GRAMMAR QUESTIONSWITH ACTION VERBSAsk Questions with

Action Verbs

• You can start a question with Whoor What. Put the action verb after Who or What.

• When you answer the question, put the verb after the subject. You can also use do or does to answer the question.

Question Answer

What happens in a garden? People plant things.

Who helps Mr. Cabral? Luis does.

A. Say the words in the correct order to ask a question. Thenanswer the question.

1. works / Who / in the garden / ?

2. the plants / waters / Who / ?

3. What / in the dirt / crawls / ?

4. on trees / grows / What / ?

B. Imagine you have a garden. Complete each question. Add Who orWhat and an action verb.

5. flowers in your garden?

6. in your garden?

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Who plants flowers? Mr. Cabral does.

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GRAMMAR QUESTIONSWITH ACTION VERBSAsk Questions with

Action Verbs

• You can start a question with When or Where. Use do or does with an action verb .

• Put do or does after When or Where. Put the subject next. Then put an action verbafter the subject.

• Use a statement to answer the question. Put an action verb after the subject.

Question Answer

When do the Cabrals plant? The Cabrals plant in the spring.

Where does Mr. Cabral putflowers?

Mr. Cabral puts flowers in a vase.

A. Say the words in the correct order to ask a question. Thenanswer the question.

1. do / Where / work / they / ?

2. Luis / does / the garden / weed / When / ?

3. Where / find / Mr. Cabral / does / tomatoes / ?

B. Complete questions about the garden in the photo. Add When orWhere and do or does.

4. Luis pick the flowers?

5. the flowers grow?

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Where does Luis help Mr. Cabral?

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GRAMMAR NEGATIVESTATEMENTS WITH ACTION VERBSMake Negative

Statements with Action Verbs

• To make a negative statement, put do not (or don’t) or does not(or doesn’t) between the subject and the action verb .

1. Luis does not plantflowers.

Luis doesn’t plantflowers.

• Do not add -s to the action verb in a negative statement.

Luis likes vegetables.

He does not like flowers.

A. Make each statement negative. Say the negative statement.

1. Luis learns from his father.

2. Luis plants the vegetables in the spring.

3. The tomatoes get very ripe.

4. The Cabrals eat vegetables from the garden.

B. Imagine you are Luis. You work in the garden. Complete eachnegative statement. Add do not or does not.

5. I plant lettuce in my garden.

6. My father help me in the garden.

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2. Flowers do not bloom.

Flowers don’t bloom.

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GRAMMAR SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT: ACTION VERBSUse the Right Form

of the Action Verb

Add -s to an action verb to tell about one person, place, or thing (not I or You).

Dante needs some advice.

He asks for help.

Angela helps him.

A. Read and listen to each sentence. How does the underlined verbend? Use the verb in a new sentence.

1. Angela gives advice to Dante.

2. The advice helps Dante.

3. Now Dante understands the math problem.

4. Dante thanks Angela.

B. Complete each sentence. Tell two other ways that Angela andDante help each other.

5. Angela to school with Dante.

6. Dante a snack for Angela after school.

7. Angela her computer with Dante.

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Angela helps Dante.

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GRAMMAR SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT: ACTION VERBSUse the Right Form

of the Action Verb

• Action verbs change to go with the subject of a sentence.

• Add -s to the verb if the subject is he, she, it, or a singular noun (not I or You).

The teens look at the bulletin board.

Hannah reads the flyers about school clubs.

She sees a flyer for the school play.

Julio looks for the soccer schedule.

A. (1–4) Choose words from the columns to make sentences. Makesure the verbs go with the subjects. Say your sentences.

Subject Verb Rest of Sentence

The students talk about school clubs.

Julio asks advice to each other.

Hannah give about the drama club.

They joins the soccer team.

B. Who helps you choose school activities? Complete each sentenceto tell.

5. I activities with my friends.

6. The teachers to us about our choices.

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Hannah points at the bulletin board.

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GRAMMAR NEEDS TO, WANTS TO, HAS TOUse Needs to, Wants to,

and Has to

• Sometimes you use to and an action verb after needs, wants,and has.

