VERBSVERBS

Principal Parts, Verb Tense, Principal Parts, Verb Tense, Consistency of Tense, Troublesome Consistency of Tense, Troublesome

VerbsVerbs

Kinds of VerbsKinds of Verbs ActionAction

LinkingLinking

HelpingHelping

Physical or mental actionPhysical or mental action Describes a state of being. Describes a state of being.

It connects the subject with It connects the subject with a word in the predicate that a word in the predicate that explains or describes the explains or describes the subject (PN or PA).subject (PN or PA).

Linking verb attached to the Linking verb attached to the main verb. Helps the main main verb. Helps the main verb express an action verb express an action (linking verb + action verb = (linking verb + action verb = verb phrase)verb phrase)

Principal Parts of VerbsPrincipal Parts of Verbs

The principal parts of verbs are used to create The principal parts of verbs are used to create all tenses of verbs.all tenses of verbs.

Base or InfinitiveBase or Infinitive Present ParticiplePresent Participle PastPast Past ParticiplePast Participle

Base or InfinitiveBase or Infinitive

Indicates time in the presentIndicates time in the present Base form of a verbBase form of a verb

For example: start or wearFor example: start or wear

PastPast

Verbs used to indicate something happened at Verbs used to indicate something happened at a previous point in time.a previous point in time.

Regular verbs in the past tense add “ed” or Regular verbs in the past tense add “ed” or “d” to the ending. “d” to the ending.

For example: start becomes For example: start becomes startedstarted Some verbs in the past tense are irregular. Some verbs in the past tense are irregular.

They totally change spelling.They totally change spelling.

For example: wear becomes For example: wear becomes worewore

Present ParticiplePresent Participle

The present participle is used to indicate that The present participle is used to indicate that something is currently happening. something is currently happening.

Form the present participle by adding “ing” to Form the present participle by adding “ing” to the base form of the word and “be”, “am”, or the base form of the word and “be”, “am”, or “is” “are” in front of this new word.“is” “are” in front of this new word.For example: start becomes For example: start becomes is startingis starting

wear becomes wear becomes is wearingis wearing

Past ParticiplePast Participle The past participle is used to indicate something The past participle is used to indicate something

happened at an undefined period of time.happened at an undefined period of time. To form the past participle 1. Add “ed” to the end of To form the past participle 1. Add “ed” to the end of

a regular verb or correctly create the past participle a regular verb or correctly create the past participle tense of an irregular verb 2. Add “has”, “have”, or tense of an irregular verb 2. Add “has”, “have”, or “had” in front of the verb“had” in front of the verbFor example: 1. start becomes For example: 1. start becomes has startedhas started

2. wear becomes 2. wear becomes has wornhas worn

Irregular VerbsIrregular Verbs Irregular verbs do not follow the normal pattern of Irregular verbs do not follow the normal pattern of

conjugation into each of the principal parts of verbsconjugation into each of the principal parts of verbsThese verbs often change spelling to form the past, These verbs often change spelling to form the past, present participle, and past participle tenses. There present participle, and past participle tenses. There are a few verbs that keep the same spelling for all are a few verbs that keep the same spelling for all four principal parts.four principal parts.

The only way to know these verbs is to memorize The only way to know these verbs is to memorize them. them.

Sample Common Irregular VerbsSample Common Irregular Verbs(not a complete list of irregular verbs)(not a complete list of irregular verbs)

BaseBase PastPast Present ParticiplePresent Participle Past ParticiplePast Participle

BeginBegin BeganBegan Is beginningIs beginning Has begunHas begun

BlowBlow BlewBlew Is blowingIs blowing Has blownHas blown

DoDo DidDid Is doingIs doing Has doneHas done

DrinkDrink DrankDrank Is drinkingIs drinking Has drunkHas drunk

GoGo Went Went Is goingIs going Has goneHas gone

WriteWrite WroteWrote Is writingIs writing Has writtenHas written

Break Break BrokeBroke Is breakingIs breaking Has brokenHas broken

BecomeBecome BecameBecame Is becomingIs becoming Has becomeHas become

BringBring BroughtBrought Is bringingIs bringing Has broughtHas brought

BurstBurst BurstBurst Is burstingIs bursting Has burstHas burst

SwimSwim SwamSwam Is swimmingIs swimming Has swumHas swum

KnowKnow KnewKnew Is knowingIs knowing Has knownHas known

Simple TensesSimple Tenses

We use clocks and watches to tell time. We use verbs We use clocks and watches to tell time. We use verbs the same way. The tense of the verb tells time in the the same way. The tense of the verb tells time in the sentence.sentence.

