Cover

Caitlyn Verret

University of New Orleans

10/1/2014

Farmers' Markets and Community Gardens in Grandmont-Rosedale,

Detroit, Michigan

Figure 1: Neighborhood Map of Detroit, MI (Source: Curbed Detroit)

i

Table of Contents

Tables and Figures ........................................................................................ ii

Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

History and Location ..................................................................................... 2

Detroit from the Beginning .......................................................................... 2

Michigan becomes a State ........................................................................... 2

Detroit as a City ........................................................................................ 3

Geography and the Environment ..................................................................... 4

Geography, Climate, and Location ................................................................ 4

Public Parks .............................................................................................. 5

City Government & Public Services .................................................................. 5

City Government and Officials ...................................................................... 5

Public Services .......................................................................................... 6

Police and Fire ........................................................................................ 6

Education ............................................................................................... 7

Transit ................................................................................................... 8

Demographics .............................................................................................. 9

Population................................................................................................. 9

Economy .................................................................................................. 9

Neighborhood and Project Focus Area ............................................................ 10

Introduction to Grandmont-Rosedale .......................................................... 10

History ................................................................................................... 11

Grandmont ........................................................................................... 11

North Rosedale Park .............................................................................. 12

Rosedale Park ....................................................................................... 13

Community Project ................................................................................... 14

Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market .......................................................... 14

Conclusion ................................................................................................. 17

References ................................................................................................ 18

List of Figures ............................................................................................ 23

List of Tables ............................................................................................. 25

ii

Tables and Figures

Table 1: Comparison of Crime-Rate Statistics of Grandmont-Rosedale, Detroit, and

Michigan ...................................................................................................... 6

Table 2: Education Levels of the Residents of Detroit, MI .................................... 7

Figure 1: Neighborhood Map of Detroit, MI ................................................. Cover

Figure 2: City of Detroit; Growth by Annexation from 1806 to 1926 ..................... 1

Figure 3: Location of Detroit, MI, in relation to the US-Canadian Border ............... 2

Figure 4: City of Detroit, MI, in relation to the state of Michigan .......................... 3

Figure 5: Detroit Metropolitan Airport at Night .................................................. 8

Figure 6: Map of The People Mover in Downtown Detroit .................................... 8

Figure 7: Detroit Neighborhood Map with insert of Grandmont-Rosedale

Neighborhood insert .................................................................................... 10

Figure 8: Produce from Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market ............................... 14

Figure 9: Location of Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market; 18445 Scarsdale St. .... 14

Figure 10: Produce and Double Up Food Bucks Acceptance Sign at the Northwest

Detroit Farmers' Market. .............................................................................. 15

1

Introduction

Detroit, Michigan was known to be a thriving city, filled with energy

and hope for those who wanted a fresh start. The city's nicknames, Motor

City and Motown, are both metonyms for the region and could be

synonymous with a booming economy and a great nightlife. This is not true

anymore. With deindustrialization, Detroit fell with the automobile industry.

The city is now in urban decay and the population is at the lowest it has ever

been since about the 1950s.

However, many grassroots

projects are springing up

throughout the city in hopes of

revitalizing their city back to the

greatness it once was. With the

development of farmers'

markets and community

gardens, the residents hope to

bring nature into their city and allow their city to have access to fresh

produce. This paper will start out with information about Detroit before going

into the Grandmont-Rosedale neighborhood and their local farmers' market,

the Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market.

Figure 2: City of Detroit; Growth by Annexation from 1806 to 1926 (Source: Detroit Firemen's Fund Association)

2

History and Location

Detroit from the Beginning

Located on the Detroit River and was

founded by French explorer Antoine de la

Monthe Cadillac as a fort in 1701, Detroit

was previously protected from non-traders

because of the importance of commerce

from the local Native American tribes. However, he only stayed as an outpost

commander for nine years before Cadillac was removed from his post by the

French government due to excessive lining of his own wallet – or officially,

“ill conduct”. Cadillac then becomes the governor of a French colony in

Louisiana, never returning to Detroit. By 1747, tension was high between

the French and the British. Each had Natives that were loyal to each side and

the French sent troops to Detroit from Montreal to strengthen against the

British's native allies, the Huron Indians. Seven years later, the French and

Indian War began. The French deployed over 400 troops to Detroit, a major

stronghold for the war. The British Major and his troops seized Detroit in

1760 and as part of the treaty at the end of the war, the British kept Detroit

(Timeline of Detroit).