Erik needs to get some advice.

He has to find a partner for his project.

• Use the right form of the first verb to go with the subject. Do not add-s to the verb that follows to.

I want to help Erik.

He needs to listen to my idea.

A. (1–5) Choose words from the columns to make sentences.Make sure the verbs go with the subjects. Say your sentences.

Subject Verb Rest of Sentence

The friends need to ask for help.

My teacher needs to give advice.

Rex want to work together.

Mia wants to make good decisions.

The students have to start a new club.

B. Complete each sentence. Use the correct form of needs to,wants to, or has to, plus an action verb.

6. I a special project.

7. My friend me.

8. We a good grade.

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GRAMMARPRESENT PROGRESSIVE VERBSUse a Helping Verb

• Sometimes you can use the present progressive form of a verb to talk about what you are doing now.

• To form a present progressive verb, use a helping verb with an action verb .

• Am , is , and are can be helping verbs. Use am, is, or are with the -ing form of the action verb. The helping verb must agree with the subject.

I am listening to the coach.

The coach is teaching us a new play.

We are learning from him.

A. (1–6) Complete each sentence with the correct verb. Say thesentence.

Now Coach Cruz (am showing / is showing) us how to pass a soccer ball. The players (is watching / are watching) him. Javier (is helping / are helping) Coach. I (am helping / are helping), too. Coach (am passing / is passing) the ball to me. I (am kicking / is kicking) it to Javier.

B. Complete each sentence. Write am, is, or are.

7. We listening to Coach Cruz.

8. He sharing his wisdom with us.

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The coach is talking to the team.

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GRAMMAR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS 26Ask a Question

• You can use the present progressive to ask a question about something that is happening now.

• Start the question with Am , Is , or Are . Put the subject between the helping verb and the action verb . Make sure the helping verb agrees with the subject.

• Answer with a statement. Put the subject before the helping verb.

A. Say the words in the correct order to ask a question. Thenanswer the question.

1. Andre / watching / paint / you / Are / ?

2. Ms. Julia / Is / Andre / teaching / ?

3. you / his work / Are / enjoying / ?

B. Complete each question. Add a helping verb and an action verbending in -ing.

4. people us paint?

5. Andre to paint pictures?

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Are the teens standing on ladders?

Question Answer

Am I painting? Yes, I am .

Is Andre helping? Yes, he is .

Are they using paint brushes? Yes, they are .

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GRAMMAR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE NEGATIVE STATEMENT 27Make a Negative

Statement

• You can use a negative statement to tell what is not happening now.

• Use am , is , or are with an action verb that ends in -ing.

• Put not between the helping verb and the action verb.

Keisha is playing alone.

Keisha is not playing with friends.

Her shots are going in.

They are not missing the basket.

A. Make each statement negative. Say what is not happening now.

1. Keisha is playing basketball.

2. I am passing the ball to her.

3. Keisha’s friends are playing with her.

4. Other players are shooting baskets.

B. Complete each negative statement to tell what is not happeningin the photo now.

5. Keisha a book.

6. Keisha’s friends the basketball.

7. Keisha on the ground.

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GRAMMAR HELPING VERBS: CAN, MAY 28Use Helping Verbs:

Can and May

• A verb can have two parts: a helping verb and a main verb. The main verb shows the action. Sometimes a helping verb changes the meaning of the main verb.

• Use the helping verb can to tell about what someone is able to do.

Grandma can speak French.

• Use the helping verb may to say that something is possible.

Grandma may visit France next summer.

• Can and may stay the same with all subjects. Do not add -s.

A. Say each sentence. Complete it with can or may. Use the clue inparentheses.

1. Ben go to France with Grandma this summer. (possible)

2. Grandma teach French to Ben. (able)

3. Ben learn a lot of French from her. (able)

4. In fact, Ben speak French very well by the summer. (possible)

5. Then Ben speak to his relatives in French. (able)

6. They speak to him in English! (possible)

B. Answer each question. Use can or may and a main verb.

7. What else can Grandma do well? Grandma delicious food.

8. What may Ben and Grandma do together? They bicycles together.

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GRAMMAR HELPING VERBS: MUST, SHOULD 29Use Helping Verbs:

Must and Should

• A verb can have two parts: a helping verb and a main verb. The mainverb shows the action. Sometimes the helping verb changes the meaning of the main verb.