Present – action that happens nowPresent – action that happens now Past – action that already happenedPast – action that already happened Future – action that will happenFuture – action that will happen Present Perfect – Present Perfect – Past Perfect – Past Perfect – Future Perfect – Future Perfect –

Present TensePresent Tense

Base form of the verb modified to agree with Base form of the verb modified to agree with the subject in number.the subject in number.

For example: We run to the store.For example: We run to the store. She runs to the store.She runs to the store.

Past TensePast Tense

Create the past tense by adding an “ed” to the Create the past tense by adding an “ed” to the base verb, if it is a regular verb. If it is an base verb, if it is a regular verb. If it is an irregular verb, change the verb accordingly.irregular verb, change the verb accordingly.For example: We create things. For example: We create things. (present)(present)

We created things.We created things. (past regular)(past regular)

We drink water.We drink water. (present)(present)

We drank water.We drank water. (past irregular)(past irregular)

Future TenseFuture Tense

Form the future tense by adding “will” or Form the future tense by adding “will” or “shall” to the base form of the verb. “shall” to the base form of the verb. For example: They swim in the pool. For example: They swim in the pool. (present)(present)

They will swim in the pool. They will swim in the pool. (future)(future)

Perfect TensesPerfect Tenses

Present Perfect – “have or has” plus past Present Perfect – “have or has” plus past participle – has walkedparticiple – has walked

Past Perfect - “had” plus past participle - had Past Perfect - “had” plus past participle - had walkedwalked

Future Perfect – “will have or shall have” plus Future Perfect – “will have or shall have” plus past participle – will have walkedpast participle – will have walked

Present ProgressivePresent Progressive

Shows that the action(s) is (are) in progressShows that the action(s) is (are) in progress

You are learning English.You are learning English.

Past ProgressivePast Progressive

Shows the action(s) was (were) in progressShows the action(s) was (were) in progress

You were learning English.You were learning English.

Future ProgressiveFuture Progressive

Shows the actions(s) will be in progressShows the actions(s) will be in progress

You will be learning English.You will be learning English.

Present PerfectPresent Perfect The present perfect tense is used to show something that is The present perfect tense is used to show something that is

existing or happening sometime before now. Key word – existing or happening sometime before now. Key word – during during

Form the present perfect tense by 1. creating the correct past Form the present perfect tense by 1. creating the correct past participle of the verb and 2. add “have” or “has” in front of it.participle of the verb and 2. add “have” or “has” in front of it.

For example: I wear jeans. For example: I wear jeans. (present) [irregular verb](present) [irregular verb]

I have worn jeans. I have worn jeans. (present perfect)(present perfect)

He looks nice.He looks nice. (present) [regular verb](present) [regular verb]

He has looked niceHe has looked nice. . (present perfect)(present perfect)

Past PerfectPast Perfect The past perfect tense is used to show something existing or The past perfect tense is used to show something existing or

happening before a specific time in the past. (It is a double happening before a specific time in the past. (It is a double past something happened before something else happened) past something happened before something else happened) Key word - afterKey word - after

Form the past perfect by 1. creating the correct past Form the past perfect by 1. creating the correct past participle of the verb and 2. add “ had” in front of the main participle of the verb and 2. add “ had” in front of the main verbverbFor example: She walked the trail. For example: She walked the trail. (past ) [regular verb](past ) [regular verb]

She had walked the trail. She had walked the trail. (past perfect)(past perfect)

The compost became soil. The compost became soil. (past) [irregular verb](past) [irregular verb]

The compost had become soil. The compost had become soil. (past perfect)(past perfect)

Future PerfectFuture Perfect The future perfect tense is used to represent something The future perfect tense is used to represent something

existing or happening before a specific time in the future. (It is existing or happening before a specific time in the future. (It is a double future. Something happens before something else a double future. Something happens before something else happens.) Key word - beforehappens.) Key word - before

