ventilation. contents introduction mechanical ventilation natural ventilation ground coupled heat...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ventilation
![Page 2: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Contents
IntroductionMechanical VentilationNatural VentilationGround Coupled Heat ExchangersFrench Regulations
![Page 3: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
3
![Page 4: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Importance
Assures quality of air:Removes pollutants, excess moisture
Adds fresh air
Effects of moisture:Degrades material
Leads to mould…
…which can irritate asthma, allergies…
Or leads to dust mites
Can improve comfort: air is precooled / preheated
4
Source: www.dampserve.com
Source: Wheat 2010
Condensation due to single glazing, can be removed by ventilation
![Page 5: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pollutants (1)
Indoor air 10x more polluted (Haut 2011)
Moisture due to cooking, showering, washing machine, breathing…People: Smoking and breathing Gases emitted from
Building elements, materials (slow release)
Cleaning products, candles, insecticides, cosmetics, toiletries, perfumes…(rapid release)
Animals 5Sources: www.searsoutlet.com, enchanteur.com.my, Gaynor 2014, http://greenplanetethics.com explosionhub.com,
![Page 6: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pollutants (2)
Radon Natural radioactive substance
Enters buildings, can cause lung cancer over a long period of time
Volatile organic compounds
Can evaporate at ambient temp.
Eg formaldehyde…
Products have eco labels ...
Paints, shampoo, clothes… 6
EUEcolabel The
Blue Angel
French VOC labelling
![Page 7: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Infiltration
NOT THE SAME as ventilationUncontrolled air leak(s)In the past, partly would have refreshed airAs buildings are more airtight, real focus on ventilation
7
Air leaking into houseAir leaking out
Plumbing stack vent
Bathroom vent
Electrical outlet
Dryer vent Dryer
vent
Kitchen fan
Recessed lights
Attic hatch
Source: www.gabuilderenergyservices.com
![Page 8: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ventilation characteristics
Described by: Ventilation rate: amount of air provided
Airflow direction: overall direction in a building
Air distribution/ airflow pattern: parts of space air enters and leaves
8Airflow distributionSources from top: Zhao 2007, Mentor Graphics 2009
Airflow rate: contourDirection: arrows
![Page 9: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Air Characteristics
Air moves from high pressure to low pressureComposition of atmosphere:
Not exhaustive list
Do not confuse: inhaled
and exhaled air.
Exhaled: 16% Oxygen,
4% Carbon Dioxide9
High pressure
Low pressure
Nitrogen; 78%
Oxygen; 21%
Argon; 1% Carbon Dioxide; 0%
Composition of atmosphere
![Page 10: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Exercise:
Please link the names and descriptions
10
Name Description
COV Controlled air flow
Infiltration Harmful compounds released into the air at an ambient room temperature
Ventilation Has 21% Oxygen
Exhaled air Has 4 % Carbon Dioxide
Inhaled air Uncontrolled air flow
![Page 11: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Exercise:
Please link the names and descriptions
11
Name Answer
COV Controlled air flow
Infiltration Harmful compounds released into the air at an ambient room temperature
ventilation Has 21% Oxygen
Exhaled air Has 4 % Carbon Dioxide
Inhaled air Uncontrolled air flow
![Page 12: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of ventilation
MechanicalBased on fans
Rooms positively or negatively charged
Inlets primary rooms (living room)
Extractors in bathrooms and kitchens
NaturalUses difference in pressure/temperature for airflow
Relies on location: prevailing wind, climate…
Mixed mode (Hybrid)Adds fans to natural ventilation
12
Source: www.brookvent.co.uk
Natural ventilation based on wind
![Page 13: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mechanical ventilation - pro’s and cons
ReliableCan use filtersCan choose airflow path
Hospital: infected air drawn away
May not work: equipment failure, utilities interruption, poor maintenance, incorrect managementInstallation and maintenance costsUses fossil fuels? (electricity)
13
Pollen filterSource: Zehnder 2014
![Page 14: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Natural ventilation - pro’s and con’s
Energy efficientProvides high ventilation rates more economicallyAdditional effect: more daylightCombined with natural coolingMaintenance low, but important (efficiency, pathogens)Variable: climate, wind, temperatureFilters can’t be usedHard to accurately model: occupant closes/opens door 14
Planned performance
