verbs are action words
DESCRIPTION
english grammarTRANSCRIPT
Verbs are action words (sometimes described as doing words) that show
what the subject (a noun or pronoun) is doing They are a requirement of any
sentence in the English language
Verbs can be Passive or Active
An Active verb is a verb in an active sentence in which the subject performs
the verb An example of an active verb in an active sentence is I hit the dog
A Passive verb is a verb in a passive sentence In a passive sentence the
action is performed upon the subject An example of this is The dog was hit
by me The two sentences have the same denotative meaning but their
connotative meaning is quite different active verbs are much more powerful
and personal
There are two forms of passive voice He gave me the book =gt The book
was given to me or I was given the book The second form is preferred
English like many Germanic languages contains both strong (or irregular
they arent quite the same thing) and weak (regular) verbs Irregular verbs
are one of the more difficult aspects of learning English Each irregular verb
must be memorized because they are not often easy to identify otherwise
For a regular verb the changes in form are minimal
When talking about actions that took place in the past add ed to the
end of the verb root Eg walk becomes walked
When talking about actions that take place in the present add s to the
end of the verb root when the subject of the sentence is in the third
person (not yourself or the person to whom you are speaking)
When talking about actions that take place in the future add the word
will before the verb
To describe an action that takes place over a length of time add the
appropriate form of the verb to be before the verb and add ing to the
end of the verb root
To describe an action that has been completed change the verb root to
put it in the past tense (see the first point) and add the appropriate
form of the verb to have (note that you can have to have in any tense
you want but keep the main verb in the past) before the verb
Also note that you can combine the previous two points by putting the
appropriate form of to have before the past participle of to be (been)
and putting both of them before the verb
A Verb is a word that signifies to be to act or to be acted upon as I am I
rule I am ruled I love thou lovest he loves VERBS are so called from the
Latin Verbum a Word because the verb is that word which most essentially
contains what is said in any clause or sentence
An English verb has four CHIEF TERMS or PRINCIPAL PARTS ever
needful to be ascertained in the first place namely the Present the Preterit
the Imperfect Participle and the Perfect Participle The Present is that form
of the verb which is the root of all the rest the verb itself or that simple
term which we should look for in a dictionary as be act rule love defend
terminate
The Preterit is that simple form of the verb which denotes time past and
which is always connected with some noun or pronoun denoting the subject
of the assertion as I was I acted I ruled I loved I defended
The Imperfect Participle is that which ends commonly in ing and implies a
continuance of the being action or passion as being acting ruling loving
defending terminating
The Perfect Participle is that which ends commonly in ed or en and implies
a completion of the being action or passion as been acted ruled loved
Verbs are divided with respect to their form into four classes regular and
irregular redundant and defective
A regular verb is a verb that forms the preterit and the perfect participle by
assuming d or ed as love loved loving loved
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth
Verbs are divided again with respect to their signification into four classes
active-transitive active-intransitive passive and neuter
An active-transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has some
person or thing for its object as
Cain slew Abel
Cassius loved Brutus
An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no
person or thing for its object as
John walks
Jesus wept
A passive verb is a verb that represents its subject or what the nominative
expresses as being acted upon as
I am compelled
Caesar was slain
A neuter verb is a verb that expresses neither action nor passion but simply
being or a state of being as
There was light
The babe sleeps
Verbs have modifications of four kinds namely Moods Tenses Persons
and Numbers
Contents
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1 Moods
2 Tenses
3 Voice
4 Persons and numbers
5 The conjugation of verbs
o 51 To do
511 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
512 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 52 To be
521 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
522 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 53 To have
531 Present tense but sign of the
indicative perfect
532 Imperfect tense but sign of
the indicative pluperfect
o 54 Shall and will
541 Present tense but sign of the
indicative first-future
542 Imperfect tense but as signs
aorist or indefinite
o 55 May
551 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
552 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 56 Can
561 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
562 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 57 Must
571 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
o 58 Verb may be conjugated in four ways
6 Simple form active or neuter
o 61 The regular active verb LOVE
conjugated affirmatively
611 Principal parts
612 Infinite mood
6121 Present tense
6122 Perfect tense
613 Indicative mood
6131 Present tense
6132 Imperfect tense
6133 Perfect tense
6134 Pluperfect tense
6135 First-future tense
6136 Second-future tense
614 Potential mood
6141 Present tense
6142 Imperfect tense
6143 Perfect tense
6144 Pluperfect tense
615 Subjunctive mood
6151 Present tense
6152 Imperfect tense
616 Imperative mood
617 Participles
o 62 The irregular active verb SEE
conjugated affirmatively
621 Principal parts
622 Infinitive mood
623 Indicative mood
624 Potential mood
625 Subjunctive mood
626 Imperative mood
627 Participles
o 63 The irregular neuter verb BE
conjugated affirmatively
631 Principal parts
632 Infinitive mood
633 Indicative mood
634 Potential mood
635 Subjunctive mood
636 Imperative mood
637 Participles
7 Compound or progressive form
o 71 The irregular active verb READ
conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
711 Principal parts of the simple
verb
o 72 Infinitive mood
721 Indicative mood
722 Potential mood
723 Subjunctive mood
724 Imperative mood
725 Participles
8 Form of passive verbs
o 81 The regular passive verb BE LOVED
conjugated affirmatively
811 Principal parts of the active
verb
812 Infinitive mood
813 Indicative mood
814 Potential mood
815 Subjunctive mood
816 Imperative mood
817 Participles
9 Form of negation
o 91 First person singular
o 92 Third person singular
10 Form of question
o 101 First person singular
o 102 Third person singular
11 Form of question with negation
o 111 First person plural
o 112 Third person plural
12 Irregular verbs
o 121 Methods of learning irregular verbs
13 Redundant verbs
14 Defective verbs
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Moods
Moods are different forms of the verb each of which expresses the being
action or passion in some particular manner
There are five moods the Infinitive the Indicative the Potential the
Subjunctive and the Imperative
The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number
as
To die--to sleep--To sleep--perchance to dream
The Indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing as
I write
you know
or asks a question as
Do you know
Know ye not
The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion as
I can walk
He may ride
We must go
The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful and contingent as
If thou go see that thou offend not
See thou do it not--Rev xix 10
God save the queen
It is a requirement that be done
Its high time you were in bed
If I were you
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
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Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
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Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
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Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
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The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
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To do
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Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
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Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
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To be
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Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
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Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
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To have
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Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
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Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
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Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
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Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
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May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
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Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
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Can
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Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
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Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
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Must
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Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
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Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
