vaikų darželių interjero dizaino kokybės gerinimo edukaciniai aspektai

7/23/2019 Vaik dareli interjero dizaino kokybs gerinimo edukaciniai aspektai

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YBOEBFPS T@NFLHLBEBS PEBY@ZSB^@^FS

T@NFLHLBAHS BZ TSBCMHOHLBKHS IFAPO^@^FS

YFBARS^S S^PNBK AF^@NZF

Gbonf bjbzafb~

YFBA NFZ@OB BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJS

L@ZBEBGH @NPAFCBEBFB FST@A^FB

GFLBS^ZH NFZJFS

Nfzjh yfnhyfs; nhc nz Sblb~f Ghe~ybofb~

YBOEBPS/ :464


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 :

SFE^ZFPAF

Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb

fstà~fb; babgharaobebh plnrgh t`nflhlbahs gflbs~zh s~pnbk jfblbfgfsbs nfzjfs ( ghasobebs

yfnhyfs; nhc nz Sblb~f Ghe~ybofb~1 Yboebfps t`nflhlbebs peby`zsb~`~fs/ Yfbars~s s~pnbkaf~`nzf Yboebps/ :464 =3t

Gflbs~zh jfblbfgfkfg` nfzj` fefob{phkfghs yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs

l`zbebgh lfobgrjs bph nfzjp/ afbt tflfojbe` tzb`ghe` yfba nfzòb tofefybgh/ zèlbgh

j`b zèhyfcbkhs tzhc`s g`~p/ lfo~ z`g~bs k yfnhyfb/ yfnrjbebeafb/ t`nflhlfb/ fzcmb~à~fb bz

~yfb ^rzbgh hjkà~fs rzf yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj ^rzbgh ~basofs ' f~sao`bs~byfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebps fstà~ps ^rzbgh g`~p f~oba~f

ghasobes ob~`zf~zhs bz nhapgè~ fefob{/ tfsfpobeb yfba nfzòb tzhkà~fybgh ~ènècbk

ftyfolf Jpyh spnfzr~f be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs y`z~bebgh safo/ apzb ~rzbgh g`~p efpnh~f

y`z~bebgfgs nfzòbphs` Bfefob{fyps ftaofps g`~p lfp~ps nphgèbs/ eps~f~r~f t`nflhl

ephghe ftb` nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj Benbybnpfob thafojb sp yfbafbs nphgè

fefob{ f~sao`bn k oa`sbps/ spsbkpsbps sp plnrghsb ftobeaf Sbs~`gbefe~ ~rzbgh z`{po~f~ps/

spapz~fs ~`hzbebs aharjbah yfba nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh ghnòbs F~`b~rk` epgf~hgf

ghnò z`fob{ph~b bz t`zbhnbafb ~hjpobe~b/ f~sbyòlbfe~ kh ipeacbhefybgh z`forjk` rtf~pgps

@sgbebfb hnbfb;

yfba nfzòbfb/ be~`zk`zh nb{fbefs/ aharjs l`zbebgfs/ ~`hzbebs ghnòbs


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 3

SPGGFZR

Gbonf bjbzafb~ @npcf~bhefo fst`c~s hi ~m` aben`zlfz~è be~`zbhz n`sble vpfob~r

bgtzhy`gè~; Gfs~`zs ~m`sbs ( tzbgfzr spt`zybshz; nhc nz Sblb~f Ghe~ybofb~1 Yboebps

T`nflhlbcfo Peby`zsb~r/ N`tfz~gè~ hi Cmbonmhhn S~pnb`s Yboebps/ :464 =3t

Gfs~`zs ~m`sbs `}fgbe`s ~m` aben`zlfz~è be~`zbhz n`sble vpfob~r bgtzhy`gè~

htthz~peb~b`s ^mbs |hza chpon j` f psìpo ~hho ihz gfefl`zs/ `npcf~hzs/ fzcmb~`c~s/ fen

tfzè~s be ~m` n`sble/ bes~foof~bhe fen zèhyf~bhe hi ~m` aben`zlfz~è ^m` z`s`fzcm ihcps`n he

aben`zlfz~è be~`zbhz n`sble vpfob~r ^m` hjk`c~by` hi z`s`fzcm bs ~h z`y`fo ~m` `npcf~bhefofst`c~s hi ~m` aben`zlfz~è be~`zbhz n`sble vpfob~r bgtzhy`gè~ ^m` s~pnr chenpc~`n

ob~`zf~pz` fen nhcpgè~ feforsbs/ z`yb`| hi lohjfo n`sble ~zèns be aben`zlfz~è fzcmb~`c~pz`

^m` be~`zbhz n`sble vpfob~r zf~bel scfo` |fs `s~fjobsm`n fen ps`n ihz `yfopf~bhes be

aben`zlfz~ès Nf~f feforsbs smh|`n ~`fcm`zs htbebhe fjhp~ ~m` vpfob~r hi aben`zlfz~è

be~`zbhz n`sble Benbybnpfo be~`zyb`|s |b~m cmbonzè z`y`fo`n ~m`bz `}t`c~f~bhes zòf~`n ~h ~m`

aben`zlfz~è èybzhegè~ Be fcchznfec` |b~m ~m` s~pnr z`spo~s/ ~m`hz`~bcfo mblm'vpfob~r

aben`zlfz~è be~`zbhz n`sble ghnò |fs n`yòht`n ^mbs ghnò tzhybn`s ihz ~m`

bgto`gè~f~bhe fen n`yòhtgè~ be fcchznfec` |b~m b~s tzfc~bcfo ipec~bhefob~r

A`r |hzns;

aben`zlfz~ès/ be~`zbhz n`sble/ vpfob~r bgtzhy`gè~/ ~m` ~m`hz`~bcfo ghnò


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfz`ob be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fst`a~fb Yboebps/ :464 >

