gL Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf ;b:o, n}lËs d'2f dGqfnosf ;b:o / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ Ps 7fp“df e]nf kf¥of] . o; lqmofsnfksf] ;sf/fTds pkhx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f oL ljleÌ /fli6«o kfqaLrsf] ;xof]unfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{' /x]sf] 5 .

nl}·s d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+;bsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{'

gjlgjfl{rt dlxnfx¿aLr vf; ;/f]sf/sf n}lËs d'2fx?af/] cg'ej ;fem]bf/ ug'{ dlxnf ;+f;bx?nfO{ vf; /fli6«o n}lËs k|fyldstfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{df ;xof]u ug{sf nflu k|foh;f] cfjZos x'G5 . o; cfjZostfk|lt k|ltlqmof ug{, oL ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{sf nflu ljz]if1x¿ v6fOPsf lyP . dlxnf tyf k'¿if ;f+;b / cGo /fi6«af6 ljz]if1x¿nfO{ e]nf u/]/ vf; n}lËs d'2fx¿af/]

254


tflnd–uf]i7Lx¿ klg ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP . ljleÌ pb\udx¿sf ;f+;bx¿aLr cg'ej ;Íng ug{' lgs} ;sf/fTds / pkof]uL ;flat ePsf] 5 .

vf; n}lËs d'2fx¿;DaGwL k[i7e"ld, ;"rgfdfly kx'“r / ;+;bLo lgu/fgL sfo{sf lgldQ dxŒjk"0f{{ 5 . cfO{kLo'sf] ;xfotfaf6 nfe p7fPsf ;a} ;+;bdf n}lËs d'2fx¿af/] 8s'd]G6];g ;]G6/x¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . o; vf; k|sf/sf] lqmofsnfkn] klxnf / ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ nfe k'U5 eg] o;n] ;du|df ;+;bLo cg';Gwfg Ifdtf clej[l4df klg of]ubfg k'¥ofp“5 . ;+;bsf]] k':tsfno hg;fwf/0fsf lgldQ v'nf /x]sf] :yfgdf 8s'd]G6];g ;]G6/n] n}lËs d'2fdf sfo{/t gful/s ;dfhx¿nfO{ klg ;]jf k'¥ofp“5 .

n}lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{df ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn] cfO{kLo' tflnd lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+;bLo sd{rf/Lsf lgldQ v08x¿ k|foh;f] ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 .

ln·nfO{ d"nk|jfx agfpg'

w]/} d'Vo cGt//fli6«o lnvtx¿df jsfnt ul/Psf] lnË d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff a9\bf] ¿kdf dxŒjk"0f{{ ePsf] 5 . cfO{kLo'n] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ah]6 k|lqmofx¿df lgs} ;kmntfk"j{s nfu" u/]sf] 5 . ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsf / c;n zf;gtkm{ 8f]¥ofpg] k|lqmofnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dj4{g ug{sf nflu cfO{kLo'n] ;+;bLo ah]6 / lnË;DaGwL uf]i7Lx¿sf] Pp6f z[+vnf cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, ljZj a}s OlG:6Ro'6 / Pp6f cfof]hs ;+;b;“u kf“rj6f If]qLo uf]i7L clxn] clk|msf, Pl;of / c/a If]qdf cfof]hgf eO/x]sf 5g\ .

k'¿ifx¿;“u ;fem]bf/L sfo{ ug'{

n}lËs d'2fx¿df dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr ;fem]bf/Lsf] efjgfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfgf{n] ltgLx¿ dlxnfsf dfq If]q xf]Og / x'g' kb}{g eGb} u'0fu|flxtfk|lt of]ubfg k'¥ofp“5 eÌ] b[li6sf]0f cfO{kLo'n] nfdf] ;dob]lv /fv]sf] 5 . o; sf/0fsf nflu dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{tkm{ nlIft lqmofsnfkx¿df n}lËs d'2fk|lt k'¿ifnfO{ ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] u/L / dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr n}lËs ;dfgtfsf kIfdf P]Soa4tf :yfkgf ug]{ u/L 9f“rf tof/ kfl/Psf] v08 k|foh;f] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5, o; k|sf/n] n}lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ ;LdfGts[t ug{af6 6f9f g} /xg ;lsPsf] 5 .

7"nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfsf] k|j]zn] k|f/lDes jf k/Dk/fut n}lËs ;Gt'ngdf kl/jt{g ePsf ;+;bx¿df dlxnf tyf k'¿ifsf nflu ;~rflnt uf]i7Lx¿n] ;a} ;f+;bsf lgldQ ltgLx¿sf] gof“ jftfj/0fdf Ps;fy sfd ug]{ Pp6f cj;/ pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ @))@ df klxnf] k6s lha'6Ldf dlxnfx¿ ;fy{s ;+Vofdf ;+;bdf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dlxnf ljsf; sf]if -o'lgkm]d_ ;“u cfO{kLo'n] gof“ ;f+;bx¿nfO{ Ps;fy sfo{ ug]{ ljrf/;“u kl/lrt u/fpgsf nflu dlxnf tyf k'¿if b'j}sf lgldQ Pp6f uf]i7L cfof]hgf u¥of] .

255

lgisif{

/fhgLltdf ;dfgtfM k|Zg xf]Og, a¿ cfjZostf xf]

;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] k|ltlglwTjn] pgLx¿sf lgldQ dtbftfdf / Pp6f ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gtkm{ cfjZo 8f]¥ofp“5 / /fhgLltdf dlxnfn] Pp6f leÌ k4lt cjZo Nofp“5g\ eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;ls“b}g . ;+;bx¿ lnË t6:y ;+:yfx¿ xf]Ogg\, ltgLx¿sf cfk\mg} ;f+:s[lts cfbz{ / lgodx¿ x'G5g\ . dlxnf ;f+;bx?n] To; cfbz{ / lgodcGtu{t /x]/ sfo{ ug{] ck]Iff ul/G5 / ltgLx¿n] Nofpg] s'g} klg kl/jt{gsf nflu ckl/xfo{¿kdf 7"nf] kl/>d / ;do nfU5 .

oBlk, /fhg}lts ;+3–;+:yfx¿df dlxnf ;+nUgtf lg0ff{os /xG5 . k|foh;f] /fi6«df dlxnfx¿n] hg;+Vofsf] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L :yfg cf]u6\5g\ clg To; cfwf/df ;a} Joj:yflksf / lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf lgsfox¿df ltgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ . of] klg :ki6 5 ls ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] pkl:yltn] /fhg}lts Ph]G8fdf klxnf g;f]lrPsf d'2fx¿sf] >]0fLnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ km/flsnf] agfp“5 . o; kxndf s]xL eÌ' kbf{ afnaRrfsf] :ofxf/;';f/, dlxnf :jf:Yo, dlxnflj?4 lx+;f / lnËe]bh:tf d'2fnfO{ lgs} a9L k|fwfgtf lbOG5 . km/s–km/s xbx¿df, ;+;bLo jftfj/0fdf lnËjfbL jf xf]Rofpg] efiffsf] cu|fxo\tfnfO{ cf}Nofp“gdf / ;+;bLo hLjgsf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf nflu clgjfo{ 7xl/g] /Llt– l/jfhx¿ kl/jt{g ug{df dlxnf lgs} ;kmn klg ePsf 5g\ .

cGTodf, /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] cfjZostf k|ZgljxLg /xG5 . s]af/] k|Zg p7fpg ;lsG5 eg] Pp6f dlxnfljxLg ;+;bLo cl:tTj / sfo{af/] k|Zg p7fpg ;lsG5, dlxnflagf /fhgLltnfO{ s;/L ;DejtM kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 < lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf lgsfox¿n] o;sf] cfwf hg;+Vofsf] ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtflagfsf] Pp6f ;dfhsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] s;/L ;Daf]wg u5{g\ < /fhgLltk|lt n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] k4ltdf cfO{kLo'n] ljZjf; u5{ / To;sf] /Iff u5{ . To;eGbf sd s'g} klg s'/f nf]stflGqs sdL–sdhf]/Ldf y'lk|P/ hDdf x'g hfG5 .


cGtJo{j:yflks

f ;+3sf] c



256


;g\ !(($ b]lv ;+VofTds¿kn] blIf0f clk|msL ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj sl/j #) k|ltztsf] …;zQm ;d"xÚ sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] 5 . To;kl5 k|ltlglwTjsf] of] :t/ ;g\ !((( / @))$ df ePsf b'O{j6f r'gfjdf l:y/ /x\of] . dlxnfx¿sf] of] ;fy{s cg'kft lgs} xb;Dd ;Qf¿9 kf6L{ clk|msg g];gn s+u|]; -PPg;L_ sf] cgf}krfl/s sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] . o; 36gf cWoogn] dlxnfsf] pkl:yltsf] ;fy{stf / nf]stGqsf] klxnf] bzstfsf ;+;bLo /fhg}lts k|lqmof / lg0f{o lng tyf gLlt–lgdf{0fdf To;n] kf/]sf] c;/af/] cGj]if0f u5{ .!

lgjf{rg /fhgLltsf] bzs

$) jif{eGbf a9Lsf] /Ëe]bL zf;gkl5 ;g\ @))$ df blIf0f clk|msfn] nf]stGqsf] b;jif{sf] pT;j dgfof] .@ of] :j]t cflwkTosf] lj?4 ;g\ !(^) sf aLrsf jif{x¿df ;z:q ljb|f]x ;'? ePkl5 #) jif{;Dd sl7gtfsf ;fy nl8Psf] ;z:q ljb|f]x / Go"g:t/sf] hgljb|f]x tyf ;g\ !(() df PPg;L / cGo d'lQmcfGbf]ngx¿dflysf] k|ltaGw x6fOPkl5 cfPsf] nf]stGq lyof] . nf]stGqsf] n8fO{+df dlxnfx¿ n8fs' sfo{stf{nufot ljleÌ¿kn] ;xefuL ePsf lyP . o; ;xeflutfnfO{ lgjf{rg /fhgLlt / k|ltlglwd"ns nf]stGqdf s;/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < s] dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:ylt ;dfhsf dlxnfsf lgldQ /fhg}lts tyf ef}lts nfex¿df k|ltlalDat x'G5 <

/fi6«k|d'vsf] ¿kdf cfgf] bf];|f] sfo{sfn ;'? u/]sf yfaf] Da]sLåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] PPg;LnfO{ lbOPsf] ckf/ ;dy{gsf ;fy ;g\ @))$ clk|ndf /fi6«n] o;sf] t];|f] nf]stflGqs lgjf{rg u¥of] . /fi6«k|d'v g]N;g dG8]nfåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] klxnf] nf]stflGqs ;+;bn] ;dfhsf ;a} If]qsf, ;a} hfltut ;d"xsf / kf6L{ /fhg}lts

gd'gf cWoog M blIf0f clk|msf

blIf0f clk|msf M;+VofeGbf k/

z]Onf d]GTh];

257

;+nUgtfdf ;f+;bx¿sf] dggof]Uo ;hwh b]Vof] . PPg;Låf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] t/ blIf0f clk|msfdfly ;g\ !($* b]lv cljlR5Ì¿kn] zf;g u/]sf] g];gn kf6L{nufotsf] /fli6«o Pstfsf] Pp6f ;/sf/n] To; nf]stflGqs r/0fsf] pb3f6g u¥of] . gof“ o'usf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf PgkLn] gof“ kl/ro lrx\gsf] ljsf; u¥of], cfkm}“nfO{ Go' g];gn kf6L{sf] k'gM gfds/0f u¥of] / sfnf ;b:ox¿sf lgldQ o;sf] 9f]sf v'Nnf u¥of] . oBlk, of] cfg} nflu Pp6f :yfg :yfkgf ug{df slxn] klg ;Ifd ePg . Jo+UofTds tj/n] ;g\ @))$ df o;n] PPg;L;“u Pp6f lgjf{rg u7aGwg sfod u¥of] clg o;sf ;b:ox¿ PPg;Ldf k|j]z ug{sf nflu tf“tL nfUb} jf lj/f]wL kf6L{ 8]df]qm]l6s PnfoG;df ;+nUg x'g uPsfn] s]xL dlxgfkl5 eË eof] .

;g\ @))$ sf] lgjf{rgkl5 /fli6«o ;efsf $)) l;6dWo] !#! jf ## k|ltzt l;6 dlxnfåf/f cf]ul6Psf lyP, of] bf];|f] nf]stflGqs ;+;bsf] @*–@( k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf ;LdfGt j[l4 lyof] . dlGqd08nsf @& hgf dGqLdWo] * hgf -@(=^ k|ltzt_ dlxnf lyP / !# hgf gfoa dGqLdWo] * hgf -^!=% k|ltzt_ dlxnf lyP . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t aGb;"rLx¿sf] k|of]u ;+;bdf dlxnf pkl:yltsf lgldQ :ki6¿kn] c;n /x]sf] lyof] . emg\;f/f], lg0f{o lng] pRrtd cf]xbfx¿ -dlGqd08n_ df ltgLx¿sf] pkl:yltn] # k|ltzteGbf sd dlxnf k|ltlglw ePsf] /Ëe]bL zf;g Joj:yfdf eGbf nf]stGqdf dlxnfx¿sf] bhf{ ;fy{s¿kn] pRr /x]sf] ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL, PPg;Lsf] sf]6f / n}lËs ;dfgtfk|ltsf] ;Qf;Lg kf6L{sf] jrga4tf o; ;fy{s k|bz{gsf lgldQ d'Vo sf/0fx¿dWo]sf lyP .

;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] k[i7e"ld

/Ëe]bL eg]/ lrlgPsf] g:njfbL k|f;fblj?4 blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;g\ !($( b]lv !(() ;Ddsf] $) jif{sf] ;+3if{df gful/s ;dfhsf] km/flsnf] j0f{k6– 6«]8 o'lgogx¿, gful/s ;+3x¿, o'jf cfGbf]ngx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf] lyof] h;df blIf0f clk|msfdf ;g\ !(%) hg;+Vof btf{ P]gcGtu{t juL{s/0f ul/Psf ;]tf, ldl>t g:n, ef/tLo / sfnf hflt ;Dk"0f{ hftLo ;d"x To;df ;+nUg /x]sf lyP . dlxnfx¿ cnu¿kdf ;Ël7t ePsf lyP / ;g\ !(%) sf] bzskl5 /Ëe]bL gLltsf] lj/f]w ub}{ u}/hfltjfbL cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg eP . uPu'h|]sf] / sd u'0f:t/sf] afGt' lzIffsf] lj/f]w ub}{ ;g\ !(%^ cu:6 ( df @),))) dlxnfsf] lk|6f]l/ofsf] o'lgog ejgtkm{sf] kb ofqfnfO{ /Ëe]blj?4sf] ;+3if{df dlxnfx¿n] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ dfGotf lb“b} blIf0f clk|msfdf k|To]s jif{ ;Demgf ul/G5 . dlxnfx¿sf] Pp6f 5'§} / :jtGq ;Ë7gsf] k/Dk/f lgdf{0f lyof], h'g ;g\ !(&) / !(*) sf] bzstfsf k|Voft lj/f]wx?df kl/rflnt eP/ u'h|]sf] 5 .

;g\ !((@ b]lv !(($ sf aLr gof“ ;+ljwfgsf lgldQ ePsf ;Demf}tfjftf{x¿tfsf dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿n] dlxnf cfjZostf / ;/f]sf/sf ljrf/ clwsf/x¿af/]sf]

blIf0f clk|ms

f M ;+VofeGbf k/


258


jfbljjfbsf] Pp6f lx:;f x'g'k5{ eÌ] s'/f lgZro ug{sf nflu lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]n] . dlxnfx¿sf] /fli6«o u7aGwg–8ANo'Pg;L (Women's National Coalition-WNC) u7g ul/of], h;n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ k|efljt ug{sf nflu g:njfbL / ljrf/jfbL ljefhgnfO{ kf/ u¥of] . @) nfveGbf a9L dlxnf ;+nUg /x]sf] b'O{ jif]{ /fli6«o cleofgkl5 8ANo'Pg;Ln] dlxnfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;dfgtfsf lgldQ, blIf0f clk|msL dlxnfsf cfzf tyf ;kgfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Pp6f a8fkq tof/ u¥of] . 8ANo'Pg;Ldf k|To]s /fhg}lts kf6L{sf dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtfn] dlxnf /fhg}lts g]tfx¿sf] 6's8L klg pTkÌ u¥of], h;sf] ;femf ;/f]sf/ n}lËs ;dfgtf k|j4{g ug{' lyof] . a8fkq cleofgdf ltgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfn] leÌ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿leq dlxnfsf] cfjZostf / ;/f]sf/nfO{ PsLs[t kfg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ cfgf] DofG8]6df ;dfj]z ug]{af/] dfq geO{ a? dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf ;dfj]z ug]{af/] klg Jofks ;xdlt ;[hgf u/]sf] lyof] . /fi6«sf] gof“ n}lËs gLlt–lgb]{zgsf lgldQ Tof] a8fkq Pp6f gfkgS;f aÌ k'Uof] . o;sf !@ j6f kl/R5]bdf k|ltlglwd"ns /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf] k"0f{ / ;dfg ;xeflutfsf lgldQ dfu ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ .

gful/s ;dfh kl/rfngsf] /fhgLlt

8ANo'Pg;L a8fkq cleofgn] dlxnfx¿ dlxnf gful/ssf vf; /fhg}lts tyf gful/s ;dfgtfsf lgldQ uxgtfsf ;fy cufl8 al9/x]sf ;lqmo /fhg}lts sf/s ePsf] ;Í]t lbof] . k/Dk/fut kfqx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ uf}0f eg]/ kl/eflift ug]{ rngrNtLsf] sfg'gn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ s'lNrg' k5{ eg]/ ;Nnfx lbg] k|of; ubf{ gful/ssf ¿kdf ;dfgtf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cfgf] clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t kfg{ vf]Hg] s'g} klg k|of;sf] lj/f]w ug{ /fi6«el/ g} dlxnf kl/rflnt eP . gof“ /fi6«df n}lËs ;dfgtf k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] Pp6f Kofs]hsf] ?kdf M ;+;bdf Pp6f dlxnfx¿sf] ss;, /fi6«df dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfaf/] Pp6f sfof{no / n}lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu Pp6f :jtGq cfof]u g} ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'k5{ eg]/ 8ANo'Pg;Ln] k|:tfj u¥of] . ltgLx¿ kl5 uP/ :yflkt eP .

