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Environmental Research. Vol 5. No 10. Autumn and Winter 2015 218

Multi Criteria Decision Analysis to Compare Management Alternatives for Conservation of Persian Fallow Deer

1*Goudarzi, F.; 2Bashari, H.; 3Hemami, M. R.

1 Graduated Master of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources andMarine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University

2 Assist. Prof. of Range Management, Isfahan University of Technology3 Assoc. Prof. of Environmental Sciences, Isfahan University of Technology

(Received: 2012/May/5; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractDecision making for identifying and selecting the best management options for species conservation considering the ecological, social and economic issues is usually a challenging procedure as stakeholders may have various interests. Achieving a compromise for selecting the best management practices is a prolonged process, but the time for saving the threatened species is limited. Decision support tools such as Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) provide a framework for participation of different groups in the decision making process. We used a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach to identify the best management practices for conservation of Persian fallow deer. Persian fallow deer is an endangered species and have been saved from the verge of extinction by captive breeding programs and introducing it into different areas over the last half century. In this study eight management options for conservation of Persian fallow deer were identified and compared using six different criteria. All criteria were weighted and the management options weighed and ranked against each criterion, then the preference ability and the range of variation of each management option were identified. Deer protection in current sites was identified as the best practice to conserve the species. Other management options such as reintroducing the species to more new areas or habitat restoration had less favorability considering the costs, practicality, and conflicts with local people. By obtaining more information about the species ecology and conflict with local communities, the results of this study can be enhanced using the adaptive management approach.

Keywords: Multi criteria decision analysis; Wildlife management; Persian fallow deer; Facilitator.

Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]


Utilization Intensity Effect on Plant Richness and Diversity inShourab Rangelands of Golestan Province

1Tamartash, R.; 1Heydari, Gh.; 1Tatian, M. R.; 2* Baghestani Far, M.

1 Assist. Prof. of Range Management, Sari University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources2 M.Sc. Student of Range Management, Sari University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources

(Received: 2012/June/19; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractA physically destructive pressure on rangeland ecosystems is livestock intensive grazing that results in decrease in vegetation and species. To evaluate the effects of grazing on diversity and species richness in Shourab summer rangelands of Gorgan, three sites were chosen as reference, key and critical areas. The sampling was done systematic randomly using 40 plots 1×1m2 on three 100m transects in each unit. List of species, percent cover and species number were recorded in each plot. The species list, plant cover percentage and number of species were recorded in each plot. Evaluation of numerical diversity indices and species richness was done. Then, the data was analyzed by ANOVA and means comparison. The results showed that the numerical values for all indicators of diversity and richness in the critical region have been less to the reference region due to intense grazing. Also, the average grazing was not negative factor in reducing plant diversity.

Keywords: Plant diversity, Richness, Grazing, Rangeland, Gorgan


220 Abstracts

Health, Safety and Environmental Risk Management in Shomal Cement Plant by Using William Fine Technique

1*Jozi, S. A.;2Atabi, F.;3Honarmand, H.

1 Assoc. Prof., Department of Environment, Faculty of Technical & Engineering, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch

2 Assist. Prof., Graduated School of Environment & Energy, Science & Research Branch, IAU3 M.Sc. in Environmental Management, Islamic Azad University Tehran Science & Research Branch

(Received: 2011/Sep/25; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractIn this research, in order to assess and risk management of North Cement Factory, emission rate of air pollutants surrounding the mills no1, no2, no3, exhaust from the chimney of new product mill, electro filter, exhaust of klin no2, consisting CO. NO, NO2 and particles were measured. Air pollutants by Testo350 apparatus were measured. The calculation of this research indicated that the concentration of some air pollutants in the North Cement Factory is higher than the viable standards. The amount of NOx is acceptable whereas the amount of CO, is twice and the PM particulates on average is 6 times higher than the authorized amount. The rate of coliforms in waste was 40 times more than the permitted amount. Not only do these pollutants dissipate the Cement but they also cause irrevocable damages in the environment. According to implemented Classification,30% of aspects were low-risk level, 37.5% were Mid-risk level, 25% were high-risk level and 7.5% were extremely high-risk level. Eventually to decrease the efficiency of filteration equipments as well as more efficient management of the factory, effective management measures were presented.