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:% YFBA NFZ@OB BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJS Y@Z^BEBGFS @NPAFCBEBP FST@A^P:=

:6^RZBGHG@^HNBAF :=::BE^@ZK@ZHNB[FBEHAHARJSY@Z^BEBGFS :2

3% YFBA NFZ@OB BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJS L@ZBEBGH FST@A^FB T@NFLHLY@Z^BEBGP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >>

36^RZBGHG@^HNBAF >>3:T@NFLHLEPHGHEFTB@PLNHGHSBHSFTOBEAHSBE^@ZK@ZHNB[FBEHAHARJ >0

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YFNFS

^`ghs fa~pfopgfs bz efpkpgfs% Izb`nzbcm Izj`o -6


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f~stbenbebfs plnrgh-sb" ftobeahs aharjs l`zbebgh lfbz`s/ tfsblènfgf ghasobeb nfzj/

apzbphs` bsfgbfb tzbs~f~hgb lfobgb yfba nfzòb tfs~f~ bz k be~`zk`zh ~hjpobebgh jnfb/

~pz~befe~rs yfba plnrgh-sb" tzhc`sps Nfplpghk` plnrgh-sb" ftobeahs ~rzbg bz ftzfrg/

syhafb ftobeaf tzbsabzbfgf shcbfobebh thjnbh z`bag/ plnrgh-sb" ftobeahs ~`zgbefs

nfebfpsbfb ~ftf~befgfs sp yfbah bz t`nflhlh ~fztpsfybh sfe~rabfbsSaf~befe~ ~`blbfgps aharjbebps tharbps babgharaobebfg plnrgpb-sb" sabz~hk`

ftobeahk`/ bph ~rzbgp sbàbfgf eps~f~r~b yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh

`npafcbebps fstà~ps Yfnhyfpkfe~bs eps~f~r~fbs fstà~fbs epgf~hgf spapz~b ~`hzbe

aharjbah yfba nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh ghnò/ afbt tflfojbe tzb`ghe tofephkfe~/

zèlbfe~ bz zèhyphkfe~ yfba nfzòbps Ob`~pyhk`

Tzhjo`gbebfb aofpsbgfb;6 Ahabhs rzf plnrgh-sb" ftobeahs bz be~`zk`zh sfgtzf~hs8 Ahabf k syfzjf plnrgh-sb"

tzhc`sphs`8

: Ahabf rzf sy`baf ~fzt yfbah bz ybnfps ftobeahs/ apzbhk` kbs plnhsb8

3 Ahabhs yfba nfzòb tzhkà~fybgh ~ènècbkhs yrzfpkf tfsfpork`8

> Ahab` ib{bebfb thrgbfb jnbelb aharjbafg nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbepb8

0 Ahabf rzf t`nflhl ephghe ftb` nfzòbh/ apzbfg` kb` nbzjf/ be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj8

Ahab bnk kb` lfo~ tfsbor~b/ sbàbfe~ bhs ftobeahs aharjs l`zbebgh8

9 Ahas rzf yfba thbzbs k ofeahgh nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbe8 Ahab ehz/ spsbkpsb sp

bf ftobeaf/ kb` ~pzb8

^rzbgh hjkà~fs; yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj

^rzbgh ~basofs ' f~sao`bs~b yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebps

fstà~ps

^rzbgh pnfybebfb;

6 F~oba~b ghasobes ob~`zf~zhs fefob{/ eps~f~fe~ sy`bahs ~fzt yfbah bz be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh

rtf~pgps/ ~fa plnrgh-sb" tzhc`sfgs/ plnrgh-sb" ftobeahs aharjs sfgtzf~fs

: Ftyòl~b tfsfpobe`s yfba nfzòb tzhkà~fybgh ~ènècbkfs

3 F~sao`bs~b babgharaobebfg plnrgpb-sb" sabz~ tfs~f~ be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh

yfnrjbe fstà~

> y`z~be~b sabz~bel ~bt yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj `npafcbebp fstà~p

0 Eps~f~r~b ahabf rzf t`nflhl ephghe ftb` nfzòbh/ apzbfg` kb` nbzjf/ be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh

aharj bz ahab kb` ~pzb bnk plnhghsbhs ftobeahs aharjs l`zbebgpb


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^bzbfgk f~zfeaf Be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs y`z~bebgpb tfzèafghs sabz~belh ~bth

babgharaobebh plnrgh s~fblhs; tzbyfbhs bz yfos~rjbes/ ~btbebh bz e`~btbebh tzhkà~h/ gfhs bz

nbnòs F~obàfe~ y`z~bebgh z`{po~f~ orlbefgk fefob{/ tfzbea~ hjkà~ yfbzhy tfn`nf

spsbnfzr~b tof~`se yfb{n ftb` `sfg yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs orlgè

^rzbgh g`~p spzèafgb nphgèrs/ f~stbenbe~rs babgharaobebh plnrgh tfsofpl

yfz~h~hk ephghe bz ehzps/ spsbkpsbps sp s~fblhs be~`zk`zh nb{fbep Bsabzbfghs nyb

tflzbenbes babgharaobebh plnrgh tfsofpl yfz~h~hk lzpts; yfbafb -~b`sbhlbebfb plnrgh

tfsofpl yfz~h~hkfb" bz t`nflhlfb -ybnbebfb yfz~h~hkfb/ yfbnbefe~rs tflzbenbe yfbngè