Michigan becomes a State

Britain’s thirteen colonies gained independence as the United States of

America; however, Detroit remained under British rule. On September 3,

Figure 3: Location of Detroit, MI, in relation to the US-Canadian Border

(Source: Screenshot of Google Maps, 2014)

3

1783, Michigan became a part of the

United States. The British refused to

surrender the forts in Detroit. The

Northwest Territory was created by the

Continental Congress, composed of 12 of

the original 13 colonies, in 1787. It was

comprised of the future states of Ohio,

Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and

some of Minnesota. Even after adopting

a fire code in 1802 that required all

residents and business owners to sweep

their chimneys and providing buckets and ladders to residents to fight any

and all fires, most of Detroit was destroyed in a fire three years later. The

Territorial Governor and Judge, William Hull and Augustus Woodward

respectively, decided to build a planned community based on the design of

Washington, D.C., the nation's new capital (Timeline of Detroit).

Detroit as a City

In 1815, Detroit was incorporated as a city. It now had many

churches, businesses, shops, and schools. It also had a university which

became present day University of Michigan. Finally, on January 26, 1837,

Michigan became the 26th state of the United States and Detroit was its first

capital. By the late 1800s, manufacturing was Detroit's biggest industry.

Figure 4: City of Detroit, MI, in relation to the state of Michigan (Source: Screenshot of Google Maps, 2014)

4

Cars, heating and cooking stoves were the biggest industries at the time, but

ship building, cigars and tobacco, pharmaceuticals, beer, rail cars, and

foundry and machine shop products were other main industries of Detroit as

there were major improvements of shipping throughout the states by this

time.

Henry Ford built his first car in Detroit, which was not a huge event,

but the method of building cars was: the moving assembly line. Because of

this discovery, it put the production edge on winning World War II (Timeline

of Detroit).

Geography and the Environment

Geography, Climate, and Location

The metro area includes four main bodies of water: Detroit River, St.

Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and the west end of Lake Erie. There are four

distinct seasons: winter has an average snowfall around 45 inches while

during the summer, storms usually pass to the north, which allows for

intervals of warm weather with occasional thunderstorms and mild, dry

weather. The land is nearly flat, becoming a rolling terrain north-westward

from the waterways (Detroit: Geography and Climate). The city of Detroit is

593 feet (about 181 meters) above sea level while the geographic

coordinates are 42° 19' 53'' N and 83° 02' 44'' W (Date and Time).

5

Public Parks

There is one Michigan State park in Detroit: Belle Isle Park. It has been a

state park since the beginning of the 2014 year. It consists of 982-acres on the

Belle Isle island. Under the 30-year lease agreement, the City of Detroit maintains

ownership of the park while the state government, the Michigan Department of

Natural Resources, manages the island and upkeep. During the first year, there was

an $11 annual fee to the residents of Detroit, which allows entry into all state

parks. This fee does not apply to those who travel into the park by foot or bicycle.

This park holds the title of being America's largest city-owned island park.

This island was purchased in 1897 for $200,000, keeping the name Belle Isle

(beautiful island). The city founders bought this despite opposition of the price

being too high. In 1883, Frederick Law Olmstead, the designer of New York City's

Central Park, created a master plan for the development of Belle Island. Finally, in

1889, a wooden bridge was built, allowing for the park's first visitors (2014, Belle

Isle | Recreation Department).

City Government & Public Services

City Government and Officials

Mike Duggan, a Detroit-native, is the current mayor. He was elected on

November 5, 2013 and took office on January 1, 2014. There is also a city

council that consists of nine members (2014, About Mayor Duggan). Both

the mayor and the nine city council members are elected in four-year terms.

It replaced the Board of Trustees in the city in 1824 and was called the

6

Common Council until Detroit's new city charter went into effect on July 1,

1974 (2014, About City Council).