Key Words: Risk assessment, William fine technique, Environmental risk management, Risk priority number, Cement industry

222 Abstracts

The Comparison Between Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Recreation for Sorkhe Hesar and

Other Forest Parks in Iran

1*Sayadi, F.; 2Rafiee, H.

1Sama Tecnical and Vocatinal Training College, Islamic Azad University, Rodehen Branch2 Assist. Prof. of Agricultural Economics, University of Tehran

(Received: 2013/Aug/3; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractThe economic evaluation has a important effect on the optimization of the environmental policies. These systems provide necessary mechanism to increase welfare. So, to make these sources quantitive and recognizable is of high importance. This study tries to evaluate and estimate recreational value of Sorkhe Hesar forest park in Tehran province with completed 230 questionnaires dichotomous choice and analyzes parameters affecting individual public preferences in 2013. Willingness to pay (WTP) of individuals was specified, using contingent valuation method (CVM) and Logit regression model. Also effective factors on WTP, were studied based on the maximum likelihood parameters coefficients of the model. The variables of suggested fee, family monthly revenue, the educational level, satisfaction rate, age, the inclination to revisit, and spring and summer has a meaningful effect on people 's inclination to pay for taking advantage of recreational use of this park. the meaningfulness of three variables the suggested fee, family monthly revenue and the educational level is similar to research findings in another forestall parks. The willingness to pay for recreation of the forestall park Sorkhe Hesar was measured $1 per person per visit. In comparison with control group, this is considerably lower. The differences of the rate of attractiveness of these parks has caused a considerable difference in the inclination to pay for recreation. Age was a significant variable in this study in contrast to the results of the other park, Older people due to high attraction of forest, are willing to pay.

Key words: Contingent valuation method, Logit model, Sorkhe hesar forest park



Environment Role in Food Security Nutrition of Rural Families(Case Study: Yazd Province)

1*Fatahi, A.; 2Salem, J.

1 Assist. Prof. Economics of Natural Resources, University of Ardakan2 Researcher of Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Yazd province

(Received: 2013/Jan/22; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractIn recent years, environment role and its recreational function are increased in families' income. In fact, with increasing internal recreation in country, environment role and its recreational function are increased on rural families' economics and food security. This study is done for recognizing recreational effects on food security and decreasing villagers' poverty in Yazd villages. The methodology is descriptive analyzes that proportionate data type, withnonparametric tests. The results show that from inhabitants' viewpoint, environment and its recreational function have positive effects on some sub index of food security with increasing employment of active population, increasing income level, increasing food consumption per capita, decreasing stricken percent of malnutrition. Improvement of health indexes, increasing agricultural output growth, increasing population percent that have healthy water, increasing families' food variety and improvement basic capacities.Are some results also, environment role and its recreational function have negative effects on some sub indexes of food security such as annual average rate of garden ruin, increasing lands usage change, increasing risk of erosion, decreasing cultivatable land per capita, decreasing access amount of agricultural water, increasing food price and increasing income inequality. According to the Chi-Square test, in this case there is significant agreement among villages' inhabitants.

Keywords:Environment, Recreational function, Ruraleconomics, Food security, Yazd province.


224 Abstracts

Influence of Urban Green Spaces on Temperature and Relative Humidity of the Surrounding Areas (Case Study: Gorgan City)

1*Aghili Nasab, Z.; 2Mohammadzade, M.; 3Salman Mahini, A.; 2Zareii, H.

1 M.Sc. Graduate of Environmental Science, Gorgan University2 Assist. Prof. Faculty Agricultural and Natural resources, Gorgan University3 Assoc. Prof. Faculty Agricultural and Natural resources, Gorgan University