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 =

plnrgh-sb" tzhc`s`" Fea`~fybgpb f~zèafgb babgharaobes` bz tzb`gharaobes` y`z~befg

nfzòb lzpts` nbzjfe~rs t`nflhlfb Benbybnpfos thafojbfbyranhgb spyfbafbs/ ofeafebfbs

y`z~befg nfzòb tzb`gharaobe`s lzpt`s

Abàybèfs ~rzbgfs ~basobelfb hzbè~phkfgfs ybèh fz aòb tzhjo`gbeb aofpsbg

eflzbekbg Ghasobes ob~`zf~zhs bz nhapgè~ fefob{s/ tzhkà~fybgh ~ènècbk ftyfolhsg`~p sbàbfgf spnfzr~b jènz yfb{n ftb` abàybè baò~ aofpsbg/ spsbkps sp

jfblbfgfkfg` nfzj` yfznbe~f tzhjo`gf Zèlbfe~ st`cbfobfs safo`s be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs

y`z~bebgpb/ bsabzbfgb ib{bebfb thrgbfb jnbelb aharjbafb plnrgh-sb" ftobeafb Spsbtfs~fe~

sp t`nflhl tf~bz~bgb/ sbàbfgf bsbfbabe~b k/ afbt tflzbenbeb yfbah bz ftobeahs sy`bahs

s~`j~hk/ ~pzbgfs bebfs/ ephghe ftb` be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj bz bhs aharjs zfba

z`forjk` Thafojb sp yfbafbs g`~p fbakf k thbzbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh ò`gè~ps rtf~pgfb/

eps~f~hgb ib{bebfb thrgbfb/ jnbelb/ yfba ephghe`/ tf~zfpaobfb bz nhgbfb plnrgh-sb"ftobeafb ^rzbgh jènzf scm`gf zhnh/ ahabfbs sabz~belfbs g`~hnfbs ~rzbekfgfs abàybèfs

tzhjo`gbebs aofpsbgfs -z 6 oè~ò"

6 oè~òJènzf ~rzbgh scm`gf

Tzhjo`gbebfb aofpsbgfb

^rzbgfsPlnrgh-sb"ftobeahs bz

be~`zk`zh nb{fbehsfgtzf~hs

Sy`baf ~fztplnrgh-sb"

ftobeahs bz yfbah

Plnrgh-sb"ftobeahs be~`zk`zhnb{fbeh aharjs

sfgtzf~f

Ib{bebfb thrgbfb/jnbelb aharjbafgplnrgh-sb" ftobeahs

be~`zk`zh nb{fbepbGhasobes ob~`zf~zhs bznhapgè~ fefob{/tzhkà~fybgh~ènècbk ftyfolf

! ! ! !

Be~`zk`zh nb{fbehaharjs y`z~bebgfs !T`nflhl fea`~beftaofpsf ! ! !Benbybnpfos thafojbfbsp yfbafbs ! !


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6% YFBA NFZ@OB BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJS ZFBAHS

@NPAFCBEBFB FST@A^FB

^bzbfe~ yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj/ bzrakf plnrgh-sb" ftobeahs bzbe~`zk`zh nb{fbeh syha ftbjzbgfb Plnrgh-sb" ftobea lfobgf yfznbe~b afbt `znybe

s~zpa~z/ apzbhs ybnpk` j`b bhzk` yras~f plnrgh bz sfybplnhs tzhc`sfb b ftobea spnfzh

~hab` fzcmb~à~zbebfb rtf~pgfb; tofebe s~zpa~zf/ `znybe bzfbaf/ yfbzs k ~pz~befe~rs

ò`gè~fb bz ab~b be~`zk`zh nb{fbe ihzgphkfe~rs y`basebfb Fbabefgfkfg` fzcmb~à~zhs

hnre` ~`zgbefs be~`zk`zfs ftbjzbfgfs afbt tfs~f~h ybnps/ sp~yfzar~f bz btph~f tf~foths

`zny sp ybsf zfelf yb`s~pyfbs/ jfonfbs/ tfy`basofbs -O Ab~afpsabè/ E Ab~afpsafs/ :44>/


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lbgbgh efpnhkfsb sfyh thkbfbs/ ehznfgb lfp~b beihzgfcbkhs/ no bhs tzb`fs~b`s yfbapb

z`babf apz~b ybsfbs thkbfbs -or~kbgh/ sahebh/ z`lhs/ aofpshs bz phsos" ~rzbekfg ftobea

@zny/ apzbhk` nfebfpsbfb jef yfbafs/ rzf `sgbebs ò`gè~fs/ o`gbfe~bs kh ~ftf~pg bz

sfys spyhabgh ahec`tcbk -G F Z`fn/ :44:3" yfnhyfpnfgb`sb Lbjsheh @ahohlbe` ~`hzbkf ~rzbgh g`~p eps~f~/ afn be~`zk`zh nb{fbe`

lonbebhs beihzgfcbkhs lfpsf lfob j~b t`znphnfgf yfbapb bz y`ba~b kh jènzfnfzjbfybgh sp

ab~fbs yfbafbs òl`s t`z `znyb yfbzhy/ zèlbfe~ sabz~belps opj orlbps bz efpnhkfe~

sabz~belfs stfoyfs sbè nfrgpb ^rzbgh g`~p ~fbt tf~ tffbakh/ afn opj orlb bz sbè

stfoybe yfbzhy ~pzb j~b aharjbafb spapz~f bz tfs~hyb/ h bsabzbfe~ yfbafgs sabz~fs `zny`s

lfob j~b efpnhkfgb yfbzb stfoy ef~zfos fpnbebfb fz ~beaofb


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Yfba shcbfobe òlsè o`gbf bz yfba safbbps ~fg ~bazhk` `znyk` Afb yfba lzptk`

rzf t`z nfpl/ lfob j~b saf~befgfs flz`srypgfs bz n`s~zpacbkf -N S~feahyb bz a~/ :449/ 03"