;g\ !(($ b]lv blIf0f clk|msfdf dlxnf /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkdf nf]stGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ Pp6f cf}krfl/s kf6L{sf] ;femf /fhg}lts lqmofsnfksf] :jefj /x]sf] dfq geO{ Tof]eGbf klg a9L dlxnfsf] b}lgs pTkfbg / k|hgg ;/f]sf/dfly c;/ kfg]{ vf; d'2fx¿sf] jl/kl/ cfGbf]ngsf] kl/rfng;“u klg hf]l8Psf] lyof] . tL d'2fx¿df e"ld ljt/0f, lghLs/0fsf] lj/f]w, :jf:Yo, k|hgg :jf:Yonufot, PrcfO{eL÷P8\; tyf lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;f tyf nfvf}“ dflg;sf nflu cfjf; / ljB't\sf] k|fjwfgh:tf cGo a9L :yfgLo dfux¿ nufotsf lyP .

lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / blIf0f clk|msfdf pRr¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] PrcfO{eL÷P8\; nf]stGqsf] ;ª\qmd0fsf ;a}eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ kIfx¿dWo]sf ePsf] ;flat eP . gof“

259

nf]stflGqs o'un] dlxnflj?4sf lx+;faf/] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljZj ;Dd]ng -;g\ !((#_ sf] ;Gbe{df dlxnf clwsf/af/] cem a9L tLa| r]tgf pTkÌ u/]sf] lyof], h;df …dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf dlxnf clwsf/Ú sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cGt//fli6«o:t/df Jofks 9Ën] :jLsf/ tyf kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] . blIf0f clk|msfsf] klxnf] nf]stflGqs lgjf{rgkl5sf] jif{ ;g\ !((% df a]Olhªdf cfof]lht dlxnfaf/]sf] rf}yf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljZj ;Dd]ngn] n}lËs ;dfgtf / /fi6«sf lgsfox¿leq cGt//fli6«o¿kdf n}lËs d"n k|jfxLs/0fsf] ljrf/af/]sf] ljjfbsf lgldQ ;Gbe{ k|bfg u¥of] . blIf0f clk|msfdf /fhg}lts lx+;faf/]sf] cg';Gwfg, lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf] pRr:t/ / :yfgLo k|s[ltnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] . /fHon] PrcfO{eL÷P8\;sf] dxfdf/Lsf] pkrf/sf] d'2fnfO{ l9nf] u/]/ ;fdgf u/]sfn] klg of] lgs} ljjflbt d'2f aGof] . oL d'2fx¿ /fhg}lts lqmofzLntf / ;+jfbsf] s]Gb|laGb' ag] .

o;k|sf/ blIf0f clk|msfdf lgjf{rg /fhgLltnfO{ dfq /fhgLltsf] …u'0f:t/ tf]Sg] :yfgÚ sf] ¿kdf ;f]lrg] sd ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlt cem km/flsnf] kl/lwdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg /x]sf /fhg}lts sfo{stf{x¿sf] ax';+Vof dlxnf lyP . pRr b/df lg/If/tf x'“bfx'“b} klg pkrf/ sfo{ cleofg -h;n] PrcfO{eL;“u ;DalGwt d'2faf/] sfo{ u5{_ h:tf ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo /x]sf ;xefuLdf ax';+Vos dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] cfdlgjf{rgeGbf 7Ls cufl8 ;g\ !((* tfsf ;Íng ul/Psf] klxnf] dtbftf ;"rLdf k'¿ifeGbf a9L dlxnf dtbftfsf] ¿kdf btf{ ePsf] eÌ] tYodf dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;lqmotf klg k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 .

dfly j0f{g ul/Psf d'2fx¿ jl/kl/sf ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{'sf cltl/Qm jsfnt÷clwjrg, gfln;, cg';Gwfg / ;"rgf k|jfxnfO{ c“ufn]sf sfo{x¿sf] nx/df Pp6f alnof] dlxnf tyf n}lËs u}/;/sf/L If]q ;+nUg /x]sf] lyof], h'g tNnf] txsf ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf lqmofsnfkx¿ / ;+:yfut /fhg}lts bafa ;d"xx¿sf ;fy ;xcl:tTjdf /x]sf] lyof] . oBlk, nf]stGqdf ;ª\qmd0fsf] cy{ ?lrx?åf/f lgb]{lzt u}/;/sf/L ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ gof“ Joj;foLs/0f ug{' lyof] . /fi6« :jod\ klg tL ;d"xx¿k|lt ljz]if u/]/ u|x0fzLn /x]sf] lyof] clg dfly j0f{g ul/Psf s]xL tgfj x'“bfx'“b} klg ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L /fi6«–;dfh ;DaGwsf] sf];] 9'Ëf aGof] . n}lËs lx+;f ;dfwfgsf nflu gful/s ;dfh / /fi6«sf] k|of; vf; u/]/ alnof] lyof] / ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGwnfO{ n]v tof/ kfbf{v]l/sf] ;dodf lrq0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP .

;g\ @))$ sf] lgjf{rgdf PPg;L u7aGwgsf] ;du| ax'dtdf ;fy{s¿kn] j[l4 eof] . To;df /x]sf sf/0fsf] s]xL efu ljleÌ lgjf{rg If]qsf] dfux¿nfO{ ;Qfdf ePsf kf6L{n] ;Daf]wg ug{df b]vfPsf] tTk/tfdf /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf Ph]G8f Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . k|foM blIf0f clk|msfdf h:t} u/]/ cGo s]xL /fi6«df dlxnf /fli6«o gLlt Ph]G8fnfO{ k|efljt ug{df ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . To;f] x'g'sf] sf/0fsf] s]xL efu gful/s ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] 5'§} ;Ë7gsf] Oltxf;df lglxt /x]sf] 5 . emg\;f/f],

blIf0f clk|ms

f M ;+VofeGbf k/


260


/ª\ue]blj?4sf] ;+3if{sf] k|s[ltsf sf/0f / oyfy{df w]/} dlxnf ;Ë7gx?åf/f :jod\ /ª\ue]bsf] ;dy{gsf sf/0f, dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿ leÌ /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿;“u ;+nUg /x]sf lyP . dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿sf] ulx/fOn] klg dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] dt k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfgf] 3f]if0ffkqsf] efusf] ¿kdf lng /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ r'gf}tL lbof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu jf:tjdf PPg;L dlxnf lnun] o;sf] 5'§} ;Ë7g sfod /fVg' ;fdfGotof dlxnf d'2fx¿nfO{ o;sf] ;fdfGo DofG8]6sf] efusf] ¿kdf lngsf nflu kf6L{sf lgldQ lg/Gt/sf] r'gf}tL xf] .

dlxnf ;f+;bsf d'Vo pknlAwx¿

;+:yfx?nfO{ k}bf ug{'sf] dxŒjk"0f{{ kIf ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . o;df afnu[x / dlxnf zf}rfnoh:tf ef}lts cfjZostf ;dfj]z /x]sf] 5 . blIf0f clk|msf / cGoqsf k|df0fn] b]vfPcg';f/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿df / ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] pkl:yltn] ;+;bLo /fhgLltsf] sfo{ljlw kIf -pbfx/0fsf nflu a}7s a:g] ;do_ / a9L lnË ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] ;+;bLo Ph]G8f b'j}df ;fy{s leÌtf NofPsf] 5 . ax';+Vos ;f+;bdf cf}krfl/s cg'ejsf] sdL /x]sf] lyof], t/ dlxnfx¿n] ;fdfGotof ;dfhdf c;dfgtf / dlxnfsf] uf}0f x}l;ot;“u ;DalGwt vf; cj/f]wx¿ ;fdgf ug{'k¥of] . ltgLx¿sf dxfg\ of]ubfgx¿dWo]sf] Ps ;+;bLo df]rf{df ePsf] 5 .

;g\ !(($ sf] lgjf{rgkl5 8ANo'Pg;Lsf] a8fkq cleofgsf] pkh …dlxnf Ph]G8fÚ sf] ¿kdf h] b]vf kg{ cfof] To;nfO{ ;+of]hg ug{sf nflu Pp6f cGt/bnLo dlxnfsf] ss;sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+;bLo kl/jt{gsf] rfns zlQm PPg;L lyof] eÌ] s'/f rf“8} k|:6 x'g cfof] . oBlk, ;fj{hlgs jrga4tf x'“bfx'“b} klg cf+lzs¿kdf dGqL:t/df oyfof]Uo¿kdf jrga4 g]t[Tjsf] sdLsf sf/0f gof“ ;+:yf lgdf{0f Pp6f hl6n ljifo ePsf] ;fljt ePsf] 5 . ue{jtL dlxnf / 5 jif{d'lgsf afnaRrfsf nflu lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kxn klxnf] :jf:Yo dGqL 8f= Íf];femfgf WnfdLgL em'dfåf/f ul/Psf] lyof], hf] PPg;Lsf lj/f]w x'“bfx'“b} klg k|hgg clwsf/ / ue{ktgsf] clwsf/sf] ljwfgsf] lgldQ cu|;/ x'g'ePsf] lyof] . PPg;Lleq 7"nf] dfqfdf dlxnfsf] ;zQm naLsf sf/0f ;g\ !((^ df Tof] P]g kfl/t ePsf] lyof] .

…hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ / dlxnfsf] cj:yfÚ nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu Pp6f c:yfoL ;ldlt -lagf ah]6sf] Pp6f klxnf]_ u7g ul/Psf] lyof] h'g tLg jif{leq hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ / dlxnfsf] cj:yfaf/] ;femf ;'kl/j]If0f ;ldlt–h]Pd;L (Joint Monitoring Committee on the Quality of Life and Status of Women-JMC) eg]/ hflgPsf] ;+;bsf] ;femf :yfoL ;ldlt aGof] . o; ;ldltsf] sfo{ ljwfgnfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{' / dlxnfx¿nfO{ k"0f{;dfgtf pkof]u ug{df cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] d'Vo If]qx¿af/]sf cg';GwfgnfO{ k|j4{g ug{' lyof] . h]Pd;Lsf] ;efWoIftfdf PPg;L ;f+;b tyf 8ANo'Pg;Lsf e"tk"j{ Joj:yfks k|]U; uf]e]Gb/åf/f ul/Psf] lyof] . gful/s ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿n] p7fPsf d'2faf/] pxf“ l;kfn' x'g'eof] / dlxnf;“u ;DalGwt ;+;bLo Ph]G8fnfO{ hf]8 lbg'eof] .

261

;g\ !((* df 3/]n' lx+;f P]g -!((* sf] !^ g+_, gfktf}n P]g -!((* sf] (( g+=_ / k/Dk/fut ljjfx dfGotf P]g -!((* sf] !@) g+_ kfl/t ul/Psf] ug{sf nflu pxf“ pQ/bfoL x'g'x'GYof] . oBlk, o;df l;lsPsf kf7dWo]sf] Ps of] lyof] ls kl/jt{g ug{ ;du|df w]/} c;n lyof] . a9L dxŒjk"0f{{ of] lyof] ls oy]i6 ah]6 pknAw u/fOg' kg]{ lyof] / P]gx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ clws[tx¿sf lgldQ tflnd pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ lyof] . Tof] oy]i6¿kdf ePg clg oL P]g sfof{Gjog ;f]rgLo jsfnt÷clwjrgsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

dlxnfsf] cj:yfaf/]sf] sfof{no lnË d"nk|jfxLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ g]t[Tj lbgsf nflu b]zdf Pp6f sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] n}lËs ;dfgtfaf/] /fli6«o gLlt klg ljsf; u¥of] . oBlk, ;/sf/df ;DalGwt ljefux¿sf] t'ngfdf o;sf] clwsf/o'Qm e"ldsf gePsf] / o;sf ;|f]tx¿ Go"g ePsf sf/0f o;sf] e"ldsf 7"nf] dfqfdf ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj o;k|sf/n] ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, o;n] k|To]s rf/ dlxgfdf ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / k|ult d"NofÍg ug{sf nflu n}lËs ;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ps :yfgdf Nofpgdf Pp6f e"ldsf eg] cjZo v]N5 .

;g\ !((& df ;+j}wflgs lgb]{zg k"/f ug{sf nflu n}lËs ;dfgtfsf lgldQ :jtGq cfof]u :yfkgf ul/of] . To; cfof]usf] e"ldsf /fi6« / ;dfhdf n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ /Iff / k|j4{g ug{', cg';Gwfg ug{', u'gf;f]x¿af/] 5fglag ug{' / /fi6«n] u/]sf cGt//fli6«o jrga4tfnfO{ k"/f u/]sf] lgZro ug{' lyof] . cf+lzs¿kn] ;fË7lgs tgfjx¿ / cGo gof“ /fli6«o ;+:yf;“u k+lQma4 u/fOPsfn] oBlk, o;sf] of]ubfg gldn]sf] 5 .

gLlt ljsf;sf lgldQ r'gf}tL

klxnf] nf]stflGqs ;+;bsf] Wofg gLlt ljsf;df s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] lgjf{rgkl5 ;g\ !((( kl5sf] cjlw gof“ ;+;bLo ;+/rgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ jrga4tfåf/f ;~rflnt ePsf] lyof] . t/ jrga4tfnfO{ jf:tljstfdf ¿kfGt/ ug{' a9L sl7g lyof] . r'gf}tLsf s]xL efu ljleÌ ljefuleq cfd"n kl/jt{g;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf lyP . :jf:Yo ljefu pbfx/0fsf nflu cfwf/e"t hu ljB't\ cfk"lt{, b"/ ;~rf/, oftfoft / kfgLsf] ;d]t sdLsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdfGotof k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] sdL;“u h'Wg'k/]sf] lyof] . ck/fw Gofo k|0ffnLsf] dfldnfdf 3/]n' lx+;f P]gdf blIf0f clk|msL k|x/L ;]jfaf6 ;+j]bgzLntf / jrga4tfsf] :t/ cfjZos lyof], h'g k|fKt ug{ k|foM c;Dej lyof] . To; P]gsf sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{sf lgldQ ul/Psf k|of;df leÌ ljefux¿aLr lgs} 7"nf] ;+of]hg tyf ;xof]usf] cfjZostf /x]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{ k"/f ug{ klg sl7g ;flat eof] . emg\;f/f], To; sfo{nfO{ oyfof]Uo 9Ën] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu /fHosf]ifn] oy]i6 ah]6 pknAw u/fpg ;s]g . o;k|sf/n] Tof] sfo{ k"0f{¿kn] k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g . blIf0f clk|msL ;/sf/n] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf] d'Vo ;d:of k|ultzLn of]hgf tyf gLlt–lgdf{0f / ltgLx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{df cfjZos /x]sf] IfdtfaLr /x]sf] k[ystf lyof] .

blIf0f clk|ms

f M ;+VofeGbf k/


262


3/]n' lx+;f P]gn] klxn]sf] Pp6f P]g kl/jf/ lx+;f P]gnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u¥of], h'g ;g\ !((# df kl5Nnf] g];gn kf6L{ ;/sf/åf/f km/flsnf] k/fdz{lagf rf“8} clg ;fob s'l6ntfsf ;fy kfl/t ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((* sf] P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ;'kl/lrt kfl/jfl/s lx+;f ef]u]sfx¿sf] cfjZostfaf/] cg'ej ePsf sfg'gljb\x¿;“usf] tfnd]ndf blIf0f clk|msL P]g cfof]u–P;PPn;L (South African Law Commission-SALC) sf sfo{x¿ lyP . t/ o;sf] k|ult klg ljw]os d:of}bfsf/sf ;Lldt a'emfOaf6 ljw]osaf/] vf]O/f] vÌsf nflu sltsf] ;xh 5 eÌ]af/] k|df0f h'6fpgdf lgb]{zgfTds /x]sf] 5 . d:of}bf klxnf] k6s tof/ ubf{v]l/ o;sf] …t6:ytfÚ sf] sdLsf sf/0f Tof] P;PP;Pn;Lsf ;efWoIfåf/f c:jLs[t eof] clg k'g/jnf]sg ul/Psf] d:of}bf Joj:yflksfdf k7fOPsf] lyof] . efUojz, gful/s ;dfh / h]Pd;Lsf] ;ts{tfn] To; ljw]ossf] klxnf] ;+:s/0faf/] ;f]rlarf/ ug{sf nflu Gofoljefu ;ldltnfO{ bafa lbof], h'g To;kl5 clGtd P]gsf] cfwf/ aGof] . P]g kfl/t x'g]af/] lglZrt ug{df ;ldltsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{{ lyof] .

o;sf cltl/Qm, gful/s ;dfh / h]Pd;Lsf] ;fem]bf/Lsf] pkh /x]sf] dlxnf ah]6 k|lqmofsf] k|j4{g klg lyof] . o;sf] kxn s]xL /fi6«df To; ljrf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{df pT;'s /x]sf] /fi6«d08n ;d"xaf6 cfof]M o; k|lqmofsf] cu'jf c:6«]lnof lyof] . k|U; uf]e]Gb/åf/f k|ltkflbt ul/Psf] / c:6«]lnof / a]nfotsf k|fljlws ljz]if1åf/f ;xfotf ul/Psf] To; k|lqmofnfO{ nfu" ug]{ /fi6«df blIf0f clk|msf klxnf] lyof] . ;g\ !((* / !((( df /fli6«o ah]6n] …n}lËs d"n k|jfxLs/0f k4ltÚ nfO{ kfl/t u/]sf] ls6fgL u¥of], oBlk To;kl5sf tLg jif{;Dd of] yftL /x\of] . P]gx¿df kl/jt{g ug{ / ;g\ !((& df kfl/t ul/Psf] ;LhLO{ :yfkgfdf ;xefuL x'g]nufot n}lËs ;dfgtfaf/]sf ax;x?nfO{ an k'¥ofpgdf dlxnfx¿n] v]n]sf] e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g ul/g] 5 eg]/ saf]n ul/Psf] x'“bfx'“b} klg /fhgLlt / Joj:yflksfleqsf] k'¿if s]lGb|t ;+:s[lt To; ;+:yfk|lt hfOnfUg 5f]8]g . lg/Gt/sf] lnËafb / of}g b'Jo{jxf/n] jftfjf/0fdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpgdf b]vfkg]{ sl7gfOnfO{ k|dfl0ft u¥of] .

dlxnf ;xeflutfn] /fhgLltnfO{ s;/L kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 <

n}lËstf, k|hgg, lx+;f / k|yfhGo sfg'gh:tf dlxnfsf vf; ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ h]Pd;L;“usf] ;Ëltdf gful/s ;dfh ;Ë7gx¿åf/f kfl/t ul/Psf /0fgLltåf/f P]gdf ¿kfGt/ ePsf lyP, To;sf] abnfdf h;n] /fi6«k|d'v yfaf] a+]sLnufot Joj:yflksfsf vf; k|ultzLn k'¿if ;b:ox¿;“u u7aGwg u¥of] .# blIf0f clk|msL 36gfaf6 s] :ki6;“u b]lvG5 eg] ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;zQm ;d"x dxŒjk"0f{{ x'“bfv]l/ To; ;+Vofsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] Pp6f cfjZos kIfnfO{ Pg lkmlnK; ljrf/sf] /fhgLlt$ eÌ'x'G5 . dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:yltn] a}7s a:g] ;do jf afnaRrf x]/rf/ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'h:tf d'2fdf Joj:yflksfleq kl/jt{g ug{tkm{ 8f]¥ofp“5 . t/ n}lËs d'2f jl/kl/sf /fhg}lts Ph]G8f n}lËs cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] jf:tljs cy{ s] xf] eÌ]af/]sf] Pp6f a'emfOdfly cem Jofks 9Ën] e/ k5{ .