Actual performance (closed window)
![Page 15: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mixed mode - pro’s and con’s
Suitable for most weather/ climatesEnergy savingFans can be noisyExpensiveDifficult to design
15
Source: Connection 2014
![Page 16: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
MECHANICAL VENTILATION (MV)
16
![Page 17: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
MV: exhaust only (single flow)
Vents in living room, bedroom etc.: windowsAir extracted in kitchen/bathroom: fanBuilding under negative pressureDoors have to have 1cm gap
17
Source: Unelvent 2014
Air travels: dry to humid areaUnregulated, so: heats house in summer, cools in winterCan cause backdrafting in combustion devices
![Page 18: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Exhaust only: humidity controlled
Single flow can be also humidity controlledUseful: varies flow on occupationTwo types in France:
Hygro A: extract air humidity regulated
Hygro B: extract and supply air humidity regulated
Hygro B more efficientBoxes, vents and ducts identical for two systems: easy to upgrade 18
Entry : humidity controlledSource: degriffelec.com
Entry : unoccupied
Small level of humidity
Minimal speed
Entry : occupiedSource: Econology 2008
High level of humidity
Elevated speed
![Page 19: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MV: Supply only
Some countries, air only pumped inLeaves through gaps or ventsBetter control of flow than exhaust onlyGood in hot countriesCan cause moisture problems in cold climates: humid air infiltrates building elements
19
Source: Energy.gov 2012
![Page 20: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
MV: Double flow (1)
Inlet and extract ductsPressure is balanced OR positivePositive stops outside air infiltrating in humid countriesCan have open fires inside Heat recovery systemNoisy:
Fan silencers
Install fans on structural walls
20
Source: Unelvent 2014
Outlet connection
Continuously welded casing
Inlet connection
Flow optimised tailsAcoustic baffles
Aerodynamic inlet
Source: dB Noise Reduction Inc. 2014
![Page 21: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
MV: Double flow (2)
System should be inside heated volume. If outside
reduction in efficiency
causes condensation
INSULATE WELL
Important: airtightness and correct installationMaintenance (cleaning filters, studies confirm often incorrect performance…)Filters for higher air quality
21
Source: Firestone 2011
![Page 22: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Heat recovery system
Up to 95% efficientThermal loss reducedSmall electricity demandHigher acoustic comfortBypassed in summer: fresh air
22
Exterior Interior
22
Warm stale air
Cold fresh air
Heat recovery unit
Cold stale air
Warm fresh air
Good for extreme climatesCan be combined with a ground source heat exchanger
![Page 23: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cost of ‘hygro B vs double flow ’
23
Graphic compares primary energy consumption; for heating and fansTwo climatic regions: Nancy (N), Nice (S)Heating use is always smaller for heat exchanger
Nice: Cost effective to use extract onlyNancy: Heat exchanger is better
Double flow
Double flow
Mechanical ventilation energy consumption
Fan use Fresh air heating energy use
Source: Effinergie
Hygro B
Hygro B
![Page 24: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Heat Recovery
24
LG Vent Axia
Casto
Stiebel EltronNather
![Page 25: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Ventilation pipes
Pipes
Dampers and measuring units
Roof hoods
Others…Efficient closing on standstill fan
Bend with cleaning access
Exhaust vent
Flow meter
Fire damper
Roof hood
Source: http://www.lindab.com
![Page 26: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Exercise: Ventilation systems
Why is an exhaust only ventilation system negatively pressurised?
Why is a double flow ventilation system either balanced or slightly positively pressurised?
26
![Page 27: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Exercise: Ventilation systems ANSWER
Why is an exhaust only ventilation system negatively pressurised?
Air travels from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. The fan creates negative pressure, forcing air to be sucked into the building.
Why is a double flow ventilation system either balanced or slightly positively pressurised?
It is positive as air is being pumped in, so pressurises building.
If supply and exhaust fans are of equal capacity, pressure is balanced.
27
![Page 28: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Maintenance of ventilation systems
Ventilation systems lose efficiency, become noisyClean system every 5 yearsHire companies. Use:
Negative airflow: vacuum cleaner
2500-5000 cubic feet per minute speed.