Public Services

Police and Fire

Crime in the

City of Detroit is

grim with a rating

of F on the website

Area Vibes. For the

Grandmont-

Rosedale neighborhood, the estimated crime index is 15% lower than the

Detroit average; however, the Detroit crime index is 177% higher than the

Michigan average. There are a total of 3,401 police officers, averaging out to

about 4 officers per 1,000 residents in the city of Detroit, which is 70.4%

greater than the Michigan average. The Grandmont-Rosedale neighborhood,

the focused neighborhood featured later in this document, is safer than 70%

of the neighborhoods in Detroit. The estimated chance of being a victim of

any crime in Grandmont-Rosedale is 1 in 13, while the chance of being a

victim of a violent crime is 1 in 45 (Grandmont-Rosedale, Detroit, MI Crime

Rates & Statistics).

Statistic Grandmont-

Rosedale/100k

Detroit/100k Michigan

/100k

Violent Crime 1,789 (estimate) 2,137 455

Property Crime 5,167 (estimate) 6,144 2,531

Total Crime

Index

6,964 (estimate) 8,281 2,985

Table 1: Comparison of Crime-Rate Statistics of Grandmont-

Rosedale, Detroit, and Michigan (Source: Grandmont-Rosedale, Detroit, MI Crime Rates)

7

Education

In Detroit, there are a total of 336 public schools, 64 private schools, and 19

post-secondary schools. The student teacher ratio is 23:1 which is 2.3% greater

than the Michigan average of 22:1. Only 73.1% of the residents of Detroit have

completed 8th grade and only 69.6% of Detroit residents have completed high

school. Furthermore, 31.5% of males and 28.8% of females have received a high

school diploma while 6.2% of males and 7.3% of females earned a Bachelor's

degree (Detroit, MI Education).

73.1

69.6

39.6

16.1

11

4.2 1.2 0.4

Education Level Achieved in Detroit

8th Grade

High School

Some College

Associate Degree

Bachelor's

Master's

Professional Degree

Doctorate

Table 2: Education Levels of the Residents of Detroit, MI (Source: Detroit, MI Education)

8

Transit

The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is Detroit's only airport; however, it's

technically located in the suburbs of Detroit. There are a total of 6 runways and 145

gates that are divided between two passenger terminals. The Detroit Metro Airport

is ranked 18th in North America for number of passengers in 2012 and ranked 12th

in North America for number of

aircraft operations (2012, Detroit

Metropolitan Airport, Facts). The

average travel time to work in

Detroit (31 minutes) is 29.2%

greater than the Michigan average

(24 minutes) (Detroit, MI

Transportation). There is a tram

system in Downtown Detroit with a

total of 13 stops that are looped around important areas, such as the Detroit Opera

House and the General Motors Global Headquarters. It is appropriately named the

People Mover (The Detroit People Mover). Based on the Area Vibe data, which was

originally gathered by the census data for 2012, approximately 71% drive as their

Figure 5: Detroit Metropolitan Airport at Night (Source: Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Traveler Info)

Figure 6: Map of The People Mover in Downtown Detroit (Source: The Detroit People Mover, 2012)

9

means of transportation while about 12% carpool. Public transportation makes up

about 9% (Detroit, MI Transportation).

Demographics

Population

The total population as of the 2010 Census for Detroit was 713,777.

There was a decline of 24.97% compared to the 2000 Census of 951,307.

There were 376,098 females according to the 2010 Census of Detroit --

about 52.69% -- while there were 337,579 males -- 47.31%. The majority

of residents were black: as of the latest census, there were 590,226 that

claimed Black or African American alone -- a total of 82.69% of the

population (Detroit, Michigan Population).

Economy

The cost of living is 12.6% less than the Michigan average. The cost

of a gallon of gas is about $3.84, 6.0% higher than the national average.

Based on 2010 estimates, the median household income was $25,357.

Median household income that was owner occupied was $46,037 and median

household income that was renter occupied was $24,225. (Detroit, MI Jobs,

Unemployment Rates & Median Household Income). Owner occupied housing

was at 56.8% while 43.2% of housing was renter occupied, with the median

rent at $747 (Detroit, MI Housing Prices & Real Estate Data). 26.1% of

Detroit was at poverty level or worse. In 2010, the unemployment rate was

10

at 24.8% but had decreased to an estimated 9.8% in 2013. The two top

industries in Detroit are the Education, Health, and Social Services sector

and the Manufacturing sector (Detroit, MI Jobs, Unemployment Rates &

Median Household Income).

