· web viewthe roman empire depended on a merit-based system of political recruitment while...

Final Exam Review

This semester you learned that AP involves time, effort, and determination. Your final will be based on the following re-view. There are 100 multiple choice questions and 20 short answer questions. The final will consist of 55 multiple choice questions and 6 short answer responses. Knowing the letter of the correct answers will not help you. The test will have similar answers to these but the wording will be different. YOU MUST KNOW THE CONTENT. If you completed the notes and note cards you should do well. If you did not complete your notes and note cards you will have to study in-tensely to do well. Use the following study guide and your group to prepare.

You will receive the answers to this review on Friday but only if you are done. Use answer, page number, and quote. You will have four in your group. If you finish early then you need to study, study, study. Use your time wisely and good luck!!!

____ 1. Map 1.3 in the textbook shows agricultural information known about the world byA) 250,000 B.C.E.B) 100,000 B.C.E.C) 25,000 B.C.E.D) 4000 B.C.E.

____ 2. Which of the following explains why there was frequently conflict between pastoral societies and agricultural societies?A) Pastoral societies wanted the food crops and manufactured goods produced by

agricultural societies.B) Agricultural societies domesticated animals, but pastoral societies domesticated

plants.C) Agricultural societies sought access to the richer grazing lands controlled by pas-

toral societies.D) The animals herded by pastoral societies could only be found in land controlled by

agricultural societies.

____ 3. Which of the following is the earliest evidence that gathering and hunting peoples were starting to make the transition to agriculture?A) MaizeB) SicklesC) CanoesD) Milk

Visual and Document Source QuestionsChoose the letter of the best answer.

____ 4. What does Nisa’s narrative reveal about the role of men in San society?A) Men were expected to hunt animals and provide food.B) Men were expected to take care of the community’s children.C) Men were the only ones who knew how to heal.

D) Men’s main responsibility was to tend cattle.

____ 5. Which of the following was a feature of Egyptian rather than Mesopotamian civilization?A) Salinization of the soil leading to a collapse in the production of wheatB) Frequent and devastating invasions by outsiders because of a lack of physical bar-

riersC) A more cheerful and hopeful outlook on the world, as expressed in part through

religious beliefsD) A long tradition of written law codes based on the notion of natural rights

____ 6. Which of the following statements about ancient Egypt is true?A) The state was ruled by pharaohs who were believed to be gods in human form.B) Cities were more important in Egypt than in Mesopotamia.C) The Nile was an unpredictable river whose erratic floods regularly destroyed

crops.D) Women in Egypt were afforded fewer opportunities than in Mesopotamia.

____ 7. The rulers of the First Civilizations also drew their power from their roles asA) high priests.B) clan elders.C) traders.D) scribes.

____ 8. In the First Civilizations, slaves were drawn from which pool of people?A) ArtisansB) MerchantsC) Female peasantsD) Prisoners of war

____ 9. Which of the following provides evidence of interaction and exchange among the First Civiliza-tions and surrounding regions in the ancient world?A) GunpowderB) Horse-drawn chariotsC) AbacusD) Tea


____ 10. The discovery of Indus Valley seals in Mesopotamia suggests that the seals were usedA) to establish diplomatic relations.B) in trade and commerce.C) in magical rituals.D) as tribute.

____ 11. Which of the following was true of both the Roman and the Chinese Empires?A) They exhausted themselves through frequent indecisive wars with India.B) They invoked supernatural sanctions to support their rule.C) They evolved from republican traditions into empires ruled by single rulers.D) Their economies relied heavily on slave labor.

____ 12. The Persian Empire and the Mauryan dynasty were similar in that bothA) defined the right of the emperor to rule through the Mandate of Heaven.B) controlled parts of eastern China.C) relied on imperial spies to keep tabs on distant provinces.D) ultimately evolved into republican governments.

____ 13. Which of the following was a characteristic of all classical empires?A) There was equality under the law for all subjects.B) Emperors were constrained by the Mandate of Heaven.C) They all imposed a single religion and language for the empire.D) They were powerful states capable of coercing resources from subjects.