Home vacuum cleaner: 100-150 CFM
Some use truck
Change filters yourself 1-3 times a year
28
Source: http://www.absolutecleanstl.com
![Page 29: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Specific advice (Ademe guide)
Air dampers: once a yearExtract vents with electric closing mechanism: wipe with damp clothInverter: dust. Life: 3-5 yearsOccupancy sensor: wipe lense with soft clothMore info: « Guide pratique sur la modulation des débits de ventilation dans le tertiaire »
29
Sources: http://formation.xpair.com/voirCours/grilles_registres_caissons.htm,
![Page 30: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Maintenance (2)
All parts need a clean: Air vents
Filters
Inlet and outlet
Furnace
Fan
Bactericide, Biocide, fungicide…debatable
More info: http://legitimedepense.telequebec.tv/occurrence.aspx?id=412
30
Source: TCEM 2014
![Page 31: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NATURAL VENTILATION
31
![Page 32: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Natural Ventilation (NV)
Stack effect: hot air risesCross ventilation: wind driven ventilationGlazed openable surfaces also support heating/cooling
32
Misato-Matchi, Japan. Source: Top: Winchip 2011, Bottom: Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation 2008.
![Page 33: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Wind tower/wind catcher (1)
Wind gets drawn in: Persian architecture, Arabic architecture…
33Source: DPChallenge 2014
![Page 34: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wind tower/wind catcher (2)
Wind tower in Cairo (left), multidirectional in Bahrain (right)
34Source: Elgendy 2014
![Page 35: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Wind Cowl
35
Sources: Autodesk 2011, BDa ZEDfactory
Images: BedZed developmentInlet and outlet connected to heat exchanger. Wind drives system instead of fan.
Higher speed = lower pressure. Air goes from high pressure to low pressureSo…cowl aides air being pulled out of building
![Page 36: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cooling tower
Air travels opposite way to wind towerHot air drawn in, cooledOnce warms up, exitsUsed to use wet sheets to cool. Design uses damp pads
36
Cooling tower in Utah. Source: Lawrence 2011
![Page 37: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Wind rooftop turbine
Uses windPulls air out of atticRemoves moisture, important in winter when roof elements are cold (condensation, frost, mould…)Check sufficient quantity of air entering building
37
Source: http://aaaefficiency.com
![Page 38: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Venturi ventilation
Easy to install Uses wind and hot air rising
38
![Page 39: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Venturi ventilation installation (1)
39
Remove cap shingles
Cut slot
Centre vent on roof
Source: Air Vent Inc.
![Page 40: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Venturi Ventilation installation (2)
40
Nail first section
Cut final section to right length
Nail cap shingles in placeMore details: www.airvent.com/pdf/installation/VenturiVentPlus-install.pdfSource: Air Vent Inc.
![Page 41: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Design Techniques
Rules of thumbE.g. Cross ventilation
Occupants near window shouldn’t feel discomfort
Air will pick up pollutants as it travels
Room length < 5 x floor-ceiling height
Accurate simulation hard, depends on wind speed and directionCan use Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 41
Masdar Headquarters, Abu DhabiSource: Elgendy 2010
![Page 42: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
CASE STUDIES
42
![Page 43: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Inland Revenue, Nottingham, UK
Shallow plans for cross ventilation and daylightStack ventilation Exposing thermal MassLower floors: naturally ventilatedTop floor: lightweight, roof ventsWindows:
Triple glazed
Blinds, Light shelves and louvres
NV assisted with fans, can be preheated in winter
43Source: Bottom: Fine Art America 2014
![Page 44: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Inland Revenue, Nottingham, UK (2)
44Source: Santamouris 2013
![Page 45: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Jean Marie Tijbaou, New Caledonia
Cultural centreHot, humid climateOptimised for NVLocated on hilltopFacing south prevailing windFew trees south, lots in east and west to funnel windNear water, coolsWind from sea has to rise, cools further 45
Source: Piano 2014
![Page 46: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Cultural centre Jean Marie Tijbaou
46Source: Piano 2014
![Page 47: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Namba Parks, Japan
Old stadiumReintroducing greeneryNaturally ventilatedShopping centre with many facades exposed to the elementsGardens: trees, waterfalls, rocks, vegetable patch…
47Source: Yoneda 2014
![Page 48: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Embrace House, Solar Decathlon project
Designed by Danish studentsFront glazing opens for natural ventilationNatural daylight
48
Source: Grozdanic 2014
![Page 49: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Mali’s Falatow Jigiyaso Orphanage, Africa
OrphanageVents in each building form part of NV strategy
49
PV, waste water treatment, solar gain, thermal mass…
![Page 50: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Exercise:
True or false?
50
Statement Answer
Stack ventilation can only be used for rooms facing the prevailing wind
Natural ventilation supports designs which use natural daylight
Natural ventilation cannot be used in cities due to noise pollution.
![Page 51: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Exercise:
True or false?
