VIRUSESIs a tiny particle that needs a host cell to reproduce and multiply.

They are neither alive nor dead… but most scientists consider viruses nonliving particles, since these are NOT cells.

VIRUSES• The organism or cell where a virus multiplies is called a HOST. It provides all the energy the virus needs to reproduce.

• The virus is a parasite to the host.

VIRUSESViruses vary in shape and size: they can be round, robot like or shaped as bullets. They can measure between 20 and 200 nanometers. 1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter

Structure: - a protein coat for protection: it allows the virus to attach to the host’s cells. - an inner core made of genetic material

VIRUSESHOW DO THEY MULTIPLY?ACTIVE VIRUS also called LYTIC CYCLE

The virus attaches to the host cell, injects its genetic material, and takes over the functions of the host cell. Once this is done, the host cell starts producing the virus’ proteins and genetic material. These parts will form new viruses, the host cell will burst and the new viruses will go on to infect other cells.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG6XH59yCc0

VIRUSESHOW DO THEY MULTIPLY?HIDDEN VIRUS also called LYSOGENIC CYCLE

The virus attaches the cell and injects its genetic material. This genetic material will become part of the genetic material of the host cell. When time passes, the genetic material gets “free” and enters the lytic cycle.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG6XH59yCc0

BACTERIAThey were discovered in 1600 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. HOW ARE BACTERIA CELLS DIFFERENT?

• Bacteria are PROKARYOTES. • Most have a cell wall for protection.• All have a cell membrane that decides what

goes inside and outside of the cell.• They also have ribosomes, where proteins are

produced. • Some bacteria have a flagellum for movement.

BACTERIAHOW ARE BACTERIA CELLS DIFFERENT?

BACTERIAHOW ARE BACTERIA CELLS DIFFERENT?...

1. Spherical

2. Rod like

3. Spiral

SHAPE SIZE• They can vary in

size, but mainly they are very small.

BACTERIAWHAT DO THEY NEED TO SURVIVE?There are some bacteria that are autotrophic:

- There are ones that use the energy from the sun (like plants)

- There are others that use the energy from chemical substances.

BACTERIAWHAT DO THEY NEED TO SURVIVE?

There are some bacteria that are heterotrophic:

- They consume other organisms or the food that they make.

BACTERIA

HOW DO THEY REPRODUCE?

Under the right conditions, bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes!

• Sexual Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction

BACTERIAHOW DO THEY REPRODUCE?...

Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission: one cell divides to form two identical cells. This process involves only ONE parent, and its offspring is identical.

BACTERIAHOW DO THEY REPRODUCE?...Sexual Reproduction

Conjugation: one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material to another bacterium. The result is a bacterium with new combinations of genetic material. This process doesn’t increase the number of bacteria.

BACTERIAROLES IN NATURE…Oxygen and food production: autotrophic bacteria produce oxygen. In the case of food, some undergo fermentation for different products such as cheese and yogurt

Recycling: are decomposers. Brake down large chemicals into smaller ones. Return basic chemicals to the environment to reuse.

Medicine production: In the intestine for food digestion. In 1970s for production of insulin for people that have diabetes.

PROTISTSAre eukaryotes that live in moist surroundings and are very diverse. Most of them are UNICELULLAR, although there are exceptions.

They can be heterotrophic or autotrophic or both.

PROTISTSANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS OR PROTOZOANS

•Are heterotrophic

•Most of them are able to move to obtain their food.

•Unicellular

PROTISTSANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS OR PROTOZOANS…

1. Sarcodines: they forms pseudopods or false foots (AMOEBA)

2. Ciliates: have cilia that are hair like projections (PARAMECIUM)

3. Flagellates: use whip like flagella to move. Some of them live in other organism’s body. Ex: symbiosis with termites

4. Parasites: feed on their host (Plasmodium)

PROTISTSPLANT – LIKE PROTISTS•Commonly called algae•Are autotrophic•Some are unicellular and others multicellular or

live in colonies•They can be green, brown, red and yelow

PROTISTSPLANT – LIKE PROTISTS

• Diatoms: unicellular, are food for heterotrophs• Dinoflagellates: unicellular, different colors, two

flagella, glow in the dark• Euglenoids: green, unicellular, found in fresh water

and can act as heterotrophs.