263

n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] ;/n cy{ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf cfwf/e"t d'2fx¿;“u gaflemsg dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf dfly PsLs[t ug ' xf] . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿leqsf] /fhg}lts OR5fzlQm gf/LjfbL /fhgLlt1x¿åf/f ;Dj4{g ul/g'k5{, To;sf] abnf hf] gful/s ;dfh …naLÚ k|lt hjfkmb]xL / gful/s ;dfhåf/f ;dy{g b'j} ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . gf/LjfbL /fhgLlt1x¿sf] ;d"xsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] Ph]G8fn] gLlt / ljwfgn] dlxnfx¿åf/f ;zQm ;+VofnfO{ k/flht ug]{ lglZrt u5{ . o;df /x]sf] vt/f of] xf] ls oL gf/LjfbL /fhgLlt1x¿n] clGtd;Dd ;fy lbg] 5}gg\ . n}lËs cfd"n kl/jt{gk|lt jrga4 /x]sf] ;f+;b tyf dlxnf cfGbf]ng / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw dxŒjk"0f{{ sf/s tŒj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿n] Ps;fy sfo{ ug{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg lglZrt ug]{af/]sf] jrga4tfnfO{ cfx\jfg u5{ . of] x'G5 eÌ] lglZrt ug{' g} Pp6f r'gf}tL xf] .

;+;bLo kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;~rfng ug{df h]Pd;Lsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{{ /x]sf] n}lËs ;+oGqsf d"NofÍgx¿n] :ki6;“u b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;LhLO{n] ;ldltsf] clwgtfnfO{ :jLsf¥of] / gful/s ;dfhx¿df ;Da4 kIfx¿;“u ;DaGw ljsl;t u¥of], of] cfzf u/]eGbf sd k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5 . of] cfGtl/s åGådf d'l5of] h;n] s]xL jif{;Dd o;sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofof] . ;fj{hlgs lzIff ;~rfng / ;/sf/L ljefux¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL x'gsf nflu cfx\jfg ug{df o;n] s]xL ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] eP klg o;sf] ;fj{hlgs 5lj lgs} ;fy{s /x]sf] 5}g . o;n] cfGtl/s lgjf{rgx¿nfO{ ;'k/Lj]If0f u/]sf] 5 / blIf0f clk|msfsf] lgjf{rg OlG:6Ro'6 (Electoral Institute of Southern Africa-EISA) ;“u cfgf] n}lËs gLltx¿af/] JofVof ug{sf nflu /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{ cfx\jfg u¥of] . /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] dlxnf d'2fnfO{ lnPsf 5g\ eÌ] lglZrt ug{df ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L gful/s ;dfhsf cfg} lqmofsnfkx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oyfy{df cfgf] hLjgdf dlxnfx¿n] dt / cf}krfl/s /fhgLltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lbg] dxTjsf] k|df0f blIf0f clk|msfdf btf{ ePsf dtbftfdWo] dlxnfx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L -btf{ ePsf dtbftfsf] %$=*@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ .%

kfbl6Kk0fL

1 For a detailed study of the gender politics of the electoral system see Fick, Glenda, Sheila Meintjes and Mary Simons (eds), 2002. One Woman, One Vote: the Gender Politics of South African Elections. Johannesburg: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa. See also Albertyn, Cathi, Beth Goldblatt, Shireen Hassim, Likhapha Mbatha and Sheila Meintjes, 1999. Engendering the Political Agenda: A South African Case Study. Johannesburg: Centre for Applied Legal Studies.

2 This case study takes for granted some understanding of South Africa’s colonial and political history. For a useful overview see Lodge, Tom, Denis Kadima and David Pottie (eds), 2002. Compendium of Elections in Southern Africa. Johannesburg: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (chapter 10).

blIf0f clk|ms

f M ;+VofeGbf k/


264


3 Albertyn et al. 1999, op. cit. 4 See for example Phillips, Anne, 1995. The Politics of Presence: The Political Representation of

Gender, Ethnicity and Race. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5 Independent Electoral Commission, ‘Registration statistics as on 26 Feb 2004’, available at

<http://www.elections.org.za/Statistics1.asp>.

yk cWoog ;fdu|L

Agenda, 1999. Agenda Monograph: Translating Commitment into Policy and Practice: Three Case Studies. Durban: Agenda

Ballington, Julie, 1998. ‘Women’s Parliamentary Representation: The Effects of List PR’. Politikon. Vol. 25, no. 2

Beinart, William, 1994. Twentieth Century South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press

Cock, Jacklyn, 1997. ‘Women in South Africa’s Transition to Democracy’, in J. Scott, C. Kaplan and D. Keates (eds). Transitions, Environments, Translations: Feminism in International Politics. New York: Routledge

Hassim, Shireen, 1999. ‘From Presence to Power: Women’s Citizenship in a New Democracy’. Agenda, 40

— 2005. Contesting Authority: Women’s Organisations and Democracy in South Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Lowe-Morna, Colleen, 2004. Ringing up the Changes: Gender in Southern African Politics. Johannesburg: Genderlinks

Meer, Shamim, 1998. Women Speak: Reflection on our Struggles, 1982–1997. Cape Town: Kwela Books

Meintjes, Sheila, 1998. ‘Gender, Nationalism and Transformation: Difference and Commonality in South Africa’s Past and Present’, in R. Wilford and R. L Miller (eds). Women, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Politics of Transition. London: Routledge

266


;g\ !(&! df l:jl8; ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] cg'kft !$ k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\ @))@ sf] kl5Nnf] lgjf{rgkl5 Tof] cg'kft $% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;df /x]sf] leÌtf dggof]Uo 5, #) jif{df tLg u'0ffn] k|ult ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/df klg of] j[l4 b]Vg ;lsG5, hxf“ ;g\ @))% df dlGqd08nsf @@ hgf dGqLdWo] !! hgf dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . of] gd'gf cWoog tL tYofÍx¿ k5fl8 /x]sf syfdf / Joj:yflksfdf dlxnfx¿n] s;/L kl/jt{g NofPsf 5g\ eÌ] s'/fdfly Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{5 .! ;g\ !(*% b]lv l:jl8; ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft #) k|ltzt gf3]sf] 5 . Pp6f r/d ;+Vof s]åf/f lgld{t x'G5 eg]/ eÌ' sl7g ePsf] eP tfklg Tof] ;+Vof nfdf] ;do;Dd t'ngfTds¿kdf pRr /x]sf] 5 .

olb dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k kl/jt{gx¿ cfp“5g\ eg] o;sf c+zx¿ l:j8]gdf b]vf kg{'k5{ .

;+Vofdf clj/n j[l4

;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf ePsf] j[l4sf k5fl8 /x]sf] k|lqmof a'em\gsf nflu xfdLn] $) jif{ klxn]sf] l:jl8; /fhgLltnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{'k5{ . To;avt dlxnfx¿ :ki6tM cfk\mgf k'¿if ;xsdL{eGbf /fhgLltdf sd ;+nUg lyPM /fhgLltdf sddfq ;xefuL x'Gy] jf kf6L{ ;b:o x'Gy] clg kf6L{sf] ;fy} lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf lgsfosf] g]t[Tj k+lQmdf ltgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] lyof] .

;g\ !(&@ df Pp6f df]8 cfof] . To; ;dosf b'O{j6f d'Vo kf6L{ b lna/N; (The Liberals) / ;f]l;on 8]df]qmf6\; (Social Democrates) sf g]tfn] dlxnf dtbftfnfO{ lhTg k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;'? u/] . o;sf] k5fl8 /x]sf] /0fg}lts sf/0fdf

gd'gf cWoog M l:j8]g

l:j8]gMr/0fa4 ljsf;

n]gf jfUg]¿b

267

dlxnfsf] dt lhTg' a9L l;6 k|fKt ug{' xf], t;y{ o;sf] sf/0f a9L zlQmzfnL x'g' g} /x]sf] lyof] . /fhg}lts sfo{;"rLdf Pp6f d'2fsf] ¿kdf lng'sf ;fy} dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] lglZrt nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] cj:yf pRr kfg{sf nflu pkfox¿ ckgfOPsf lyP . oxf“ vf;u/]/ b'O{j6f dxŒjk"0f{{ sf/s tŒjsf af/]df rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M To; ;dodf zlQmdf eP/ ;f];n 8]df]qm]l6s kf6L{–P;8LkL (Social Democratic Party-SDP) n] ;g\ !(&@ df ;/sf/df Pp6f s]Gb|Lo n}lËs gLlt PsfO k|j]z u/fof] . clg ToxL jif{ l:j8]gdf kf6L{sf] ;~rfns kl/ifb\df h:t} lna/n kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s g]t[Tjsf kbx¿df $) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'k5{ eg]/ cf}krfl/s¿kdf l;kmfl/; ug]{ Tof] klxnf] kf6L{ ag]sf] lyof] .

l:j8]gdf ePsf] k|lqmofnfO{ b'O{j6f u'0fåf/f lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5 M PsLs/0f / r/0fa4 k|ult . PsLs/0fsf] cy{ l:j8]gsf] /fhgLltdf dlxnfsf ;+3x¿ /x]sf -xfn klg /x]sf 5g\_ eP klg ltgn] ;w}“ :yflkt kf6L{ ;+/rgfx¿leq sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ of] klg xf] ls dlxnf k|ltlglwTj;“u ;DalGwt pkfox¿ kf6L{leq Pp6f Jofks ljjfbsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf ;+3x¿n] o; If]qdf g]tfu0fsf] ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf 5g\, oBlk hlxn] klg k|To]s kf6L{sf] ;jf]{Rr lg0f{o lng] df]rf{ lgoldt /fli6«o kf6L{ a}7sx¿df, clGtd lg0f{o lnOG5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k xfn l:j8]gdf /x]sf] cj:yf ;+;bdf ;ftj6f ljleÌ kf6L{sf k|ltlglwTjsf ;fy xfdLn] ;ftj6f s]xL leÌ syfx¿ kfp“5f} .

o;k|sf/ dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] d'2f ;a} kf6L{sf] sfo{;"rLdf /x]sf] 5, oBlk ltgLx¿ ;a}n] /fhg}lts kf6L{;"rLdf n}lËs ;dfgtf cg'kft $) M ^) h:tf ;f+lVos nIf eg] kfl/t u/]sf 5}gg\ . ;gftgL kf6L{ / dWodfuL{ kf6L{x¿ cem;Dd klg ;dfgtfsf nflu lkmtnf]¿kn] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf nIoh:tf a9L …g/dÚ /0fgLltdfly e/k/]sf kf6L{sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

oBlk, r/0fa4 k|ultnfO{ cem a9L ;fdfGo 5ljsf] y]uf]sf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . w]/}h;f] kf6L{sf lgldQ a9L lkmtnf]¿kn] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf nIox¿ kl5 uP/ a9L s7f]/ l;kmfl/;x¿df cfd"n kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\, clg tLgj6f kf6L{n] sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf 5g\ . l:j8]gsf] 36gfdf sf]6fsf] cy{ l:j8]gsf] ;+ljwfgdf xf]Og, Pp6f kf6L{sf] ljwfgdf :j]R5fn] n]lvPsf lgodx¿ x'g\ . ;g\ !(*! df :yfkgf ePsfn] ;'?b]lv g} lu|g kf6L{n] sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf] 5 . afd kf6L{sf lgldQ sf]6f k|0ffnL k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o ;g\ !(*& df cfof] / ;f];n 8]df]qmf6\;sf lgldQ ;g\ !((# df cfof] . k|foh;f] 36gfdf cfGtl/s kf6L{ ;+/rgfdf s]lGb|t pkfox¿ -kl/ifb\ OToflb_ n] kf6L{ ;"rLdf s]lGb|t /x]sf pkfox¿nfO{ pl5g]sf] 5 .

sf]6f k|0ffnLsf ;fy / sf]6f k|0ffnLljgf pbf/jfbL / ;fdflhs nf]stGqjfbLx¿aLr Ps k6s ;'? ePsf] k|lt:kwf{n] clxn] ;a} kf6L{nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . s]xL ckjfbsf ;fy l:j8]gsf kf6L{ g]tfx¿n] cfh–ef]ln cfkm"nfO{ …gf/LjfbLÚ sf] ¿kdf lrq0f u5{g\ . ;f]

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s];df ;hfP/ /fVgsf nflu dfq dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{' geO{ ljleÌ zlQmzfnL kbsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rgsf] ;"rLdf dlxnf / k'¿ifnfO{ kfn}kfnf] /fVg] Pp6f dxTjfsf+IffnfO{ nfIfl0fs ¿k lb“b} ;g\ !(($ b]lv …k|To]s bf];|f] l;6 Pshgf dlxnfsf] lgldQÚ eÌ] gf/fn] l:j8]gsf] /fhgLltdf h/f uf8]sf] 5 .

Ph]G8fnfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{'

oBlk, olb xfdLn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf ePsf] j[l4sf] k5fl8 /x]sf] k|lqmofnfO{ z'4 /0fg}lts sf}znsf] ¿kdf a'em\of}“ eg] xfdLn] ;Dk"0f{ lrqaf/] k"0f{¿kn] d]nf]d];f] kfpg ;Sb}gf}“ . oyfy{df s;/L a9L -dlxnf_ dt k|fKt ug]{ eÌ]af/] n]vfhf]vf ePsf ljleÌ kf6L{sf 8s'd]G6];gaf6 :ki6 ePsf]df o; a9\bf] zlQmnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{, ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] cj:yfnfO{ s;/L kl/jt{g ug]{ / n}lËs ;dfgtfdf uxg cy{df s;/L k'Ug] eÌ]af/] klg uDeL/ ljrf/–ljdz{ ePsf 5g\ .

cWoogx¿n] cf}“NofPcg';f/ ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf eGbf cfh–ef]ln l:j8]gsf dlxnfx¿ /fhgLltdf a9L c;n 9Ën] PsLs[t ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(&^ b]lv lgjf{rgx¿df dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt k'¿ifsf] eGbf s]xL pRr /x]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts ;/f]sf/ -j:t'ut ¿kdf gflkPsf]_ / kf6L{ ;b:otf b'j}sf] n}lËs b"/L 36]sf] 5, oBlk Tof] k"0f{¿kn] lgd{"n eg] ePsf] 5}g . o; 36gf cWoogdf klxnf pNn]v ul/Psf tYofÍx¿ ;g\ !(&! df l:j8]gsf] ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿ !$ k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @))$ df $% k|ltzt k'Ug', kl/jt{gsf] ;zSt ;"rs xf] .