(Received: 2012/Dec/29; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractIn recent years much attention has been made to urban green spaces to prevent increasing temperature, and increases of at relative humidity considering global warming which may cause reduced energy consumption. In this study, the effects of urban green spaces in Gorgan on temperature and humidity of the surrounding environment has been assessed. Field survey was carried out in August 2011 and temperature and relative humidity was recorded for 15 selected green spaces in the city. Results indicated gradual temperature decrease and heightened relative humidity with proximity to the green spaces. The meaningful distance for the effect of the spaces on temperature reduction was found to be 60 meters (p≤0/05). The northern aspect was found to have the lowest temperature and highest relative humidity while the southern aspect showed a reverse trend. The adjusted R2 for the regressions between temperature and relative humidity as dependent variables and aspect, distance and the size of the green spaces were found to be 0/975 and 0/9274, respectively. The results indicated a meaningful impact of the green spaces on temperature and relative humidity of the adjacent areas in the urban environment. These green spaces are thus considered as cool islands the provision of which will help dampen the negative impact of the developments in the city. This study helped quantify the mitigating effects of the green spaces and provided a basis for justifying increase in urban vegetated areas.

Key words: Urban green spaces, Temperature and relative humidity, Urban climate, Cool island



Environmental Impact Assessment of the Forest Management Plan, Using Degradation Model

(Case Study: Patom District of Kheyroud Forest)

1Aghnoum, M.; 2*Feghhi, J.; 3Makhdoum, M.F.; 4Jabbarian Amiri, B.1 M.Sc. forestry student, Department of Forestry and Forest Economic,

Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran2 Assoc. Prof. Department of Forestry and Forest Economic,

Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran3 Prof. Department of Forestry and Forest Economic, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran4 Assist. Prof. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran


AbstractForests are as renewable natural resources and because of its abundant environmental values have special status. Given the importance of forests as one of the most important sources of development in the country, several measures such as forest management plans are programmed in Iran. The Review of forest management plans in Iran indicates that in many of plans, the importance of ecosystems was ignored and most of decisions were made irrespective of environmental values. So multifunctional nature of forests, requires environmental impact assessment to be implemented in connection with forest management plans. The purpose of this study is the assessment and measurement of the Degradation coefficient because of human activities in Patom district of Kheyrud forest from the past to present. So, degradation model and degradation fuzzy set model was used that it is one of the environmental impact assessment methods and one of the important tools for the quantification of environmental destruction. The Results of this research showed that %100 of the study area need rehabilitation.

Key words: Forest management plan, EIA, Degradation model, Kheyrud forest, Rehabilitation


226 Abstracts

Investigation of the Users’ Preferences to Improve theSituation of Greenery in Birjand City (Iran)

*Khalilnezhad, S. M. R.

PhD candidate at the Department of Space and Environmental Planning,Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany

(Received: 2012/Feb/25; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractIt is inevitable that landscape and opens space sustainablity to be a reflection of the potential users’ preferences. The aim of this research is recognition of the citizens' attitudes which should obviously be considered in urban parks and green spaces rehabilitation procedure. The voices of the users help designers to determine the main concept for the rehabilitation of current greenery situation. This study was undertaken to reflect the park and green spaces users’ voice in Birjand (center of Southern Khorasan province in the east of Iran). The proposed methods and results of this study could be applied in the procedure of rehabilitation of the open and green spaces in that city. The data was mainly gathered by distribution of questionnaires among the inhabitants of quadruplet zones in mentioned city. The methodologies of this research are documentary, analytical, and measurement methods. Furthermore the required analysis has been conducted. The findings of this investigation indicate that the priorities of varied citizens based on their demographic ingredients and socio-economic characteristics are different. But generally, the achievement of this research shows that from viewpoint of the Birjand's inhabitants, the plant species of urban parks should be diversified and promoted by utilization of the various kind of plants species of all categories (broad leaved trees, needle leaved trees, ground covers and seasonal), and contrary to the former procedure, planting should not be merely concentrated on the needle leaved trees. Furthermore, most of Brigands’ residents have assessed the toilets, drinker's instruments, and children play equipments as the most important priority which should be amended. Beside these, attention to the youth and students' demands was emphasized, and most of respondents were in favor of stone pavement.

Key words: Citizens preferences, Parks rehabilitation, Urban green spaces, Birjand city



Developing a Model for Green Supplier Selection Based on Environmental Performance Approach Using MCDM

(Application to Selected Tile Companies of Yazd Province)

1Mirghafoori, S. H.; 2*Sadeghi Arani, Z.; 3Azizi, F.