Sp ~`blbfgp thy`babp yfbafgs rzf lofpnbfb spsbk bz ~hab` N S~feahyb bz khs aho`l

yfznbefgb ~`cmebebfb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh nphgèrs; l`zf faps~baf/ ht~bgfops gbazhaobgf~fs/

~beafgfs tf~fot ftyb`~bgfs/ e`sobns lzben tfybzbfb/ gfohebhs ~às~zhs sbè tfybzbfb/yrzfpkfebhs bo~hs stfoyhs

Be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh ~faf yfbah ahgt`~ècbk to~h~`b Yfba yrs~rgfsbs/ ~fb

nbefgbaf sy`baf ~fzt yfbah/ ftobeahs/ gheb fsgèbeb jzph/ plnrgh-sb" tzhlzfghs bz

ab~ y`baseb b sy`baf rzf tzfnbhs ~fafs ftobeahs be~`zyècbkhgs plnrgh ~pzbe

befpnhkfe~ tofefybgh bz nb{fbeh lfobgrj`s Aharjbahs lzptb `znys tfsbrgb sfyh

rtf~rjb yfonrgh lfobgrjgbs/ tzbyf~pgp/ spn~belpgp/ f~b~babgp yfbalbpb bz thz`babfgs/

~rzbekbgh/ thbosbh -f~sbs~f~rgh" lfobgrjgbs bz fbapgp Khs babgharaobebh gfbfps yfbafgstfn`nf lr~b fpa~`sebh orlgès ahgt`~ècbkfs e`lp lzpts/ apzbhgs ~zas~f b rtf~pg -O

@ Gf}|òo/ :44" ~`blbf/ khl `npafcbebp

thbzbp z`bagbelfs ~fbt tf~ lfob ~ft~b bz azrjbafb befpnhkfgfs/ fbnbgfgs sabz~fs lzben

toh~fs Lzben tfybzbfps toh~fs ftbjnbefgfs afbt tfofea`se `zny yfba y`baohgs e`b kfs


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 6:

ofjbfp zbjhkfe~rs s~fo tfybzbfb Zàhgènphkfgf apz~b lzben tfybzbyfbzhy ihzgphkfe~

sabz~bel nrnb `zny`s/ tfzèafe~ yfbzbfs/ ef~zfobfs lzben nfelfs bz fe~ k ofbahgfs

tzb`ghe`s/ ~fbt yfbapb sp~`babfe~ tofbfs fbnbgh bz nfzjh th{bcbk lfobgrj`s

Yfbapb sp~`babfghs ftobeahs yfonrgh lfobgrjs Ft~fzps nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh

thy`ba yfbapb bz tfs~felfs k tzb~fbar~b yfbah thz`babfgs/ aòbfgfs aofpsbgfs; ahabhs rzfyfbah thy`babh bfb ftobeafb lfobgrjs8

^fzt~fp~be yfbah yrs~rghsb bz ftobeahs be~`zfacbheb{gh ~`hzbkf -S Sm`zbnfe/ :44


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tzfto`bfe~rs fzjf lbobefe~rs zfeabfb Plnhghkb ftobeaf ftbjnbefgf afbt e`fe~b beb

yfbapb/ eps~f~fe~b zgps kh plnrgpb-sb" j`b yrs~rgpbsb

Z`bagbelfs be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh yfbngph tfz`blhkf f~sfabelfb bz~b kh azbgh

tzhc`s/ apzbh g`~p rtf~belfb syfzjbhs spfplpsbhkh tfs~felhs spyha~b b ftobea b yfbah

th{bcbkhs Y O S~h`caobe -6222" ftzfr~ aharjbahs yfba nfzòb ftobeahs azbghahgfen ~pz~ spnfzr~b feas~ryhkh plnrgh/ rtf~bel yfba plnrgh/ yfbah yrs~rghsb/ yfba

ftobeahs nb{fbeh/ fzcmb~à~zhs/ ofenfi~h fzcmb~à~zhs/ be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh/ shnbebears~s/

faps~bahs/ ~beafghs zfelhs tfzbeabgh/ peby`zsfobhkh nb{fbeh yfbafgs szb~rs`

j`sbst`cbfob{phkfe~rs bz apo~zbe` ahgt`~ècbkf tfsbrgbe~rs efzbfb

Ftbjènzbefe~ lfobgf ~`bl~b/ khl be~`zk`zh nb{fbefs ~pzb ~fahs yfbah

tsbcmhib{bhohlbebfgs tzhc`sfgs Yfbapb kfpbfe~bs s~fjbobfb bz sfplbfb bhk` ftobeahk` lonbe~b

beihzgfcbkf y`babf kh sfybyha bz shcbfobe òlsè Plnhgk ftobea yfbafs sptzfe~f afbtsy`bahs hjkà~/ ~hno syfzjp/ afn b ftobeaf j~ fa~rybefe~b/ nhgb bz ipeacbhefob