To;kl5 rnfvLk"0f{ k|Zg n}lËs ;Gt'ngdf ePsf] kl/jt{gaf6 pTkÌ eO/x]sf] u'0ffTds kl/jt{gdfly s;/L clwsf/ hdfpg] / s]jn ;+VofnfO{ hf“ra'em ug{'eGbf 6f9f;Dd s;/L k'Ug] eÌ] xf] . logLx¿af/] lgSof]{n ug]{ k|of; ubf{ å}w hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . Psftkm{ cfjZostfeGbf a9L ck]Iff ul/g] jf dlxnfx¿sf] k|of;sf] c;/ / ltgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfn] NofPsf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ b]vfpg] xtf/df c:ki6 Go"gtd of]Uotf k|of]u ul/g] hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{, Go"g cf“Sg ;lsg] klg x'g;S5, hxf“ s7f]/ Go"gtd of]Uotf k|of]u x'G5g\, h;n] cGTodf uP/ of]ubfgx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u5{ / dlxnfsf k|of;nfO{ k|tLsjfbsf] If]qdf ;Lldt ePsf] ¿kdf JofVof u5{ .

tfls{s lgisif{df k'Ugsf nflu xfdLn] /fhg}lts k|lqmofnfO{ a'em\g' k5{ . Joj:yflksfdf s] eO/x]sf] 5, sDtLdf klg ;bgdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 eÌ] s'/fnfO{ ;d'b|sf] ;txaf6 s]xL efudfq b]lvg] ;d'b|d'lg /x]sf] ljzfn lxdkj{tsf] 6'Kkf];“u t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f clGtd lg0f{odf k'Ug} nfu]sf avt k|To]s /fhg}lts d'2f k|lqmofsf] Pp6f cjlwaf6 u'h|]sf] x'G5 . k|foh;f] of] k|lqmof s}og\ jif{;Dd tlGsP/ hfG5 / To;df Joj:yflksf ;ldltx¿ / kf6L{x¿leq ljleÌ ;d"xh:tf s}og ljleÌ kl/l:yltdf al;g] a}7sx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf] x'G5 .

jf:tjdf ;txd'lg guO{sg ;txeGbf tn s] eO/x]sf] 5 eÌ] s'/fnfO{ ;txaf6

269

a'e\mgsf nflu xfdLn] To; k|lqmofnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{ ;"rsdfly e/ kg{'k5{ . To;f] ug]{ Pp6f ljlw k|ZgfjnLx¿ / s]Gb|Lo kfqx¿;“u JolQmut cGtjf{tf{x¿ k|of]u ug{' xf] . o;kl5 cfpg] efudf d ltgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts sfo{af/] l:jl8; ;f+;bx¿;“u ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf s]xL pbfx/0f k|of]u ug]{5' . gd"gfx¿ r'gfj cleofgsf d'2fx¿ / JolQmut ?lrsf If]qx¿df s]lGb|t /x]sf 5g\ . Og gf] Sj]:rg -k|Zg 5}g_ df lnËåf/f pTkÌ c;fDosf] d'2f /x]sf] 5 . To;sf] abnf pQ/x¿ To;kl5sf lnË ljZn]if0fsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] 5 -dlxnfaLr s] pQ/ 5< k'¿ifaLr s] pQ/ 5<_ k|Zgx¿ v'Nnf /x]sf 5g\ / k|To]s /fhgLlt1n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] h'g;'s} d'2faf/] klg rrf{ ug{ ;Sg]5 .

pQ/x¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu d}n] …dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿Ú sf] cjwf/0ffaf/]sf] Jofks kl/efiff k|of]u u/]sL 5' . ;}4flGts:t/df o;sf] p2]Zo dlxnf gful/sx¿sf] :jzf;g clwsf/ j[l4 ug{df ck]Iff ug{ ;lsg] gLltx¿nfO{ cfgf] cwLgdf lng' /x]sf] 5 . l:j8]gdf ;d]t kl/jf/leq lghL tj/df dlxnfx¿ ljleÌ k|sf/sf :ofxf/;';f/ sfo{df / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf :jf:Yo / afnaRrf tyf kfsf] pd]/sf dflg;x¿sf] x]/rfxh:tf k];fut :ofxf/;';f/ If]qdf a9Lh;f] ;+nUg /x]/ dlxnf / k'¿ifsf aLrdf >d ljefhg /x]sf] 5 .

oxf“ cg'dfg ul/Psf] s'/f of] xf] ls Pp6f ;dfhdf n}lËs ;dfgtf j[l4 ug{df ;Ifd x'gsf nflu, dlxnfsf ;/f]sf/x¿af/] cfjfh p7fOg' k5{ . To;kl5sf] k|of]ujfbL k|Zg s] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿;“u ltgsf k'¿if ;xsdL{sf] eGbf km/s /x]sf] Pp6f Ph]G8f 5 < s] dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] dlxnf ;/f]sf/af/] cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5g\ < eÌ] x'G5 . tflnsf ( n] ;g\ !(*%, !(($ / @))@ df ;fdflhs gLlt, kfl/jfl/s gLlt, kfsf] pd]/sfx¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/ cleofgsf] d'2fsf] ¿kdf :jf:Yo;]jf jf JolQmut ?lrsf] Pp6f If]qaf/] rrf{ u/]sf dlxnf / k'¿if ;f+;bsf] ;+Vof b]vfPsf] 5 . oL rf/j6f ljifonfO{ dlxnfsf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ cjwf/0ff tof/ ug]{ km/flsnf] ljlwsf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .

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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

cleofg cleofg cleofg JolQmut JolQmut JolQmut d'2fx? d'2fx? d'2fx? ?lrsf ?lrsf ?lrsf !(*% !(($ @))@ If]qx? !(*% If]qx? !(($ If]qx? @))@

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l6Kk0fLM /]vflrqn] lgDgqmddf kl9Psf b'O{j6f v'Nnf k|Zgk|ltsf] k|ltlqmofx¿nfO{ b]vfp“5M …o; jif{sf] lgjf{rgeGbf klxn]sf] tkfO{+sf] r'gfj k|rf/ cleofg sfo{df w]/}h;f] s'g d'2f jf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbg'eof] <Ú -a9Ldf kf“rj6f d'2f pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5_, clg …tkfO{+ JolQmut¿kdf s'g /fhg}lts d'2f If]qx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L ?lr /fVg' x'G5 <Ú -a9Ldf tLgj6f d'2f pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5_ k|ltlqmofx¿nfO{ Pp6f uxg ;Í]t k|0ffnLcg';f/n] ;Í]t ul/Psf] lyof] . b]vfOPsf ;+Vofx¿ dlxnf ;/f]sf/nfO{ d'2fsf] ;d"xdWo] b'O{df Psdf ;dfj]z u/]sf dlxnf / k'¿if ;f+;bsf] k|ltztx¿ x'g\ . …dlxnfsf ?lrx¿Ú ju{df ;fdflhs gLlt, kl/jf/, :jf:Yo;]jf / kfsf pd]/sfx¿sf] x]/rfxaf/]sf k|ltlqmof lyP . pQ/bftfx¿sf ;+Vof -dlxnfMk'¿if_ ;g\ !(*% df (^M@!*, ;g\ !(($ df !#@M!() / ;g\ @))@ df !$@M!&% /x]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(&^ b]lv l:j8]gsf] ;+;bdf hDdf ;f+;b ;+Vof #$( /x]sf] 5 .

;|f]tM ;g\ !(*%, !(** / !(($ sf ;+;bLo cWoogx¿ . l:j8]gsf] lgjf{rg cWoog sfo{qmd, /fhgLltzf:q ljefu, uf]6]gju{ ljZjljBfno .

/]vflrq ( n] s}og\ dxŒjk"0f{{ kl/0ffd b]vfp“5 . klxnf] of] xf] ls /fhgLlt1x¿sf] lnË / ltgLx¿ dlxnf ;/f]sf/af/] kl5 nfUg'sf] xbsfaLr Pp6f ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*% df &% k|ltzt dlxnf ;f+;bn] cfgf] r'gfj k|rf/ cleofgdf ;fdflhs gLlt, kfl/jfl/s gLlt, kfsf pd]/sfx¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/ jf :jf:Yo;]jf;DaGwL d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/] . k'¿if ;f+;bx¿aLr ;DalGwt ;+Vof $$ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ToxL jif{ ;g\ !(*% df %@ k|ltzt dlxnf ;f+;bn] :ofxf/;';f/ gLltnfO{ JolQmut ?lrsf] Pp6f If]qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s'/f JoQm u/] eg] To:tf] eÌ] k'¿if ;f+;bsf] cg'kft !) k|ltzt lyof] .

bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{{ kl/0ffd of] xf] ls oBlk, kl5Nnf b'O{j6f ;j]{If0fx¿df n}lËs leÌtf kfOPsf lyP, Tof] vf8n kl5 uP/ aGb ePsf] 5 . o;af/] d tn kms]{/ cfpg] 5' .

/]vflrq ( df b]vfOPsf] t];|f] ;fy{s kl/0ffd ljleÌ If]qx¿;“usf] t'ngf;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . lgjf{rg cleofgsf] Ph]G8fdf eGbf /fhgLlt1x¿sf] JolQmut Ph]G8fsf] ;DaGwdf eg] n}lËs leÌtf -ltgLx¿n] cfgf] ?lrsf] If]qaf/] eGbfv]l/ b]vfkg]{_ a9L /x]sf] lyof] . of] dgg ug{sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{{ 5 lsgeg] jfx\o lgoGq0fsf ljleÌ :t/;“u ljleÌ If]qx¿ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lgjf{rg cleofg Pp6f ;f]rgLo xb;Dd kf6L{x¿åf/f s]Gb|Lo ¿kdf lgoGq0f ul/Psf] If]q xf] . …JolQmut ?lrÚ sf] ;"rsnfO{ /fhgLltsf] b'lgof“df b}lgs ¿kdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 cyf{t\ a}7sx¿, ;ldltx¿ OToflbdf dlxnf ;/f]sf/nfO{ s;n] cufl8 NofO/x]sf] 5 eÌ] s'/f;“u ;a}eGbf c;n¿kdf ;DalGwt Pp6f pkfo xf] eg]/ dfÌ ;lsG5 .

o;cufl8 s'g} lgisif{ lgsfNg'eGbf klxn] xfdLn] tf]s]/ eÌ' kbf{ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf cfofdx¿af/] klg ;f]Rg'k5{ . dlxnfx¿sf] ;/f]sf/af/] olb xfdLn] cem a9L ;f“3'/f] kl/efiff lnP/ n}lËs ;Gt'ngtkm{ dfq nlIft /x]sf gLltut k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ dfq ;dfj]z u¥of}“ eg] s] x'G5 < /]vflrq !) n] ;g\ !(*%, !(($ / @))@ df n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ cleofg d'2f jf JolQmut ?lrsf] Pp6f If]qsf] ¿kdf ;':ki6¿kn] pNn]v u/]sf dlxnf tyf k'¿if ;f+;bx¿sf] ;+VofnfO{ b]vfp“5 .

271

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dlxnf ;+;bx? k'¿if ;f+;bx? 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

cleofg cleofg cleofg JolQmut JolQmut JolQmut d'2fx? d'2fx? d'2fx? ?lrsf ?lrsf ?lrsf !(*% !(($ @))@ If]qx? !(*% If]qx? !(($ If]qx? @))@

l6Kk0fLM /]vflrqn] lgDgqmddf kl9Psf b'O{j6f v'Nnf k|Zgk|ltsf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ b]vfp“5M

…o; jif{sf] lgjf{rgeGbf klxn]sf] tkfO{+sf] r'gfj k|rf/ cleofg sfo{df w]/}h;f] s'g d'2fx¿ jf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbg'eof] <Ú -a9Ldf kf“rj6f d'2f pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5_, clg …tkfO{+ JolQmut¿kdf s'g /fhg}lts d'2f If]qx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L ?lr /fVg' x'G5 <Ú -a9Ldf tLgj6f d'2f pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5_ k|ltlqmofx¿nfO{ Pp6f uxg ;Í]t k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;Í]t ul/Psf] lyof] . b]vfOPsf ;+Vofx¿ dlxnf ;/f]sf/nfO{ d'2fx¿sf ;d"xdWo] b'O{df Psdf ;dfj]z u/]sf dlxnf / k'¿if ;f+;bsf k|ltzt x'g\ . …n}lËs ;dfgtfÚ ju{df n}lËs ;Gt'ng -dlxnf k|j4{g_ af/]sf k|ltlqmofx¿ lyP . pQ/bftfx¿sf] ;+Vofx¿ -dlxnfMk'¿if_ ;g\ !(*% df (^M@!*, ;g\ !(($ df !#@M!(), / ;g\ @))@ df !$@M!&% /x]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(&^ b]lv l:j8]gsf] ;+;bdf hDdf ;f+;b ;+Vof #$( /x]sf] 5 .

;|f]tM ;g\ !(*%, !(** / !(($ sf ;+;bLo cWoogx¿ . l:j8]gsf] lgjf{rg cWoog sfo{qmd, /fhgLltzf:q ljefu, uf]6]gju{ ljZjljBfno .

;/;tL{ x]bf{ b]lvPcg';f/ o;k|sf/n] kl/eflift ul/“bfv]l/ l:j8]gdf /fhg}lts Ph]G8fdf dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿ sd b]vfkg]{ d'2f x'g\ . t/ d'Vo kl/0ffd of] xf] ls ltgsf k'¿if ;xsdL{x¿eGbf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ o; If]qdf a9L uxlsnf] ¿kdf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\, o;sf] Psdfq ckjfb ;g\ @))@ sf] lgjf{rg k|rf/ cleofg xf] .

dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] eGbf ;"rsx¿sf] Pp6f km/flsnf] >]0fLdfly e/ k/]/ l:j8]gsf ;f+;bx¿aLrsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 b'O{j6f dxŒjk"0f{{ lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

klxnf] lgisif{ To:tf If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ /fhgLltdf /x]sf k'¿ifx¿n] lj/n}¿kdf dfq k|j4{g ul/Psf 5g\ eÌ] xf] . n}lËs ;dfgtf To;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . d]/f] lgisif{ of] xf] ls of] d'2f To:tf] d'2f xf], h;nfO{ /fhg}lts Ph]G8fdf dlxnfx¿n] /fv]sf 5g\ . dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿lagf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] d'2fdf df}gtf /xg klg ;S5 eÌ] Pp6f hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . oxf“ w]/} xb;Dd dlxnfx¿ 5nkmnsf lgldQ kxn u5{g\ .

272


bf];|f] lgisif{ of] xf] ls To:tf s]xL If]q /x]sf 5g\ hxf“ xfdLn] cem a9L dlxnfnfO{ lhtfp“bfv]l/ hf]8 lbOPsf s'/fdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] xfdLn] yfxf kfpg ;S5f}“ . tL If]qx¿ ;fdflhs gLlt, kfl/jfl/s gLlt / kfsf] pd]/sfx¿sf] x]/rfxh:tf x]/rfxsf] /fhgLlt;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . d}n] hf]8 lbPsf] s'/fdf kl/jt{g eÌ'sf] cy{ s] xf] < k'¿ifx¿n] k|efjsf/L 9Ën] o; k|sf/sf d'2fx¿nfO{ k|j4{g u5{g\, t/ leÌtf of] /x]sf] 5 ls dlxnfx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{ To;eGbf a9L k|fyldstf lbG5g\ . l:j8]gsf] /fhgLltdf dlxnf tyf k'¿if cfofd :ki6;“u /x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/n] ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿sf] pRr ;+Vofsf] cy{ dlxnf cfofd cem alnof] x'g' xf] eÌ] s'/fnfO{ d sfod /fV5' .

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dfly k|:t't ul/Psf lgisif{x¿nfO{ b'O{j6f leÌ sf]0faf6 x]g{ ;lsG5, lnËdf cfwfl/t zf:qLo >dljefhgsf] ¿kdf jf cem a9L ultzLn¿kn] Pp6f jf:tljs cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] ¿kdf . x/kmx¿sf] aLrdf k9\b}, d of] ultzLn cfd"n kl/jt{g xf] eÌ] JofVofsf] kIf lngtkm{ k|j[Q x'G5' . oBlk, o;nfO{ ;f“rf] xf] eg]/ dfÌ' x'“b}g . o; 36gf cWoogdf k|:t't ul/Psf h:tf ljZn]if0fx¿nfO{ n}lËs r]tgf jf n}lËs ;+j]bgzLntfaf/]sf cWoogx¿sf ;fy} ;f+;bx¿sf] Joj:yflksf If]qaflx/sf dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿;“usf] ;Dks{af/]sf ;j]{If0fåf/f ;fy{s 9Ën] k'li6 ul/Psf 5g\ . s'/f jf j:t'x¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd x'gsf nflu dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ Pp6f d~rsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] x'G5 .

tflnsf !* n] l:j8]gsf ;f+;b / dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿aLr /x]sf] ;Dks{sf] dfqf b]vfp“5 . o;n] ;"lrt u/]cg';f/ dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿;“u k'¿if /fhgLlt1x¿eGbf dlxnf /fhgLlt1 a9L ;Dks{df /x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f ;d"xsf] ¿kdf lnP/ To;sf/0fn] Joj:yflksf If]qeGbf aflx/ ltgLx¿sf] Pp6f d~r /x]sf] 5 . o;af/] d cGo s'g} klg /]vflrq pknAw u/fp“lbg“, t/ xfd|f] tYofÍn] klg ;"lrt u5{ ls o; cy{df dlxnfx¿ lnË ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ ls ltgLx¿ eljiodf cem a9L n}lËs ;dfgtftkm{ nlIft kl/jt{gsf kIfdf a9L alnof];“u nfu]sf 5g\ . cfd"n kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eÌ] 7x/nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ Pp6f yk tl/sf /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ g} ;f]Wg' xf] . ;g\ !(($ df xfdLn] ;f+;bx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wof}“– …ljutsf @) jif{df l:j8]gsf] Joj:yflksfdf w]/}h;f] kf6L{df dlxnfsf] cg'kftdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] k|ltlglwTjsf sf/0f cfgf] kf6L{sf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 eÌ] ljZjf; ug]{ tkfO{+;“u 7f]; d'2fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ <Ú ax';+Vos l:jl8; ;f+;b -dlxnfdWo] &% k|ltzt / k'¿ifdWo] %) k|ltzt_ kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ eÌ] s'/fdf ;xdt eP, clg ;a}eGbf a9L pNn]v ul/Psf If]qdf n}lËs ;dfgtf, kfl/jfl/s gLlt / ;fdflhs gLlt lyP .

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l6Kk0fLM k|Zg o; k|sf/ lyof]M of] k|Zg Pshgf /fhgLlt1sf] ¿kdf ljutdf ljleÌ ;Ë7g, ;d"x / clwsf/Lx¿;“u tkfO{+sf] ;Dks{af/] ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . Tof] ;Dks{ s;/L agfOPsf] lyof] eÌ] s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ lat]sf jif{x¿df tkfO{+n] JolQmut¿kdf jf kq k7fP/ tn ;"rLdf /x]sf ;Ë7g, ;d"x jf clwsf/Lx¿dWo]sf s'g};“u slQsf] ;Dks{df x'g'x'G5 <Ú ;f+;bx¿nfO{ sl/a @) j6f ljleÌ ;Ë7g;“u cfgf] ;Dks{sf] xbaf/] atfpg elgPsf] lyof] . h;dWo] dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf lyP . cfk\mgf k|ltlqmofx¿df ltgLx¿n] ;Dks{ xKtfsf] sDtLdf Ps k6s, dlxgfdf Ps jf b'O{ k6s, ljz]if cj;/x¿df s'g} a]nf jf slxn] klg ePg eg]/ atfpg ;Sy] . tflnsfn] Ps xKtfdf Ps k6s jf dlxgfdf Ps jf b'O{ k6s cgj/t ;Dks{ eg]/ pQ/ lbg]x¿ / slxn] klg ;Dks{ ePg -s'g} ;Dks{ gePsf]_ eg]/ pQ/ lbg]x¿sf] k|ltztnfO{ b]vfp“5 . pQ/bftfsf ;+Vof -dlxnfMk'¿if_ ;g\ !(*% df (^M@!*, ;g\ !(($ df !#@M!() / ;g\ @))@ df !$@M!&% /x]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(&^ b]lv l:j8]gsf] ;+;bdf hDdf ;f+;b ;+Vof #$( /x]sf] 5 .