____ 14. Which of the following was a major avenue for the spread of Greek culture in the empire estab-lished by the Macedonians?A) CitiesB) RiversC) LegalismD) Public assemblies

____ 15. Which of the following expresses the basic difference between what the Roman Empire and the Han dynasty believed was the key to good government?A) The Roman Empire empowered the bureaucracy while the Han dynasty empow-

ered the people.B) The Roman Empire depended on a merit-based system of political recruitment

while the Han dynasty limited political office to the aristocracy.C) The Roman Empire believed in the separation of church and state while the Han

dynasty made religion the basis of government.D) The Roman Empire emphasized good laws while the Han dynasty emphasized

good men.

____ 16. Which of the following had an important influence on the Chinese imperial state?A) DemocracyB) RepublicanismC) LegalismD) Caste system

____ 17. When the Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 C.E., the eastern part of the empire came to be known asA) the Holy Roman Empire.

B) the Byzantine Empire.C) the Gupta Empire.D) Macedonia.

____ 18. Based on the information provided in Map 3.5 in the textbook, the leaders of China were most concerned about a foreign invasion coming from which direction?A) NorthB) EastC) SouthD) West


____ 19. What did the scholar and orator, Aristides, mean when he described the Roman Empire as “a common democracy of the world, under one man, the best ruler and director”?A) The Roman Empire reflected the best of democracy and monarchy: the people’s

wishes were fulfilled, and the emperor was fair and just.B) The Roman emperor, in extending citizenship to all within its borders, governed in

consultation with the people.C) The Roman Empire exemplified the inherent contradictions between democracy

and monarchy.D) The Roman Empire was unable to maintain its monarchy in the face of popular

demands for democracy.

____ 20. Which of the following contained no religious symbolism?A) The Bihustun inscriptionB) The statue of Harmodius and AristogeitonC) The tomb of Qin ShihuangdiD) The statue of Augustus

____ 21. The cosmic struggle between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu lies at the heart of which reli-gion?A) BuddhismB) HinduismC) JudaismD) Zoroastrianism

____ 22. In the four centuries following Jesus’s death, ChristianityA) excluded women from leadership roles in the Church.B) rejected all the teachings and writings of Jews.C) created a church without a hierarchy where all members were equal.D) defined Christianity as a religion open only to Jews.

____ 23. Which element of Hinduism did Buddhism reject?

A) The idea that ordinary life is an illusionB) The practice of meditationC) The religious authority of the BrahminsD) The goal of overcoming the demands of the ego

____ 24. Which of the following inferences can be made based on Map 4.1 in the textbook?A) The spread of Buddhism and Christianity occurred rapidly and in a short period of

time.B) As Buddhism and Christianity spread, it sparked religious wars.C) Christianity established a presence in Asia, but Buddhism did not take hold in Eu-

rope.D) Buddhism and Christianity spread only where the state provided protection.


____ 25. Depictions of the Maitreya Buddha in China often portrayed the BuddhaA) under the Bodhi tree.B) with multiple heads.C) through the symbol of footprints.D) laughing.

____ 26. In contrast to women in Athens, women in SpartaA) were more strictly confined to the home.B) married men close to their age.C) participated in government.D) were praised as having superior intelligence.

____ 27. Peasants were honored and merchants were looked down upon in the official ideology ofA) China.B) India.C) Sparta.D) the Roman Empire.


____ 28. The details in the portrait of Terentius Neo and his wife suggest thatA) the husband was a well-to-do freedman.B) the couple owned slaves.C) the two met in a tavern.D) both the husband and wife were literate.

____ 29. What does the domestic shrine called the lararia suggest about Roman religious life in the first century C.E.?A) The daily lives of Romans revolved around the cult of the emperor.B) Romans believed that guardian spirits provided protection within the home.C) The use of the snake as a symbol of evil and temptation reflected the influence of

Christianity.D) The worship of household gods entailed ritual initiation into sacred mysteries.