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lbobefe~bs zfeabs/ tzf~pz~bef t`nflhlbe y`bao

6%: PLNHGHSBHS FTOBEAHS BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJ

S~f~rjhs ~`cmebeb z`lofgè~ syfn` -S^Z :4:4:;:44>1 S^Z 64649;:44:"

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z`lofgè~ Sy`baf~hs ftsfplhs gbebs~`zbkhs babgharaobebh plnrgh s~fblhgs sabz~f mblbèhs

ehzgf -ME


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 6>

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-Fccz`nb~f~bhe Czb~`zbf/ 6226" L ^ Ghhz` bz ^ Splbrfgf -:44


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syfzjf -G Npnà/ :444/


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ybèpghk` lfobgrj -O @ Gf}|òo/ :44


17/112



18/112

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sfe~rabpb sp ahe~às~p/ ahohlbegs bnkhgs bz behyf~rypgpb


19/112


Yfba nfz`obh Ehzy`lbkhk` tzhk`a~h -


20/112

Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 :4

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3 tfy Nfzòbh às~`zk`zfs -ih~hlzfibkhs b ò tpsoftbh |||fzcmnfborchg"


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Yfba nfzòbh Yhab`~bkhk` tzhkà~h -Jfptboh~è/ J`zorefs/ Yhab`~bkf/ :44 tfy Zèhyph~fs nfzòbh às~`zk`zfs bz be~`zk`zfs-ih~hlzfibkhs b ò tpsoftbh |||fzcmnfborchg"


22/112

Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 ::

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23/112


24/112

Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 :>

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^habkfs/ Kfthebkf/ :44


25/112


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sorlfs bh tzhc`sh `blfb

AHARJS

L@ZBEBGFS

AHARJS

Y@Z^BEBGFS

AHARJS

SFGTZF^HS

AZBGFS


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ò`gè~ps


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfz`ob be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fst`a~fb Yboebps/ :464 :


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:% YFBA NFZ@OB BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJS

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sbs~`gbebgfs

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:44


29/112


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30/112


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31/112


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34/112


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39/112


y`z~bebg -2


40/112

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43/112


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44/112

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mhobs~bafb


45/112


2>%

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46/112


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47/112

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Ybsh;

99 644%


48/112

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A`~ybz~hk` af~`lhzbkhk` -`zny`s ~pz~befe~rs ò`gè~fb" tzbs~f~hgb t`nflhl yfznbe~b

oèlybfpsbfb lryènbefgb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj lfobe~rs tfl`zbe~b ~hab` ò`gè~fb; jfon

yfbzhy/ gbea~pgh ò`gè~fs/ y`bnzhnbs/ plnrgh tzb`gheb yfbzhy bz efpkhsbhs

~`cmehohlbkhs -z < oè~ò" Nfebfpsbfb t`nflhl yfznbe~fs ehzfs nfzòbh `zny`s ~pz~be~b

ghn`zeb/ hzblbefob/ nfplbfipeacbeb/ stfoybel bz tf~hlb jfonyfbzhy`

Ftbjènzbefe~ lfobgf ~`bl~b/ afn t`nflhl f~sfarg ~pzbebh fefob{s g`~p zrabfpsbfb

f~sbsao`bn nbnòb `znyb/ k ghnòbfybgh lfobgrjb bz bhs` `znys` `sfeb jfonyfbzhys

~zapgfs T`nflhlfb ~fbt tf~ tfrgkh ~beafgfb zèl~ `znyb yfba zòfasfcbe`b bz ib{be`b

y`baohgs e`jpybg


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< oè~òT`nflhl epzhnhgb ybnfps `znyb tfa`b~bgfb ~pz~befe~rs yfbah plnrghsb y`bao

Af~`lhzbkf Spjaf~`lhzbkf^`blbebnfebs % Tf~ybz~befe~bs ~`blbers

F~sbyòlbgfs yfbah fgb

Ftobeahs azbgfsf~sbyòlbfe~ yfbah fgb 0 >

gf`seb`gs yfbafgs z`babf sfplpgh1nbn`seb`gs yfbafgs z`babf nfplbfp`znyb -6:"

@zny gèbe`b y`baofb 3 : nfbos bz nb{fbeh s~pnbkf -

àst`zbgè~fybgh bz ~rzbekbgh

s~pnbkf - 3gfbfp n`~fogbs ftazfp~f lzpt-"

L`zfs ftyb`~bgfs 9 0 nfplbfp yb`shs -3>"

@znybzèlbghaharj

Stfoybelpgfs ( stfoyben`zg : :

stfoy f~b~bagph -:4"nfplbfp stfoy -03"

Jfonyfbzhy = 9

yfbzbhs oè~rehs g`nbflhgs bztzb`ghegs -:6" e`~zfnbcbeb ihzg

jfonòbfb ->>" f~sabzhs ohyhs -:4"

Gbea~pgh ò`gè~fs : :ybspz gbea~f bz sfplp ->2"taph~b abobgfb -03"

Y`bnzhnbs : : y`bnzhnb `zny -0>"Plnrgh tzb`ghebyfbzhy 3 :

~pz~be~b plnrgh {hefs tzb`ghegbs-6>"

@zny`s~pz~befe~rsò`gè~fb

Efpkhsbhs ~`cmehohlbkhs : :jbjobh~à tzf~pz~be~b yfb{nbegtzb`gheg -ybn`h" ->4"

