PREPARED BY:

ANIS SUZANNA BINTI MOHAMAD A123369

CHONG TENG CHOU A122615 SIAH SOO KIONG A122506 OOI TING SHAN

A122573 PATRICIA LOWA122679 NUR SYUHADA

BT ALWI A123526

Visual symptomology

Visual symptoms

1. Blurred Vision2. Double vision3. Vision loss4. Photopsia5. Hallucination6. Floater7. Colored halos around

eye8. Photophobia9. Dazzling or glare

discomfort10. Chromatopsia

11. Heightened color perception

12. Nyctalopia(night blindeness)

13. Hemeralopia (day blindness)

14. Oscillopsia15. Color blindness16. Palinopsia17. Visual agnosia18. Ocular lateropulsion19. Pain in and about eye20. Headache

1.Blurred vision

Loss of visual acuity with indistinct detail.

Can be unilateral or bilateral.Can be blur at near, blur at distance

or bothMagnitude of a patient’s complaint

will depend on many factors including- the degree of defect- type of visual task being undertaken

May result from eye injury, refractive error, eye disease, improperly fitted contact lens or use of certain drug. Normal

Vision with diabetic

retinopathy

History taking part

How long he has had the visual blurring.Does it occur only at certain times? Ask about associated signs and symptoms, such as

pain or discharge. If visual blurring followed injury, obtain details of

the accidentAsk if vision was impaired immediately after the

injury. Obtain a medical and drug history.

Etiology

Medical causes Brain tumor Cataract Concussion Corneal abrasion Conjunctivitis Corneal dystrophies Corneal foreign bodies Diabetic retinopathy Dislocated lens Eye tumour Glaucoma

Hypertension Hyphema Iritis Migraine headache Multiple sclerosis (MS) Optic neuritis Retinal detachment Retinal vein occlusion

(central) Senile macular degeneration Serous retinopathy (central) Stroke Temporal arteritis Uveitis (posterior) Vitreous hemorrhage

2.Double vision

DiplopiaMostly seen in

binocular anomalyCan be unilateral or

bilateralGeneral cause is from

cornea, crystalline lens, muscle, nerve and brain.

Double vision is not normal and should be reported promptly.

Etiology

CorneaInfections of the

cornea(herpes zoster or shingles)

Uncommon complication of LASIK surgery.

Crystalline lenCataract MuscleMyasthenia gravis Graves’ disease

Nerve Multiple sclerosisGuillain-Barre

syndromeUncontrolled diabetes BrainStrokesAneurymsBrain tumourIncreased pressure

inside the brain from trauma, bleeding or infection

3.Vision loss

Inability to perceive visual stimuli

Can be sudden or gradual and transient or permanent

Range from slight impairment to total blindness

Age-related Macular

degeneration

Normal Vision

Glaucoma

Hemiapnosia

Etiology of sudden vision loss

always a medical emergency

Eye injury Eye artery obstruction -

this cause and other causes are a medical emergency.

Retinal artery obstruction

Retinal vein obstruction Eye blood vessel

thrombosis Temporal arteritis Retinal detachment

Amaurosis fugax Stroke TIA (Transient

ischemic attack)Migraine Optic neuritis Vitreous hemorrhage Acute glaucoma Methyl alcohol

poisoning Hysteria Brain injury Blow to the head

Etiology of gradual vision loss

Cataract Macular degeneration Age-related macular

degeneration Diabetic retinopathy Glaucoma Hypertension Choroiditis Retinitis pigmentosa Trachoma

Field of Vision Loss in Late Retinitis Pigmentosa

Loss of vision associated with

macular degeneration

4.Photopsia

Hallucinatory perceptions such as sparks, lights or colours arising in the absence of light stimuli and observed when the eyes are closed.

Etiology:posterior vitreous

detachmentmigraine with aura migraine aura

without headacheretinal break or

detachmentoccipital lobe

infarction sensory deprivation

5.Hallucination

Definition: Visual perception not

evoked by a light stimulus.

Perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space

Etiology

Blind person (central or peripheral visual field loss)

Bilateral eye covering (after surgery)Ocular lesions as retinal haemorrhage,

glaucoma, optic atrophyPsychosesCentral nervous system lesion (Alzheimer

disease)

6.Floaters

Floaters are little "cobwebs" or specks that float about in the field of vision.

Dots or filaments that move with the movement of eye

Etiology: Vitreous opacities Scotomatous defects

(retinal lesion, myopia)

Corneal foreign body reflection

Carbon tetrachloride poisoning

Migraine

7.Colored halos around lights

Blue and violet are next to the stimulating light and red outermost.

Etiology: Glaucoma-A.acute-angle closure with

streching of the corneal lamellae

B.open-angle glaucoma-halo noted in the awakening (IOP highest in morning)

Mucus on the cornea Corneal scar/ edema Krunkenberg spindle Lens opacities Vitreous opacities Haze of ocular media

8.Photophobia

Defination: Painful intolerance of

the eyes to light. symptom of a primary

ocular disorder or underlying central nervous system disorder

Etiology Aniridia ocular

(conjuctivitis,keratitis, iritis)

Albinism Total color

blindness(achromaptosia)

Systemic disease Toxic cause Drug induced

(digitoxin)

9.Dazzling or glare discomfort

Definition: difficulty seeing in the presence of

bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight or artificial light such as car headlamps at night. 

Patient with glare discomfort

Normal patient without glare discomfort

Etiology

1. Altered pupillary response

2. Asymmetric placement of the IOL in relation to the pupillary aperture

3. Corneal scars or foreign bodies

4. Idiopathic

5. Drugs such as chloroquine,acetazolamide, or trimethadione (Tridone)

6. Emotional disorders7. Following refractive

surgery8. Lenticular changes

Definition: Definition: Etiology:Etiology:

Abnormal condition in which objects appear falsely coloured.

It named depending upon the colour seen.

1. Cone monochromatism• Blue cone

monochromatism - abnormal vision of blue color

2. Drugs 3. Genetic 4. Macular degeneration 5. Optic neuritis 6. Retinitis pigmentosa

10.Chromatopsia

Classification of chromatopsia

11.Heightened Color Perception

1. Heightened color perception is due to drugs, including the following: 

dronabinolethionamidehashishLSDlysergidemarihuanamescalineoxygenpsilocybintetrahydrocannabinolTHC

 Sources from: Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced

ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Usually happened in person with dementia

12.Nyctalopia (Night Blindness)

Definition: a condition making it

difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light.

It is a symptom of several eye diseases

Difficulty sees in darkness

Etiology

Vitamin A deficiencyretinitis pigmentosacongenital night

blindnessSorsby's fundus

dystrophypathological myopiaperipheral cortical

cataractOguchi diseaserefractive surgery

(RK, PRK, LASIK)

13.HemeralopiaDefinition: Day blindness

inability to see as distinctly in a bright light as in dim one

It can be described as insufficient adaptation to bright light.

The retinas of those with day blindness are unable to process the light around them.

This, in turn, intensifies the sunlight so much that they literally can't see anything around them. 

Etiology

1. Adie’s pupil2. Albanism3. Aniridia4. Cohen Syndrome5. Cone dystrophy-

genetic condition6. Drugs:- Trimethadone7. Cataracts8. Trauma:- Brain injury

Ocular complications are listed as optic atrophy ,microphthalmia ,pigmentary chorioretinitis , hemeralopia (decreased vision in bright light) , myopia , strabismus , nystagmus and iris/retinal coloboma.

14.Oscillopsia 

Defination: A visual disturbance

in which objects in the visual field appear to oscillate.

The severity of the effect may range from a mild blurring to rapid and periodic jumping. 

