verdens energibruk
TRANSCRIPT
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Challenges in developing
bioenergy in Norway
Erik Eid Hohle The Energy Farm – Center for bioenergy
NILF - December 6th 2012
www.energigarden.no
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The Energy Farm
Center for Bioenergy in Norway
6
• Bioenergy in theory and practise
• Consulting and training
• Courses and seminars
• Demonstrations and guided tours
• Production of biofuels and bioheat
www.energigarden.no Tel +47 61 33 60 90
[email protected] N-2760 Brandbu – Norway
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1. The Energy Trail
2. Forestry machinery and transportation of wood.
3. Production, storage and transportation of wood
chips
4. Drying and storage of biofuels.
5. 100 kW wood chip plant
6. Farmhouse – water bourne heat system
7. Production of firewood.
8. Test field for oilseeds.
9. Test field for energy crops.
10. Drying plant for grain, oilseeds, peas, etc
6
16
12
3
10
9
7
2 2
13. Solar heat 14. Biogas plant
10. Drying plant for grain, oilseeds, peas, etc 15. Seminar room. Offices, study rooms and
library 4. Drying and storage of biofuels 6. Farmhouse – water bourne heat system
5. 100 kW wood chip plant 12. Vehicles on biodiesel 1. The Energy Trail 7. Production of firewood 11. Production of biooil and biofuel.
8. Test field for energy crops
3. Production, storage and transportation of
wood chips 9. Test field for oilseeds
2. Forestry machinery and transportation of
wood
16. The Exhibition Centre ”Bioenergy – Environment,
Technics and Markets”
11. Production of biooil and biodiesel.
12. Vehicles on biodiesel
13. Solar heat
14. Biogas plant
15. Seminar room. Offices, study rooms and library.
16. The Exhibition Centre ”Bioenergy – Environment, Technics and
Markets”
17. ”The Global Greenhouse” – a green meeting place
17. ”The Global Greenhouse” – a green
meeting place
2
15 11 4 5
12
8
1
17
13
14 6
6
12
16
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Energy carriers for heat production at
The Energy Farm
EN
ER
GY
Hydro-
power
Solar
Solar, hydroelectric and
bioenergy heat
SUMMER FALL WINTER SPRING SUMMER
Bio: 45 Eur/MWh
Hydroel:65 Eur/MWh
Solar: 65 Eur/MWh
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The bioenergy region of Hadeland
6
Inhabitants: 25 000
Bioenergy utilization:
Small scale heating
Wood stoves 11 000
Pellet furnaces 150
Central heating, fire wood 25
Central heating, wood chips 20
Central heating, straw 1
Large scale heating
Bark and saw dust 4
Straw 1
Biogas from waste 1
Biofuel
Biodiesel vehicles 110
Biopower
Biogas from waste 1
• 50 % increase in bioenergy use (1986 -2010)
• Biogas use and replacing fossile fuels have
lead to very low incease in CO2 emission 1990-2010 compared
to the rest of Norway.
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Norways energy challenge
The green heat
market in Norway
must be given
political priority –
also to promote a
better use of our
valuable green
hydro power
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82 %
12 % 6 %
Other renewables Bioenergy
Non-renewables
Annual world energy use is
116.000 TWh
- Bioenergy:12 %
Bioenergy is the only or most
important source of energy
for more than 60% of the
world population
World energy use
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70 % Bio
20 %
Hydro
6 % Wind
2 %
Solar
2 %
OthersRenewable energy in EU 2010
Bioenergi
Vannkraft
Vindkraft
Solenergi
Øvrige
Renewables have
increaesed their share
from 6 to 12%
from 1990 to 2010
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Total Norwegian consumption of energy 240 TWh .
The use of bioenergy 2012 is approx 16 TWh
- or 7% of the total use
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The energy situation
in Norway
We produce 10-12 times more energy than we consume.
The domestic consumption is dominated by hydro power in
the stationary energy sector and fossil fuels in the transport sector.
In spite of our high energy production we some years
are dependant on imported electricity, due to lack of flexibility
in our energy distribution systems:
The distribution is totally dominated by electricity grids,
and unsufficient district heating.
Our energy export is mainly fossil oil and gas, but also
small quantities of hydro power and bioenergy.
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Too little flexibility – too high dependency on electricity
The electricity prices in Norway has increased and
varied considerably since 2000. We have traditionally
had low electricity prices (4-5 eurocent/kWh for
households) compared to other countries, but from
2003 the electricity prices for households have
increased to 9-15 eurocent/kWh in the heating season.
Consequently we need to develop alternatives in the
heat market – and start using more biomass for energy.
..and introduce a feed in system for bio heat (like UK?)
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Marked
Ressurser
14 TWh more
bioenergy within
2020 ?
H
CHP
CHPF
= Biovarme
= Biobasert
kraft/varme
= Biobasert
kraft/varme og
biodrivstoff
H
H
H
CHF
CHP
CHPF
CHPF
CHPF
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Heating in the Nordic countries by energy carrier
and energy sources
District heating is mainly based on biomass
Electricity in Norway is mainly hydro power
Electricity in other nordic countries is a mix of hydro power,
coal and nuclear
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Norway Sweden Denmark Finland Iceland
electricity forheating
point heating
district heating
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Energy use in Nordic homes
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Energy carrier and energy use per m2 in Norwegian public buildings
Electricity District heating Others
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End use of energy by house type in Norway
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Increased consumption of district heating
in Norway – but from a very low level
(1% increasing to 5%)
The consumption of district heating was 3,3 TWh in 2009.