1 Assoc. Prof. of Industrial Management, Yazd University2 Phd Student of Industrial Management, University of Tehran

3 Phd Student of Tourism Management, Allameh Tabatabai University

(Received: 2011/Oct/31; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractNowadays, environmental management focusing on environmental protection has become a challenging issue to business organizations as a result of global and local environmental problems. There has been increasing interest towards firm’s environmental sustainability activities to improve practices in their supply chain. This challenge has led to a new concept called green supply chain management (GSCM) in business field that is the combinations of environmental thinking and supply chain. Since Yazd province is industrial pole of tile and ceramic in Iran, and because of high pollution in this industry, authorities are forced to follow environmental laws and produce environment- friendly products. For doing so, they choose factories that protect the environment in the supply chain which can be considered as a competitive advantage for them. In this regard, this study ranks the selected tile companies in Yazd province based on green supply chain. For this purpose, a questionnaire has been used that assess the green supply chain using six criteria including green supplier and purchasing, green design, green manufacturing, green distribution, green packaging and green production costs. Finally, to rank the companies two multi-criteria decisions making techniques, PROMETHEE and OWA, have been used. Ranking the selected tile companies of Yazd based on MCDM methods showed that respective companies B and C have better and worse condition in producing environmentally friendly products. The results showed that there is little difference between these two MCDM methods (OWA and PROMETHEE).

Keywords: Green Supply Chain, OWA, PROMETHEE, Tile Companies of Yazd Province.


228 Abstracts

Estimating the Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Organic Products: Application of Heckman Two Stage Method

(Case of Organic Cucumbers)

1Pormozaffar, S. H.; 2* Layani, Gh.; 3 Shahabi, S.; 4 Rafiee, H.

1 B .Sc. Student of Agricultural Economics,University of Sari2 M .Sc. Student of Agricultural Economics,University of shiraz3 B .Sc. Student of Agricultural Economics,University of Sari

4 Assist. Prof. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Tehran, Iran


AbstractConsidering the importance and extension of global markets of organic products, production and developing this market in Iran has a particular importance. In this study which has been conducted for organic cucumbers, 308 questionnaires have been completed randomly from Mazandaran province citizens in 2011. Tobit estimation model and Heckman Two Stage Method has been applied to analyze the collected data. The results reveal that consumers of different levels have the willingness to pay equal to $1 more than what it is paid for non-organic cucumber. Sex, age, household income, monthly consumption of cucumber and familiarity with organic products were the factors which had significant effect on tendency to pay. Apart from age, which had a negative relation to willingness to pay more, the other factors have a positive effect on the suggested price. In order to develop organic markets, it is suggested to separate the market for organic products from conventional products. Considering the weight of influence of each analyzed factor and taking in mind that the producers of these products are village dwellers, which improves income distribution & extensional and educational policies on consumption and willingness to pay is recommended which will eventually improve the village dwellers' welfare.

Key words: Organic, Environment, Willingness to pay, Tobit model, Two stage estimation of Heckman



Investigate the Potential and Application of Ecosystem Services as Ecological Indicators in the DPSIR Model

(Case Study: Choghakhor Wetland)

*1Jahani Shakib, F.; 2Malekmohamadi, B.; 3Zebardast, L.; 4Adeli, F.

1 MSc Student of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran

2 Assist. Prof. Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran3 PhD Environmental Planning, University of Tehran

4 MSc Student of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran


Abstract:The concept of ecosystem goods and services has gained an enormous and steadily rising attractiveness for environmental scientists, managers and decision makers. Transferring concept of systems dynamics, a growth of applied information on ecosystem services could be observed. Actually the sequencing approach trends to land use assessment using this interdisciplinary concept, it has closely approached scientific foundations of ecology with economics and policy management to stakeholders. Wetland ecosystems furnish human societies with services such as recreational uses, climate regulation, fisheries, and water for crop production. However, the health of these valuable ecosystems is threatened with environmental pressures by human activities especially in developing countries in which the protection of wetland ecosystems is not widely acknowledged to be important by both citizens and decision-makers. Driver, Pressure, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR) conceptual framework is used for organizing information of environment and the relationship between human activity and possible changes in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capabilities and application of ecosystem services as environmental indicators in DPSIR model. In order to study state environmental assessment as regard to the ability model for different scales, the ecosystems of Choghakhor Wetland in large scale was investigated. The results show that the identified drivers (agriculture, water demand, settlements and tourism growth, population growth, drought and mining activities) within the study area are imposed the pressures to environment, leading to structural changes. Consequently, the natural functions which are dependent to the structure will be changed, and the environmental ecosystem services, such as provision, regulation, support and culture may decrease or to be lost.