____ 30. In contrast to cities in other civilizations, cities in the Niger Valley civilizationA) had their own centralized political structure headed by a monarch.B) were run by complex bureaucracies.C) were encompassed within a larger imperial system.D) operated without the coercive authority of a state.

____ 31. Which of the following was an advantage Bantu-speaking farmers had in their encounters with gathering and hunting groups?A) Horse-drawn chariotsB) Yam-based agricultureC) Gunpowder formulaD) Iron-working technology

____ 32. Mesoamerican and Andean cultures were similar in that bothA) were profoundly impacted by the emergence of the Chavín cult.B) tried but failed to develop regional or long-distance trade networks.C) were dominated by cities or regional states rather than a single empire.D) used iron tools extensively.

____ 33. Christianity in Axum most closely identified with which church?A) The Coptic Church in EgyptB) The Catholic Church in RomeC) The Eastern Orthodox Church in ConstantinopleD) The Church of the East in Syria

____ 34. How did sharing a common border affect relations between the inland empires of Wari and Ti-wanaku?A) They exchanged knowledge as seen in the Tiwanaku adoption of the hillside ter-

racing style of farming developed by the Wari.B) They appeared to get along as there was little overt conflict or warfare between

them.C) People living along the border intermarried and created a hybrid culture that over

time became the common culture of the entire Andean region.D) Caravans of llamas from each empire gathered at the border to trade goods.

____ 35. Outside of the Mesoamerican and Andean regions, most people living in the Americas in the pre-Columbian era

A) obtained their food supply by gathering and hunting.B) practiced an intensive form of agriculture.C) lived in densely populated urban centers.D) spoke a common language.

____ 36. A distinctive feature of the Hopewell culture in the eastern woodlands of North America was theA) construction of pit houses.B) creation of large earthen mounds.C) development of plow-based agriculture.D) emergence of an empire that stretched to Mesoamerica.


____ 37. The fourth-century writer Rufinus tells the story of Frumentius’s experiences in Axum and de-scribes how “a countless number of barbarians were converted by him to the faith.” What is the faith to which Rufinus refers?A) JudaismB) ChristianityC) ZoroastrianismD) Islam

____ 38. How did Buddhism change as it spread along the Silk Roads?A) Buddhist practices increasingly emphasized asceticism and withdrawal from soci-

ety.B) Buddhist doctrines became more esoteric as attention focused more on the psy-

chological teachings of the original Buddha.C) The Buddha became more human and less divine.D) The gods of many peoples along the Silk Roads were incorporated as bod-

hisattvas.

____ 39. Trade along the Silk Roads was facilitated byA) the collapse of the Indian Ocean trade network, which increased the importance

of land routes.B) large and powerful states that provided security for merchants and travelers.C) the emergence of the Swahili civilization, which provided most of the goods in de-

mand.D) the emergence of powerful states in Southeast Asia that controlled the trade.

____ 40. How did the sudden rise of Islam in the seventh century affect Indian Ocean commerce?A) Islamic religious leaders decreed that Muslim merchants could have no dealings

with non-Muslim traders.B) Early rulers of the Arab Empire sought to promote trade within the empire by

prohibiting trade by Muslim merchants beyond its borders.C) Islamic rulers succeeded in suppressing the Silk Roads.D) Muslim merchants and sailors established communities of traders from East

Africa to the south China coast.

____ 41. Indian cultural influence in Southeast AsiaA) resulted from the political conquest of the region by Emperor Ashoka.B) was a matter of voluntary adoption and adaptation of Indian ideas by indepen-

dent societies.C) began with the travels of the Buddha to this region toward the end of his life.D) resulted in the region rejecting the influence of Islam.

____ 42. The Silk Roads built upon earlier trading connections between Eurasian civilizations andA) Bantu migrants.B) Indian merchants.C) pastoral peoples.D) gathering and hunting societies.

____ 43. What made possible the long trek across the Sahara?A) DonkeysB) CamelsC) SaltD) Slaves


____ 44. The fourth-century Kushan pendant reflects the influence ofA) Islam, Christianity, and Hellenistic culture.B) Manichaeism, Judaism, and Chinese culture.C) Zoroastrianism, Daoism, and Greek rationalism.D) Hinduism, Buddhism, and Greek mythology.