Ybsh f~sfarg lfp~f 63>/ b k; 0 ' ebàh eà`bs~/ 3 ebàh e`f~sfa


50/112


Pnphnfe~ t`nflhlfgs aofpsbg/ afbt be~`zk`zh nb{fbefs lfo~ j~b tfa`bs~fs/

afn ofjbfpsbfb f~b~ba~ k afbt t`nflhl thz`babps/ sbàbfgf bsbfbabe~b t`nflhl thbz

k nfzjh sorlfs bz f~sao`bs~b t`nflhlbes y`baohs aharjs l`zbebgh lfobgrj`s a`bbfe~

nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbe Lfp~ nphgè fefob{s g`~p bsabzbfghs ~zrs af~`lhzbkhs/

f~b~beafebhs bsabz~sbfs fefob{phkfe~ f~sfarg a`~ybz~k aofpsbg ~pzbe ^fb ' yfbzbhgsy`baohgs sabz~ `znyb azbgh/ `znyb zèlbgh aharjs bz `zny`s ~pz~befeb ò`gè~

af~`lhzbkhs -z = oè~ò"

Tbzgfkfb af~`lhzbkfb -yfbzbhgs y`baohgs sabz~ `znyb azbgfs" tzbsabzbfghs `znys

t`nflhlfgs/ f~sabz~hs gb`lhkbgh `znys/ `znys zòfasfcbkfb/ gèbe`b/ gp{babe`b bz ib{be`b

y`baohgs/ gfbs~h zphbgh `znys yfbafgs spjaf~`lhzbkhs -z = oè~ò" ^habhs tf~

spjaf~`lhzbkhs bsabz~hs bz f~sfarg aofpsbg ftb` `znyb tfa`b~bgps/ ~pz~befebps yfba

plnrghsb tzhc`s/ fefob{s g`~p bph f~y`kp z`sthenè~fb nfebfpsbfb bsarz thz`ba ~pz~bst`cbfobfs `zny`s fsgèbegs z`baggs bz zòfasfcbkfb Tfs~`jbgf/ afn ~fb ybèbe~ò

spjaf~`lhzbkf/ hzbè~ph~f t`nflhl thz`babps spsbkpsb sp be~`zk`zh nb{fbep

Fe~zhkb af~`lhzbkf -`znybzèlbgh aharj"/ apzbfb tzbsabzbfghs ~habhs spjaf~`lhzbkhs/

afbt `znyb nbnbebgfs/ ghnòbfybgh lfobgrjs/ sabzs~rgh yfbzhy/ l`zfs ftyb`~bgfs/

stfoybelpgfs bz stfoybe n`zg/ sabz~f eps~f~r~b be~`zk`zh zèlbgh aharjs afbt l`z

t`nflhl nfzjh sorl sfgtzf~ -z = oè~ò" ^pznfgb hgèrk` l`z`seb sorl

t`nflhlbe`b y`baobf azbg/ t`nflhlfb fbabfb bsarz `znyb nbnbebgh thz`ba nfzòrk`/ afbt

bz epzhnrnfgb yfba plnrghsb tzhc`sps lfobe~ ~`blbfgfb y`ba~b ybnfps ftobeahs tfa`b~bg

@zny`s ~pz~befeb ò`gè~ af~`lhzbkhk` t`nflhlfb nfebfpsbfb z`babf ehz nfzòbh

tf~fotfs ~pz~be~b jfonyfbzhy`/ afbt bz yfznbenfgb yfba plnrghsb sorlfs lfobebps tfl`zbe~b

`zny`s ~pz~befebps ò`gè~ps -z = oè~ò" Abà gfbfp afz~ e`~b`sbhlbfb epzhnr~fs

plnrgh tzb`ghebyfbzhys bz efpkk ~`cmehohlbk ~zapgfs nfzòbphs`

Ftbjènzbebgpb yfznbefgb/ t`nflhl ephghe`/ k thz`babps ~èabefe~rs nfebfpsbfb

epzhnr~b nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh tfa`b~bgfb; `znyb nbnbebgfs/ f~sabz `znyb t`nflhl

fsgèbegs z`baggs bz zòfasfcbkfb spazbgfs/ `znyb ~pz~bebgfs jfonyfbzhy`

= oè~òT`nflhl sbohgb ybnfps ftobeahs tfa`b~bgfb f~sbyòlbfe~ k thz`babps


@znys t`nflhlfgs < =yb`~f t`nflhlpb t`zsbzèl~b/ tfoba~bfsgèbebps nfba~ps -63"

F~sabz~hs gb`lhkbgh `znys 3 3f~sabz~b yfba gb`lpb sabz~ tf~fot-0="

yfbzbhgsy`baohgs

sabz~ `znybazbgfs

@znys zòfasfcbkfb > 0ebhs sp gffbs afgjfzobfbs ybèfgfz nyb`g yfbafgs -6


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Spjaf~`lhzbkf ^`blbebnfebs

% Tf~ybz~befe~bs ~`blbers

@znys gèbe`b y`baofb > 0

nfbos afgjfzrs ->2" g`nbhnbzj~pyos -33" yfbnrjhsafgjfzrs -04"

@znys gp{babe`b y`baofb 3 3 f~sabzf gp{bahs sfo -3="

Jfonyfbzhy 9 0

nfplbfipeacbes tzb`ghes -64"nfplbfp beyè~hzbfps/ fpnbghs~faorb -33"