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Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
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The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
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Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
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Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
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Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
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First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
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Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
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Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
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Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
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Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
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Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Also note that you can combine the previous two points by putting the
appropriate form of to have before the past participle of to be (been)
and putting both of them before the verb
A Verb is a word that signifies to be to act or to be acted upon as I am I
rule I am ruled I love thou lovest he loves VERBS are so called from the
Latin Verbum a Word because the verb is that word which most essentially
contains what is said in any clause or sentence
An English verb has four CHIEF TERMS or PRINCIPAL PARTS ever
needful to be ascertained in the first place namely the Present the Preterit
the Imperfect Participle and the Perfect Participle The Present is that form
of the verb which is the root of all the rest the verb itself or that simple
term which we should look for in a dictionary as be act rule love defend
terminate
The Preterit is that simple form of the verb which denotes time past and
which is always connected with some noun or pronoun denoting the subject
of the assertion as I was I acted I ruled I loved I defended
The Imperfect Participle is that which ends commonly in ing and implies a
continuance of the being action or passion as being acting ruling loving
defending terminating
The Perfect Participle is that which ends commonly in ed or en and implies
a completion of the being action or passion as been acted ruled loved
Verbs are divided with respect to their form into four classes regular and
irregular redundant and defective
A regular verb is a verb that forms the preterit and the perfect participle by
assuming d or ed as love loved loving loved
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth
Verbs are divided again with respect to their signification into four classes
active-transitive active-intransitive passive and neuter
An active-transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has some
person or thing for its object as
Cain slew Abel
Cassius loved Brutus
An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no
person or thing for its object as
John walks
Jesus wept
A passive verb is a verb that represents its subject or what the nominative
expresses as being acted upon as
I am compelled
Caesar was slain
A neuter verb is a verb that expresses neither action nor passion but simply
being or a state of being as
There was light
The babe sleeps
Verbs have modifications of four kinds namely Moods Tenses Persons
and Numbers
Contents
[hide]
1 Moods
2 Tenses
3 Voice
4 Persons and numbers
5 The conjugation of verbs
o 51 To do
511 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
512 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 52 To be
521 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
522 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 53 To have
531 Present tense but sign of the
indicative perfect
532 Imperfect tense but sign of
the indicative pluperfect
o 54 Shall and will
541 Present tense but sign of the
indicative first-future
542 Imperfect tense but as signs
aorist or indefinite
o 55 May
551 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
552 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 56 Can
561 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
562 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 57 Must
571 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
o 58 Verb may be conjugated in four ways
6 Simple form active or neuter
o 61 The regular active verb LOVE
conjugated affirmatively
611 Principal parts
612 Infinite mood
6121 Present tense
6122 Perfect tense
613 Indicative mood
6131 Present tense
6132 Imperfect tense
6133 Perfect tense
6134 Pluperfect tense
6135 First-future tense
6136 Second-future tense
614 Potential mood
6141 Present tense
6142 Imperfect tense
6143 Perfect tense
6144 Pluperfect tense
615 Subjunctive mood
6151 Present tense
6152 Imperfect tense
616 Imperative mood
617 Participles
o 62 The irregular active verb SEE
conjugated affirmatively
621 Principal parts
622 Infinitive mood
623 Indicative mood
624 Potential mood
625 Subjunctive mood
626 Imperative mood
627 Participles
o 63 The irregular neuter verb BE
conjugated affirmatively
631 Principal parts
632 Infinitive mood
633 Indicative mood
634 Potential mood
635 Subjunctive mood
636 Imperative mood
637 Participles
7 Compound or progressive form
o 71 The irregular active verb READ
conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
711 Principal parts of the simple
verb
o 72 Infinitive mood
721 Indicative mood
722 Potential mood
723 Subjunctive mood
724 Imperative mood
725 Participles
8 Form of passive verbs
o 81 The regular passive verb BE LOVED
conjugated affirmatively
811 Principal parts of the active
verb
812 Infinitive mood
813 Indicative mood
814 Potential mood
815 Subjunctive mood
816 Imperative mood
817 Participles
9 Form of negation
o 91 First person singular
o 92 Third person singular
10 Form of question
o 101 First person singular
o 102 Third person singular
11 Form of question with negation
o 111 First person plural
o 112 Third person plural
12 Irregular verbs
o 121 Methods of learning irregular verbs
13 Redundant verbs
14 Defective verbs
[edit]
Moods
Moods are different forms of the verb each of which expresses the being
action or passion in some particular manner
There are five moods the Infinitive the Indicative the Potential the
Subjunctive and the Imperative
The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number
as
To die--to sleep--To sleep--perchance to dream
The Indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing as
I write
you know
or asks a question as
Do you know
Know ye not
The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion as
I can walk
He may ride
We must go
The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful and contingent as
If thou go see that thou offend not
See thou do it not--Rev xix 10
God save the queen
It is a requirement that be done
Its high time you were in bed
If I were you
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
[edit]
Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth
Verbs are divided again with respect to their signification into four classes
active-transitive active-intransitive passive and neuter
An active-transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has some
person or thing for its object as
Cain slew Abel
Cassius loved Brutus
An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no
person or thing for its object as
John walks
Jesus wept
A passive verb is a verb that represents its subject or what the nominative
expresses as being acted upon as
I am compelled
Caesar was slain
A neuter verb is a verb that expresses neither action nor passion but simply
being or a state of being as
There was light
The babe sleeps
Verbs have modifications of four kinds namely Moods Tenses Persons
and Numbers
Contents
[hide]
1 Moods
2 Tenses
3 Voice
4 Persons and numbers
5 The conjugation of verbs
o 51 To do
511 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
512 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 52 To be
521 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
522 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 53 To have
531 Present tense but sign of the
indicative perfect
532 Imperfect tense but sign of
the indicative pluperfect
o 54 Shall and will
541 Present tense but sign of the
indicative first-future
542 Imperfect tense but as signs
aorist or indefinite
o 55 May
551 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
552 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 56 Can
561 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
562 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 57 Must
571 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
o 58 Verb may be conjugated in four ways
6 Simple form active or neuter
o 61 The regular active verb LOVE
conjugated affirmatively
611 Principal parts
612 Infinite mood
6121 Present tense
6122 Perfect tense
613 Indicative mood
6131 Present tense
6132 Imperfect tense
6133 Perfect tense
6134 Pluperfect tense
6135 First-future tense
6136 Second-future tense
614 Potential mood
6141 Present tense
6142 Imperfect tense
6143 Perfect tense
6144 Pluperfect tense
615 Subjunctive mood
6151 Present tense
6152 Imperfect tense
616 Imperative mood
617 Participles
o 62 The irregular active verb SEE
conjugated affirmatively
621 Principal parts
622 Infinitive mood
623 Indicative mood
624 Potential mood
625 Subjunctive mood
626 Imperative mood
627 Participles
o 63 The irregular neuter verb BE
conjugated affirmatively
631 Principal parts
632 Infinitive mood
633 Indicative mood
634 Potential mood
635 Subjunctive mood
636 Imperative mood
637 Participles
7 Compound or progressive form
o 71 The irregular active verb READ
conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
711 Principal parts of the simple
verb
o 72 Infinitive mood
721 Indicative mood
722 Potential mood
723 Subjunctive mood
724 Imperative mood
725 Participles
8 Form of passive verbs
o 81 The regular passive verb BE LOVED
conjugated affirmatively
811 Principal parts of the active
verb
812 Infinitive mood
813 Indicative mood
814 Potential mood
815 Subjunctive mood
816 Imperative mood
817 Participles
9 Form of negation
o 91 First person singular