• Use the helping verb must to tell about something that is very important to do.

You must read the advice of Confucius. He was a wise man from China.

• Use the helping verb should to give advice or show what you believe.

We should follow his advice.

• Must and should stay the same with all subjects. Do not add -s.

A. Read aloud about the advice of Confucius. Complete eachsentence with must or should. Use the clue in parentheses.

1. You choose a job you love. (advice)

2. You do nice things for your friends. (important)

3. People study the past to learn about the future. (advice)

4. We follow our own advice. (advice)

5. You teach yourself first. (important)

6. People try and try again. (important)

B. Rewrite each sentence. Add must or should.

7. People obey the law.

8. People help their friends.

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GRAMMAR QUESTIONS WITH CAN, MAY, SHOULDAsk Questions with

Helping Verbs

• You can start a question with Can , May , or Should . Put the subject between the helping verb and the main verb .

• When you answer the question, put the subject before the helping verb.

• If the answer is negative, put not between the helping verb and the main verb.

A. Say the words in the correct order to ask a question. Thenanswer the question.

1. Lin / make / Can / soup / ?

2. Grandma / the water / boil / Should / ?

3. the soup / May / eat / Lin’s dog / ?

B. Write a question for each answer.

4. Lin should wash the dishes.

5. Lin may help Grandma again.

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Question Answer

May I help you cook, Grandma? Yes, you may help .

No, you may not help .

Should I chop onions now? Yes, you should chop onions.

No, you should not chop onions.

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GRAMMARNOUNS AS SUBJECTSUse Subject Nouns

• A noun names a person, an animal, a place, or a thing. A noun is the most important word in the subjectof a sentence.

• The word the sometimes comes before a subject noun .

The girl likes to read.

The library has a lot of books.

A book can teach a new idea.

A. Use a noun from the box to complete each sentence.Say the sentence.

boy information library magazine

1. The has many magazines.

2. The over there is about dogs.

3. The with the magazine has a pet dog.

4. The in the magazine helps the boy.

B. Complete each sentence. Use a noun.

5. The is my pet.

6. My has a pet cat.

7. His eats special food.

8. The at the mall sells cat food.

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Subject Nouns

person girl

place library

thing book

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Use Plural Nouns

• A plural noun names more than one person, place, or thing.

Seven astronauts are going into space.

• Add -s to most nouns to make them plural.

Astronauts travel in space shuttles.

They wear spacesuits and helmets in space.

• Some nouns end in s, z, sh, ch,or x. Add -es to those nouns to make them plural.

Launches always cause flashes of light.

• In a sentence, be sure the verb agrees with a plural subject noun.Do not add -s to the verb.

The astronauts smile brightly.

A. Say each sentence. Use the correct noun.

1. Different (class / classes) are important for astronauts.

2. Many (stress / stresses) happen during space travel.

3. An (astronaut / astronauts) needs many skills.

4. Many (coach / coaches) share wisdom and advice.

B. Complete each sentence. Choose a noun that agrees withthe verb.

5. The help astronauts in space.

6. The orbits Earth.

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GRAMMARPLURAL NOUNS 32

The astronauts pose for the camera.

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Use Subject Nouns and Pronouns

• A pronoun refers to a noun in a sentence. If the noun is part of the subject, use a subject pronoun . He , she , it , and theyare some subject pronouns.

• The subject pronoun must go with the noun it refers to.

• Use he to talk about a boy or a man. Use she to talk about a girl or a woman.

My dog is friendly. It is part of my family.

Mom trains the dog. She teaches the dog to sit.

Dad plays catch. He throws the ball to the dog.

My brothers play, too. They like to play with the dog.