____ 45. Which of the following is a reason that the Tang and Song dynasties are regarded as a “golden age” in China?A) The peaceful transfer of power from the Tang to the SongB) The development of democratic institutionsC) The setting of standards of excellence in art and literatureD) The nearly universal adoption of Buddhism by the population

____ 46. What did Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all develop that reflected their unique culture?A) Their own court ritualsB) Their own writing systemsC) Their own tribute systemsD) Their own law codes


____ 47. The activities depicted in which painting ran counter to Confucian values?A) A Banquet with the EmperorB) At Table with the EmpressC) A Literary GatheringD) An Elite Night Party

____ 48. Membership in the Islamic community known as the umma was based on a commonA) culture.B) faith.C) race.D) class.

____ 49. Which of the following was the most thoroughly Islamized region in the period from 600 to 1500?A) AnatoliaB) West AfricaC) IndiaD) Southeast Asia

____ 50. Which of the following religious traditions blended elements of Hinduism and Islam?A) Sunni IslamB) Shia IslamC) SikhismD) Sufism

____ 51. In contrast to the Umayyad dynasty, the caliphs of the Abbasid dynastyA) were not challenged by the forces of local autonomy.B) allowed non-Arabs to play a prominent role in society.C) did not identify themselves as Arabs.D) rejected Persian cultural influence.

____ 52. Which of the following is a distinctive feature of Sufism?A) Rejection of the idea that one can have direct or personal contact with AllahB) Renunciation of the material world in the pursuit of spiritual union with AllahC) An exclusively male movement with no place for womenD) Belief that compliance with the sharia would bring the believer into the presence

of God

____ 53. Which of the following was a force that helped bind the Islamic world together?A) The expulsion of all other “peoples of the book” from Islamic territoriesB) The successful suppression of competing religious orders

C) Strong political leadership over the entire Islamic world by Arab caliphsD) The system of Islamic education created by the ulama

____ 54. Which of the following events marked the beginning of the new Islamic calendar?A) The birth of MuhammadB) Muhammad’s realization that he was Allah’s messengerC) Muhammad’s emigration to Yathrib/MedinaD) Muhammad’s conquest of Mecca

____ 55. Islam had roots in which set of religious or philosophical traditions?A) Hinduism, Buddhism, and ManichaeismB) Legalism, Daoism, and ConfucianismC) Judaism, Christianity, and ZoroastrianismD) Sufism, Sikhism, and Greek rationalism

____ 56. Map 9.3 in the textbook shows that different parts of the Islamic world were connected throughA) madrassas.B) language.C) ethnicity.D) trade.


____ 57. According to the Quran, under what circumstances is the use of war and violence justified?A) To increase the slave populationB) To force conversion to IslamC) To defend oneself against another’s aggressionD) To expand territorial possessions

____ 58. Which of the following reflects a view of marriage expressed in the sharia?A) Marriage between Muslims and non-Muslims is absolutely prohibited.B) Marriage between a free Muslim and a slave is permissible.C) Marriage is based on the principle of monogamy.D) Marriage is based on the consent of both parties.

____ 59. As expressed by the thirteenth-century Sufi poet Rumi, where can God be found?A) On the crossB) In one’s heartC) In the KaabaD) In the cave of Hira

____ 60. Which of the following describes the situation in Western Europe after the collapse of the Ro-man Empire in 476?

A) Long-distance trade was limited to Italy.B) Germanic peoples became a minority population.C) The population doubled from what it had been at the peak of the Roman Empire.D) Society became increasingly urban and literate.

____ 61. In the centuries between 500 and 1000, Europe’s center of gravity shifted away from the Mediterranean towardA) the north and west.B) the south and east.C) the Indian Ocean.D) the Pacific Ocean.