o 92 Third person singular
10 Form of question
o 101 First person singular
o 102 Third person singular
11 Form of question with negation
o 111 First person plural
o 112 Third person plural
12 Irregular verbs
o 121 Methods of learning irregular verbs
13 Redundant verbs
14 Defective verbs
[edit]
Moods
Moods are different forms of the verb each of which expresses the being
action or passion in some particular manner
There are five moods the Infinitive the Indicative the Potential the
Subjunctive and the Imperative
The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number
as
To die--to sleep--To sleep--perchance to dream
The Indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing as
I write
you know
or asks a question as
Do you know
Know ye not
The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion as
I can walk
He may ride
We must go
The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful and contingent as
If thou go see that thou offend not
See thou do it not--Rev xix 10
God save the queen
It is a requirement that be done
Its high time you were in bed
If I were you
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
[edit]
Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
2 Tenses
3 Voice
4 Persons and numbers
5 The conjugation of verbs
o 51 To do
511 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
512 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 52 To be
521 Present tense and sign of the
indicative present
522 Imperfect tense and sign of
the indicative imperfect
o 53 To have
531 Present tense but sign of the
indicative perfect
532 Imperfect tense but sign of
the indicative pluperfect
o 54 Shall and will
541 Present tense but sign of the
indicative first-future
542 Imperfect tense but as signs
aorist or indefinite
o 55 May
551 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
552 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 56 Can
561 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
562 Imperfect tense and sign of
the potential imperfect
o 57 Must
571 Present tense and sign of the
potential present
o 58 Verb may be conjugated in four ways
6 Simple form active or neuter
o 61 The regular active verb LOVE
conjugated affirmatively
611 Principal parts
612 Infinite mood
6121 Present tense
6122 Perfect tense
613 Indicative mood
6131 Present tense
6132 Imperfect tense
6133 Perfect tense
6134 Pluperfect tense
6135 First-future tense
6136 Second-future tense
614 Potential mood
6141 Present tense
6142 Imperfect tense
6143 Perfect tense
6144 Pluperfect tense
615 Subjunctive mood
6151 Present tense
6152 Imperfect tense
616 Imperative mood
617 Participles
o 62 The irregular active verb SEE
conjugated affirmatively
621 Principal parts
622 Infinitive mood
623 Indicative mood
624 Potential mood
625 Subjunctive mood
626 Imperative mood
627 Participles
o 63 The irregular neuter verb BE
conjugated affirmatively
631 Principal parts
632 Infinitive mood
633 Indicative mood
634 Potential mood
635 Subjunctive mood
636 Imperative mood
637 Participles
7 Compound or progressive form
o 71 The irregular active verb READ
conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
711 Principal parts of the simple
verb
o 72 Infinitive mood
721 Indicative mood
722 Potential mood
723 Subjunctive mood
724 Imperative mood
725 Participles
8 Form of passive verbs
o 81 The regular passive verb BE LOVED
conjugated affirmatively
811 Principal parts of the active
verb
812 Infinitive mood
813 Indicative mood
814 Potential mood
815 Subjunctive mood
816 Imperative mood
817 Participles
9 Form of negation
o 91 First person singular
o 92 Third person singular
10 Form of question
o 101 First person singular
o 102 Third person singular
11 Form of question with negation
o 111 First person plural
o 112 Third person plural
12 Irregular verbs
o 121 Methods of learning irregular verbs
13 Redundant verbs
14 Defective verbs
[edit]
Moods
Moods are different forms of the verb each of which expresses the being
action or passion in some particular manner
There are five moods the Infinitive the Indicative the Potential the
Subjunctive and the Imperative
The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number
as
To die--to sleep--To sleep--perchance to dream
The Indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing as
I write
you know
or asks a question as
Do you know
Know ye not
The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion as
I can walk
He may ride
We must go
The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful and contingent as
If thou go see that thou offend not
See thou do it not--Rev xix 10
God save the queen
It is a requirement that be done
Its high time you were in bed
If I were you
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
[edit]
Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
o 61 The regular active verb LOVE
conjugated affirmatively
611 Principal parts
612 Infinite mood
6121 Present tense
6122 Perfect tense
613 Indicative mood
6131 Present tense
6132 Imperfect tense
6133 Perfect tense
6134 Pluperfect tense
6135 First-future tense
6136 Second-future tense
614 Potential mood
6141 Present tense
6142 Imperfect tense
6143 Perfect tense
6144 Pluperfect tense
615 Subjunctive mood
6151 Present tense
6152 Imperfect tense
616 Imperative mood
617 Participles
o 62 The irregular active verb SEE
conjugated affirmatively
621 Principal parts
622 Infinitive mood
623 Indicative mood
624 Potential mood
625 Subjunctive mood
626 Imperative mood
627 Participles
o 63 The irregular neuter verb BE
conjugated affirmatively
631 Principal parts
632 Infinitive mood
633 Indicative mood
634 Potential mood
635 Subjunctive mood
636 Imperative mood
637 Participles
7 Compound or progressive form
o 71 The irregular active verb READ
conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
711 Principal parts of the simple
verb
o 72 Infinitive mood
721 Indicative mood
722 Potential mood
723 Subjunctive mood
724 Imperative mood
725 Participles
8 Form of passive verbs
o 81 The regular passive verb BE LOVED
conjugated affirmatively
811 Principal parts of the active
verb
812 Infinitive mood
813 Indicative mood
814 Potential mood
815 Subjunctive mood
816 Imperative mood
817 Participles
9 Form of negation
o 91 First person singular
o 92 Third person singular
10 Form of question
o 101 First person singular
o 102 Third person singular
11 Form of question with negation
o 111 First person plural
o 112 Third person plural
12 Irregular verbs
o 121 Methods of learning irregular verbs
13 Redundant verbs
14 Defective verbs
[edit]
Moods
Moods are different forms of the verb each of which expresses the being
action or passion in some particular manner
There are five moods the Infinitive the Indicative the Potential the
Subjunctive and the Imperative
The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number
as
To die--to sleep--To sleep--perchance to dream
The Indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing as
I write
you know
or asks a question as
Do you know
Know ye not
The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion as
I can walk
He may ride
We must go
The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful and contingent as
If thou go see that thou offend not
See thou do it not--Rev xix 10
God save the queen
It is a requirement that be done
Its high time you were in bed
If I were you
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
[edit]
Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
636 Imperative mood
637 Participles
7 Compound or progressive form
o 71 The irregular active verb READ
conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
711 Principal parts of the simple
verb
o 72 Infinitive mood
721 Indicative mood
722 Potential mood
723 Subjunctive mood
724 Imperative mood
725 Participles
8 Form of passive verbs
o 81 The regular passive verb BE LOVED
conjugated affirmatively
811 Principal parts of the active
verb
812 Infinitive mood
813 Indicative mood
814 Potential mood
815 Subjunctive mood
816 Imperative mood
817 Participles
9 Form of negation
o 91 First person singular
o 92 Third person singular
10 Form of question
o 101 First person singular
o 102 Third person singular
11 Form of question with negation
o 111 First person plural
o 112 Third person plural
12 Irregular verbs
o 121 Methods of learning irregular verbs
13 Redundant verbs
14 Defective verbs
[edit]
Moods
Moods are different forms of the verb each of which expresses the being
action or passion in some particular manner
There are five moods the Infinitive the Indicative the Potential the
Subjunctive and the Imperative
The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number
as
To die--to sleep--To sleep--perchance to dream
The Indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing as
I write
you know
or asks a question as
Do you know
Know ye not
The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion as
I can walk
He may ride
We must go
The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful and contingent as
If thou go see that thou offend not
See thou do it not--Rev xix 10
God save the queen
It is a requirement that be done
Its high time you were in bed
If I were you
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
[edit]
Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Moods
Moods are different forms of the verb each of which expresses the being
action or passion in some particular manner
There are five moods the Infinitive the Indicative the Potential the
Subjunctive and the Imperative
The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number
as
To die--to sleep--To sleep--perchance to dream
The Indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing as
I write
you know
or asks a question as
Do you know
Know ye not
The Potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion as
I can walk
He may ride
We must go
The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful and contingent as
If thou go see that thou offend not
See thou do it not--Rev xix 10
God save the queen
It is a requirement that be done
Its high time you were in bed
If I were you
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
[edit]
Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
The Imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in
commanding exhorting entreating or permitting as
Depart thou
Be comforted
Forgive me