;|f]tM ;g\ !(*%, !(** / !(($ sf Joj:yflksf cWoogx¿ . l:j8]gsf] lgjf{rg cWoog sfo{qmd, /fhgLltzf:q ljefu, uf]6]gju{ ljZjljBfno .

ljleGg r/0fx¿

oxf“ k|:t't ul/Psf kl/0ffdn] k|ltlglwd"ns nf]stGqaf/]sf cg';Gwfgsf] w]/}h;f] efusf] :jefj j0f{g ug]{ eg]/ cem;Dd ;Demgf ug{'kg]{ k|ltlalDat gug]{ vfnsf] jf a]:jf“usf] …n}lËs t6:ytfÚ nfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5g\ . t/ of] klg ;Demg' k5{ ls lnËn] s'g} km/s kf/] klg s§/tfsf ;fy jf ljZjJofkL ?kn] To:tf] x'“b}g . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf d'Vo lgisif{x¿ xfdLn] kf6L{ ;Da4tf, pd]/, lzIff, ;+;bLo cg'ej OToflbnfO{ u0fgfdf lnPdf klg 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]lvG5 . oBlk, o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls ;a} kf6L{df dlxnfx¿ p:t} k|sf/n] Jojxf/ u5{g\ jf ;f]R5g\, o; xft]k':tssf cGo cWofox?df pNn]v ePcg';f/ kf6L{sf] ljrf/sf ;fy} cGo s}og\ ;f]r–ljrf/af/] klg ;f]Rg} k5{ .

oxf“ j0f{g ul/Psf 9f“rfx¿ xfn ePsf zlQmsf ;DaGwnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{'eGbf k'li6 ug{df k|fs[lts¿kn] Pp6f hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, of] ;Defljt 5 ls xfdL;“u xftdf h] 5 Tof] ljleÌ r/0fx¿sf ;DaGwdf j0f{g ug{ ;lsg] Pp6f k|ult xf] . /fhgLltsf]

274


;fdflhs sNof0fsf] kIfdfly a9L hf]8 lbgdf dlxnfx¿n] P]ltxfl;s¿kn] of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ eÌ] tYosf] cy{ cfjZos¿kn] ltgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ o; If]qdf ;w}“ hs8]/ /fVg'k5{ eÌ] xf]Og . nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] kl/k|]Ioaf6 x]l/Pdf, jf:tjdf dlxnf / k'¿ifn] sl/j ToxL xb;Dd ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts If]qdf zlQm / k|efjsf] cEof; u/]gg\ eg] of] c;'xfp“bf] x'G5 . oBlk, dnfO{ ljZjf; 5, /fhgLltsf] ljifoj:t'sf] ;DaGwdf b]vfkg]{ …k'lnËÚ / …:qLlnËÚ sf 9f“rfx¿ b]vfkg]{ Pp6f r/0faf6 gu'lh|sg dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] Go"g cg'kftaf6 pRr cg'kftdf hfg k|foM c;Dej 5 .

e/v/}sf jif{x¿df n}lËs vf8nnfO{ k'g{ k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu ;a}eGbf b]lvg] If]q l:j8]gsf] Joj:yflksfdf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] agf}6 xf] . leÌ If]qnfO{ x]g]{ Toxf“ hDdf !^ j6f :yfoL ;ldlt /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs / !(() sf] ;'?cftdf ;fdflhs ladf, :jf:Yo tyf sNof0f, lzIff tyf >dahf/ ;ldlth:tf ;fdflhs sNof0faf/] sfd ug]{ ;ldltdf dlxnfx¿ clws k|ltlglwTjdf /x]sf lyP -;+;bLo cf};tsf] t'ngfdf_ . ;“u;“u} cfly{s jf s/, ljQ, pBf]u / Jofkf/ tyf oftfofth:tf k|fljlws d'2f;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ ;ldltdf ltgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj Go"g /x]sf] lyof] . oBlk, ;g\ !(($ sf] lgjf{rgb]lv …k|To]s bf];|f] l;6 Pp6L dlxnfsf lgldQÚ eÌ] gf/fn] l:j8]gsf] /fhgLltdf jf:tjdf h/f uf8]kl5 Tof] 5lj a9L ;Gt'lnt ePsf] 5 . o;k5fl8sf] JofVof Pp6f ;+:yfut :t/df kfOG5M ljleÌ kf6L{sf g]t[Tjn] kl/jt{g ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . of] leq -dlxnf ;+3 tyf cGo_ / kf6L{aflx/ /x]sf gf/LjfbL ;~hfnx¿ b'j} tkm{af6 å}w bafasf] kl/0ffd lyof] .

kl/jt{gx¿ s;/L NofOP <

o; 36gf cWoogaf6 kfOPsf dxŒjk"0f{{ 7x/dWo]sf] Ps of] xf] ls …n's]sfÚ If]qx¿df ;':t ultdf kl/jt{g k|foh;f] eO/xG5g\ . …d'Vo pknlAwx¿ s] s] x'g\ <Ú jf …kl/jt{gx¿ s;/L NofOP <Ú eÌ]h:tf k|Zgsf b'?:t pQ/ lbg' sl7g x'G5 . oBlk, s}og\ ;"rsn] Ps} lbzftkm{ cf}“NofpF5g\ M ;+;bdf lbOPsf efif0faf/]sf cWoogx¿ jf cufl8 NofOPsf k|:tfj tyf ljw]osx¿n] klg lnËsf] dxTjnfO{ bzf{p“5 . oBlk, lsl~rt 5'6]sf] s'/f pkh kIfaf/]sf] cWoog cyf{t\ gful/sdfly /fhgLlt -jf gLltx¿_ sf] jf:tljs c;/ xf] .

csf]{tkm{, nuftf/ pNn]v ul/g] ul/Psf] dlxnfsf lgldQ dxŒjk"0f{{ pknlAw l:j8]gdf afa'cfdf b'j}nfO{ lbOPsf] ;'Ts]/L labfsf t'ngfTds¿kn] pbf/ k|0ffnL xf] . o; labf k|0ffnLn] dlxnf tyf k'¿if b'j}nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ pQ/bfloTjdf ;lqmo e"ldsf lng ;Ifd agfpg] k|of; klg u5{ . cem}, cGo s}og\ /fi6« h:t} l:j8]gdf n}lËs e]befjlj?4 / ue{ktg clwsf/af/]sf] sfg'g /x]sf] 5 .

To:t}, Go"g cg';Gwfg ePsfx? If]q kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf oyfy{ /0fgLltx¿ x'g\ . oBlk, s]xL cGo clenIf0faf/] oxf“ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

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!= k'¿ifx¿;“usf] ;fem]bf/L / ;xof]u Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{{ sf/s tŒj xf] .

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#= ToxL ;dodf ltgLx¿n] cfk\mg} ;+3 tyf ;~hfnx¿ u7g u/]sf 5g\ / ;+;b aflx/sf dlxnfx¿;“usf] ;Dks{df /x]sf 5g\ .

o;/L sfo{ ug{'nfO{ …å}w /0fgLltÚ elgPsf] 5, h;nfO{ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿;“u Ps;fy sfo{ ul//x]sf] t/ k'¿ifx¿;“u klg Ps;fy sfo{ ul//x]sf] ¿kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 .

l:j8]gsf] ;+;bsf k"j{ ;efd'v la/lu6f 8fxnn] clVtof/ u/]sf /0fgLltaf/]sf cGo s]xL a9L 7f]; pbfx/0fdf ;dfj]z /x]sf 5g\, h;n] ;g\ !(() sf] bzstfsf n}lËs ;dfgtfaf/]sf ljleÌ kIf, t/ km/flsnf] cy{df nf]stGqaf/] klg 5nkmn ug{sf nflu kfx'gfx¿nfO{ lgDTofP/ ;+;bLo a}7ssf] z[ª\vnf k|j]z u/fpg'eof] . /fhwfgLaflx/sf ;fgf afnaRrfx¿ ePsf ;f+;bnfO{ :6sxf]ddf sDtLdf s]xL ;dosf nflu eP klg cfgf] kl/jf/sf ;fy /xgdf ;Ifd agfpg ;+;bdf Pp6f afn :ofxf/;';f/ s]Gb|nfO{ klg k|j]z u/fOPsf] lyof] .

uf}/jzfnL ;+;f/ xf]Og

d}n] …r/0fa4 ljsf;Ú eÌ] cleJolQm k|of]u ubf{v]l/ /]vfTds ljsf;sf] ck]Iff ug{ ;ls“b}g eÌ] s'/fsf] dxŒj bzf{pg rfxG5' . s}og s'/fn] lgs} /fd|/L sfd u/] tfklg l:j8]g dlxnfsf lgldQ Pp6f uf}/jzfnL ;+;f/ xf]Og . l:j8]gsf] /fhgLltdf /x]sf dlxnfx¿n] ;d]t r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{5g\ / kl/jt{g gx'g] -:6]l/of] 6fOk_ sf] ljifo aÌ] 5g\ . k|Zg jf:tljs cy{df xfdLn] slxNo} dlxnfx¿ s;}sf] clwg gePsf] n}lËs ;dfgtf ePsf] ;dfh k|fKt u5f}{+ ls ub}{gf}+ eÌ]af/] xf] . xfn}sf jif{x¿df l:j8]gsf] cy{Joj:yf bafadf k/]sf avtdf dlxnfsf lgldQ klg laTof; cfPsf] 5 . l:j8]gsf] cg'ejaf6 xfdLn] s] l;Sg ;S5f}“ eg] /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf wf}wf} k/]sf oL cj:yfdf dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿af/] cem a9L ;fjwfg x'g'k5{ .

n}lËs ;dfgtf pT;fxL t/ cJofjxfl/s -o'6f]lkof_ nIo /x] klg xfdLn] dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr cem a9L ;dfgtfdf k'Ug] ;DefJotfdfly ljZjf; ug{'k5{ . Tof] dxTjfsf+Iff ;fsf/ kfg]{ k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ dxŒjk"0f{{ kfq x'g\ .

276


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!= Most of this case study builds on research presented in the author’s dissertation (Wängnerud 1998) and related work (Wängnerud 2000a and 2000b). However, a deeper study of the process within the parties is presented in Wängnerud 2001, and indicators relating to political participation among female citizens are presented in Oskarson and Wängnerud 1995. The Swedish Election Study Program sends questionnaires to voters as well as to MPs. Sören Holmberg, Peter Esaiasson and Martin Brothén have also been responsible for the investigations referred to in the text. Some figures have been updated for this case study and have not been published elsewhere.

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / cWoog ;fdu|L

Oskarson, Maria and Lena Wängnerud, 1995. Kvinnor som väljare och valda: Om betydelsen av kön i svensk politik [Women as voters and elected MPs: On the importance of gender within Swedish politics]. Lund: Studentlitteratur

Wängnerud, Lena, 1998. Politikens andra sida. Om kvinnorepresentation i den svenska riksdagen [The second face of democracy: Women’s representation in the Swedish Parliament]. Gothenburg: Göteborg Studies in Politics

— 2000a, ‘Testing the Politics of Presence: Women’s Representation in the Swedish Riksdag’. Scandinavian Political Studies. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 67–91

— 2000b, ‘Representing Women’, in Peter Esaiasson and Knut Heidar. Beyond Westminster and Congress. The Nordic Experience. Columbus: Ohio State University Press

— 2001, ‘Kvinnors röst: En kamp mellan partier’ [Female votes: A competition between parties], in Christer Jönsson (ed.), Rösträtten 80 år [Eighty years of the suffrage]. Forskarantologi. Stockholm: Justitiedepartementet

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o; xft]k':tssf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;+;bdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] k|lqmofaf/] Pp6f Jofks l;+xfjnf]sg pknAw u/fpg' lyof], ;fy} 36gf cWoogx¿sf] ;|f]t b]vfp“b} ;+;bLo ;+/rgfx¿df dlxnfsf] of]ubfg / k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ pRr agfpg dlxnf ;f+;bsf cg'ejx¿ k|ltlalDat x'g] / tL cg'ej;Dd kx'“r k|fKt ug]{ 36gf cWoogx¿sf] ;|f]t b]vfp“b} s]xL 7f]; /0fgLltx¿ dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] b;f{pg' klg lyof] . k|To]s cWofodf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf cj/f]wx¿b]lv lnP/ ltgnfO{ k/flht ug]{ ;+oGq / k|efj kfg]{ pkfo;Ddsf] k|lqmofnfO{ leÌ leÌ sf]0fx¿af6 ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . oxf“ s]nfOPsf cg'ejx? k|fof]lus / lj1x?sf] 1fgsf pkh x'g\, h;n] ljZjsf k|To]s s'gfaf6 zlQmsf] åf/;Dd k'Ug dlxnfx¿n] ug]{ ofqfsf k5fl8 /x]sf] syf k|:t't ub{5 .

oL ljz]iftfx? cfOl8ofsf] k4ltdf cg'kd x'g\ M tYox¿ lgsfNg', jf:tljs ;Totf, Pslqt 1fg tyf cg'ejx¿, ;zQm ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f, ;+:yfx¿sf] k|of]u tyf Jofks /fhg}lts k|lqmofx¿df km/s Nofpg cfjZos /0fg}lts u7aGwgx¿ agfpg] b'j} s'/fdf hf]8 lbg', Pjd\ pknAw u/fOPsf ;"rgfx¿n] k"j{, klZrd, pQ/ / blIf0fsf dlxnfsf jf:tljstfx¿nfO{ k|ltlalDat u/]sf] lgZro ug{' .

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!= d'2f tyf cj/f]wx¿

dlxnf ;xeflutf / ltgLx?sf] kIfdf pknAw u/fOPsf ;'ljwfx? lsg o:tf, / /fd|f b]lvg] ePsfn] ltgLx? ;hfj6sf lgldQ g} x'g\ t eÌ]af/] ¿k/]vf sf]b}{ xfdLn] k|f/De u¥of}“ . s'g} klg /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿sf] of]ubfg Pp6f cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ lsg xf] eÌ] / cfwf/e"t k|fljlws, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts ?kfGt/0flagf ;dsfnLg ljZj–;dfhn] Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g eÌ] cfjZostfaf/] xfdLn] JofVof u¥of}“ . s'/f cem :ki6 5 M ljZj hg;+Vofsf] cfwf efu dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . ;a} ljifodf ltgLx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f, clg /fhgLltdf ltgsf] ;lqmo tyf ;dtfd"ns ;+nUgtf gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] s'g} klg k|lqmofsf] Pp6f cleÌ kIf xf] . ;fy}, /fhgLlt eg]sf] hgtfnfO{ zf;g ug]{ ljifo ePsfn] k|efljt ju{sf] k|ltlglwd"ns clg Gofok"0f{ ;dfj]zlagf zf;g ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ljZjf; ug{ ;Dej 5}g .

;fdfGotof dlxnfsf] /fhgLlt / ljz]iftM ;+;bdf k|j]z ug]{ l;nl;nfdf b]vf kg]{ s]xL cj/f]waf/] Wofg lb“b} cWofo @ n] dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ ;d:of / ltgdf /x]sf cfsf+Iffx¿aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] s'/f b;f{Psf] 5 . t;y{, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, j}rfl/s / dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]wx¿df juL{s/0f u/]/ xfdLn] tL cj/f]waf/] lj:t[t l;+xfjnf]sg k|:t't u¥of}“ . ;+If]kdf s]xL d'Vo cj/f]wnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

• /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] ;xof]udf sdL,

• dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ / cGo ;fj{hlgs ;Ë7gx¿aLr ;dGjo / ;xof]u ;~hfnsf] sdL,

• dlxnfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutfdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] k'¿ifd'vL dfGotf / k'¿ifx¿sf] xfnLd'xfnL ePsf] ;+/rgfsf] k|e'Tj,

• ;~rf/ hut\sf] ;xof]usf] ckof{Kt kl/rfng,

• dlxnfsf lgldQ pRr :t/sf] g]t[Tjd'vL tflnd / lzIffsf] sdL,

• dlxnf ;xeflutfsf lgldQ ;xof]uL gePsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /

• sf]6f cf/If0fdf sdL .

c/a /fi6«x¿, OSj]8f]/ / OG8f]g]l;of;DaGwL 36gf cWoogn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / e"/fhg}lts leÌtf x'“bfx'“b} klg dlxnf ;xeflutfsf oL ;femf cj/f]wx¿ dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b;f{p“5 . oL If]qsf dlxnfsf lgldQ k'¿ifsf] xfnLd'xfnL /x]sf ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] ljBdfgtf, dlxnf ;dfj]zlj?4 sfo{ ug]{ /fhg}lts, sfg'gL / lgjf{rg;DaGwL vfsfx¿, dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;dy{g ug{ jf cg'df]bg ug{ lxlRsrfpg] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿, ;~rf/dfWodsf] ;xof]usf] sdL / b|'t ultdf kl/jt{gzLn

281

lgisif{

/fhg}lts gS;fsf cltl/Qm k|ToIf /fhg}lts kl/lw aflx/sf gful/s ;+:yfx?;“u ckof{Kt ;~hfn /0fgLltx? ;a}n] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu lg/Gt/ r'gf}tL v8f u5{g\ .