A. Name the noun in the first sentence that goes with the pronounin the second sentence.

1. This school is for dogs. It is a good school.

2. Tony takes his dog there. He learns to train his dog.

3. Alicia is the teacher. She shares her wisdom.

4. The dogs like Alicia. They learn commands.

5. Tony’s dog learns to sit. It is a fast learner.

B. Complete the second sentence. Use a subject pronoun.

6. Anita is my sister. feeds the dog each day.

7. Diego is my brother. walks the dog after school.

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GRAMMAR SUBJECT NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 33

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Use Subject and Object Pronouns

• Use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence.

Math is important. It is a class at school.subject subject

Mr. Lee teaches math. He is nice.subject subject

• Use an object pronoun as the object of the verb.

Julia takes a math class. Julia likes it .verb object verb object

Mr. Lee teaches Julia. The teacher helps her . verb object verb object

• Notice that the pronouns you and it are the same in both subject and object forms.

A. Say each pair of sentences. Use the correct pronoun. Tell whatnoun it refers to.

1. Juan likes math. Juan understands (her / it).

2. Bella thinks math is hard. (She / Her) needs help.

3. Juan teaches Bella. Juan helps (she / her) with word problems.

4. Bella thanks Juan. Bella helps (he / him) with science.

5. Juan teaches Bella. (He / Him) learns from Bella, too.

B. Complete each sentence. Use the correct pronoun.

6. Dad uses math at work. is an accountant.

7. Dad helps Grandma. Grandma thanks .

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Pronouns

Subject

I

you

he

she

it

Object

me

you

him

her

it

GRAMMAR SUBJECTAND OBJECT PRONOUNS 34

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Name Yourself Last

Subject Pronoun: I

• Use the pronoun I in the subject of a sentence.

I have a new neighbor.

• Sometimes you talk about somebody else and yourself. Use the pronoun I last.

My neighbor and I just met each other.

She and I are the same age.

Object Pronoun: me

• Use the pronoun me as the object.

My dad asks me to go to the store.

• Sometimes you talk about somebody else and yourself. Use the pronoun me last.

Dad tells my neighbor andme to get some bread.

Dad thanks her and me .

A. Say each sentence. Use I or me.

1. My family and have new neighbors.

2. They ask my parents and for help.

3. Mom and tell the Fungs about the neighborhood.

4. They thank Mom and .

5. Dad and introduce the Fungs to other neighbors.

6. The Fungs invite my parents and for lunch.

B. Complete each sentence. Use a noun and I or me.

7. are both students at the high school.

8. My friends greet at school.

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GRAMMARI VS. ME 35

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GRAMMAR SUBJECTAND OBJECT PRONOUNS 36Use Subject and

Object Pronouns

• Use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence. To talk about more than one, use we , you , or they .

The soccer players help out.subject

They teach younger children.subject

• Use an object pronoun as the object of the verb. To talk about more than one, use us , you , or them .

The players teach drills. The children practice them .object object

We work hard. Hard work helps us .subject object

A. Say the correct pronoun to complete each pair of sentences.

1. We like soccer. That sport interests (we / us).

2. The high school players kick balls to us. We kick (they / them) back.

3. Some parents help out. (They / Them) collect the balls.

4. My mom brings snacks. We eat (they / them) after practice.

B. Complete the sentences. Use a subject or object pronoun.

5. Some athletes play soccer. are good soccer players.

6. I see the athletes. I watch play.

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Pronouns

Subject

we

you

they

Object

us

you

them

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Put Articles in Their Place

• When you talk about one person, place, or thing, use a, an, or the before the noun.

• Use a or an when you can’t be specific.

The class is doing a play.

Marc wants to be an actor.

• Use the when you are talking about something specific.

I want to watch the school play.

Avoid these problems:Problem

We went to theater.

We saw play you liked.

Marc wants to be the actor.

Solution

We went to a theater.

We saw the play you liked.

Marc wants to be an actor.

A. Say each noun. Put a, an, or the in front of it and then use the words in a sentence.

Examples: • costume • costume • a costume • the costume • I found a costume. • Give me the costume on the hanger.

1. actor 2. audience 3. script 4. play 5. stage

B. Now tell about a movie or a play. Write three sentences to describe it. Use a, an, or the before nouns.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFERWORD ORDER: SUBJECT-VERB 13Word Order

in Statements

subject verb

• In most statements, the subjectcomes before the verb .