Go in peace
[edit]
Tenses
Tenses are those modifications of the verb which distinguish time There are
six tenses the Present the Imperfect or Past the Perfect the Pluperfect the
First-future and the Second-future You could even say there are twelve
tenses because each of those comes in simple and in progressive forms
which have different meaning
The Present tense simple is that which expresses what now exists is normal
or correlated to senses It is used with adverbs like always generally
There is a house in New Orleans
I read a book every week
I hear a noise
The Present tense continuous is that which expresses what is happening
just now
I am reading a letter
The car is running at high speed
The Past tense simple is that which expresses what took place in time fully
past It is used with adverbs like yesterday last week (The past tense is
sometimes called Imperfect but this does not fit its meaning as can be seen
from the examples This name is derived from Latin where it was correct)
Last week I read several of Shaws novels
The Past tense continuous is that which expresses what was taking place
when (suddenly) something else occurred
I saw him yesterday and hailed him as he was passing
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
I was giving a presentation when the microphone broke
The Present perfect tense simple is that which expresses what has taken
place within some period of time not yet fully past or is still valid It is used
with adverbs like ever never today this week
I have read several of Shaws novels
I have seen him to-day something must have detained him
Have you ever tried fugu fish
The Present perfect tense continuous is that which which started in the
past and has not yet finished
Since I have been standing here five planes took off
The Pluperfect tense simple is that which expresses what had taken place
at some past time mentioned before something other happened
I had seen him when I met you
As soon as my car had been repaired I could continue my trip
The Pluperfect tense continuous is that which expresses what had started
before and was still going on when something else occurred
I had been listening to the radio when she dropped in
The First-future tense simple is that which expresses what will take place
hereafter
I shall see him again and I will inform him
The First-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will be
currently taking place at a certain time in future
I will be swimming in the sea by the time youll awake
The Second-future tense simple is that which expresses what will have
taken place at some future time mentioned
I shall have seen him by tomorrow noon
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
The Second-future tense continuous is that which expresses what will have
started at some time and will still be ongoing at some future time
mentioned
I will have been swimming in the sea for four hours by the time youll
awake tomorrow
[edit]
Voice
Voice of speech can be active or passive Principally in passive voice the
same tenses can be used as in active voice
He gave me the book
The book was given to me
I was given the book
There are however some things to note
They build a house
The house is built
Here active and passive do not really represent the same tense If for
example you describe a picture where people build a house the first
sentence is perfectly correct The second sentence however will be
interpreted as the static perfect of the sentence
The house has been built - it is built now
This is the house is now ready and not under construction So the correct
passive form is
The house is being built
Passive voice can be built quite formally by adhering to some rules You
will however not find normally all tenses as in active voice Formal rules
will lead you to monstrosities like the following you will certainly never
hear (already the active sentence is quite monstrous)
The speech will have been being held for four hours when finally youll
arrive
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
(The president will have been holding a speech for four hours when finally
youll arrive)
[edit]
Persons and numbers
The person and number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees
with its subject or nominative
In each number there are three persons and in each person two numbers
thus
Singular 1st per I love 3d per He loves Plural 1 We love 2 You love 3
They love
Definitions universally applicable have already been given of all these
things it is therefore unnecessary to define them again in this place
Where the verb is varied the third person singular is regularly formed by
adding s or es as I see he sees I give he gives I go he goes I fly he flies
I vex he vexes I lose he loses
Where the verb is not varied to denote its person and number these
properties are inferred from its subject or nominative as If I love if he love
if we love if you love if they love
[edit]
The conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods tenses
persons numbers and participles
There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and
complete verb namely the Present the Preterit the Imperfect Participle
and the Perfect Participle A verb which wants any of these parts is called
defective such are most of the auxiliaries
An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other
verb to express some particular mode and time of the being action or
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
passion The auxiliaries are do be have shall will may can and must
with their variations
[edit]
To do
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I do he does Plur We do you do they do
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I did he did Plur We did you did they did
[edit]
To be
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the indicative present
Sing I am he is Plur We are you are they are
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the indicative imperfect
Sing I was he was Plur We were you were they were
[edit]
To have
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative perfect
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Sing I have he has Plur We have you have they have
[edit]
Imperfect tense but sign of the indicative pluperfect
Sing I had he had Plur We had you had they had
[edit]
Shall and will
These auxiliaries have distinct meanings and as signs of the future they are
interchanged thus
[edit]
Present tense but sign of the indicative first-future
Simply to express a future action or event--
Sing I shall he will Plur We shall you will they will
To express a promise command or threat--
Sing I will he shall Plur We will you shall they shall
[edit]
Imperfect tense but as signs aorist or indefinite
Used with reference to duty or expediency--
Sing I should he should Plur We should you should they should
Used with reference to volition or desire--
Sing I would he would Plur We would you would they would
See also Shall and will by Wikipedia
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
[edit]
May
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I may he may Plur We may you may they may
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I might he might Plur We might you might they might
[edit]
Can
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I can he can Plur We can you can they can
[edit]
Imperfect tense and sign of the potential imperfect
Sing I could he could Plur We could you could they could
[edit]
Must
[edit]
Present tense and sign of the potential present
Sing I must he must Plur We must you must they must
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
If must is ever used in the sense of the Imperfect tense or Preterit the form
is the same as that of the Present this word is entirely invariable
[edit]
Verb may be conjugated in four ways
Affirmatively as I write I do write or I am writing and so on
Negatively as I write not I do not write or I am not writing
Interrogatively as Write I Do I write or Am I writing
Interrogatively and negatively as Write I not Do I not write or Am I not
writing
[edit]
Simple form active or neuter
The simplest form of an English conjugation is that which makes the
present and imperfect tenses without auxiliaries but even in these
auxiliaries are required for the potential mood and are often preferred for
the indicative
[edit]
The regular active verb LOVE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imperfect Perfect
Participle Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinite mood
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which expresses the being
action or passion in an unlimited manner and without person or number It
is used only in the present and perfect tenses
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is the root or radical verb and is usually preceded by the
preposition to which shows its relation to some other word thus
To love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle and like the
infinitive present is usually preceded by the preposition to thus
To have loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates or
declares a thing or asks a question It is used in all the tenses
[edit]
Present tense
The present indicative in its simple form is essentially the same as the
present infinitive or radical verb except that the verb be has am in the
indicative
The simple form of the present tense is varied thus--
Singular I love He loves Plural We love You love They love
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary do to the verb
thus
Singular I do love He does love Plural We do love You do love They do
love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense in its simple form is the preterit which in all regular verbs adds
d or ed to the present but in others is formed variously
The simple form of the imperfect tense is varied thus--
Singular I loved He loved Plural We loved You loved You loved
This tense may also be formed by prefixing the auxiliary did to the present
thus
Singular I did love He did love Plural We did love You did love They
did love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I have loved He has loved Plural We have loved You have
loved They have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary had to the perfect participle thus
Singular I had loved He had loved Plural We had loved You had loved