@= cj/f]wx¿nfO{ k/f:t ug{'

cWofo # df xfdLn] dfly plNnlvt cj/f]wx?dWo] b'O{j6f cj/f]wsf] ?kdf /x]sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] ;Daf]wg u¥of}{“ . nf]stGqdf ;fob ;a}eGbf /0fg}lts pQ/bfloTjsf lgldQ /fhg}lts bnx?dfly ;jf{lws ljZjf; ul/G5 . tL pQ/bfloTjx¿ lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/x¿ tof/ u/]/ 5gf}6 ug{' clg ltgLx¿nfO{ g]t[Tjsf kb / ;/sf/df ;xof]u ug{' x'g\ . pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ / dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts pGgltsf] ;f“rf] af]s]sfn] ltgLx? /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ lgjf{lrt x'g] sfof{nodf åf/kfn em}+ x'G5g\ . o; k|lqmofdf dlxnfn] dlxnf ;f+;b 5gf}6 ul/g] lgodnfO{ Vofn ug}{ k5{ eGg] ts{ ul/G5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;+;bdf k'¥ofpg lgjf{lrt x'gsf nflu kf6L{ ;"rLdf dlxnf ;dfj]z / kb:yfkg cTofjZos / dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] kf6L{sf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?n] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ r/0f ;a}eGbf lg0ff{os r/0f xf] . kf6L{x¿ pRr ?kdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf lbg] lgsfox? gag'Gh]n g]t[Tjsf] txdf dlxnfsf] kx'“rdf cj/f]w cfpg] 5 .

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL (PR) n] tTsfn} dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ j[l4tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] 5 eÌ] s'g} ;'lglZrttf geP klg cg';Gwfgx?n] Tof] ;xL lbzftkm{sf] Pp6f kfOnf xf] eg]/ Jofks ?kdf ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ . cWofo tLgn] s] klg ;Í]t u5{ eg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu sfo{ u5{ eÌ] xf]Og . To;sf ljk/Lt s]xL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf] t'ngfdf cGonfO{ -cyf{t\ lgjf{rg If]qsf] pRr kl/0ffd / lgjf{rg ;Ldfsf] ;+of]hgåf/f kf6L{sf] pRr kl/0ffdnfO{ ;'lglZrttf lbg]_ ?rfOG5 eg]/ n]lvsfn] hf]8 lbPsL 5g\ . t}klg …tTsfn kl/0ffdsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;ls“b}gÚ eg]/ xfdLnfO{ ;fjwfg u/fOG5 . oBlk, ax'dtLo k|0ffnLeGbf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf kmfObfnfO{ k|mfG;sf] 36gf cWoogn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5, h;n] k|rlnt lgj{frg k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ljleÌ ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf /x]sf] Jofks leÌtfsf] lrq0f u5{ . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf k|sf/afx]s dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ / ltgLx¿ ;+nUg /fhg}lts kf6L{sf ;fy} ;f+;bx¿ / ;+;b aflx/sf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Ë7gsf aLrdf ;+of]hg / ;Ë7gsf] cfjZostf 5 . csf]{ zAbdf …lgjf{rg k|0ffnL kl/jt{g ug{' ;+;bdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj clej[l4 ug{sf nflu ckgfOg] Jofks /0fgLltsf] Pp6f efu dfq xf] .Ú

cWofo $ n] dlxnf k|ltlglwTj j[l4 ug]{ csf]{ ;+oGqsf] ?kdf sf]6f k|0ffnLnfO{ x]b{5 . oxf“, sf]6f k|0ffnLsf kIfljkIfx¿af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . k|of]u ul/Psf ljleÌ k|sf/sf sf]6f k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 -gl8{s /fi6«x¿sf] cg'ejaf/]sf] ;+lIfKt

282


l;+xfjnf]sgsf ;fy_ / /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ tyf sf]6f k|0ffnLaLr ;DaGwsf ;fy} åGåkl5sf ;dfhx¿sf] ultzLntf / sf]6f k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogaf/] lgSof]{n ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tjdf sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'“bfx'“b} klg sf]6f k|0ffnL;DaGwL P]gx¿ dfq kof{Kt 5}gg\ eg]/ ts{ ul/G5 . s]n] km/s kf5{ eg] sf]6f k|0ffnL …;'?cftb]lv g} /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] 5gf}6 / gfdfÍg k|lqmofdf clgjfo{¿kn] lglxt x'g'k5{ .Ú

sf]6f k|0ffnL;DaGwL P]g hlt c:ki6 x'G5 Tolt g} tL k|efjsf/L gx'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 eg]/ n]lvsfn] xfdLnfO{ r]tfjgL lbPsL 5g\ . o; k|0ffnLsf lgldQ lglb{i6 cfjZostfx¿sf] cg'kfng gePsf] v08df s'g} lsl;dsf] cg'1f cfjZos x'g'k5{ eg]/ pgn] lg/Gt/tf lbPsL 5g\ .

/fhgLltdf dlxnf cleofgsf] b|'t ultsf] cfjfhnfO{ k|ltWjlgt ub}{ n]lvsfn] sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogaf/] lgZro ug{ dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿af6 bafa cfjZos 5 eg]/ hf]8 lblG5g\ / ;+;bLo ;+/rgfdf dlxnf k|j]zsf ;a} cj/f]wnfO{ sf]6f k|0ffnLn] dfq lgd{"n ug{ ;Sb}g eÌ] s'/fnfO{ dgdf /fVg xfdLnfO{ cg'/f]w ub{l5g\ .

Nofl6g cd]l/sf / blIf0f Pl;of If]qLo 36gf cWoogx¿sf ;fy ch]{lG6gf, a'ls{gf kmf;f], k|mfG; / ?jfG8fsf 36gf cWoogn] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, /fhg}lts kf6L{ / sf]6f k|0ffnLaLrsf] cGt/lqmofaf/] ljleÌ cg'ejhlgt lrGtgx¿ pknAw u/fp“5g\ . n]lvsf s] :jLsf/ ub{l5g\ eg] Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / sf]6f k|0ffnLn] s]xL /fi6«sf ;+;bdf /x]sf dlxnfnfO{ nfe k'¥ofP klg x7L n}lËs k|jl[Q / kf6L{ g]t[Tjdf k'¿ifx¿;“u ;dfgtfsf] k|flKtdf sdL h:tf 7"nf r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ . t/ 36gf cWoogn] …dlxnfx¿ pkl:yt eP tfklg ltgLx¿n] n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] Ph]G8f k|j4{g ug{ ;w}“ sfo{ ub}{gg\Ú eg]/ sd} rrf{ ul/Psf] ;+VofeGbf w]/} k/;Dd k|efj kfg]{ ljifotkm{ klg cf+}NofOPsf] 5 . t}klg o; l6Kk0fLnfO{ n]lvsfn] …;fob gjcfuGt'sx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] To:tf] tLj| ultdf /fhg}lts ahf/sf] ts{nfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug{ ;Snf eg]/ ck]Iff ug{' plrt x'“b}g . dlxnfnfO{ zlQmdf k'¥ofpg' Pp6f s'/f xf] eg] /fhgLlt1x¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug{' lgtfGt csf]{ s'/f xf]Ú eÌ] l6Kk0fL u/]/ ;Gt'ng u/]sL 5g\ . ef/t, aª\unfb]z / kfls:tfgdf sf]6f k|0ffnLåf/f k|fKt pknlAw x]bf{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf] 36gf cWoogsL n]lvsfn] Nofl6g cd]l/sf / a'ls{gf kmf;f]df p7fOPsf] a'“bfnfO{ d'vl/t u/]sL l5g\ . h;df pgn] ax';+Vossf] cfodf /x]sf] c;dfgtf / cfly{s lga{nLs/0fn] s}og\ dlxnfx?sf] cfwf/e"t Ifdtfdf ePsf] sdLdf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 clg To;k|sf/n] ltgLx¿ g]t[Tjsf lgldQ of]Uo ;d"xaf6 aflx/ g} /xg afWo x'G5g\ eg]/ ;"lrt u/fPsL l5g\ . n]lvsf l6Kk0fL ub{l5g\ …s]xL km]/abn x'“bfx'“b} klg :yfgLo /fhgLltdf dWod / pRrju{sf] lg/Gt/ k|e'Tjsf] cy{ ljz]if ljlwn] dlxnfx¿aLrsf] leÌtfdfly v]naf8 ul/Psf] 5 ===tNnf] hftsf dlxnfx¿n] cfk\mg} ;d'bfosf] ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ltlglwTj ug{df sl7gfO ePsf] kfp“5g\ eg] To;} avt ltgLx¿ s'g} klg ;fdfGoLs/0f ul/Psf] dlxnf ;/f]sf/nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Ifd

283

lgisif{

/x]sf 5}gg\ .Ú åGåkl5sf] c;fdfGo cj:yfsf] ?jfG8fsf] 36gf cWoogsL n]lvsf klg dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] …cfwf/e"t ljsf;sf] cfjZostf clt j[xt\ ePsf] / clwsf/, cj:yf / ;|f]tx¿dflysf] kx'“r / lzIffdf k'¿ifx¿eGbf k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnfn] cfgf] lgjf{rg If]qk|lt akmfbf/ /x“b}, pbfx/0fsf nflu ljb]z dfldnfh:tf d'2fx¿sf] gof“ nx/leq n}lËs kl/k|]Io k|j]z u/fpg] ljlwx¿ vf]Hg} kg]{ ePsfn] dlxnfx? bf]xf]/f] af]em p7fp“5g\Ú eg]/ l6Kk0fL ub}{ ;xdlt hgfPsL 5g\ .

#= c;/ kfg'{

dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf;“u ;DalGwt ljleÌ r'gf}tLaf/] j0f{g ug{' t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;lhnf] 5, t/ dlxnfsf] ;fdYo{ / cfkm"n] /f]h]sf k];fdf ltgn] kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds leÌtfnfO{ sb/ ug{' lgs} ufx|f] 5 . o; xft]k':tssf] bf];|f] ljifo /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf c;/ kfg{ ;+;bdf dlxnfx¿ …;+VofeGbf k/Ú s;/L hfg ;S5g\ eÌ]af/] s]lGb|t /xgtkm{ nfU5 . cWofo % n] dlxnfn] k|foh;f] ljwfosn] …lgodsf] /0fgLltÚ nfu" u/]/ :jefj aofg ug]{ cGte{"t …;+:yfut k'lNnËtfÚ df s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5g\ eÌ]af/] ¿k/]vf tof/ kf5{ . ltgLx¿n] lgod l;Sg], lgod k|of]u ug]{ / lgod kl/jt{g ug]{ d'Vo tLgj6f If]q klxrfg u5{g\ . o;sf] p2]Zo …;Í]tÚ eGbf k/ hfg' / Pp6f dlxnfsf] ;Gbe{ clVtof/ ug{ / dlxnf d'2fx¿df kl/jt{g Nofpgtkm{ nfUg' xf] . Pp6f k|efj kfg{ vf]Hg] dlxnfx¿n] tLgj6f Jofks rfnafhLnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' h?/L 5M

• ;+;bLo sfo{df nfu" x'g] lgodx¿ l;Sg',

• tL lgodnfO{ rfxgfcg';f/ kl/jt{gsf lglDt k|of]u ug{', /

• dlxnf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg c;xof]uL lgod kl/jt{g ug{' .

k|To]s rfnafhLdf rf/j6f Jofks ju{df kg]{ ljleÌ /0fgLlt ;dflji6 5g\ M ;+;bLo ;+:yfsf] k|s[lt, k|ltlglwTjsf d'2fx¿, dlxnf ;f+;bsf lgldQ /x]sf / k|of]u ul/Psf ;+jfbx¿ / j}wflgs jf gLltut pkhx¿ .

ljleÌ ju{x¿åf/f k|efj kfb}{ lgod l;Sg]af/] k|foh;f] pNn]v ul/g] kIf ;f+;bx¿sf lgldQ tflnd / cled'vLs/0f cEof;x¿sf] cfjZostf xf], h;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ c¿ s'/fsf ;fy} lgDglnlvt s'/fdf ;Ifd agfp“5 M

• dlxnfx¿sf] ;Gbe{ tyf dlxnf d'2faLrsf] lje]b 5'§\ofpg ;Ifd agfp“5,

• :yfgLo, If]qLo / cGt//fli6«o ljleÌ :t/df ;~rf/dfWod / dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿aLr ;~hfn ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd agfp“5, /

• ;ldltsf Jofks txdf ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Ifd agfp“5 .

284


lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug]{ ;DaGwdf dlxnf ;f+;bx¿n] lgDglnlvt s'/faf/] ;f]Rg' k5{ M

• dlxnfx¿sf] kl/aGbnfO{ ;xfotf ug{ / gLlt tyf l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ /fli6«o ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf,

• ljz]if u/]/ g]t[TjbfoL kbsf ;DaGwdf cfgf] kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf lgodx¿ kl/jt{g ug{',

• ;+;bleq dlxnf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / Toxf“sf ljleÌ ;ldltdf sf]6f k|0ffnL ;+:yfut ug]{ h:tf cfk\mgf k'¿if ;xsdL{eGbf sd cfafh p7fOg] jf cfgf] Go"g k|ltlglwTj ePsf If]qx¿df dlxnf ;f+;bnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] h:tf ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf,

• dlxnf d'2fx¿ / dlxnf k|ltlglwTjnfO{ k|fof]hg ug]{ jf ;xfotf ug]{ ;+;b aflx/sf kxnx¿sf lgldQ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbg] -cy{ft\ dlxnf g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd ljBfnox¿, ;~rf/dfWodsf dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿_ /

• dlxnfsf lgldQ b]vf kl//x]sf ;/f]sf/sf d'2fsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ug{ ;+;bLo] bfo/fnfO{ lj:tf/ kfg]{ .

k|:t't xft]k':tssf] o; efudf ¿k/]vf tof/ ul/Psf k|efjx¿nfO{ pRr kfg{sf nflu 7f]; ;'emfjsf cltl/Qm cfjZostfsf c¿ a9L ;fdfGo If]qdfly hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 M

• ;fdfGo r]tgf clej[l4, tyf vf; u/]/ u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿sf ;DefJotf ljifos 7DofO,

• dlxnfsf nflu k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg / tflnd,

• ;+jfb / sfo{x¿nfO{ ;fsf/ ?k lbgdf cfd ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfaf/] a'em\g' / To;tkm{ nlIft ug{',

• lg/Gt/sf] ;sf/fTds lje]b, h;n] /fhg}lts d~rdf cfgf] ;+Vof j[l4sf lglDt dlxnfnfO{ ;Ifd agfp“5, To;sf ;fy} gful/s ;+nUgtfsf ljleÌ If]qdf sf]6f / dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;zQm agfpgsf nflu vf; sf]if 5'6\ofpg] h:tf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf/L sfg'gx¿ ;+zf]wg ug{' -jf gof“ k|j]z u/fpg'_,

• ;/sf/x¿ -cyf{t\ /fli6«o ;+oGqdfkm{t\_, dlxnf ;Ë7gx¿ tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs / ;/f]sf/df cfwfl/t ;Ë7gsf tkm{af6 7f]; tyf k|efjdf cfwfl/t ;sf/fTds kxnx¿ /

• ;f+;bx¿ / ;fdfGotof dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg sfo{/t afx\o ;Ë7gx¿ tyf ;/f]sf/ ;d"xx¿aLr ;d"xut ;DaGw / ;~hfn sfod /fVg] .

blIf0f clk|msf, k|mfG;, l:j8]g / ¿jfG8fsf 36gf cWoogn] dlxnfx¿n] k|efj kfl//x]sf ljleÌ cj:yf / If]qx¿ lrq0f u5{g\ . cGo s}og\ kl/jt{gdf lgDglnlvt klg k5{g\ M

285

lgisif{

• dlxnfx¿sf] ah]6 lgwf{/0f, ;dfgtf;DaGwL P]gx¿sf] th{'df / /fli6«o ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f h:tf ;+:yfut / k|ltlglwd"ns kl/jt{gx¿, /

• dlxnfx¿nfO{ lglb{i6 ul/g], ltgsf] ;xeflutfsf] d"NofÍg / cg';Gwfg ul/g], k'¿ifx¿;“u ;fem]bf/L ul/g] / ltgLx¿sf k|of;nfO{ 7DofOg] ljlwx¿df kl/jt{g ug{ dlxnf cfGbf]ng;“u ;xsfo{ / ;~hfn ljsf; h:tf ;+jfbdf kl/jt{g .

$= cGt//fli6«o k|of;x¿

;fdfGotof Joj:yflksf If]qsf lqmofsnfksf d'Vo kfqx¿sf] / ljz]iftM dlxnf ;f+;bx¿ -cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3, cfO{kLo'_ sf] cg'ej l6Kk0fLof]Uo 5 . cfO{kLo'n] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] kl/jt{g Nofpg / /fhgLltdf k|efj kfg{ cTofjZos sf/s tTjsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr ;fem]bf/L h:tf s]xL ;+Vofsf cfjZostfnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s k"/f ug{sf nflu o;af6 l;Sg' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . s]xLsf] gfd lng' kbf{ /fli6«o ;+;bsf, ss;, dlxnfsf ;femf cfjZostfk|lt k|ltlqmof hgfpg, n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f / n}lËs d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+;bLo Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{df dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cGt//fli6«o cGt/;/sf/L ;Ë7gx¿n] v]Ng ;Sg] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfdfly klxn]sf cWofox¿n] lbPsf] hf]8nfO{ cfO{kLo'sf] sfo{n] cem j}wtf k|bfg ub{5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] cfO{kLo' a}7ssf 5nkmnx¿af/] t'ngfTds ?kdf sd yfxf kfOPsf] tyflk dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ k|sfzdf Nofp“5 . ss; cfgf] k|ltlglwTj clej[l4 ug{ e]nf eP/ cg'ej / /0fgLltx¿ ;f6f;f6 ug]{ dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] Pp6f df]rf{dfq xf]Og, of] dlxnfx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgfsf lgldQ klg nfebfoL 5 . kl/jt{gzLn ;Gbe{, /fhg}lts jf:tljstf / dlxnf ;f+;bx¿sf] pQ/bfloTjsf cfjZostfx¿df pQ/bfloTjnfO{ cem 68\sf/f] agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf x'“bf of] vf; d'2f x'g hfG5 . o; ;DaGwdf :yfgLo, If]qLo / cGt//fli6«o ljleÌ :t/df ;dGjofTds k|of;x¿ ul/g' k5{ / k|f/De ul/;s]sf] cu|ufdL sfo{nfO{ gSsn ug{'eGbf lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ .

%= cufl8sf] af6f]

;+If]kdf, ;+VofeGbf k/ x]g{'sf] cy{ ;+Vofsf] s'g} cy{ x'“b}g eÌ] xf]Og . To; ljk/Lt, ;+Vof /fhgLltdf k|efj kfg{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ xf] . h] eP tfklg ljZjsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwf efu x'g ;Sb}g, t/ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ lgjf{rg If]q x'G5 . lat]sf r'gf}tL / xfn ePsf r'gf}tLx¿;DaGwL j[QfGtel/ rn]sf] Pp6f klxNofOx¿dWo]sf] Ps of] xf] ls ;kmntf ;Dej 5, kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] 5, / cufl8 a9\g c¿ af“sL 5 .

dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf j[l4sf lglDt ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿ lgs} af“sL /x]sf 5g\

286


eÌ] a'emfOsf ;fy cfOl8of o;sf] ;~rfngsf] bf];|f] bzsdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . t}klg k'¿ifsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf dlxnfåf/f ;+Vofsf] zlQmnfO{ ;du| ;dfhnfO{ ;sf/fTds cfd"n kl/jt{gdf ¿kfGt/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' g} of] ;x;|fAbLsf] cy{ xf] . k|To]s /fi6«df ckgfOPsf ljlwx¿ leÌ x'g]5g\ . ljsNkx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{', ;a}eGbf c;n rngsf] k|df0f ;Íng ug{' / ;'wf/sx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' cfOl8ofsf] r'gf}tL xf] . nf]stGqsf] ax;af/] ;"lrt ug{ xfdL nfnflot x'“bf To;sf] abnf cfgf] hLjgdf c;/ kfg]{ ;du| /fhg}lts ;+/rgfdf ;a} gful/ssf] k|ltlglwTj ePkl5 dfq Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ jf:tjdf ljZjf; ug]{ s}og\ ;fx;L, ;[hgzLn / ;lqmo dlxnf tyf k'¿ifaf6 xfdL l;S5f}“ . o; xft]k':tsåf/f xfdLn] cufl8 al9/x]sf] nf]stflGqs cu|udgsf] Pp6f /fhdfu{ jf nf]sdfu{df ;fOgaf]8{x¿nfO{ dxŒjsf ;fy b]vfP/ ;xfotf k'¥ofPsf 5f}“ eg]/ xfdL cfzf u5f}{+ .

288

c:;f s/fd M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t c/a /fi6«x¿sf nflu c/a dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg PsfO If]qLo Ao'/f]sf jl/i7 gLlt cg';Gwfg ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . ljZjel/sf wfld{s g]tf tyf ;d'bfox¿;“u ldn]/ sfd u/L zflGtsf nflu ljZj wd{ ;Dd]ng ;g\ @))) sf lgldQ jl/i7 ;Nnfxsf/ tyf sfo{qmd lgb]{zssf] ¿kdf ;]jf ul/;s]kl5 pxf“n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmddf k|j]z ug{'eof] . pQ/L cfo/NofG8sf] a]nkmf:6l:yt lSjG;\ ljZjljBfnosf] hftLo åGå cWoog s]Gb|df sfo{qmd Joj:yfks tyf /fhgLltdf k|fWofkssf] ¿kdf sfd ul/;s]kl5 pxf“ To;df k|j]z ug{'ePsf] xf] . w]/} jif{;Dd c/a tyf o'/f]k b'j} If]qdf dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ tyf cWofkg u/]/ pxf“ OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofdf jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[tsf] ¿kdf k|j]z ug{'ePsf] xf] . pxf“ ;g\ !((^ b]lv !((* ;Dd o;sf] lnË tyf c/a ljZj ljifos sfo{qmdsL lgdf{tf x'g'x'GYof] . cfOl8ofsf] ;+;bdf dlxnf -;g\ !((*_ ;DaGwL xft]k':tssf] k|yd ;+:s/0fsf cltl/Qm pxf“sf k|sfzgx¿ 6«flGh;gn kf]lnl6sn O:nfd -;g\ @))$_, O:nfldhd\;\, j'dg PG8 :6]6 -;g\ !((*_, l/lnlho; j'dg Ph klAns PS6;{ -;g\ @))@_ / l/lnhg, j'dg PG8 sGk\mlnS6M c d]g'jn -;g\ @))$_ nufot /x]sf 5g\ .

h'nL Aoflnª\6g M OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofdf ;g\ @))! b]lv @))% ;Dd /fhgLltdf dlxnf kl/of]hgfk|lt lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] sfo{qmdsf] clws[t x'g'x'GYof] . To; cjlwdf pxf“n] ;+;bdf dlxnfM ;ª\VofeGbf k/ xft]k':tssf] OG8f]g]l;ofnL, k|mfG;]nL, :k]gL; tyf ;+lIfKt ?;L ;+:s/0f tyf If]qLo efiffsf ;+:s/0fsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;Dkfbg ug{'eof] . dlxnfsf lgldQ lgjf{rg–sf]6faf/] ljZj tYofÍ e08f/0fsf] Joj:yfkgnufot dlxnfsf lgldQ lgjf{rg sf]6faf/] OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] u/]sf] ck"j{ sfo{sf] pxf“n] cu'jfO ug{'sf ;fy} ljZje/sf sf]6f k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogaf/] kf“rj6f If]qLo k|sfzgsf] klg ;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))! df OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofdf k|j]z ug{' cl3 pxf“ hf]xfg;ju{l:yt blIf0f clk|msfsf] lgjf{rg cfof]usf] lnË tyf lgjf{rg;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf cu'jf x'g'x'GYof] . pxf“n] w]/} k':ts tyf n]vx? n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . ljz]iftM dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTj tyf ;xeflutf, dtbftfsf] pkl:ylt / lgjf{rg /fhgLlt;“u ;DalGwt cg';Gwfgdf pxf“sf] ?lr /x]sf] 5 . pxf“ xfn

cg';"rL sn]vsx¿sf af/]df


289

h]g]efl:yt cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3sf] dlxnf tyf k'¿ifaLr ;fem]bf/L k|j4{gsf lglDt ;~rflnt kl/of]hgfdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5, h'g kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf / k|j4{g ug{' xf] .

cdn ;Aaf3 M dlxnfx¿sf d'2f k|j4{g ug{sf nflu c/a ljZjdf :yflkt k|yd cw{ ;/sf/L cfof]ux¿dWo]sf] Ps dflgg] dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ hf]8]{gL /fli6«o cfof]u–h]Pg;L8ANo' -Jordanian National Commission for Women, JNCW_ sL dxf;lrj eO{ ;g\ @))% ;Dd sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . h]Pg;L8ANo'n] dlxnfx¿;“u ;DalGwt gLlt tyf ljw]os kl/eflift ug{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L b'j} If]qdf k|fyldstf, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ klxrfg sfo{ ub}{ dlxnfx¿sf lgldQ Pp6f /fli6«o /0fgLlt lgdf{0f ug{df hf]8{gn] u/]sf] k|of;sf] g]t[Tj u5{ . 8f= ;Aaf3 klxn] ;]G6/ km/ cu|fl/og l/kmd{ PG8 ?/n l8enkd]G6 Og bL lgo/ O:6 (Centre for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development in the Near East - CARDNE), hf]8{gdf d'Vo lgb]{zs x'g'x'GYof] / To;eGbf klxnf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu hf]8{gL dGqfnoleqsf s]xL kbx¿df sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . pxf“n] gl6ª\3d ljZjljBfno, a]nfotaf6 ;fdflhs gLltdf ljBfjfl/lw pkflw xfl;n ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“sf] cg';Gwfgsf] ?lr ;fdflhs ;dfgtf, ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f, ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f ;d"xx¿ tyf ljkGgx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f / n}lËs ;dfgtfsf d'2fx¿df s]lGb|t 5 .

b|'b] bfn]?k M :6sxf]d ljZjljBfno, l:j8]gsf] /fhgLltzf:qsL k|fWofks b|'b]] bfn]?kn] /fhgLlt, ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngx¿df dlxnf, dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;, >d ahf/df lnËe]b tyf gf/LjfbL l;4fGtaf/] uxg cg';Gwfg ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] xfn;fn} b /]8 :6lsËM b /fOh PG8 kmn, b Go' cfOl8ofh PG8 ODKofS6 ckm 8]lg; j'dG; lna/];g df]ed]G6 !(&% – !(*% (The redstockings: The rise and fall, the new ideas and impact of the Danish Women's liberation movement, 1970-1985), / 8]lg; efiffdf s}og\ n]v tyf k':ts k|sfzg ug{'ePsf] 5 . cGo s'/fx¿sf ;fy} pxf“n] c+u|]hLdf b Go" j'dG; d'ed]G6, km]ldlgHd PG8 kf]lnl6sn kfj/ Og o'/f]k PG8 b o'P;P -;]h, !(*^_ tyf …k|md c :dn 6' nfh{ dfOgf]l/6LM j'dg Pg :SofG8]g]leog kf]lnl6S;Ú h:tf s[ltx? k|sfzg ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] :SofG8]g]leog kf]lnl6sn :6l8h ef]No'd !! ;+Vof $ -!(**_ / dlxnf k|ltlglwTjaf/] Pp6f xft]k':ts klg n]Vg' ePsf] 5, h'g dGqLx¿sf] gl8{s kl/ifb\åf/f kf“rj6f ;a} gl8{s efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . pxf“ j'dg, sf]6fh PG8 kf]lnl6S;M c sDk]l/hg ckm b o'h ckm sf]6fh jN8{jfO8 sL ;Dkfbs -/f]6n]h, ;g\ @))^ df k|sflzt x'g]_ x'g'x'G5 .

Pln;f s]l/of] ch]{G6fOgL sfg'g Joj;foL x'g'x'G5 . pxf“n] hgclwsf/df :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt ug{'ePsf] 5 / gy{O:6 ljZjljBfnosf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ ljifosf k|fWofks x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ ;+j}wflgs ;efsf] ;b:o -;g\ !(($_, ch]{G6fOgL s+u|];sL ;b:o -;g\ !((% b]lv @))# ;Dd_,;+j}wflgs dfldnf cfof]usL cWoIf

cg';"rL s n]ssx¿sf af/]df

290


-;g\ !((( b]lv @))! ;Dd_, d'b|f lgd{nLs/0f lj?4sf] cfof]usf cWoIf -@))!_ tyf /fhg}lts dxfcleof]u cfof]usf ;b:o ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . ;oeGbf a9L ;+j}wflgs tyf n}lËs ;dfgtf;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ kxn /x]sf ljw]os tyf clwsf/ / gLltdf ljz]if1tf /x]sf k':ts tyf kqklqsfdf n]vx¿ k|sflzt ul/;s]sL sfl/of]n] ;g\ @))$ df xfl;of pg g'Pef] sf]Gqftf] df]/fn gfds s[lt klg k|sflzt ug{'eof] . pxf“ ;g\ @))! b]lv @))# ;Dd ;+;bdf t];|f] ax'dt /x]sf] ;+;bLo Ans P cf/ cfOsf cWoIf / ;g\ @))# df /fi6«k|d'v kbsf lgldQ pDd]bjf/ x'g'x'GYof] . ;g\ @))$ df Ao'g;{ cfo;{df pxf“n] OlG:66\o'6f] xGgfx cf8]{G6 :yfkgf ug{'eof] / pxf“ xfn To; ;+:yfnfO{ lgb]{zg ug{'x'G5 . OG6/g];gn cfol8of;“usf] ;xof]udf pxf“n] ;g\ @))$ df Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] dlxnf /fhg}lts g]t[Tj ;~hfn -/]8 l8 d'lh/]; ln8/]; kf]lnl6sf; l8 cd]l/sf Nofl6gf_ sf] kxn ug{'eof] . o;sf cltl/Qm pxf“ ;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf nflu ch]{G6fOgL ;+3, clwsf/sf] bz{g;DaGwL ch]{G6fOgL ;+3, cd]l/sfsf] dlxnf g]t[x?sf] ;Dd]ng -WLCA_, cGt//fli6«o ljsf; ;dfh / klZrdL uf]nf4{sf ;Dd]ngdf :yflkt dlxnf g]t[x¿sL ;b:o x'g'x'G5 .

Plnhfa]y kfpn] M ;dfj]zL ;'/Iffsf] ?jfG8fnL kl/of]hgf j'dg j]luª lk;sf lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 Plhhfa]y kfpn] . klxn] pxf“ jfl;ª\6g l8;Ldf j'dg j]luª lk;sf] gLlt cfof]usL ;x lgb]{zs x'g'x'GYof] . To; e"ldsfdf /x“bf pxf“n] dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfaf/] Pp6f sfo{If]qdf cfwfl/t gd'gf cWoog …zf;g Joj:yf ;'b[9Ls/0fM ?jfG8fsf] ;+qmd0fdf dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsfÚ sf] d'Vo cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf u|Gysf/ eO{ k':ts tof/ ug'{eof] . åGå ljZn]if0f, nf]stGq tyf zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s ;dfh, ;+qmd0fsfnsf] Gofo tyf n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ljifodf pxf“ hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 . Ps cg'ejL k|lzIfs tyf tflnd ;~rfns /xg'ePsL kfpn]n] c+uf]nf, dfnL, gfOh]l/of, blIf0f clk|msf / ?jfG8fdf zflGt :yfkgfstf{ tyf gful/s ;dfh cleofgstf{x¿;“u ldn]/ sfo{ ug{'ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutf tyf g]t[Tj, ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / zflGt ;Demf}tfx¿df gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtfaf/] kf7\oqmd ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} kfpnLn] jfl;ª\6g l8;Ll:yt cd]l/sL ljZjljBfnosf] cGt//fli6«o ;]jf :s'naf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt ug{'ePsf] 5 .

k]|mg lugjfnf, kLPr\=8L= M clk|msL g];gn s+u|];sf] /fli6«o sfo{sf/L ;ldltsL ;b:o 8f= k]|mg lugjfnf clk|msfsf lgldQ ljZj u7aGwgdf xfn sfo{/t pk;efWoIf tyf blIf0f clk|msfsf] Sjfe'mn' ljZjljBfnosL rfG;n/ x'g'x'G5 . xfn pxf“ ljsf;sf d'2fx¿ ljz]if u/]/ c;n zf;g tyf dfgj clwsf/af/] sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . ;g\ @))% df pxf“ clk|msfdf dfgjLo ;'/Iffaf/] Pp6f ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{eof] . pxf“ Gofok"0f{ tyf lbuf] Oh/fonL Kofn]:6fOgL zflGtsf nflu cGt//fli6«o dlxnf kl/ifb\df ;b:o x'g'x'G5 . ;g\ @))$ df ;+;bLo ;b:otf g5f8];Dd pxf“n] b; jif{ blIf0f clk|msfdf nf]stflGqs tj/n] lgjf{lrt /fli6«o ;efsf] k|yd ;efd'v eO{ sfd ug'{eof] . ;g\ !(() df lgjf{;gaf6 blIf0f clk|msf kms]{kl5 pxf“ gof“ blIf0f clk|msL ;+ljwfgn]

291


dlxnfsf lgldQ k|efjsf/L ;dfgtfsf nflu ;~rflnt cleofgdf ;a} dlxnf ;Ë7gnfO{ Pslqt ug{ u7g ul/Psf] dlxnf /fli6«o u7aGwgsL ;+:yfks ;b:o tyf k|yd ;+of]hs aGg'eof] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf pxf“ clk|msg g];gn s+u|]; ;Demf}tf 6f]nL / ;+ljwfg ;ef;b:o x'g'x'GYof] .

hf]gL nf]e]Gb':sL M a]nfotl:yt as{a]s sn]h, nG8g ljZjljBfnosL k|fWofks hf]gL n]e]Gb':sLn] a]nfotL tyf o'/f]k]nL dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts Jojxf/ / ljz]iftM /fhgLltdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTjaf/] cg';Gwfg ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“sf k|d'v k':tsx¿ dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof j[l4 ePkl5 /fhgLltdf s] x'G5 eGg]af/]sf] k|ltlaDa km]ldgfOlhª kf]lnl6S; -;g\ @))%_, o'/f]kdf dlxnfx¿ tyf gf/Ljfbsf] c;/;DaGwL t'ngfTds cWoog–j'dg PG8 o'/f]lkog kf]lnl6S; -;g\ !((^_, a]nfotL pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 k|lqmof ljifos cWoog–/fhg}lts kbk"lt{ -;g\ !((% df lkkf gf]l/;;“u_, Yofr/sf jif{x¿df a]nfotL dlxnfx¿sf] cfGbf]ng;DaGwL cWoog–sG6]Dkf]//L km]ldlg:6 kf]lnl6S; -;g\ !((# df lesL /fg8n;“u_ / kf]lnl6S; PG8 ;f];fO6L Og O:6g{ o'/f]k -;g\ !(*( df lhg j'8n;“u_ /x]sf 5g\ . b kf]lnl6S; ckm b ;]sG8 On]S6f]/]6 -;g\ !(*!_, b Go' kf]lnl6S; ckm Paf];{g -;g\ !(*^_, h]G8/ PG8 kf6L{ kf]lnl6S; -;g\!((#_, l8k|m]G6 /f]N; l8k|m]G6 ef]O;]h -;g\ !(($_ / j'dg Og kf]lnl6S; -;g\ !((^_ nfO{ pxf“n] ;x;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“ :6]6 km]ldlgHd PG8 b kf]lnl6sn l/k|]h]G6];g ckm j'dg -SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];, ;g\ @))%_ sf] d'Vo ;Dkfbs -Snfp8L afpl8gf], dfl/nf u'jf8flUggL, k]qf d]Oo/ / 8fog ;]G;a/L;“u_ tyf u|Gysf/x¿dWo] Ps x'g'x'G5 .