@zny`s~pz~befe~rsò`gè~fb

Efpkhsbhs ~`cmehohlbkhs : : bphofbabes ~`cmehohlbkhs - tfy"

:> tfy T`nflhl nhgkbgfsbs psbèbh yfos~rjb nfzòbfbs

60%

%

6Nhgbsb Afz~fbs nhgbsb E`sbnhgb


52/112


Pnphnfe~ t`nflhlfgs aofpsbg/ fz ~àh gf~r~b nhgb plnrgh-sb" ftobeahs

be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh tfyr{nb p Ob`~pyhs zbj/ sbàbfgf bsbfbabe~b ahabps nfzòb tfs~f~

rtf~pgps/ zèlbgh n`~fo`s fz ~b`sbhl efpkhy`s t`nflhlfb az`btbf ng`s/ afs kb`gs f~zhnh

fa~pfop Fefob{phkfe~ t`nflhl gf~r~ psbèbh nfzòb ftzfps bz bobapsbps stnbps

bsabz~hs ~zrs aharjbes af~`lhzbkhs; tfs~f~h tzhkà~h ybspghs aharj/ `znyb zèlbghaharj/ `zny`s ~pz~befe~rs ò`gè~fb -z 2 oè~ò"

Tbzgfkfb af~`lhzbkfb -tfs~f~h tzhkà~h ybspghs aharj" tzbsabz~hs spjaf~`lhzbkhs rzf;

e`nbnòbs tfs~f~fs bz ofeafeb yfba safbbps/ kpnkbgh lfobgrjbyfbzhy/ l`zfs ftyb`~bgfs/

tftzfs~pgfs bz tzb`befgpgfs/ fz~pgfs efg ftobeafb/ ~fg ~bazf ~yfzaf -z 2 oè~ò" ^habf

af~`lhzbkhs spn~bs zhnh/ afn t`nflhlfgs l`zstn tfobàf e`nbnòb nfzòb/ tftzfs~pgp

tfsbrgbe~rs tzhkà~fb sp l`zfb bstzs~fbs kpnkbgh bz tf~fot ftyb`~bgh aofpsbgfbs/

yrzfpkfebf efg kfpapgpb bz ~yfzafb fz~bgf ftobeaf@znyb zèlbgh aharjs af~`lhzbkfb tzbsabzbfghs `znypgh/ `znyb ihzg bz orlb

yfbzhys/ k ghnòbfybgh lfobgrjb/ sabzs~rgh tflfo ipeacbkfs fz y`baofs/ `znys bz zfelhs

ib{be`b y`baofb spjaf~`lhzbk tfsbafz~hkbgfs nfz afz~ tf~ybz~bef k syfzjpg t`nflhlfgs/

tzbsbgèfe~ gf~r~phsbps nfzòbps bz bsabzbfe~ nfzòb ybnfps ftobeahs aharjs l`zbebgh

fstà~ps -z 2 oè~ò" B ybs gbe~ spjaf~`lhzbk/ tfsbafz~hkbgh nfepgp bsbsarz

`znypgfs/ afbt ybèfs syfzjbfpsb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs azb~`zbk/ t`nflhl thbzbp

^z`bfkfb af~`lhzbkfb -`zny`s ~pz~befe~rs ò`gè~fb" tzbsabzbfgb aò`~pb t`nflhl

sbgbepsb gf~r~ psbèbh nfzòb be~`zk`z rtf~pg/ ~fb ' jfon/ gbea~pgh ò`gè~ bz

plnrgh tzb`gheb yfbzhy -z 2 oè~ò" T`nflhlfb gfeh/ afn ~fb tzb`ghes/ lfobebhs

tzf~pz~be~b t`nflhlbe y`bao bz yfba plnrghsb tzhc`sps

Ftbjènzbefe~ lfobgf ~`bl~b/ afn t`nflhlfb ofjfb tfofeabfb y`z~bef e`nbnòb nfzòb/

tftzfs~pgp tfsbrgbebps/ tzhkà~ps sp l`zfb bstzs~fbs kpnkbgh bz tf~fot ftyb`~bgh

aofpsbgfbs/ efg kfpapgpb bz ~yfzafb fz~bgf yrzfpkfebf ftobeaf -z 2 oè~ò"

F~sbyòlbfe~ ~fb/ afn t`nflhl epzhnr~b plnrgh-sb" aharj lfobe~rs tfl`zbe~b

ftobeahs tfa`b~bgfb bz tf~`ba~b/ ~`blbfg stn tfoba/ be~`zk`zh zèlbgh tfyr{nbfb b

psbèbh nfzòb sp~fgtf/ nfzhgf tzbòfbnf/ afn nhgnfgb`sb psbèbh nzròbfbs t`nflhlfb

ìà~rybfb s`gbfsb bnk/ apzbf obeag` bz ahabhgbs aheaz`bhgbs tzb`ghegbs lfob j~b

l`zbefgf nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharj


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2 oè~ò

T`nflhlfgs ofjbfpsbfb sbgbe psbèbh nfzòb tfs~f~ rtf~pgfb


E`nbnòbs tfs~f~fs ( lzpts 3 > e`nbnòs ftbg~b`s nfzòbfb -69"

Kpnkbgh lfobgrjbyfbzhy : 3

abàybèf lzpt ~pzb sfyh bkbgofpa -0:" obi~fs gfbs~pb *epo`bs~b* lzpt`s ?5 nfpl ofbt~ -6"