____ 62. In which civilization was the rationalism and secularism of Greek thought used to explain reli-gious doctrines?A) The Byzantine EmpireB) The Abbasid CaliphateC) Western EuropeD) China


____ 63. In the story by Gregory of Tours, what event triggered Clovis’s conversion to Christianity?A) A conversation with his Christian wifeB) His near defeat in a war against the AlamanniC) The death of his sonD) The miraculous recovery of his son

____ 64. Which of the following facilitated the creation of the Mongol Empire?A) The territories the Mongols invaded were experiencing internal divisions.B) The technology of the Mongols was superior to that of their adversaries.C) Chinggis Khan had a precise blueprint for world conquest.D) The tribal values and loyalties of the Mongols functioned as a powerful unifying

ideology.

____ 65. Which of the following resulted from Mongol rule over Russia?A) The rise of Kiev to renewed prominence in Russian historyB) The adoption by Russian princes of the Mongols’ diplomatic rituals and court

practicesC) The dispatch of a Byzantine army that reconquered the regionD) The collapse of Orthodox Christianity and its replacement by Roman Catholicism

in Russia

____ 66. Which region gained the most from the exchanges of ideas and technologies facilitated by the Mongol Empire?

A) ChinaB) EuropeC) Sub-Saharan AfricaD) The Middle East

____ 67. Which of the following contributed to Temujin’s rise to power and recognition as Chinggis Khan of the Great Mongol Nation?A) The formation of alliances based on kinship tiesB) The support of the clan of his father, who was a powerful chiefC) The incorporation of warriors from defeated tribes into his own forcesD) The defeat of Egyptian forces in Palestine

____ 68. Which of the following is an example of the Mongol rulers’ policy toward people in the con-quered territories?A) Chinese and Muslim officials were allowed to hold advisory positions in govern-

ment.B) Conquered people were forced to convert their land into pastureland for Mongol

herds.C) A policy of segregation made conquered people a permanent underclass.D) Conquered people were barred from the military.

____ 69. What aspects of Chinese civilization did Mongol rulers in the Yuan dynasty adopt?A) The traditional Chinese examination systemB) The use of traditional Confucian ritualsC) The disdain towards merchantsD) The practice of foot binding

____ 70. Which of the following is a reason Western Europe was not conquered by the Mongols?A) Western Europe lacked adequate pasture for Mongol herds.B) Western Europe successfully resisted the Mongol invasions.C) The Black Death had already devastated the Mongol army by the time they

reached Western Europe.D) European rulers formed an alliance with the Mongols against Islam.

____ 71. The Mongol Empire played a significant role in world history because itA) introduced a new alphabet that became the basis for most of the languages in

Eurasia.B) created a new religion that is still practiced throughout Central Asia.C) developed a hybrid civilization that blended together Persian, Chinese, and Euro-

pean culture.D) brought together the nomadic peoples of inner Eurasia and the agricultural civi-

lizations of outer Eurasia.


____ 72. What do the selections by Chinggis Khan and Ogodei, as well as the epitaph for the Mongol offi-cial Menggu, reveal about Mongol rule in China?A) The Mongols ruled with an iron fist and virtually enslaved their Chinese subjects.B) The Mongols adopted many Confucian ideas on governance.C) The Mongols imposed their language and culture on their Chinese subjects.D) The Mongols converted all farmland to pastureland for their herds.

____ 73. In the fifteenth century, what did the Igbo people in West Africa have in common with the Iro-quois League in North America?A) Centralized kingdoms and stratified societiesB) Plantation economies dependent on slave laborC) Institutions for resolving conflict in the absence of a stateD) Seclusion of women

____ 74. Which of the following was the largest pastoral society in West Africa in the fifteenth century?A) The BeninB) The FulbeC) The YorubaD) The Igbo

____ 75. Why did the maritime expeditions of the Indian Ocean basin sponsored by the Ming emperor suddenly stop in 1433?A) The court eunuchs who rose to power prioritized farming over commerce.B) Most of the cultures they encountered reacted with hostility and violence.C) The emperor’s successors viewed expansion as a waste of resources.D) Naval forces were redirected to deal with the military threat of the Portuguese.