Etiology :Etiology :

 loss of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

involuntary eye movements such as nystagmus

impaired coordination in the visual cortex (especially due to toxins)  aminoglycoside

Illusionary movement of enviroment

unilateralbilatarel

15.Color blindness

Definition: A.k.a color

vision deficiency 

the inability to perceive differences between some of the colors that others can distinguish.

Color blindness Deficiency in color vision can be due to:

Inherited defects

- present from birth and have genetic basis

- affect both eyes equally

- affect the entire visual field

Acquired defects

-secondary to a pathological state

-may affect one eye -may affect part of

the visual field

Classification of color blindness

Ocular diseases which causes color vision disturbances

Ocular diseases Color vision changes

Age-related maculopathy Blue-yellow defect

Retinal detachment Blue-yellow defect

Diabetic retinopathy Blue-yellow defect

Hypertensive retinopathy Blue-yellow defect

Papilledema Blue-yellow defect

Glaucoma Blue-yellow defect

Lesions of optic nerve &pathway Red-green defect

Papillitis Red-green defect

Optic neuritis Red-green defect

16. Palinopsia

Visual disturbance that causes images to persist to some extent even after their corresponding stimulus has left

These images are known as afterimages and occur in persons with normal vision.

A person with palinopsia experiences them to a significantly greater degree, to the point where they become difficult or impossible to ignore

Palinopsia : Symptoms

Causes

lesion parieto-occipital temporal-occipital areas as a result of a cerebral

infarction, epilepsy, tumour, or brain injury

17.Visual agnosia

Visual agnosia is a neurological disorder distinguished by the inability to recognize familiar objects.

Types :

1)Appreceptive Agnosia2)associative visual agnosia

Appreceptive Agnosia - Failure in high-level object recognition despite normal vision 

Symptoms : Pt are unable to recognize objects Unable to access the structure or spatial properties of

a visual stimuli Object is not seen as a whole. Cannot draw or copy things

Causes : damage in the lateral occipital area

Drawing Test Result

Associative visual agnosia

inability to identify objects due to impaired access to stored semantic information about the objects.

Causes : lesion on the left occipital and temporal

lobe, often in conjunction with damage to the posterior thalamus and limbic cortex.

Criteria :

Difficulty recognizing variety of visually presented objects with their semantic meaning, or organize objects into semantic categories. 

Normal recognition of objects from a verbal description of it or when using sense other than vision (e.g. smell, touch, taste). 

Elementary visual perception that is sufficient to copy line drawings quite well but unable to identify objects being copied

• copy line drawings quite well • unable to identify objects being copied

18.Ocular Lateropulsion

A strong forced conjugate deviation of the eyes to one side.

a position bias of eye movements in the direction towards the lesion

Symptoms : Unable to reach a laterally placed fixation target in a

single rapid eye movement (a single saccade) Patients overshoot towards the side of the lesion and

undershoot in opposite direction.

Cause : Asymmetrical lesion of the pons and lateral medullar

19.Pain In and About Eye

Symptoms burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around

the eye.  feel as if there is a foreign body in the eye.

Causes

Burns Conjunctivitis (pink eye) or any inflammation of the upper and

lower lids Contact lens complications Eye problems (infection, irritation, or injury such as a corneal

abrasion) Eye surgery Glaucoma Migraine headache Sinus problems Stye (hordeolum) Viral infections such as the flu

20.Headache

Headaches often appear centered around the eyes or behind the

eyes.

Symptoms : referred area of the pain is

around the eyes. a brow ache or an ache behind

the eyes.

Causes :

• Eyestrain - overworking of the focusing muscle within the eye.

• Contact lens related problems - headache may come from a poorly fitting, tight lens, corneal infection or swelling, or from a lack of oxygen in the cornea.

• Corneal ulcer • Conjunctivitis • Dacryocystitis - an infected tear drainage sac

(inside corner of the eye) can lead to pain and headache

• Glaucoma (acute) • Optic neuritis - inflammation of the optic nerve can

cause headache and pain on eye movement along with blurred vision

-THE END-