My friends ride bikes.

The bikes stay on the path.

Mr. Hernandez sees the bikes.

Avoid these problems:

Problem Solution

Pedals Max the bike. Max pedals the bike.

The girl a helmet wears . The girl wears a helmet.

A. Unscramble the words to make new statements. Then say the new sentence.

1. ride / Max and Lilia / bikes / .

2. The friends / through the park / go / .

3. likes / racing bike / his / Max / .

4. Lilia / a / red bike / rides / .

5. exercise / The friends / every week / .

B. Imagine you are Max or Lilia. Write three sentences about your bike ride. Put the subject before the verb.

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Get the Meaning of the Verb

• Some verbs are made up of two words. Their meaning changes based on the second word.

Did you turn in your homework?

Please turn down the radio.

Verb Meaning Examples

give back give back We give back the money we borrowed.

give in agree He argues until we give in.

give up quit I give up. What is the answer?

turn down decrease Please turn down the volume.

turn in hand in I will turn in my homework.

turn up increase Turn up the heat, please.

A. Read the questions. Use a two-word verb in your answers.

1. Do you give up hope or give in hope?

2. Do you turn up your homework or turn in your homework?

3. Do you turn up the music or turn in the music?

4. Do you give up candy or give in candy?

5. Do you give in something you borrowed or give back something you borrowed?

B. Tell about the photo. Write three sentences about your ideas. Usetwo-word verbs from the chart.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFERTWO-WORD VERBS 14

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Get the Meaning of the Verb

• Two-word verbs are made of a verb plus a smallword like in, out, or off. Sometimes the verb andthe small word are separated.

You can check two library books out.

I will check this book off my list.

Verb Meaning Examples

check off to markoff a list

They check the books off their lists.

check out to borrow I need books. Can I check some out?

check over examine I always check over my work.

pick on bother Those boys pick on other kids.

pick out choose You can pick ten books out today.

pick up gather Can you help me pick my books up?

A. Read the questions. Use two-word verbs in your answers.

1. Do you check a book off a list or check a book over a list?

2. If you drop your books, do you pick them out or pick them up?

3. When you borrow a library book, do you check it out or check it off?

4. Before you turn in your homework, do you check it over orcheck it off?

B. Now tell about the photo. Write three sentences to describe what is happening. Use two-word verbs from the chart.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFERTWO-WORD VERBS 15

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Use a or an Before a Person’s Profession

• Use a before the name of a profession, or job, that begins with a consonant .

She is a p ilot. Are you a p ilot, too?

• Use an before a profession, or job, that begins with a vowel .

Is she an astronaut?

I am an engineer.

Avoid these problems:Problem

Is she scientist?

I am a architect.

Solution

Is she a scientist?

I am an architect.

A. Add a or an before the profession. Then say each sentence.

1. ls Javier astronaut at NASA?

2. l am scientist who works for NASA.

3. What is space engineer?

4. You are doctor.

5. Yoko is accountant.

B. Choose three people you know. Write sentences about eachperson. Tell or ask what each person’s profession is. Use a or an.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFERARTICLES BEFORE PROFESSIONS 16

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If You Can’t Count It, Maybe You Can Measure It

• You cannot count water, but you can count bottles of water. When you use a noun that names a measurement, you can make it plural.

She is buying two bottles of juice.

These bunches of bananas are fresh.

How many cartons of milk do you need?

Avoid these problems:

Problem Solution

The two cup of tea is hot.

They need four piece of meats.

The two cups of tea are hot.

They need four pieces of meat.

A. Say each phrase. Change the word “one” to “two.” Use pluralnouns to say the new phrase. Then use some of the phrases in asentence.

1. one slice of cheese

2. one piece of paper

3. one glass of water

4. one teaspoon of salt

5. one carton of milk

6. one bar of soap

7. one tub of butter

8. one can of soup

9. one box of cereal

B. Now tell what the girl in the photo buys at the supermarket.Write a list to tell how much of each thing she should get.

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LANGUAGE TRANSFERNONCOUNT NOUNS 17

cartons of milk

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