Keywords: Ecosystem services, DPSIR model, Ecological indicators, Choghakhor wetland


230 Abstracts

Fire Risk Modeling Using Multi- Criteria DecisionMaking Analysis Based on Satellite Indexes

1Jafari Goldarag, Y.; 2*Mohammadzadeh, A; 3Sarkargar Ardakani, A.

1 M.Sc. of Remote Sensing K.N.Toosi University of Technology2 Assist. Prof. in Remote Sensing Department, K.N.Toosi University of Technology

3 Assist. Prof. in Imam Hossein University


AbstractFire is a phenomenon that causes many losses in forests and natural resources. For fire prevention and reduction of its losses, it is necessary to recognize high potential area using affective parameters. In this research fire risk modeling has been done for Golestan province using multi-criteria analysis (MCA). Static and dynamic parameters were divided in different classes and weight of each class was determined using expert and data knowledge. Then index map of each parameter was produced using derived weight and static/dynamic fire risk map through combination of parameters with AHP derived weight. Finally, fire risk is produced through combination of static and dynamic fire risk map. According to the result, the proposed method recognized 27.88 percent of study area as danger region that 91.8 percent of fires occurred in that region in June 2005. The proposed model recognized 17.5 percent for September 2005 and 30.6 percent for June 2004 of study area as danger region which 66.7 and 89.44 percent of fires occurred in those areas, respectively. Also accuracy criterion has been improved through AHP method and has been increased from 2.14 to 2.43. The result shows that MCA and satellite data have more capability in recognition of high potential area for fire occurrence.

Keywords: Fire, MCA, NDVI, LST, GVMI, Remote sensing



Detection of Geothermal Potentials Using Thermal Remote Sensing In South Khorasan

1Ahmadizadeh, S. S.R.; 2*Arasteh, F.; 3Fanaee Kheirabad, Gh. A.; 4Ashrafi, A.

1 Assoc. Prof. School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand2 MSc. Student of Assessment and Landuse Planning, School of

Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand3 Assist. Prof. School of Mines, University of Technology Birjand.

4 MSc. Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Birjand.


AbstractThermal remote sensing as a branch of remote sensing science plays an important role in environmental studies. Thermal remote sensing is one of the low-cost methods against ground surveys in the remote areas that provide valuable information from the study area for researchers in the shortest possible time. Surface temperature mapping to identify and explore potential geothermal areas using thermal Infrared band is possible that provides the grounds for further exploratory studies. In this research, using imagery of Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor, map of surface temperature anomalies provided and six regions were identified as geothermal potential. These areas with temperature about 2-5°C higher than background are as follow: the north of Ferdows, the south of Nayband village, the south of Gazik village, the southwest of Doroh, 18 kilometers from Dasht Bayaz and the south of Nehbandan. Also these areas have a very close relationship with other evidences in the presence of energy particularly faults and hot springs. This indicates the dominant role of faults as a thermal path for heat transfer from the interior to the surface. This study shows that South Khorasan province because of its special geographic and geology position has the appropriate and prone level for producing geothermal energy that with accurate management, the direct production and industrial applications of clean energy and environmentally friendly could be provided in the area.

Keywords: Thermal remote sensing, Geothermal energy, Thermal infrared band, Land surface temperature map


232 Abstracts

Examining the Environmental Effects of the Bus Manufacturing Unit of Iran Khodro Diesel Company through Entropy and

LINMAP Integrated Method

1*Jozi, S. A.; 2Ataee, S.