Neighborhood and Project Focus Area

Introduction to Grandmont-Rosedale

Blight is a major issue of Detroit and there are many programs throughout

the city that focus on recycling land lots to prevent the 'broken window' effect. The

broken window theory (effect) is the idea that maintaining and monitoring the

urban setting will prevent vandalism, which will prevent the growing of more

Figure 7: Detroit Neighborhood Map with insert of Grandmont-Rosedale Neighborhood insert (Edited) (Source: Curbed Detroit)

11

serious crime. The community that will be focused on is the Grandmont-Rosedale

neighborhood. They transformed the empty lots into community garden lots, which

in turn allows many to make an income in an otherwise economically poor city

(Farmers' Market, Grandmont Community Development Corporation).

History

Located in the northwest corner of Detroit, it consists of five smaller

neighborhoods: Grandmont, Grandmont #1, Minock Park, North Rosedale Park,

and Rosedale Park. Each has at least one neighborhood association, providing help

to the residents to the sub-neighborhood. The Detroit Neighborhood Map has been

provided again, with an insert of the Grandmont-Rosedale neighborhood added. The

location of each sub-neighborhood is follow: Grandmont #1 - 5; Minock Park - 3;

Grandmont - 91; Rosedale Park - 92; and North Rosedale Park - 104. The

Grandmont-Rosedale neighborhood district contains more than 5,000 homes within

its 2.5 square mile area (My Grandmont Rosedale). Following this section will be

history of the three larger neighborhoods: Grandmont, North Rosedale Park, and

Rosedale Park.

Grandmont

The Grandmont area became a part of Detroit officially in 1923 and is rich in

history. It originally was deeded to Thomas Norton in 1835 by Andrew Jackson, the

area estimated about 80 acres. The David family bought 40 acres of that in 1880

for $300,000, then in 1915, the Grand River Development Company paid $16

million to Victorine David for the same 40 acres.

12

Many of the structures built in the late 1890s still stand: on the corner of

Rutland and Schoolcraft is the original farmhouse of the Davids. Mrs. Boyland

David, the original occupant, refused to sell the farmland to the developers unless

they planted maple trees on both sides of the street. The maple trees still stand

there today. However, many of the trees in the Grandmont area are much older

than the subdivision because much of the area was wooded when the area was built

up: they were left there as a cosmetic aspect to potential buyers.

By 1916, the subdivision was divided into plots and the area grew with new

residents. All 800 lots were soon filled with houses with many different architectural

designs and by 1927, a homeowners association was formed to help preserve the

original structures and improve their surrounding areas (Grandmont Community

Association.)

North Rosedale Park

In the early 1920s, this area was built up to become a subdivision. The sales

slogan for the area was "Out of the Smoke Zone - Into the Ozone," created by the

Rosedale Park Land Company. The slogan worked very well for the company and

soon the empty lots were filled with houses. Many of the new families were the

Herberts, Smiths, Judsons, Seiberts, and Browns, to name a few. Elms follow the

streets, much like maples in the Grandmont area.

After the lots were sold, the developers withdrew and soon the residents

found themselves with many problems. They quickly developed a unity to fight

against problems such as transportation needs. The residents pooled together their

resources in a communistic manner and soon, Rosedale automobiles were available

for Rosedale needs. The park became a center of attraction for the residents of this

13

neighborhood and soon an informal organization was created in the fall of 1923.

Finally, in early fall 1924, the North Rosedale Park Civic Association was created

(North Rosedale Park Civic Association.)

Rosedale Park

Much like the Grandmont area, Andrew Jackson deeded 80 acres of land to

Mr. Otis Freeman in October of 1835, while in November of the same year, 40 acres

was deeded to Mr. George Bellamy. For about the next 75 years, land ownership

changed hands. It wasn't until 1916 that the Rosedale Park Land Company

purchased a portion of it and started creating lots for development. This area was

also advertised with the slogan "Out of the Smoke Zone - Into the Ozone." The

Barkley family, with their infant son, were the first residents of Rosedale Park.

Grand River Avenue was a quiet barrier between North Rosedale Park and Rosedale

Park, creating a separate community even though they were both developed by the

same company. For the residents in this sub-neighborhood, fire protection was the

biggest concern:

The neighborhood stored a manual drive fire hose in a shed on Glastonbury.