____ 76. Which of the following reflected the fragmented and competitive political environment in Eu-rope in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?A) The Sunni/Shia divideB) Christine de Pizan’s City of LadiesC) The Renaissance in Italy and northern EuropeD) The Hundred Years’ War between England and France

____ 77. Which of the following is true of the Mughal Empire?A) It unified the people of Islam and Christendom.B) It formed as a result of Chinese exploration in the Indian Ocean.C) It established unified control over most of the Indian peninsula.D) It showed no tolerance for Hindu subjects.

____ 78. Which of the following was a value emphasized in the Renaissance?A) FrugalityB) EqualityC) Liberty

D) Individualism

____ 79. What did the Aztec Empire require conquered people to do?A) Register marriagesB) Pay tributeC) Learn about Aztec cultureD) Speak the Aztec language


____ 80. According to the excerpts from Diego Duran, which of the following represents a way that a person could raise their social position in Aztec society?A) Learning the Aztec languageB) Performing great feats in warC) Participating in charity workD) Serving in the government

____ 81. The colonial economy of the Spanish Empire in former Aztec and Inca lands wasA) dependent on the import of African slaves for labor.B) based on commercial agriculture and mining.C) supported by piracy and smuggling.D) administered by Spanish missionaries.

____ 82. Which of the following motivated Europeans to venture across the Atlantic Ocean?A) Their monopoly of oceanic trade in the Indian OceanB) Rivalries between competing European statesC) An interest in foreign cultures and languagesD) The spread of the Black Death

____ 83. How did Chinese and Russian expansion into Central Asia affect the nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppe lands?A) They no longer enjoyed political independence and economic prosperity.B) They were absorbed into Chinese and Russian society.C) They abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and enjoyed success as merchants.D) They formed a military confederation and successfully fought for their indepen-

dence.

____ 84. In which of the following empires did the process of expansion occur at the same time that a distinctive state was taking shape?A) The Russian EmpireB) The Spanish EmpireC) The Ottoman EmpireD) The Mughal Empire

____ 85. In the conflict between the Islamic and Christian worlds, which event in the fifteenth century signaled that the Islamic world held the upper hand?A) Treaty of NerchinskB) Treaty of TordesillasC) The ReconquistaD) The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

____ 86. Which of the following describes an effect of the European presence in the Indian Ocean on ex-isting Asian commercial networks?A) Europeans created a network that became just one among a number of thriving

Asian commercial networks.B) Europeans destroyed all Asian commercial networks, forcing Asian merchants to

turn to piracy and smuggling.C) Europeans required all non-European merchant vessels to purchase a pass and

pay duties of 6 to 10 percent on their cargoes.D) Europeans succeeded in controlling nearly all Asian trade networks, making them

masters of the Asian economy.

____ 87. Which of the following is true of slavery in the premodern Islamic world?A) The slave population was predominantly male.B) Some slaves acquired prominent military or political status.C) Most slaves worked in large-scale agricultural enterprises.D) All slaves came from Africa.

____ 88. The number of slaves shipped from Africa to the Americas peakedA) in the 1500s.B) in the 1600s.C) in the 1700s.D) in the 1800s.

____ 89. Which of the following distinguished the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas from past in-stances of slavery in world history?A) Children of slaves were considered free persons.B) Most slaves were women and children.C) Most slaves were Slavic-speaking peoples.D) Slave status was associated with race.

____ 90. The emergence of Japan as a major source of silver production in the sixteenth century contrib-uted toA) the isolation of Japan.B) deforestation, soil erosion, and flooding.C) the end of civil war and the unification of Japan.D) Japan’s rise as an empire by the seventeenth century.

____ 91. Which of the following describes how the fur trade affected indigenous peoples in North Amer-ica?A) It fostered the creation of independent, self-sufficient communities.B) It facilitated the assimilation of indigenous peoples into British, Dutch, and French

societies.C) It generated warfare among different groups of Native Americans.D) It enhanced women’s social status because they hunted and trapped animals.