They had loved
[edit]
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
First-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary shall or will to the present thus
Simply to express a future action or event--
Singular I shall love He will love Plural We shall love You will love
They will love
To express a promise volition command or threat--
Singular I will love He shall love Plural We will love You shall love
They shall love
[edit]
Second-future tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries shall have or will have to the perfect
participle thus
Singular I shall have loved He will have loved Plural We shall have loved
You will have loved They will have loved
[edit]
Potential mood
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses the power
liberty possibility or necessity of the being action or passion It is used in
the first four tenses but the potential imperfect is properly an aorist its time
is very indeterminate as
He would be devoid of sensibility were he not greatly satisfied--Lord
Kames El of Crit Vol i p 11
[edit]
Present tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary may can or must to the radical verb thus
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Singular I may love He may love Plural We may love You may love
They may love
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliary might could would or should to the
radical verb thus
Singular I might love He might love Plural We might love You might
love They might love
[edit]
Perfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries may have can have or must have to the
perfect participle thus
Singular I may have loved He may have loved Plural We may have loved
You may have loved They may have loved
[edit]
Pluperfect tense
This tense prefixes the auxiliaries might have could have would have or
should have to the perfect participle thus
Singular I might have loved He might have loved Plural We might have
loved You might have loved They might have loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which represents the being
action or passion as conditional doubtful or contingent This mood is
generally preceded by a conjunction as if that though lest unless except
But sometimes especially in poetry it is formed by a mere placing of the
verb before the nominative as Were I for If I were--Had he for If
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
he had--Fall we for If we fall--Knew they for If they knew It
does not vary its termination at all in the different persons It is used in the
present and sometimes in the imperfect tense rarely--and perhaps never
properly--in any other As this mood can be used only in a dependent clause
the time implied in its tenses is always relative and generally indefinite as
It shall be in eternal restless change Self-fed and self-consumd if this fail
The pillard firmament is rottenness--Milton Comus l 596
[edit]
Present tense
This tense is generally used to express some condition on which a future
action or event is affirmed It is therefore erroneously considered by some
grammarians as an elliptical form of the future
Singular If I love If He love Plural If we love If you love If they love
In this tense the auxiliary do is sometimes employed as
If thou do prosper my way--Genesis xxiv 42
If he do not utter it--Leviticus v 1
If he do but intimate his desire--Murrays Key p 207
If he do promise he will certainly perform--Ib p 208
An event which if it ever do occur must occur in some future period--
Hileys Gram (3d Ed Lond) p 89
If he do but promise thou art safe--Ib 89
Till old experience do attain To something like prophetic strain--
MILTON Il Penseroso
These examples if they are right prove the tense to be present and not
future as Hiley and some others suppose it to be
[edit]
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Imperfect tense
This tense like the imperfect of the potential mood with which it is
frequently connected is properly an aorist or indefinite tense for it may
refer to time past present or future as
If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood what further need
was there that an other priest should rise--Heb vii 11
They must be viewed exactly in the same light as if the intention to
purchase now existed--Murrays Parsing Exercises p 24
If it were possible they shall deceive the very elect--Matt xxiv 24
If the whole body were an eye where were the hearing--1 Corinthians
xii 17
If the thankful refrained it would be pain and grief to them--Atterbury
Singular If I loved If he loved Plural If we loved If you loved If they
loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding
exhorting entreating or permitting It is commonly used only in the second
person of the present tense
PRESENT TENSE Plural Love [you] or Do you love
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Loving Loved Having loved
[edit]
The irregular active verb SEE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
See Saw Seeing Seen
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To See
PERFECT TENSE To have seen
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I see He sees Plural We see You see They
see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I saw He saw Plural We saw You saw
They saw
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have seenHe has seen Plural We have seen
You have seen They have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had seen He had seen Plural We had
seen You had seen They had seen
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall see He will see Plural We shall
see You will see They will see
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have seen He will have seen
Plural We shall have seen You will have seen They will have seen
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may see He may see Plural We may see
You may see They may see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might see He might see Plural We
might see You might see They might see
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have seen He may have seen Plural
We may have seen You may have seen They may have seen
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have seen He might have seen
Plural We might have seen You might have seen They might have seen
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I see If he see Plural If we see If you see
If they see
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I saw If he saw Plural If we saw If you
saw If they saw
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular Do thou see Plural See [you] or Do you see
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Seeing Seen Having seen
[edit]
The irregular neuter verb BE conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Be Was Being Been
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be
PERFECT TENSE To have been
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am He is Plural We are You are They are
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was He was Plural We were You were
They were
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been He has been Plural We have
been You have been They have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been He had been Plural We had
been You had been They had been
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be He will be Plural We shall
be You will be They will be
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular We shall have been He will have
been Plural We shall have been You will have been They will have been
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be He may be Plural We may be You
may be They may be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be He might be Plural We might
be You might be They might be
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been He may have been Plural
We may have been You may have been They may have been
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been He might have been
Plural We might have been You might have been They might have been
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be If he be Plural If we be If you be If
they be
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were If he were Plural If we were If
you were If they were
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [you] or Do you be
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being Been Having been
[edit]
Compound or progressive form
Active and neuter verbs may also be conjugated by adding the Imperfect
Participle to the auxiliary verb BE through all its changes as
I am writing a letter
He is sitting idle
They are going
This form of the verb denotes a continuance of the action or state of being
and is on many occasions preferable to the simple form of the verb
[edit]
The irregular active verb READ conjugated affirmatively in the
Compound Form
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
[edit]
Principal parts of the simple verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Read Read Reading Read
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be reading
PERFECT TENSE To have been reading
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am reading He is reading Plural We are
reading You are reading They are reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was reading He was reading Plural We
were reading You were reading They were reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been reading He has been reading
Plural We have been reading You have been reading They have been
reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been reading He had been reading
Plural We had been reading You had been reading They had been reading
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be reading He will be reading
Plural We shall be reading You will be reading They will be reading
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been reading He will
have been reading Plural We shall have been reading You will have been
reading They will have been reading
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be reading He may be reading Plural
We may be reading You may be reading They may be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be reading He might be reading
Plural We might be reading You might be reading They might be reading
