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Vertebrates

BIO 2215

Oklahoma City Community College

Dennis Anderson

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The Vertebrates

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Vertebrae replace notochord during embryonic development

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Fig. 48.8

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Superclass Agnatha

• No jaws• No paired

appendages• Notochord as adult

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Ostracoderms

• Earliest vertebrate• Paleozoic era• Filter feeders

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Hagfish and Lamprey

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Class Cephalaspidomorphi

Lamprey

Parasites

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Class MyxiniHagfish

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Superclass Gnathostomata

• Jaws• Paired appendages

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Fig. 48.13

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Class CondrichthyesSubclass Elasmobranchii

• Cartilage skeleton• Notochord• No opercula• No swim bladder

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SqualusDogfish Shark

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DasyatusStingray

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Osteichthyes

• Boney fish• Not a taxon

– Formerly a class

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Class Actinopterygii

• Rays in fins• Bones• Operculum• Swim bladder

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Fish Scales

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Salmon

Pectoral Fin

Pelvic Fin

Anal Fin

Caudal Fin

Dorsal Fin Adipose Fin

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Migration Behavior

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Subclass DipneustiLung Fish

• Breathe air when lake or river dries up

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Class Sarcopterygii

• Coelacanth• Lobed fins

– muscles

Order Crossopterygii

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Gas exchange

• Gills– Ram Ventilation

• Skin• Mouth

– Gulp air

• Lungs

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Buoyancy• Sharks must constantly swim to

keep from sinking

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1% Salt

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Freshwater Fish

1% Salt

0% Salt Water

Salt

UrineAbsorb Salt

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Marine Fish

1% Salt

3.5% Salt Water

Salt

UrineSecrete Salt

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Reproduction

• Lay eggs in water

• Ovoviparous– Egg remains in mother until offspring hatch– The offspring are born alive

• Viviparous– Embryo receives nourishment from mother– The offspring are born alive

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Courtship Behavior

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Oklahoma Fish

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Longnose GarOrder Semionotiformes

Lepisosteus

• Ganoid scale• Long snout

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Channel CatfishOrder Siluriformes

Ictalurus

• Rounded anal fin

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Large Mouth BassOrder PerciformesMicropterus

• Large mouth• Upper jaw extends past the eye

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Small Mouth BassOrder PerciformesMicropterus

• Small mouth

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CrappiesOrder Perciformes

Pomoxis

• White crappie is not as dark as dark as the black crappie

• Eat crustacean and small fish

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Bluegill SunfishOrder Perciformes

Lepomis

• Small mouth• Oval shape• Eat crustaceans and insects

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CarpOrder Cypriniformes

• Large dorsal fin• Arched back• Omnivores

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Tetrapods

• Animals with 4 limbs– Amphibians– Reptiles– Birds– Mammals

• Evolved from fish

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Transition from Sea to Land

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•Coelacanth

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Eusthenopteron

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Panderichthys

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Tiktaalik

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Transitional TetrapodsSkull, teeth, limbs similar to lobe-

finned fish

IchthyostegaAcanthostega

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Amphibians

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Adaptations to live on land

• Gills are usually lost• Lungs function• Breathe through skin• Secrete mucus

– Prevent dehydration– Aids in respiration

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More Adaptations to live on land

• Skeleton – Fins evolve into limbs– Vertebral column

supports body underneath it

• Air is not as buoyant as water

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Evolution of Circulation

Fish Amphibian

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Class Amphibia

• Land and water– Reproduce in water

• Skin with mucoid secretions– Respiration

• No scales, feathers or hair

• Heart with 3 chambers– 2 atria– 1 ventricle

• One cervical vertebra• Ectothermic

(Piokelothermic)

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Order Caudata (Urodela)

• Salamanders• Long tail• Four legs

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Newt – Salamander With Rough Skin

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Paedomorphosis

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Order Anura

• Frogs and toads• No tail in adult• Webbed feet

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Family Plethodontidae

• No lungs• Breathes through skin

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Family Salamandridae

• Has lungs• True salamanders

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Toad

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Mating Calls

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Poison Dart Frogs

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Order Apoda (Gymnophiona)

• Caecilian• No legs• Skin glands• Live in tropics

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The End