1 Assoc. Prof., Department of Environment, Faculty of Technical & Engineering, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch

2 M.Sc. of Environmental Assessment, Islamic Azad University, science and Research Branch, Tehran

(Received: 2013/June/17; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

Abstract The aim of conducting this research is to classify and examine the environmental effects of Iran Khodro Diesel’s bus manufacturing unit through Entropy and LINMAP integrated method. The bus manufacturing unit is one of the four car- manufacturing halls and the largest bus- manufacturing unit in the Middle East. This unit is located in Iran Khodro Diesel Company in Chahardaange area. A list of activities which affect the environment is prepared in this research and was presented to the company’s experts and the environmental experts in the form of a questionnaire. As a results the sections and activities which affected each pollutant were identified and based on that, the iron cleaning section with a weight equal to 0.318 was identified as the first effective section on water pollutants (chassis structuring and assembling), (PVC container and insulation) with a weight equal to 0.525 was first in rank regarding affecting air pollutants, PVC container and insolation with a weight equal to 0.525 was first in rank regarding being the most important aerosols spreading section and the roll test section with a weight equal to 0.315 is first in rank regarding noise pollutant. The three environments affected by the hall were prioritized by the LINMAP method and based on that, the physical and chemical environment with 0.6 weight were first in rank and the biological environment with 0.38 weight was second, and the cultural, economic, and social environment with a weight equal to 0.1 was last in rank. The essential corrective measures in the field of each activity were suggested based on the prioritization results at the end in order to decrease the environmental effects.

Key words: Environmental effects, Environmental pollutants, Bus- manufacturing unit



Technology Assessment for Optimum Energy Production, Conversion and Consumption with Environmental Considerations

1Panjeshahi, M. H.; 2Soltanieh, M.; 3*Tahouni, N.

1. Profe., School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran2. Prof., Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology3. Assist. Prof., School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran


AbstractEnergy consumption directly increases the environmental pollutants, global warming, greenhouse gasses as well as the social costs. Therefore, all industrial countries have addressed the protection of environment along with improving energy efficiency and economic efficiency for sustainable development, especially after the Kyoto Protocol. Having identified extremely high energy intensities and high potential for energy savings in different sectors of energy production and consumption in our country and also the national and international facilities and forces, a comprehensive program must be prepared to ensure a sustainable development. In order to manage the energy supply and demands, low efficient technologies for energy production and conversion and irrational use of energy must be corrected. In present paper, a brief overview of energy production, conversion and consumption and GHG emissions in IRAN are given. Afterwards, the technology needs assessment for different sectors of energy is addressed and the hierarchy for setting priorities on technologies is determined.

Keywords: Energy technology; Technology transfer, Environment; Technology needs assessment


234 Abstracts

Introduction, Usages and Comparison of Conventional and Unconventional Sanitary Sewer Networks in Small Communities

1*Khansefid, R.; 2Abrishamchi, A.

1 Master of science Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Islamic Azad University Sciences and Researches Tehran Branch

2 Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology


AbstractOne of the most important challenges in urban management is collection and transmission of sewage to outside of cities and villages boundaries. According to allocation of 70-90 percent of a swage plan’s total costs to sanitary sewer network and transmission, investigation of usages of different unconventional sanitary networks due to lower costs of these networks in comparison with other conventional ones is necessary at national level.The unconventional sanitary sewer networks in small urban and rural communities include pressure sewer system (PSS), vacuum sewer system (VSS), small diameter gravity sewer system (SDGS) and simplified sewer system (SS), They are selected in accordance with specific circumstances of a region such as social, economic, regional, technical and other effective elements. In the current research, the data are collected from books, consulting engineering companies reports, and national and international standards of sewer network systems and then different sanitary sewer networks and their usages are investigated and compared in order to select the optimum sewer network with emphasis on lower administrative, operation and maintenance costs.

Keywords: Sanitary sewer network, Conventional and Unconventional, Sanitary Sewer Network, Pressure Sewer System (PSS), Vacuum Sewer System (VSS), Small Diameter Gravity Sewer System (SDGS), Simplified Sewer System (SS).



Effecting of Moral Preferences on Willingness toPay for Use of Environmental

(Case Study: Shahid Zare Forest, Sari County)

1*Layani, Gh.; 2Mahmoodi, S.; 3Rafiee, H.