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been reading He may have been
reading Plural We may have been reading You may have been reading
They may have been reading
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been reading He might have
been reading Plural We might have been reading You might have been
reading They might have been reading
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be reading If he be reading Plural If we
be reading If you be reading If they be reading
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were reading If he were reading
Plural If we were reading If you were reading If they were reading
[edit]
Imperative mood
Plur Be [ye or you] reading or Do you be reading
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being reading --------- Having been reading
[edit]
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Form of passive verbs
Passive verbs in English are always of a compound form being made from
active-transitive verbs by adding the Perfect Participle to the auxiliary verb
BE through all its changes thus from the active-transitive verb love is
formed the passive verb be loved
[edit]
The regular passive verb BE LOVED conjugated affirmatively
[edit]
Principal parts of the active verb
Present Preterit Imp Participle Perf Participle
Love Loved Loving Loved
[edit]
Infinitive mood
PRESENT TENSE To be loved
PERFECT TENSE To have been loved
[edit]
Indicative mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I am loved He is loved Plural We are loved
You are loved They are loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I was loved He was loved Plural We were
loved You were loved They were loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I have been loved He has been loved Plural
We have been loved You have been loved They have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I had been loved He had been loved
Plural We had been loved You had been loved They had been loved
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
FIRST-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall be loved He will be loved
Plural We shall be loved You will be loved They will be loved
SECOND-FUTURE TENSE Singular I shall have been loved He will have
been loved Plural We shall have been loved You will have been loved
They will have been loved
[edit]
Potential mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular I may be loved He may be loved Plural We
may be loved You may be loved They may be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular I might be loved He might be loved
Plural We might be loved You might be loved They might be loved
PERFECT TENSE Singular I may have been loved He may have been
loved Plural We may have been loved You may have been loved They
may have been loved
PLUPERFECT TENSE Singular I might have been loved He might have
been loved Plural We might have been loved You might have been loved
They might have been loved
[edit]
Subjunctive mood
PRESENT TENSE Singular If I be loved If he be loved Plural If we be
loved If you be loved If they be loved
IMPERFECT TENSE Singular If I were loved If he were loved Plural If
we were loved If you were loved If they were loved
[edit]
Imperative mood
PRESENT TENSE Plural Be [or you] loved or Do you be loved
[edit]
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Participles
The Imperfect The Perfect The Preperfect
Being loved Loved Having been loved
[edit]
Form of negation
A verb is conjugated negatively by placing the adverb not after it or after
the first auxiliary but the infinitive and participles take the negative first as
Not to love Not to have loved Not loving Not loved Not having loved
[edit]
First person singular
IND I love not or I do not love I loved not or I did not love I have not
loved I had not loved I shall not or will not love I shall not or will not
have loved
POT I may can or must not love I might could would or should not love
I may can or must not have loved I might could would or should not
have loved
SUBJ If I love not If I loved not
[edit]
Third person singular
IND He loves not or He does not love He loved not or He did not love He
has not loved He had not loved He shall not or will not love He shall not
or will not have loved
POT He may can or must not love He might could would or should not
love He may can or must not have loved He might could would or
should not have loved
SUBJ If he love not If he loved not
[edit]
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Form of question
A verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative and potential moods
by placing the nominative after it or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person singular
IND Love I or Do I love Loved I or Did I love Have I loved Had I
loved Shall I love Shall I have loved
POT May can or must I love Might could would or should I love May
can or must I have loved Might could would or should I have loved
[edit]
Third person singular
IND Loves he or Does he love Loved he or Did he love Has he loved
Had he loved Shall or will he love Will he have loved
POT May can or must he love Might could would or should he love
May can or must he have loved Might could would or should he have
loved
[edit]
Form of question with negation
A verb is conjugated interrogatively and negatively in the indicative and
potential moods by placing the nominative and the adverb not after the verb
or after the first auxiliary as
[edit]
First person plural
IND Love we not or Do we not love Loved we not or Did we not love
Have we not loved Had we not loved Shall we not love Shall we not have
loved
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
POT May can or must we not love Might could would or should we not
love May can or must we not have loved Might could would or should
we not have loved
[edit]
Third person plural
IND Are they not loved Were they not loved Have they not been loved
Had they not been loved Shall or will they not be loved Will they not have
been loved
POT May can or must they not be loved Might could would or should
they not be loved May can or must they not have been loved Might
could would or should they not have been loved
[edit]
Irregular verbs
An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect
participle by assuming d or ed as see saw seeing seen Of this class of
verbs there are about one hundred and ten beside their several derivatives
and compounds
[edit]
Methods of learning irregular verbs
To remember verbs
1 Learn them by heart
2 Write a reference lists of verbs
3 Say the verbs aloud (not silently)
4 Set yourself targets eg learn one verb a day
5 Learn this verbs in groups
6 Test yourself
To learn how to use them
1 Write you own example sentences
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
2 Collect some examples of use for each verb eg from books
magazines or newspapers
3 Use an English grammar
List of The Top Irregular Verbs
English irregular verbs
Imperfect Perfect
Present Preterit Participle Participle
Awake awoke awoken
Arise arose arising arisen
Be waswere being been
Bear bore bearing borne
Begin began beginning begun
Bend bent bent
Blow blew blow
Break broke breaking broken
Bring brought bringing brought
Build built built
Buy bought buying bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose choosing chosen
Come came coming come
Cost cost costing cost
Cut cut cutting cut
Do did doing done
Draw drew drawing drawn
Drink drank drinking drunk
Drive drove driving driven
Eat ate eating eaten
Fall fell falling fallen
Feel felt feeling felt
Fight fought fighting fought
Find found finding found
Fly flew flying flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Get got getting gotten
Give gave giving given
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Go went going gone
Grow grew growing grown
Have had having had
Hear heard hearing heard
Hide hid hiding hidden or hid
Hold held held
Hit hit hitting hit
Hold held holding held
Keep kept keeping kept
Know knew knowing known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left leaving left
Lend lent lending lent
Let let letting let
Lie lay lying lain
Lose lost losing lost
Make made making made
Mean meant meant
Meet met meeting met
Pay paid paid
Put put putting put
Read r~ead reading r~ead
Rend rent rending rent
Ride rode riding ridden
Ring rung or rang ringing rung
Rise rose rising risen
Run ran running run
Say said saying said
See saw seeing seen
Seek sought seeking sought
Sell sold selling sold
Send sent sending sent
Set set setting set
Shake shook shook
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shooting shot
Show showed shown
Sing sang singing sung
Sit sat sitting sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke speaking spoken
Spend spent spending spent
Stand stood standing stood
Steal stole stealing stolen
Strike struck striking struck
Swim swam swimming swum
Take took taking taken
Teach taught teaching taught
Tear tore tearing torn
Tell told telling told
Think thought thinking thought
Throw threw thrown
Wake woke woken
Wear wore wearing worn
Win won winning won
Write wrote writing written
[edit]
Redundant verbs
A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in
two or more ways and so as to be both regular and irregular as thrive
thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven Of this class of verbs there are
about ninety-five beside sundry derivatives and compounds List of the
redundant verbs
Imperfect
Present Preterit Participle Perfect Participle
Abide abode or abided abiding abode or abided
Awake awaked or awoke awaking awaked or awoke
Belay belayed or belaid belaying belayed or belaid
Bend bent or bended bending bent or bended
Bereave bereft or bereaved bereaving bereft or bereaved
Beseech besought or beseeched beseeching besought or beseeched
Bet betted or bet betting betted or bet
Betide betided or betid betiding betided or betid
Bide bode or bided biding bode or bided
Blend blended or blent blending blended or blent
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Bless blessed or blest blessing blessed or blest
Blow blew or blowed blowing blown or blowed
Build built or builded building built or builded
Burn burned or burnt burning burned or burnt
Burst burst or bursted bursting burst or bursted
Catch caught or catched catching caught or catched