By posting a cash bond with the City of Detroit, the City would send fire

trucks if needed, after which it would be necessary to gather more

subscriptions for a new bond. This was one of the original reasons for

organizing the Rosedale Park Improvement Association (History of Rosedale

Park).

14

Community Project

Two community projects that will be

covered in this research paper are community

markets and community gardens. The writer

believes that the two work very well with each

other and only covering one would not be as

beneficial as covering both for the Grandmont-

Rosedale community.

Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market

The Grandmont-Rosedale Development

Corporation (GRDC) helps organize the Northwest

Detroit Farmers' Market in the neighborhood. For

2014, the market starts in June and ends in early October every Thursday from

4:00 to 8:00 PM and provides many fresh produce items that are grown locally

from the community gardens.

There are many food assistance programs that help residents that would be

otherwise unable to buy fresh fruits and vegetables.

While they are able to accept credit and debit cards,

they do also accept the Michigan Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program card (SNAP, formerly and commonly

still known as Food Stamps), named the Bridge Card.

Volunteers at the market will swipe the bridge card at a

wireless machine and provide the person with wooden

Figure 8: Produce from Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market (Source: Grandmont Rosedale Development Corporation, 2013)

Figure 9: Location of

Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market; 18445 Scarsdale St. (Source: Google Maps)

15

tokens that are accepted by all vendors in the market. Just like at any retail store,

however, it must be a SNAP-eligible food item (Farmers’ Market, Grandmont

Community Development Corporation).

The Double UP Food Bucks program works in conjunction of the SNAP

program. It also works on a system of tokens, only slightly different in design. For

every two dollars you spend at the farmers' market, the program matches you two

dollars up to $20, for a complete total of $40 dollars (Farmers Market, Grandmont

Community Association) . It's a great incentive to shop local and fresh.

Seniors are eligible to receive coupons at the market as well. Through the

Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program, commonly known as Senior Project

FRESH, senior citizens of Michigan are able to

receive fresh Michigan products from farmers'

markets and roadside stands throughout the

state. This program was founded under the

U.S. Department of Agriculture funding and

benefits both farmers and seniors. Both Senior

Project FRESH and WIC Project FRESH are

redeemable as coupons instead of tokens that

are used for the Double UP program.

These projects were started in 1986 in

several states, but it wasn't until 1988 that

Congress allowed for a three year

demonstration of the program in 10 states.

After the success of the trial, the WIC Farmers'

Figure 10: Produce and Double Up Food Bucks Acceptance Sign at the Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market.

(Source: Northwest Detroit Farmer’s Market Facebook Page)

16

Market Nutrition Act of 1992 was enacted. On June 1, 1993, the program was

transferred from the Michigan Department of Agriculture after a two-year hiatus to

the Michigan Department of Community Health, where it still remains as of 2014.

The WIC Project FRESH consisted of $449,436 in federal fundings and $61,675 in

other fundings such as local, private, and WIC program income for the fiscal year of

2011. Each participant receives fifteen $2 coupons, a total of $30, to use for the

programs fiscal year that starts on June 1st (Project FRESH - Farmers' Market

Nutrition Program).

All the programs used at farmers’ markets are to help the financially

disadvantaged in Detroit. If blighted lots were recycled into garden lots and into

permanent farmers’ markets, this would reduce the amount of blight within the city

of Detroit while helping the residents in an economically turmoil region. "In fact, the

popularity of green markets is pervasive: the number of farmer's markets in the

United States doubled between 2001 and 2011 (Garvin, 2014, p. 91)." The growth

of the number of farmers' markets is a noticeable trend for the US; it was only a

matter of time that a heavily blighted city such a Detroit would find use for the

empty lots for farmers' markets and community gardens.