51
Statement Answer
Stack ventilation can only be used for rooms facing the prevailing wind
False. It relies on hot air rising, usually in a tower above the main part of the building.
Natural ventilation supports designs which use natural daylight
True. For example: large glazed facades can have parts which open. Can’t do with heavyweight material.
Natural ventilation cannot be used in cities due to noise pollution.
False. Although the design will heavily be influenced by this fact, there are many dampers/measures which can be used which enable at least partly to use natural ventilation
![Page 52: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
GROUND COUPLED HEAT EXCHANGER
52
![Page 53: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Ground coupled heat exchanger
Uses ground temperature (1.5m below surface)In summer, cools airIn winter, warms airAir used directly for ventilationAir blown into building in pipes
53
Pipes 2m underground, 2% slope, 50m long
20/22º
24/26º
Air inlet35ºC
Condensation
By-pass
Compressor
Mechanical ventilation
![Page 54: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Components
Air entryFilter,
1m above ground
Stainless steel
PipesDiameter: 160-250mm
Air must circulate at least 20s
Airtightness important (water, bacteria)
Smooth walls
Rigid, polypropylene for heat transfer
Source: Magdelaine 2014
![Page 55: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Pipe layouts (1)
Several different pipe layouts
55
Building wall Building wall
Air inlet
50m pipe
Condensing unit
Air inlet
2x 25m pipe
« Y » section joining 2 pipes
Condensing unit
![Page 56: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Pipe layouts (2)
56
Building wall
Air inlet
Condensing unit
« Y » section joining 2 pipes
0.8m
Building wall
0.8m
2%
Condensing unit Air inlet
Distribution pipe
![Page 57: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Radon
Radioactive: starts as uranium 238, then decomposes ->gasFound in all soils Dangerous if breathed inCan’t be removed from lungs, continues to decompose thereAfter smoking, 2nd cause of cancerAirtightness of ventilation important
57
Average radon concentration in households per department (Bq/m3)Source: IRSN 2013
January 2000
![Page 58: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Legionnaires Disease
Thrives in 25-43ºC. Damages lungsExchanger insulated from ground waterReason important to remove condensationCondensation happens at dew point temperatureThis is influenced by temperature and relative humidity
58Sources from top: Gaur 2012, BIMC Hospotal 2014
![Page 59: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
FRENCH REGULATIONS
59
![Page 60: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Acoustic Regulations
Residential noise limit: “Arrêté du 30/06/1999 relatif aux caractéristiques acoustiques des bâtiments d’habitation”
Ventilation system < 30dB in main rooms,
<35dB in kitchen
60Source: http://langlopress.net/homeeducation/resources/science/content/support/illustrations/Decibel%20Range/Decibel%20Range%20Chart.jpg
![Page 61: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Acoustic regulations (2)
Type of building Continuous function
Intermittent function
Library, data centre, medical centres, restrooms
33dB 38dB
Teaching premises, music rooms, ateliers, administrations, dining areas, multipurpose rooms
38dB 43dB
61
« Arrêté du 25 avril 2003 » relative to limiting noise in pedagogical environements
![Page 62: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
French thermal regulations
RT2012Bbio: double flow ventilation system with 50 % heat recovery
Cmax : 50 kWhep / m2 .an, includes primary energy
Air flow minimum per room type
Airflow at extract and inlet units (“article 64.1 de règlement sanitaire départemental type”)
RT2020: energy positive buildings62
![Page 63: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Minimum airflow
ARRÊTÉS - 24 MARS 1982 - 28 OCTOBRE 1983General extract airflow:
If humidity regulator is included:
63
Number of habitable rooms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Minimal total airflow (m3/h) 35 60 75 90 105 120 135
Minimal total airflow in kitchen (m3/h)
20 30 45 45 45 45 45
Number of habitable rooms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Minimal airspeed (m3/h) 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
![Page 64: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Examples of extract airflow
Number of main rooms
Kitchen (m3/h)
Bathroom (m3/h)
1 75 15
2 90 15
3 105 30
4 120 30
5 + 135 30
64
![Page 65: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
General notes
RT2012 bans natural ventilation for collective housingMechanical system = choice otherwiseOpening windows is acceptable ventilation Energy use of ventilators is limited
65
![Page 66: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Exercise: Regulations
True or false?
66
Statement Answer
French regulations mandate mechanical ventilation
There exists limits for the total airflow of a building
Having humidity controlled ventilation enables lower ventilation rates
Natural ventilation cannot be used for hospitals
![Page 67: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Exercise: Regulations
True or false?