To form the future perfect 1. form the past participle of the To form the future perfect 1. form the past participle of the verb 2. add “will have” or “shall have” in front of the past verb 2. add “will have” or “shall have” in front of the past participle.participle.For example: She has smiled today.For example: She has smiled today. (past participle) [regular verb](past participle) [regular verb]

She will have smiled today. (future perfect)She will have smiled today. (future perfect) They have worn boots. (past participle) [irregular verb]They have worn boots. (past participle) [irregular verb]

They will have worn boots. (future perfect)They will have worn boots. (future perfect)

Progressive FormProgressive Form Present Progressive – “be”, “am”, “is” or “are” Present Progressive – “be”, “am”, “is” or “are”

plus a verb ending with “ing” – means plus a verb ending with “ing” – means something is in progress – is talkingsomething is in progress – is talking

Past Progressive – “was” or “were” plus a verb Past Progressive – “was” or “were” plus a verb ending with “ing” – means something was in ending with “ing” – means something was in progress – was talkingprogress – was talking

Future Progressive – “will be” plus a verb Future Progressive – “will be” plus a verb ending with “ing” – means something will be ending with “ing” – means something will be in progress – will be talkingin progress – will be talking

Progressive FormProgressive Form

Example Sit and SetExample Sit and Set Please, sit in your chair. (present)Please, sit in your chair. (present) He sat in his seat, yesterday. (past)He sat in his seat, yesterday. (past) He is sitting in his seat. (present participle)He is sitting in his seat. (present participle) He has sat there for an hour. (past participle)He has sat there for an hour. (past participle)

Set your books on the desk. (present)Set your books on the desk. (present) She set her book on the desk. (past)She set her book on the desk. (past) She is setting her book on the desk. (present participle)She is setting her book on the desk. (present participle) She has set her book on the desk. (past participle)She has set her book on the desk. (past participle)

Rise and RaiseRise and Raise Rise – means “to go Rise – means “to go

upward” or “to get up.” upward” or “to get up.” (no object)(no object)

Raise – means “to lift Raise – means “to lift something up” (usually something up” (usually takes a direct object)takes a direct object)

PresentPresent PastPast Present Present participleparticiple

Past Past participleparticiple

riserise roserose is risingis rising have risenhave risen

PresentPresent PastPast Present Present participleparticiple

Past Past participleparticiple

raiseraise raisedraised is raisingis raising have raisedhave raised

Example Rise and RaiseExample Rise and Raise They always rise early on Sunday. (present)They always rise early on Sunday. (present) They rose early on Sunday. (past)They rose early on Sunday. (past) They are rising early on Sunday. (present participle)They are rising early on Sunday. (present participle) They have risen early on Sunday. (past participle)They have risen early on Sunday. (past participle)

They raise geese. (present)They raise geese. (present) They raised geese. (past)They raised geese. (past) They are raising geese. (present participle)They are raising geese. (present participle) They have raised geese. (past participle)They have raised geese. (past participle)

Lie and LayLie and Lay Lie – means “to recline” Lie – means “to recline”

or “to be in place” (no or “to be in place” (no object)object)

Lay – means “to put Lay – means “to put down” or “to place” down” or “to place” (usually takes a direct (usually takes a direct object)object)

PresentPresent PastPast Present Present participleparticiple

Past Past participleparticiple

lielie laylay is lyingis lying have lainhave lain

PresentPresent PastPast Present Present participleparticiple

Past Past participleparticiple

laylay laidlaid is layingis laying have laidhave laid

Example Lie and LayExample Lie and Lay Lie down and take a nap. (present)Lie down and take a nap. (present) He lay down and took a nap. (past)He lay down and took a nap. (past) He is lying down for a nap. (present participle)He is lying down for a nap. (present participle) He has lain down for a nap. (past participle)He has lain down for a nap. (past participle)

Lay your clothes on the bed. (present)Lay your clothes on the bed. (present) She laid her clothes on the bed. (past)She laid her clothes on the bed. (past) She is laying her clothes on the bed. (present participle)She is laying her clothes on the bed. (present participle) She has laid her clothes on the bed. (past participle)She has laid her clothes on the bed. (past participle)