With the development of public, open-air pavilions for farmers’ markets,

there is the ability to allow lots to be used by the public for social gatherings like

birthday parties and barbeques for family, friends, and organizations. Also, if there

is enough room, there could be room for a playground for the children who attend

events with their families or who live nearby. If the lot is turned into a community

garden, it would allow the farmers to keep the produce for personal use, trade with

other farmers for produce they do not have, or sell their produce at the farmers’

17

markets for income. This is all to help those who are low-income residents of the

city, both farmers and shoppers alike, with receiving fresh produce – for the

shoppers – and to receive an income – for the farmers. This does not necessarily

only need to happen in the Grandmont-Rosedale neighborhood, it could be applied

to Detroit as a whole; however, it could also be applied to any heavily blighted city

such as New Orleans, Louisiana, or Baltimore, Maryland, both of which are known

to have high levels of blight (Wiggins, 2014).

Conclusion

Through the efforts of the residents of Grandmont-Rosedale neighborhood,

the uprising of famers' markets and community gardens to bring nature into the

city and to provide fresh produce to the residents of the area is a work in progress.

For Detroit, however, blighted lots need to be recycled into usable, diverse areas -

not every lot should be strictly pavilions for farmers' markets or strictly community

garden lots. These lots will have better diverse development potential, such as

development for hospitals or public housing projects. Only with an assortment of

use will the city of Detroit grow into the thriving city that it was once known to be.

18

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North Rosedale Park Civic Association. (n.d.). The Neighborhood. Retrieved October

6, 2014 from http://northrosedalepark.org/about/neighborhood/

Rosedale Park Improvement Association. (n.d.). History of Rosedale Park. Retrieved

October 6, 2014 from http://www.rosedalepark.org/index.php/2013-03-21-

02-09-31/history

22

Wiggins, T. (2012, August 23). New Orleans No Longer Most Blighted U.S. City:

Detroit and Flint, Mich., Come Out on Top – AOL Real Estate. Retrieved

November 18, 2014 from http://realestate.aol.com/blog/2012/08/23/new-

orleans-no-longer-most-blighted-u-s-city-detroit-and-flint/

23

List of Figures

Figure 1: Neighborhood map of Detroit, MI,

http://detroit.curbed.com/archives/2013/08/finally-a-complete-attempt-at-

mapping-detroits-neighborhoods.php

Figure 2: City of Detroit; Growth by Annexation from 1806 to 1926, http://www.

detroitfiremensfund.com/why-the-slate/

Figure 3: Location of Detroit, MI, in relation to the US-Canadian Border, https://

www.google.com/maps/place/Detroit,+MI/@43.6468852,-83.5664672,6z/data=

!4m2!3m1!1s0x8824ca0110cb1d75:0x5776864e35b9c4d2

Figure 4: City of Detroit, MI, in relation to the state of Michigan, https://www.

google.com/maps/place/Detroit,+MI/@43.7858454,-84.6486205,7z/data=!4m2

!3m1!1s0x8824ca0110cb1d75:0x5776864e35b9c4d2

Figure 5: Detroit Metropolitan Airport at Night,

http://www.metroairport.com/Traveler

Info.aspx

Figure 6: The People Mover in Downtown Detroit, http://www.thepeoplemover.com

/map_interactive.html

Figure 7: Detroit Neighborhood Map with insert of Grandmont-Rosedale

Neighborhood insert (Edited) http://detroit.curbed.com/archives/2013/08/finally-a-

complete-attempt-at-mapping-detroits-neighborhoods.php

Figure 8: Produce from Northwest Detroit Farmers’ Market,

https://www.facebook.com

/GrandmontRosedaleDevelopment/photos/a.10150094753874790.279652.1526936

79789/10151747189679790/?type=1&permPage=1

24

Figure 9: Location of Northwest Detroit Farmers' Market; 18445 Scarsdale St.,

https://www.google.com/maps/place/42%C2%B024'26.4%22N+83%C2%B013'24.

5%22W/@42.4082936,-83.2214794,14z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0

Figure 10: Produce and Double Up Food Bucks Acceptance Sign at the Northwest

Detroit Farmers' Market, https://www.facebook.com/nwdetroitfarmersmarket

/photos/a.219744534732489.57669.208320499208226/671384016235203/?type=

1&permPage=1

25

List of Tables

Table 1: Comparison of Crime-Rate Statistics of Grandmont-Rosedale, Detroit, and

Michigan, http://www.areavibes.com/detroit-mi/grandmont-rosedale/crime/

Table 2: Education Levels of the Residents of Detroit, MI, http://www.areavibes

.com/detroit-mi/education/