Clothe clothed or clad clothing clothed or clad
Creep crept or creeped creeping crept or creeped
Crow crowed or crew crowing crowed
Curse cursed or curst cursing cursed or curst
Dare dared or durst daring dared
Deal dealt or dealed dealing dealt or dealed
Dig dug or digged digging dug or digged
Dive dived or dove diving dived or diven
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreaming dreamed or dreamt
Dress dressed or drest dressing dressed or drest
Dwell dwelt or dwelled dwelling dwelt or dwelled
Freeze froze or freezed freezing frozen or freezed
Geld gelded or gelt gelding gelded or gelt
Gild gilded or gilt gilding gilded or gilt
Gird girded or girt girding girded or girt
Grave graved graving graved or graven
Grind ground or grinded grinding ground or grinded
Hang hung or hanged hanging hung or hanged
Heat heated or het heating heated or het
Heave heaved or hove heaving heaved or hoven
Hew hewed hewing hewed or hewn
Kneel kneeled or knelt kneeling kneeled or knelt
Knit knit or knitted knitting knit or knitted
Lade laded lading laded or laden
Lay laid or layed laying laid or layed
Lean leaned or leant leaning leaned or leant
Leap leaped or leapt leaping leaped or leapt
Learn learned or learnt learning learned or learnt
Light lighted or lit lighting lighted or lit
Mean meant or meaned meaning meant or meaned
Mow mowed mowing mowed or mown
Mulct mulcted or mulct mulcting mulcted or mulct
Pass passed or past passing passed or past
Pay paid or payed paying paid or payed
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Pen penned or pent penning penned or pent (to coop)
Plead pleaded or pled pleading pleaded or pled
Prove proved proving proved or proven
Quit quitted or quit quitting quitted or quit
Rap rapped or rapt rapping rapped or rapt
Reave reft or reaved reaving reft or reaved
Rive rived riving riven or rived
Roast roasted or roast roasting roasted or roast
Saw sawed sawing sawed or sawn
Seethe seethed or sod seething seethed or sodden
Shake shook or shaked shaking shaken or shaked
Shape shaped shaping shaped or shapen
Shave shaved shaving shaved or shaven
Shear sheared or shore shearing sheared or shorn
Shine shined or shone shining shined or shone
Show showed showing showed or shown
Sleep slept or sleeped sleeping slept or sleeped
Slide slid or slided sliding slidden slid or slided
Slit slitted or slit slitting slitted or slit
Smell smelled or smelt smelling smelled or smelt
Sow sowed sowing sowed or sown
Speed sped or speeded speeding sped or speeded
Spell spelled or spelt spelling spelled or spelt
Spill spilled or spilt spilling spilled or spilt
Split split or splitted splitting split or splitted
Spoil spoiled or spoilt spoiling spoiled or spoilt
Stave stove or staved staving stove or staved
Stay staid or stayed staying staid or stayed
String strung or stringed stringing strung or stringed
Strive strived or strove striving strived or striven
Strow strowed strowing strowed or strown
Sweat sweated or sweat sweating sweated or sweat
Sweep swept or sweeped sweeping swept or sweeped
Swell swelled swelling swelled or swollen
Thrive thrived or throve thriving thrived or thriven
Throw threw or throwed throwing thrown or throwed
Wake waked or woke waking waked or woke
Wax waxed waxing waxed or waxen
Weave wove or weaved weaving woven or weaved
Wed wedded or wed wedding wedded or wed
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Weep wept or weeped weeping wept or weeped
Wet wet or wetted wetting wet or wetted
Whet whetted or whet whetting whetted or whet
Wind wound or winded winding wound or winded
Wont wont or wonted wonting wont or wonted
Work worked or wrought working worked or wrought
Wring wringed or wrung wringing wringed or wrung
[edit]
Defective verbs
A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles and is used in but few of
the moods and tenses as beware ought quoth List of the defective verbs
Present Preterit
Beware ------
Can could
May might
Methinks methought
Must must
Ought ought
Shall should
Will would
Quoth quoth
Wis wist
Wit wot
A part of the text in this article was taken from the public domain English
grammar The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown 1851
Retrieved from httpenwikibooksorgwikiEnglishGrammarVerbs
=Should and Would=
The past tense of shall is should and the past tense of will is would Should and would are used
in indirect speech to replace shall and will of direct speech
Example I told you I should not be in for dinner
He wrote to say that he would me back on Friday
She wanted to know if I should take past in that conference
Should is used in dependent courses after the past tense of a verb expressing will
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Example He gave orders that the strangers should be hospitability entertained( gostiten priten
mire)
He promised me that the message should be sent at once
Should is often used in all persons I closes dependent on an expression of feeling or opinion with
the predicate of the HAD clause either in the present or in the past tense
Example Irsquom surprised that you should have been so foolish
It is strange that he should refuse to see her
Should is also used is clauses dependent on a sentence expressing possibility probability or
exception
Example it was impossible that he should continue for long
It was not to be expected that they should surrender( dorezoj) with out the struggle
Should is used in the same meaning as ought to to express like hood believe hood or strong
probability
Example there is a fine sunset so it should be a fine day tomorrow
You should write to her as soon as you can
Should is also used in conditional sentences expressing contingency( pasiguri rastisje)
Example if you should see him give him my regards
Should he asked for references tell him to apply to me
Would may express the will wish or consent of the subject in reference to the past especially in
the negative sentences where would is not an equivalent ( barasvlershen njevleresh) to refuse to
Example he would not tell me where the money was hidden
The wound would not heal ( sheroj)
Would and would have are also used modally
Example I would ask you to reconsider your decision
Would you pass me the salt please
I wish people would not talk so much
She would have done anything to make aments (me korrekt)
Would and should are also used in hypothetical( imagjinare) conditional sentences of present
and past tenses
Example if the grass needed cut I would cut it
If the hat suited me I would buy it
-Need-
-Need is both a normal verb and a special finite when normal it has all the characteristics
of these verbs It has the infinitive a past participle a gerund it takesSrsquorsquo to the third
person singular in the present simple it takes an infinitive with to and form its
interrogative and negative with do does and did in fact donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot it
means to require
Example He needs to be careful he did not need to be told twice
You look tired you need a rest
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Your hair needed cutting Irsquom glad you had it cut
Did you need all your money to buy that car
I didnrsquot need to tell him the news he already new it
-Defective need has only the one form it has neither infinitive gerund participles it
takes noSrsquorsquo ending to the third person singular and form interrogative by inversion and
its negative by adding not with is always shortened into neednrsquot It can also form
question tags When followed by an infinitive the infinitive is always plainrsquorsquo( without
to) its meaning is similar to have to
Example Need he work so hard He neednrsquot worry everything will be all right
You neednrsquot work so hard need you
-Peculiarity( veqori karakteristik) of defective need is that it is not used in affirmative
sentences but only in negative and interrogative sentences In affirmative sentences it is
replaced by must and have to ought to should etc
Example Need you go yet Yes I must
You neednrsquot see him but I must
-It can however be used affirmatively with adverb such as hardly and scarcely( mezi)
which have negative implications( nenkuptim perzirje)
Example I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday
The past tense of defective need is need have + past participle
Example We neednrsquot have hurried after all
Need you scold him so severely for his bad work he has done his best
Verbs can and could
Can- is a defective verb it has neither infinitive participle gerund nor imperative The missing
form is supplied by the appropriate form ofto be able torsquorsquo
Example will he be able to attend the meeting tomorrow
We have been unable to trace his address
He concluded that I was able to care of myself
Can usually expresses power ability or capacity
Example she can make her own dresses
We can call for you at nine
I canrsquot promise anything
Can sometimes expresses permission in this case it might be mild imperative The negative of
can can not expresses prohibition( ndales)
Example you can go now You can have the book when I have finished it
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck but you canrsquot smoke downstairs
In interrogative and negative sentences can express possibility and cannot impossibility
Example can this be true it cannot be true
Can he really believe that he can deceive us so easily
Itrsquos surely canrsquot be four orsquoclock already
Could- could is the past tense of can
Example she could make her own dress
It was so dark that we could see anything
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Could is also used as a conditional of can
Example I could come earlier if necessary
I could not promise anything
Even he had been there he couldnrsquot have helped you
Could is used in polite requests
Example could you land me a shilling
Could I have some more beer
Could in not always equivalent (was able)
Example if the references are to something that can be done because of knowledge or skilled
then either could or was able to may be used
Example I could (was able to) swim when I was only six years old
The door was locked and I couldnrsquot (wasnrsquot able to) open it
But if the meaning is managed to succeed in doing was able and not could is used
Example he was able to pass his example because he worked hard