1, 2 M .Sc. Student of agricultural Economics, University of Shiraz3 Assist. Prof., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Tehran


AbstractA fundamental assumption in Neo- classical models is that people have utility preferences for market and none market (such as recreation) goods. However, there exist people who feel responsible about protecting the environment. For this group, increasing the environmental quality leads to higher demand for vacation. In this study moral preference of people for Shaid Zare Forest is valuated using Logit qualitative models. For this purpose, 190 questionnaires have been collected using a random sample. The results also show the effecting factors that influence the visitors' interest to pay which are: sex, household head, familiarity with the region and morality which had significant and positive effect. Number of household members, age, distance, and cost of each visit which had a significant and negative effect. It can be concluded from the results of the study that morality will lead to higher comprehension of environment. Based on the results of the study, Deontological people have willing to pay equal to $1.5 per each visit while those who rely on consequences will to pay $1.2 for their visit. Also the annual willingness to pay for using Shahid Zare forest for each deontological person is $2 and it is $1.3 for Cosequentialists. It is suggested that moral responsibility should be supported as a sample for the rest of the society and moral characteristics would be extended and advertised in the society more than before.

Keywords: Willingness to pay, Deontologist, Cosequentialist, Contingent valuation, Shahid zare forest.


236 Abstracts

Synthethical Review of Ecological Connectivity for Biological Conservation in Urban Landscapes

1*Poodat, F.; 2Bargh Jelveh, Sh.; 3Mirkarimi, S. H.

1 Assisst. Prof. Department of Architecture, Chamran University of Ahvaz2 Assoc. Prof. Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University

3 Assisst. Prof. Department of Environment, Gorgan University of Architectural Sciences and Natural Resources

(Received: 2014/Dec/1; Accepted: 2014/Jan/14)

AbstractThe habitats of many ground-based fauna species in developing urban regions have altered in their structure and are often isolated from other habitat locations due to the urban growth. Habitat areas that are well connected to other fragments of habitat have been shown to assist particular fauna in their movement from one location to another. Habitat connectivity is therefore seen as critical to the survival of many fauna species in urban locations.Two key benefits of faunal movement are the transfer of genes resulting in improved genetic diversity and support for larger populations of particular species. Ecological connectivity has been applied frequently in different disciplines and this has resulted in overwhelming number of methods and measures applied. Therefore choice of suitable methods and measures still remains problematic. This research aims to establish a suitable method to evaluate connectivity to support biodiversity in urban regions. In this paper connectivity is defined and the factors required for accurately studying connectivity in the urban environment are then discussed. The methods and measures for connectivity are reviewed and classified. Finally, the relevance of each of the reviewed methods, and their specific criteria, are analysed and the method that meets the established criteria for this study is selected. This paper concludes that the joint application of graph theory and least-cost modelling incorporates the movement charachteristics and abilities of species in connectivity analysis and meets most of the established criteria to assess connectivity. The suggested method will serve as a foundation to support conservation planning and decision-making through the establishment of priority areas within the urban landscape.

Keywords: Ecological connectivity; Habitat network; Graph theory; Least-cost modelling; Urabn landscape; Biological conservation



Species Identification in Large Carnivores Based onMitochondrial DNA Length Polymorphism

1Zamani, W.; 2*Rezaei, H.R.; 3Aghili, S.M.;4Asadi Aghbolaghi, M.; 5Shabani, A.; 4Zamani, N.

1 Master of Natural Resources- Environmental Sciences,Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

2 Assist. Prof. Department of Environmental Sciences,Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

3 Assoc. Prof. Department of Environmental Sciences,Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

4 Master of Natural Resources- Environmental Sciences,Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran

5 Assoc. Prof. Department of Fisheries,Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources


AbstractBecause of the limited population study on carnivores their certain behavioral characteristics are not known. The sharp decline in the level of carnivores in most natural habitats, species identification is essential for conservation programs. Due to the high mutation rate of the mitochondrial genome, is a standard method for identifying mammals. In this study, 14 carnivores (7 species Felidae, 5 species of canines, a species of hyena and a bear) based on mitochondrial control region length polymorphisms were analyzed using universal primers. Finally, 13 species were identified. Method used in this study was relatively reproducible way, fast with low cost. This method can also identify the exact species of carnivorous, the presence or absence of rare species to be used, also doubtful species which are obtained from the offender or others.

Key words: Carnivores, Polymorphism, Control region, PCR, Mitochondrial DNA


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