The service industry consumed more than two thirds of this.
-
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
El-kjel
Olje
Gass
Bioolje
Bio
Avfall
Ind.SP
CHP
VP
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How can we develop
the Norwegian heat market:
1%
30%
39%
10%
10%
10%
CHP
Wasteheat
Bioheat
Solar
Vind
Electricity
The heat market in 2020: 50 TWh – or a doubling
- a possible target?
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Our biomass potensial is theoretically more than 400 TWh
(Close to the double of todays total energy end use)
The technical potetial is today appr. 50 TWh.
To reach the governments goal to double the use of
Bioenergy to 28 TWh in 2020 we also need
to develop more efficient production chains and
infrastructure from the forest to end user in the heat market.
More bioenergy –
technical challenges
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Thus we have introduced a support program
for harvesting and chipping low quality
timber and small whole trees from thinnings
and overgrown, ababandaned pastures.
The support is 3-6 €/lm3 or 0,5-1 cent/kWh
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The markets for pulp and paper is now so bad
that we also need to develop alternatives to
this way of refining our spruce and pine timber.
The growing surpus of pulp and paper timber –
and lower prices - means that a larger share of
this raw material is finding its way to the
bioenergy market.
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The Norwegian Governments
Bioenergy Strategy Plan 2008-2020:
Increase the use of bioenergy from 14 to 28 TWh/year
-Mix of political goals: More renewable energy, less GHG,
rural development, employment.
-The government programs to achieve the objectives:
and means for achieving the objectives:
- State investment institutions support programs:
-Enova: 15-25% investment subsidies to large scale
bioheat&power companies
-Innovation Norway : 30-35% investment subsidies to
small and medium scale bioheat companies and farms
-Ministry of food and agriculture/SLF : Wood chip
production support of approx. 0,5 - 1 eurocent /kWh
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Example: The Inland region
We need to organize the
Bioenergy sector and value
chain more efficiently
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The use of bioenergy in the Inland region
Industry
Sawmills etc.
ca. 40%
Households
(woodfuel)
40%
District
heating 20%
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Organizing the bioenergy network and
cluster in the Inland region
”Arena Bioenergy Inland ” – organization map
Bioheat
Bio
Waste
Bio
Fuels
Biopower
Bio
resources
Cluster development
and
networking
Information
and
Society
Innovation
and
commersialisation
Competence, education
and
R & D
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Medium scale bioheat company:
Oplandske Bioenergi AS
Small scale bioheat company:
Torpa Biovarme AS
Large scale bioheat & power
company:
Eidsiva Bioenergi AS
Bioheat companies
Three examples
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Bioheat delivery example
Torpa Biovarme AS
Torpa village - 500 kW bioheat
• 500 kW wood chips
• 1,2 GWh annual heat production
• 2000 m3 chips per year
• provides heat to a school, kindergarten,
care center and a small hospital
• Bioheat price: 8,0 €cent /kWh
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0005 Gjøvik Stadion
500 kW - 800 000 kWh
0010 Raufoss Syd
400/900 kW - 1 600 000 kWh
0032 Bagn
400/850 kW - 1 300 000 kWh
0039 Tonlia
250/450 kW - 450 000 kWh
0028 Blæstad Gård
200/400 kW - 450 000 kWh
0047 Jørstadmoen
450/900 kW - 1 720 500 kWh
Definisjonsfase
Investeringsfase
Anlegg i drift
2011-02-16
0006 Løten
1 500/3 000 kW - 6 000 000 kWh
0034 Honne (SKS)
450/220 kW - 700 000 kWh
0038 Rudshøgda
2 200 kW – 5,4-7 000 000 kWh
0004 Skogselskapet i Oppland
900/1 800 kW – 2 500 000 kWh
2011?
0072 Tretten
2 500 kW – 9 000 000 kWh
0069 Biri ungdosskole
200/400 kW – 500 000 kWh
0033 Jevnaker
900/1 800 kW - 2 900 000 kWh
0081 Dokka
2 000/4 000 kW – 3 000 000 kWh
2011
0031 Marka
300 kW - 1 000 000 kWh
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Eidsiva Energi AS as an example:
Electricity production in Norway 1890–2010: From hydropower to energy diversification and sustainability
• 1890-2000: – Hydropower & grid
development
• 2000-present: – Bioenergy/CHP
– Waste
– Onshore wind
– From fossil to clean fuels
– CO2-reduction
– Security of energy supply
– Energy efficiency
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Norways energy challenge
The green heat
market in Norway
must be given
political priority –
also to promote a
better use of our
valuable green
hydro power
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Wood stoves – 800.000 in use in Norway
..contributes with a total effect of 5 000 MW on
cold winter days – a significant relief to the
distribution net.
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Biofuels for transport
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Liquid biofuels – many possibilities
Methanol
Ethanol
DME
Biodiesel
Biogas Hydrogen
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Wood/pyrolysis
Used cooking
oil
Vegetable oil
Fish oil
Sources for biodiesel production in Norway
Slaughtery waste
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Example of bad coordination between
the market and the polititics:
The biodiesel tax introduced in 2010 – a
challenge for the green investors – and
consequently also for the
government…
The tax was a wrong solution.
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Thank you
for your
attention!