PROTISTSPLANT – LIKE PROTISTS

• Red algae: multicellular, absorb small amount of light that reaches deep ocean waters

• Green algae: most are unicellular, some form colonies. Live in fresh or salt water; are closed related to plants…

• Brown algae: have plant like structures; form underwater “forests”

PROTISTSFUNGUS – LIKE PROTISTSAre heterotrophic, have cell wall, use spores to reproduce

Types:

Slime molds: brilliantly colored; live in moist places; feed on bacteria and other microorganisms

Water molds and Downy Mildews: grow as tiny threads that look like fuzz. Attack food crops

FUNGIWHAT ARE THEY?•Are eukaryotes that have cell wall.•Are heterotrophic: they absorb their food•Use spores to reproduce •Need moist warm places to grow

FUNGICELL STRUCTURE• Except for unicellular yeast, cells are arranged in

structures called hyphae. These hyphae are threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.

• In some fungi hyphae are loosely tangled. In others hyphae are packed tightly together.

FUNGIREPRODUCTIONReproduce by making spores, which are surrounded by a protective covering and can be easily transported through air or water.

The spores are produced in the fruiting bodies, and their appearance may vary depending on the fungus.• In some: the visible part of the fungus. • In others (bread molds), fruiting body is tiny stalk like hyphae.

FUNGIREPRODUCTIONAsexual Reproduction:Under right conditions of moisture and food fungi make spores asexually.

BUDDING: no spores produced. A small yeast cell grows from the body of a parent cell (think of a tree branch). The new cell breaks and lives on its own.

FUNGIREPRODUCTIONSexual Reproduction:Under unfavorable conditions of moisture and food fungi reproduce sexually.

The hyphae of two fungi grow together and genetic material is exchanged. In time, a new reproductive structure grows and start producing spores. The fungi that grow from these spores are genetically different from the parents.

FUNGICLASSIFICATION

Sac Fungi:• Largest group of fungi• Produce spores is structures like long sacs• Includes yeasts, morels and truffles

FUNGICLASSIFICATIONClub Fungi:• Produce spores is structures like clubs• Includes mushrooms, bracket fungi and rusts (roya)• The most poisonous are club fungi

FUNGICLASSIFICATIONZygote Fungi:•Produce resistant spores: can survive in extreme conditions

• Includes molds (Rhizopus), and molds that attack insects.

ROLES IN NATURE…Food production: They cause the bread to rise. Otherwise it would be flat.

Recycling: are decomposers. Brake down large chemicals from dead organisms. Return basic chemicals to the environment to reuse.

Medicine production: Penicillium. Alexandre Fleming found that no bacteria grew near the mold.

Diseases: are parasites for plants and animals.

FUNGI

References• http://lavacaesferica.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Viruses.jpg• http://cienciadelatierra.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/virus.jpg• http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT3Di5Fr_CnlU5Baj5CU8BXUfgg7vF__I2

TFYhB5hIYB6_lkfb7• http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT4zeVuRZh7Dc4NiH4zAFFjTtlIRDRr2S4

Byyuukz9s-mxbnoqfDx2U9oXq• http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT9-WsMjzSNGdYumy8IBwe1963N5IVV

SCcsi2RcAbvMwiRhnm61DcHOKf2u• http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtHt_eU2xorTEGveRvxVsIAxvjMvShDX

nwIxftwVvXlh76gaEkxhcBcC9CSw• http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQMQrXSZEr1Hxt7jhDRJvEG2PgbSfrq6

WvcQcvHIDTs6dXq1FTyiA• http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTPubZzrsuV7igMyDxCLARZr_CH2TYTe

0WWiQajGtfacsN5o2caswqktu3J

References• http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR3u0IL-qNym46AFSoe6PxSggLxEjw9fX

bmaaLRa7M9WN9zZTGO1_h0Rd_POA• http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTHyTGl-VsmPtm94pPN78S7H4X7WRH

r0aAbdZzazsKb5yAg0mAvHw• http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTlR2DUOPCvUyQuYq9RHSJIEc2Pu3mpl

ZAFoTksyi70A0hW3wod• http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR6dei_tYtiR-KciIpqpUox_zmTngDD9j3p

vfp6eF3YedKfDZQiPT0yZ51Y• http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS8c42k3o5f8zeM2yv3TDXc34G4GwM

8eIkd-UuUvkNwgw8oekU6dg• Jenner, J et. al. 2011. Science Explorer From Bacteria to Plants. Ed. Pearson Prentice

Hall• Purves, et al. 2003. Vida, la Ciencia de la Biología.