I finished my work early today and so was able to go to the concert this afternoon
Present infinitive - to be able
Perfect infinitive - to have been able
Simple present - I can (Irsquom able to)
Simple past - I could (I was able to)
Present perfect - I have been able to
Past perfect - I had been able to
Future perfect - I shall have beenable to May and Might
May is a defective verb its form for the past tense is might which is usually used in indirect
speech
Example He is afraid that his attitude may be misunderstood
H e said that he was afraid that his attitude might be misunderstood
The missing parts are supplied by the appropriate form of to be allowed or to be permitted
They are also used in the past tense as might expressing permission is restricted to indirect speech
only
Example Nobody was allowed to be out after ten
Shall we be permitted to use the dictionary
She has been allowed to go to the party
May is used in affirmative sentences to express possibility or contingency but in the
corresponding interrogative sentences can is used
Example You may take a horse to the water but you canrsquot make it drink
I may be away from home tomorrow he may have been hurt
In sentences in which idea of possibility is mixed with that uncertainty The negative is expressed
by may not
Example The report may not be true
May is always used to express permission
Example You may come whenever you like
May I come and see you
May we go to the party
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
May not is used to express prohibition in official notices( shpallje publike)
Example Dogs may not be taken into these carriages
People may not pick flowers in this park
Itrsquos used in exclamatory sentences and object clauses to indicate a wish
Example May all your dreams come true
May you leave to repent it
I pray that your brotherrsquos life may be spared
May is used with the perfect infinitive to express doubt at the present time about a possibility in
the past
Example wherersquos Hanry he may have been detained at the office or he may have miss his usual
train The house may have been sold but I havenrsquot been told about this
In the past time context might is used in sentences corresponding to most of those may especially
in reported speech or thought
Example the handwriting might be his but the signature certainly was not
One might walk for hours without seeing a house
He thought we might expect a good harvest ( bereqet te korra)
Might with the perfect infinitive is used to express no fulfillment
Example It might have been worse
You might have asked me if I had no objection
-Must-
-Must usually expresses a necessity often a command and sometimes an assumption or
conclusion
Example We must all hang together or we shall vanish
You must wipe your feet before coming into the house
In England traffic must keep to the left
-The negative of must (must not) expresses prohibition an obligation not to do something
Example You mustnrsquot walk on the grass
You mustnrsquot touch the pictures
-Must is also used to express a logical conclusion a strong believe hood something that seems
only conclusion
As must is limited to the present tense the missing forms are supplied by to have to or to be
obliged
Example I had to repeat the message twice before he understood it
We shall have to hurry or we shall be late
The crew( ekuipazh) had to (were obliged) to leave the sinking ship (anije e fundosur)
But if must is used to suggest interference no synonym for must is used With must the feeling
compulsion (detyrim shtrengim) comes from the speaker With have to the compulsion generally
is from external circumstances
Example You must do what I tell you
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Irsquom afraid yoursquoll have to do this itrsquos a rule of the collage
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge
When have to is used to replace must it behaves as a normal verb It forms itrsquos interrogative by
do does and did and its negative by donrsquot doesnrsquot and didnrsquot
Example did you have to tell him the truth
We didnrsquot have to repair the car ourselves
When the negative of must lsquorsquohas the meaningrsquorsquo it is not necessary there is no obligation than
need not is used in negative form
Example Must you leave the party so early no I neednrsquot leave so early but I feel very tired
Must we learn the poem by heart for tomorrow no you neednrsquot Yoursquoll have to learn it for next
week
Present conditional - I could (I should be able)
Past conditional - I could have been able to
-Ought to-
Ought to is a defective verb and have only this form It is used to express a moral obligation
duty or desirability ( deshirushmeri)
-In most case it can be replaced by should but ought to have a rule as emphatic Ought to is
followed by an infinitive with to and should is followed by an infinitive without to
Example You ought to be ashamed of yourself
I donrsquot see why you should (ought to) apologize
I told him he ought to see you
-Ought to also express strong probability
Example Donrsquot you think that Manchester United ought to win the match
-With a reference to the past ought to plus perfect infinitive expresses no fulfillment
(mosplotsim)
Example It ought to have been done long ago
I ought to have written that letter yesterday
-Dare-
-Dare can be a full normal verb or it can be a special finite When dare is a special finite it forms
its third person singular withoutSrsquorsquo It is frequently followed by an infinitive without to Its
interrogative is made by inversion and negative by adding not
Example how dare you speak to me like that
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
She dare not ask for a raise for fear of losing the job
He dared not returned to the house
He was in such a temper that I darenrsquot ask
-After the infinitive- dare and especially after past participle-dared the infinitive in more
commonly( zakonishe pergjithsisht) is used with to than without to
-Daring is always followed by to
Example nobody would dare to suspect him
She shook her head not daring to speak
Dare her dare has a personal object (me him them etc) it is conjugated with do and is followed
by an infinitive with to
Example I dared him to ask the teacher to give us a holiday tomorrow
Do you dare me to swim to that lake and back again
He dared me to walk down Piccadilly in my pajamas
-Dare form a component with say I dare say which means Irsquom propose to believe I do not deny
very likely
Example but she is really very sorry for what she has done Oh I dare say
He isnrsquot here yet but I dare say he will came later
Modal verbs shall and Will
Date 02122004
Shall and will are defective verbs and have neither infinitives participle gerund nor
imperative ( menyra urdherore)
Shall is used in the first person singular and plural and will for the other persons to
express futurity without including anyonersquos intention
Example when shall I see you again
A week holiday will do you good
They will not find it so easy as they think
In American English as well in the English or Scotland and Ireland will is used for all
persons of the future tenses Shall is used is used to the first person to express
determination
Example I shall buy what I want
We shall do what we want
Shall is used in the second and third person to express the will command promise or
threat of the speaker Also it is used in the first person to ask after the will of the personrsquos
address
Example anyone found guilty of the robbery shall be shot at once
You shall have the book tomorrow
You have been lazy you shall not have any sweet
Shall is used after such a construction as I intend thathellip it has been said etc
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
Example we intend that this school shall be the best in the country
It has been decided that he shall be given the job
Will is used to express the will or contest of the subject (speaker) It is especially used in
this sense in interrogative and negative sentences and is mostly strong stress
Example came when you will Will you do me a favor
They have to abbey whether they will or not
In the examples where shall was used in the second or third person to express
determination or resolution ( det-percaktim vendim vendosmeri)
Example if you work hard you will have a holiday
The enemy shall not pass
He shall pay you what he owes you
Note that the determination is in the mind of the speaker but if the determination is not in
the mind of the speaker but is in the mind of the subject then will and shall is used
Then will strongly stress and the contracted form Irsquoll yoursquoll hersquoll etc are not used
Example George will not go without his coat
George shall go out without his coat
I will be obeyed that silly dog will close motorcars
Will is also used to express possibility and assumption (supozim)
Example that man with the umbrella will be the prime minister
It will be necessary to give further examples
Shall and will are also used to form the future perfect and future perfect continuous
tenses
Future perfect is formed from shall and will plus perfect infinitive This tense is used to
express an action that will be completed before a certain time or another action in the
future This tense is often associated with the preposition and by the construction by the
time
Example I shall have finished my work by five orsquoclock
The snow will be disappearing by the end of April
It is used to express duration up to a time in the future
When I have this school last week I should have tonight
Possibility and assumption ( supozim)
You will have heard that Irsquom going to America
The invitation will have been sent out by now
In time closes beginning with when the future perfect is not used the correct tense is
present perfect
Example I will repair your bicycle when I have finished the job
By the time you have read the book you will know all the questions
The future perfect continuous- is formed by verbs shall and will plus perfect infinitive of
to be plus present participle( percjellorja) of the verb required It is used to express the
duration of the action up to a certain time in the future
Example next Monday I shall have been staying in England for three years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years
In another monthrsquos time he will have been teaching in his school for twenty
years