____ 92. How did the slave trade affect African states?A) Small-scale kinship-based societies merged to form powerful, centralized states.B) States involved in the slave trade invested their profits in manufacturing indus-

tries.C) The Kingdom of Kongo emerged as the most powerful state in West Africa.D) Some African states depended on revenues from the slave trade.


____ 93. In Visual Source 14.4, the portrayal of the man in European clothing was intended toA) discourage interracial marriages.B) criticize cross-cultural exchanges.C) enhance his social status.D) emphasize his European ancestry.

____ 94. Which of the following status symbols depicted in the visual sources was associated with the destruction of the culture of its origin?A) TeaB) ChocolateC) CoffeeD) Porcelain

____ 95. Which of the following is a principle or practice upheld in Sikhism?A) Seclusion of womenB) Universalism of IslamC) Equality of men and womenD) Respect of caste distinctions

____ 96. Which of the following describes the reception of modern European science in China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire during the early modern era?A) Adoption of European advances in medicine onlyB) Acceptance of European theoretical science but rejection of its practical applica-

tionsC) Selective adoption of European scientific learningD) Wholesale adoption of Western scientific learning

____ 97. What made Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses revolutionary?A) The condemnation of the Church’s selling of indulgencesB) The idea that an individual could find salvation by faith aloneC) The proposal that knowledge should be based on observations and experimentsD) The theory that the sun was the center of the universe

____ 98. Why did the Chinese imperial court initially welcome the Jesuit missionaries?A) The Chinese state saw the political and military success of the European states as

a demonstration of the power of the Christian God.B) The Chinese people had been defeated, their societies disrupted, and their cul-

tural confidence shattered.C) The Jesuits’ knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, technology, geography, and

mapmaking was useful to the Chinese.D) The Jesuits far outnumbered the Chinese and had already converted the vast ma-

jority of the nomadic peoples in the steppes north of China.

____ 99. During the centuries between 1450 and 1750, the spread of Islam was usually theA) work of Muslim holy men, scholars, and traders.B) result of conquest and forced conversions.C) product of state indoctrination.D) responsibility of specially chosen missionaries.

____ 100. Europeans who participated in the Scientific Revolution placed value on knowledge that was based onA) the writings of classical philosophers.B) mathematical reasoning.C) cultural tradition.D) the Church’s interpretation of the Bible.

Short Answer

1. What kinds of uniquely human activities show up early in the African archeological record, sup-porting the theory that humans originated on that continent?

2. How did different environmental conditions influence the emergence of agriculture in different parts of the world?

3. Name at least three elements that a civilization must have in order to produce monumental works on the scale of the Mesopotamian ziggurats or Egyptian pyramids.

4. How did class differences create different roles and expectations for women?

5. What were the limitations of Greek democracy?

6. What elements united Greece during the classical era?

7. What policies did rulers implement to control their empires?

8. What phases did the South Asian religious tradition go through between 1000 B.C.E. and 1000 C.E.?

9. In what ways were the various religious and philosophical traditions that emerged from 500 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. gendered?

10. Although Bantu Africa, the Ancestral Pueblo, and the Mound Builders are usually not regarded as civilizations, what features did they exhibit that suggest the existence of complex societies?

11. How did the Silk Roads, Sea Roads and Sand Roads evolve from earlier patterns of exchange?

12. How did silk symbolize the networks of exchange within the Afro-Eurasian world?

13. In China during the first millennium of the Common Era, what accounts for the initial resistance to Buddhism and the later persecution of Buddhism?

14. In what respects did the birth of Islam differ from that of Christianity?

15. In what ways did the multiple competing states in Western Europe shape European civilization?

16. In what ways did the legacy of Roman civilization survive in Western Europe following the col-lapse of the Roman Empire?

17. What key features of their army and of their method of waging war made the Mongols such an effective military force?

18. How did women’s lives in the Afro-Eurasian world compare to women’s lives in the Americas?

19. What major movements in early modern India brought some Hindus and Muslims together in new forms of religious expression, and how do those movements differ from each other?

20. How did science in the nineteenth century both reflect the influence of the Enlightenment and undermine its basic assumptions?

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