sl/gf hfa|] M cfO{kLo'sf] dlxnf tyf k'¿ifaLr ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfks x'g'x'G5, sl/gf hfa|] . pxf“ Joj:yflksfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{tkm{ nlIft lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu lhDd]bf/ x'g'x'G5 . cfO{kLo'df pxf“ /fhgLltdf dlxnf ljifos cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L tyf tYofÍx¿sf] ljsf; / pTkfbgsf lgldQ tyf cGt//fli6«o dfgjtf;DaGwL P]g / afn ;'/Iffsf d'2fx¿;“u ;DalGwt cfO{kLo' lqmofsnfkx¿sf lgldQ klg lhDd]jf/ x'g'x'G5 . cfO{kLo';“u ;+nUg x'g'eGbf klxnf sfl/g hfa|] o'g]:sf]sf] n}lËs d'2f ;+of]hg PsfOdf sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] .

vf]lkmkmfx OGb/ kf/fjfG;f M OG8f]g]l;ofsf] Po/nfªUuf ljZjljBfno ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlt zf:q ljefuaf6 :gfts x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ gfxbnft'nsf k'r's lklDkofg d'l:ndft pnfdf -Pgo', OG8f]g]l;ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] O:nfd ;Ë7gx¿dWo]sf] Ps_ sL cWoIf x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ lnDafuf k]d]gfËfg k]ldn' kftf{O s]alÍtfg afª\;f -/fli6«o hfu/0f kf6L{_ sf] cWoIf klg x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ b]jfg k]jf{lsnfg /fSoft l/klAns OG8f]g]l;of -8LkLcf/ cf/ cfO{, u0ftGq OG8f]g]l;ofsf] k|ltlglw ;ef_ sL ;b:o eO{ ;g\ !((@, !((& / !((( df tLgj6f leGgfleGg} sfo{sfnsf lgldQ ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . 8LkLcf/sf] sfo{ cjlwdf cGo kbnufot pxf“n] lgDglnlvt kbx¿df ;]jf ug{'eof] M lklDkofg sf]ld;L -cfof]u k|d'v_, lklDkofg k|mfU;L -ljefusf] k|d'v_

292

/ lklDkofg 8LkLcf/ /L -pk;efd'v_ . pxf“n] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f /fHodGqL / /fli6«o kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf -;g\ !((( b]lv @))! ;Dd_ klg ;]jf ug{'eof] .

n]gf jfUg]?b M uf]6]gju{ ljZjljBfno, l:j8]gsf] /fhgLlt zf:q ljefudf ;x k|fWofks n]gf jfUg]?bn] dlxnf k|ltlglwTj;DaGwL d'2faf/] s}og\ k':ts tyf n]v n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . Jofjxfl/s ?kdf pxf“sf] Wofg l:j8]gsf] ;+;bdfly 5 t/ ;+;bdf nfdf] ;do;Dd dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof ;fk]If¿kdf pRr /x]sf cGo gl8{s /fi6«sf] ;+;bdf ;d]t pxf“ s]lGb|t /xg'ePsf] 5 . pxf“sf] xfnsf] cg';Gwfg k|To]s lgjf{rgdf l:j8]gsf] ;+;b 5f8\g] ;f+;bx¿sf] a9\bf] ;+Vofdf s]lGb|t /x]/ Joj:yflksfleq ;b:ox¿sf] s'n ;+Vof ljifodf /x]sf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhleq /fhg}lts d'2fx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{sf nflu ljleGg df]rf{nfO{ k|aGw ug]{ cfof]hgfdf klg pxf“ sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

dfnf Pg= x\t'g M Go' :s'n km/ ;f];n l/;r{, Go'of]s{, cd]l/sfdf /fhgLltzf:qsf pkk|fWofks / ;]S; PG8 b :6]6M Paf];{g, l8ef];{, PG8 bL km]ldnL cG8/ Nofl6g cd]l/sL l8S6]6/l;k PG8 8]df]qm\of;L -SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];, @))#_ gfds u|GysL u|Gysf/ x'g'x'G5 . n}lËs /fhgLlt, dlxnf clwsf/ clg hflt tyf /fhgLltaf/] pxf“sf n]vx? Nofl6g cd]l/sL l/;r{ l/Eo', k;{k]lS6e cg kf]lnl6S;, ;f];n l/;r{, s/]G6 lx:6«L tyf cGo s}og\ hg{nx¿df k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . pxf“n] c+u|]hL, :k]gL / kf]t{'ufnLdf ljljw u|Gyx¿ ;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] xfn;fn} ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] gf]q]bfd ljZjljBfno s]nf]u OlG:6Ro'6 / xfe{8{ /]8lSnkm OlG:6Ro'6df ljå\tj[lQ kfpg'eof] . pxf“sf sfo{nfO{ g];gn ;fOG; kmfp8];g, b ;f];n ;fOG; l/;r{ sfplG;n / g];gn ;]So'l/6L Oh's];g k|f]u|fddfkm{t\ ;xfotf k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . pxf“n] xfe{8{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlt zf:qdf ljBfjfl/lw pkflw / :6fGkmf]8{ ljZjljBfno, cd]l/sfaf6 cGt//fli6«o ;DaGwdf :gfts pkflw k|fKt ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“sf] xfnsf] cg';Gwfg lnËsf] /fhgLlt tyf Nofl6g cd]l/sf / ljZjel/df hfltut k|ltlglwTjdfly s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .

dfl/Pt l;gp M ;]G6/ g];gn l8 nf l/;]r]{ ;fOlG6lkms -;LPgcf/P;, g];gn ;]G6/ km/ ;fOlG6lkms l/;r{_ sf] /fhgLlt, j}1flgs tyf cg';Gwfg lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ k|mfG;sf] k]l/;l:yt ;]G6/ l8 l/;]r]{h kf]lnl6S; l8 ;fOG;]h kf] -;LO{eLcfO{kLcf]Pkm, ;]G6/ km/ kf]lnl6sn l/;r{_ df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf] cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo If]q dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts k|jl[Q tyf Jojxf/ / dlxnf /fhgLlt1x¿ xf] . pxf“sf] sfo{ kfl/jfl/s gLlt tyf afn:ofxf/ k|0ffnL;“u klg ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . pxf“sf xfn}sf k|sfzgx¿df k|f]km];gM km]Dd] kf]lnl6s ;]S;] O6 kfpef]o/ ;fp; nf e] l/klAns -k|f]km];gM j'dg kf]lnl6l;og h]G8/ PG8 kfj/ cG8/ b lkmk\my l/klAns_, x' s]o;{ < j'dG; js{ rfON8 s]o/ PG8 j]nkm]o/ :6]6 l/l8hfOg -h]g h]G;g;“u, o'lgel;{6L ckm 6f]/f]G6f] k|];, @))!_, / ldl6¥ofG8 O6 n]; k|mfÍfO;];M pg /]G8]hef]; dfGSo'


293

-ld6/fG8 PG8 k|m]Gr j'dgM c ld:8 /]G8]hef];_ -h]= h]G;g;“u, k]l/; k];]h 8L ;fOG;]h kf]= !((%_ cflb 5g\ .

gfb]Hbf :j]bf]ef M ¿;L /fhgLltdf ¿;L dlxnfaf/] cGt/fli6«o ljz]if1 gfb]Hbf :j]bf]ef km'na|fO6 :sn/ x'g'x'G5 . ?;sf] d:sf]l:yt /l;og Ps]8]dL ckm ;fOG;]h OlG:6Ro'6 ckm b o'P;P PG8 Sofgf8f :6l8hdf k|d'v cg';Gwfgstf{ :j]bf]efn]] cGo ;+3–;Ë7gnufot ¿;sf] :6]6 8\o'df, ;'lk|d ;f]leot, :jf:Yo dGqfno / ljb]z dfldnf dGqfnosf] lgldQ k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“ ¿;L /fhgLlt zf:qLx¿sf] ;+3sf] n}lËs ;d"xsf] pk;efWoIf / ¿;, k"j{ ;f]leot u0f/fHox¿ / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf /fhgLltdf dlxnf;“u ;DalGwt c;+Vo n]vsf n]lvsf x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf k|sfzgx¿ b sf]8 ckm cg/ ckm b /l;og j'dg d'ed]G6 -!((#_ / b cla; -!(**_ cflb 5g\ . pxf“ j'dg Og kf]lnl6S; PG8 ;f];fO6L -!((^_ df ¿;L lgjf{rgdf dlxnf;DaGwL Pp6f cWofosL ;xn]lvsf x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf] k|sfzg l;DKnL Pafp6 b sDKn]S;M h]G8/ Ph's];g -d:sf]M clG6Sef k|];, @))@_ lslu{h tyf cd]l/sL efiffdf cg'jfb ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))# df pxf“ ljZj a}+ssf] cg'/f]wdf ¿;L dxf;+3df n}lËs cf]xbfsf d'2fx¿af/] ;dLIff k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ 6f]nLsf] ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . ;g\ !((( df 8f= :j]bf]efnfO{ pxf“sf kyk|bz{s cg';Gwfgx¿nfO{ dfGotf lb“b} /l;og Psf8]dL ckm ;fOG;]hn] sb/kq k|bfg u¥of] / ;g\ @))# df ¿;df dlxnfx¿sf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg pxf“n] u/]sf] k|of;nfO{ dfGotf lb“b} ¿;sf] >d tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnon] klg pxf“nfO{ Pp6f sb/kqåf/f ;Ddflgt u¥of] .

g]:tf]l/g sDkf]/] M df]lG6«on ljZjljBfno, Sofgf8faf6 ljsf; ;dfhzf:qdf ljBfjfl/lw pkflw k|fKt g]:tf]l/g sDkf]/] xfn cf]puf8f]uf], a'ls{gf kmf;f]sf] 8r /fhb"tfjf;sf lgldQ n}lËs ;Nnfxsf/ tyf ;~rf/ / kqsfl/tf ljefu, cf]puf8f]uf] ljZjljBfnodf k|fWofks klg x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ a'ls{gf kmf;f]sf] Pp6f cu|0fL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf s]Gb|sf lgldQ nf]stGq tyf zf;g Joj:yfaf/] n}lËs ;Nnfxsf/ ;d]t x'g'x'G5 . pxf“n] dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfaf/] s]xL vf]hk"0f{ tyf k|of]uafbL cg';Gwfg ug{'ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))$ l8;]Da/b]lv pxf“n] a'ls{gf kmf;f]df dlxnfx¿sf] /fhg}lts ;xeflutfdf clej[l4 tyf ;'wf/ ug{ bftf;d"xåf/f cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofOPsf] tLg jif]{ sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 .

gLgf ksf/L M OSj]8f]/sf] lsRjf cflbjf;L hghflt ;d"xsf jlsn x'g'x'G5, lggf ksf/L . pxf“n] OSj]8f]/sf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] ;+3sf] sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ -;g\ !(*( b]lv !((# ;Dd_ tyf e"ld tyf If]qx¿sL g]t[ -;g\ !((# b]lv !((^ ;Dd_ sf] ¿kdf ;]jf ug{'ePsf] 5 . Gofo k|zf;gåf/f /fhg}lts ;+ljwfgdf hghfltsf] ;d"xut clwsf/sf ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] dfGotfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;g\ !((& df pxf“ ;+ljwfg ;efdf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . pxf“ kfrfs'l6s cfGbf]ngsf ;+:yfks, ;g\ !((* b]lv @))@ ;Dd OSj]8f]/sf] ;+;bsf] lgjf{lrt ;b:o / ;g\ !((* b]lv @))) ;Dd o;sf] pkfWoIf x'g'x'GYof] . pxf“sf] ?lr ljwflosL sfo{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs d'2fx¿sf ;fy} cflbjf;L



294

hghfltsf k'¿if tyf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ /Iffdf s]lGb|t 5 . pxf“n] ;g\ @))# hgj/L !% b]lv cu:6 ^ ;Dd OSj]8f]/sf] ljb]z dfldnf dGqL eO{ sfo{ ;DxfNg'eof] To;}n] Toxf“sf] ;/sf/L pRr kbdf cf;Lg x'g] k|yd cflbjf;L hghfltsf dlxnfsf] ?kdf pxf“nfO{ lrlgG5 . pxf“ cGt//fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿df ;lqmo¿kn] ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] 5 / pxf“sf /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o:t/df w]/} k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .

l/rf8{ O= Dof6NofG8 M cd]l/sfsf] 6]S;f; l:yt x\o':6g ljZjljBfodf /fhgLlt zf:qsf k|fWofks x'g'x'G5 / gj]{l:yt ju{g ljZjljBfnosf] k|zf;g / ;fË7lgs l;4fGt ljefu;“u pxf“sf] nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf pxf“sf] ?lr dlxnf tyf /fhgLlt, t'ngfTds /fhgLlt / ;fj{hlgs gLltsf If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . pxf“sf sfo{x¿ cd]l/sg hg{n ckm kf]lnl6sn ;fOG;, b la|l6; hg{n ckm kf]lnl6sn ;fOG;, b hg{n ckm kf]lnl6S;, sDk]/]l6e kf]lnl6sn :6l8h / Sofg]l8og hg{n ckm kf]lnl6sn ;fOG; nufot /fhgLlt zf:qsf d'Vo hg{nx¿df k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . 8f= Dof6NofG8sf sfo{x¿sf] ;femf ljifo dlxnf k|ltlglwTjdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿sf] c;/ /x]sf] 5 . pxf“n] Sofgf8f, sf]:6fl/sf, OG8f]g]l;of, gj]{, l:j8]g, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / k"jL{ o'/f]ksf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLx¿ tyf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;DaGwL ljifodf cg';Gwfg ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxf“ j'dG; PS;]; 6' kf]lnl6sn kfj/ Og kf]:6 sDo'lg:6 o'/f]k -cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];, ;g\ @))#_ sf ;x;Dkfbs klg x'g'x'G5 .

zLnf ldGh]; M blIf0f clk|msfsf] lj6\jf6/:6«fG8 ljZjljBfnodf /fhgLlts cWoog ljefusf ;xk|fWofks zLnf d]OG6h]; n}lËs ;dfgtf cfof]udf ;g\ @))! b]lv @))$ ;Dd k"0f{sfnLg cfo'Qm x'g'x'GYof] . pxf“ clk|msL /fhgLlt, /fhg}lts l;4fGt, gf/LjfbL l;4fGt / /fhgLlt ljifo cWofkg ug{'x'G5 . pxf“n] blIf0f clk|msfl:yt /f]8]; ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts, a]nfotl:yt ;:;]S; ljZjljBfnoaf6 clk|msL cWoogdf :gftsf]Q/ / a]nfotsf] nG8g ljZjljBfnosf] clk|msL tyf k"jL{o cWoog :s'naf6 clk|msL Oltxf;df ljBfjfl/lw pkflw xfl;n ug{'ePsf] 5 . n}lËs /fhgLlt tyf n}lËs lx+;faf/] pxf“sf s[ltx? k|sflzt 5g\ . xfn;fn} d]OG6h];sf tLgj6f k':ts b ck\m6/Dofy, j'dg Og kf]:6 sGk\mlnS6 6«fG;km/d];g -h]8 k|]; ;g\ @))@_, jfg j'd]g jfg ef]6, b h]G8/ kf]lnl6S; ckm ;fpy clk|msg On]S;G;\ -On]S6f]/n OlG:6Ro'6 ckm ;fpbg{ clk|msf, ;g\ @))@_ / j'dg /fOl6ª clk|msfM b ;fpbg{ ef]No'd -km]ldlg:6 k|]; PG8 o'lglel;{6L ckm b lj6\jf6/:6«fG8 k|];, ;g\ @))#_ sf] ;x;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf] 5 .

lzl/g /fO{ M jflj{s ljZjljBfno, ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf /fhgLlt tyf cGt//fli6«o cWoog ljifodf k|fWofks x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf] cg';Gwfgsf] ?lr gf/LjfbL /fhgLlt, nf]stGqLs/0f, ljZjJofkLs/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] IF]q xf] . lnË, zf;g Joj:yf tyf nf]stGqLs/0fsf d'2fx¿af/] pxf“n] 3gLe"t¿kdf n]Vg'ePsf] 5 / w]/} k':tssL n]lvsf x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf] kl5Nnf] k':ts h]G8/ PG8 b kf]lnl6sn

295

Osf]gf]dL ckm 8]enkd]G6 -SoflDa|hM kf]ln6L k|];, @))@_ xf] . pxf“n] l/lyª\lsª ODkfj/d]G6M h]G8/ PG8 8]enkd]G6 Og c Unf]an nf]sn jN8{ -/p6n]h, @))@_ ;x;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf] 5 . ;fy} d]gl:6«ldª h]G8/M 8]df]qm]6fOlhª b :6]6 < -DofGr]:6/ ljZjljBfno k|];åf/f, @))# df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf nflu k|sflzt_ / OG6/g];gn km]ldlg:6 hg{n ckm kf]lnl6S; cg h]G8/ ueg]{G; PG8 Unf]anfOh];g, @))$, cª\s ^, ;+Vof $ sf] ljz]if ;+:s/0f ;Dkfbg ug{'ePsf] 5 .

;f]lgof kfNd]O/L M ;g\ @))# b]lv @))$ ;Dd cGtJo{j:yflksf ;+3 – cfO{kLo'df n}lËs d'2fx¿af/] cg';Gwfgstf{sf] ?kdf sfo{/t /x]/ ;f]lgof kfNd]O/Ln] /fli6«o ;+;bx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] k|ult tyf cj/f]waf/] ljleGg ljZn]if0ffTds ;fdu|L pTkfbg ub}{ cfgf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxf“sf] ljBfjfl/lwsf] zf]wkqn] ;+;bdf dlxnf k|efjsf] k|ZgnfO{ cGj]if0f u/]sf] lyof] / c:6«]lnofO{ ;+3Lo ;+;bsf b'O{j6f ;'g'jfOdf dlxnf tyf k'¿if ;f+;bx¿aLrsf] cGt/lqmofsf] n}lËs ultzLntfnfO{ k/LIf0f u/]sf] lyof] . pxf“n] …;+;bLo n}lËs ax;Ú c:6«]lnog hg{n ckm kf]lnl6sn ;fOG;, ef]No'd #$ ;+Vof ! -;g\ !(((_ nufot ;+;bdf dlxnf;DaGwL ljifodf s}og\ n]v tyf ;Dd]ngkq k|sflzt ug{'ePsf] 5 .


296

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