67
Statement Answer
French regulations mandate mechanical ventilation
False
There exists limits for the total airflow of a building
True
Having humidity controlled ventilation enables lower ventilation rates
True
Natural ventilation cannot be used for hospitals
False. It cannot be used for collective housing.
![Page 68: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Bibliography (1)
Wheat, S. 2010http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/home/685646/turning_our_victorian_terrace_into_an_ecohome_part_six_ventilation.html
Gaynor, K. 2014. http://blog.kerrygaynormethod.com/3-of-the-most-common-excuses-for-smoking-debunked/
Zhao, Y. 2007. http://www.paladinoandco.com/thought-leadership/comparison-of-measured-airflow-rates-at-selected-locations-in-a-naturally-ventilated-full-scale-building-with-simulated-results-from-computational-fluid-dynamics/
Mentor Graphics 2009. http://hpac.com/archive/cfd-aids-school-districts-utilization-thermal-displacement-ventilation
Zehnder 2014. http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/zehnder/heat-recovery-controlled-mechanical-ventilation-60528-649562.html
Connection Online 2014. http://www.build.com.au/mixed-mode-hybrid-ventilation
Haut, P. de. 2011. Chauffage, isolation et ventilation écologiques. Eyrolles: Paris.Unelvent 2014.
http://www.unelvent.com/vmc-simple-flux-hygroreglable.html Econology 2008.
http://www.econology.fr/blog/2013/06/26/vmc-simple-flux-hygro-entrees-air-bouches-hygro/dB Noise Reduction Inc. 2014. www.dbnoisereduction.com/technical_data_and_specifications/tds01_rectangular_silencers.php?p=vns Firestone 2011.http://greencomplianceplus.markenglisharchitects.com/technical/ventilation/new-ventilation-systems-todays-airtight-homes/
68
![Page 69: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Bibliography (2)
69
Energy.gov 2012 http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/whole-house-ventilation
Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation 2008.http://www.ibec.or.jp/jsbd/L/index.htm
DPChallenge 2014. http://www.dpchallenge.com/image.php?IMAGE_ID=673696
Elgendy, K. 2014http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-design/a-california-building-revives-traditional-middle-eastern-designs/
Autodesk 2011http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/stack-ventilation-and-bernoullis-principle
BDa ZEDfactory www.zedfactory.com/loadreduction.pdf
Lawrence, R. G. 2011. http://www.motherearthnews.com/green-homes/student-built-earth-block-home-brings-natural-cooling-to-navajo-reservation.aspx#axzz38wCgR03j Elgendy 2012
http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-design/masdar-headquarters-the-first-positive-energy-building-in-the-middle-east/
Fine Art America 2014http://fineartamerica.com/featured/nottingham--inland-revenue-building-yhun-suarez.html Santamouris, M. 2013. Environmental Design of Urban Buildings: An Integrated Approach. Earthscan: London
![Page 70: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Bibliography (3)
70
Magdelaine, P. 2014. http://www.notre-planete.info/ecologie/habitat/puits_canadien.php
Piano, R. 2014http://pzarch14.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/jean-marie-tjibaou-cultural-center-renzo-piano/
Yoneda, Y. 2014http://inhabitat.com/japans-namba-parks-has-an-8-level-roof-garden-with-waterfalls/namba-parks-japan-jerde-partnership-2/
Grozdanic, L. 2014. http://inhabitat.com/danish-students-embrace-house-for-two-boasts-a-super-energy-efficient-double-envelope/
IRSN 2013http://www.irsn.fr/FR/connaissances/Mediatheque/pages/Detail_Mediatheque.aspx?GuidWeb=2c2a9274-9106-41cf-b110-445981d4784e&GuidList=46306625-d53e-464d-9750-4113c34c8065&GuidItem=10&Cible=1&imgId=467a23db-0d7e-484f-8890-da26f97c175e|24
Gaur, D.C. 2012.http://topnews.net.nz/content/222078-legionnaires-disease-taking-its-toll-auckland
BIMC Hospital 2014http://www.bimcbali.com/news-update/legionnaire%E2%80%99s-desease.html
TCEM 2014http://www.tcem.fr/nettoyage-gaines-ventilation-tuyauterie-canalisation-tcem.asp
![Page 71: Ventilation. Contents Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers French Regulations 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bffb1a28abf838cc1251/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71