T`nflhl tf~`ba~hs ephghes fefob{s g`~p bsabz~hs a`~pzbhs aharjbes af~`lhzbkhs -tfs~f~h

tzhkà~h ybspghs aharj/ yfbzbhgs y`baohgs sabz~ `znyb azbgfs/ `znybzèlbgh aharj bz`zny`s ~pz~befe~rs ò`gè~fb"/ f~afz~hkfebhs bsabz~fs fefob{phkfe~ f~sfarg feasbfp

tf~`ba~ps aofpsbgps ~pzbebps -z 64 oè~ò"

Tbzgfkfb af~`lhzbkfb -tfs~f~h tzhkà~h ybspghs aharj" tzbsabzbfghs zrbh sp lfg~f/

ghn`zepgh/ hzblbefob fzcmb~à~zbebfb stzènbg/ kpnkbgh lfobgrjb yfbzhys/ l`zh

ftyb`~bgh/ stfoybelpgh'stfoybes n`zgs/ ef~zfobhs g`nbflhs bz sfplpgh spjaf~`lhzbkhs

-z 64 oè~ò" T`nflhl ofjbfpsbfb tfjzbfgfs stfoybelpgfs bz stfoybe n`zg/ afbt

syfzjps tfs~f~h tzhkà~h ybspghs aharjs azb~`zbkps Spsbtfbe sp tf~`ba~fbs yfba nfzòbfzcmb~à~zbebfbs tfyr{nbfbs/ t`nflhlfb ~fbt tf~ nfefb f~az`btbf ng`s tfs~f~

ghn`zepg/ hzblbefobps fzcmb~à~zbebps stzènbgps bz l`z tf~fot ftyb`~bg


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yfbzbhgs y`baohgs sabz~ `znyb azbgh af~`lhzbkfb fefob{phkfe~ f~sfarg ~pzbe

tzbsabzbfghs `znyb bz zfelhs zòfasfcbkfb/ ib{be`b y`baofb spjaf~`lhzbkhs sp~fgtf sp

f~sfargphs` feas~`sebps aofpsbgps t`nflhl nfebfpsbfb epzhnr~fbs ftobeahs tfa`b~bgfbs/

~pz~befebfbs yfba plnrghsb tzhc`sps -z 64 oè~ò"

@znyb zèlbgh aharjs af~`lhzbkfb tzbsabzbfghs fefohlbahs spjaf~`lhzbkhs-`znypgfs/ `znyb ihzg bz orlb yfbzhy/ ghnòbfybgh lfobgrjs/ sabzs~rgfs tflfo

ipeacbkfs bz y`baofs/ `znys bz zfelf ib{be`b y`baofb"/ bsabz~hs f~sfarg ftb` plnrghsb bz

t`nflhlbebps tzhc`sps ~pz~befebps ftobeahs tfa`b~bgps aharjbeb fefob{b g`~p -z 64

oè~ò" T`nflhlfgs ahgè~phkfe~ tf~`ba~ps psbèbh nfzòb às~`zk`zh bz be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh

tfyr{nbps/ nfebfpsbfb tfjzbfgfs k `znypgfs afbt bz f~sfafe~ feasbfp tf~`ba~ps

aofpsbgps Ab~fs t`nflhl nfefb bsabz~fs rtf~pgfs `znyb ihzg bz orlbyfbzhy/ ~fbt tf~

nfefb gbe~f t`nflhlfgs ftzffe~ fsgèbafb gf~r~ps psbèbh nfzòbps b` spjaf~`lhzbktfsbafz~hkbgfb/ f~sfabekfe~ sabz~belfb ihzgpophkfgps aofpsbgps ftb` thbz be~`zk`zh

nb{fbeh aharj/ zhnh/ tf~ybz~bef kphs `sfe~ syfzjbfbs aharjs azb~`zbkfbs t`nflhl thbzbp

A`~ybz~hk` af~`lhzbkhk` -`zny`s ~pz~befe~rs ò`gè~fb"/ afbt bz f~sfargphs`

feas~`sebps aofpsbgps/ nhgbephkf t`nflhl ng`s f~az`bts jfon hzblbefopgfs bz lfpsf

tf~`babfgphs` nfzòb tfyr{nbphs` -z 64 oè~ò" Nfplpghs t`nflhl bsabz~fs bz

nfzòb `zny`s ~pz~befe~bs `znyb sabzs~rgh ò`gè~ hzblbefopgfs/ ~fb tzbs~f~hgphs` nfzòbphs`

zèl~hs oèlyfb ghnòbphkfghs ybnfps t`z~yfzhs sp yfbzb ihzg felhgbs

Ftbjènzbefe~ ybè ybspg ftkpelbfgb t`nflhl ephghe` syfzjbfpsb bz tfobàfe~rs

~`blbfg stn aharjbah nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh rtf~pgfb rzf; tfs~f~h bhzk` bz ybnpk`

yrzfpkfe~bs stfoybelpgfs/ tf~fot `znypgfs/ `znyb ihzg bz orlb yfbzhy/ k sabzs~rgh

ò`gè~ bz jfon hzblbefopgfs/ ~beafghs zfelhs y`baohgs/ rtf~belfb ib{be`b/ lfpsf b

rtf~pg syfzj/ t`nflhl thbzbp/ zhnh nfeb k tfsbafz~hkbgfb/ bzrak f~sfarg ybsps

tf~`ba~ps aofpsbgps aharjbeb fefob{b g`~p

64 oè~òNbnbfpsbstn t`nflhlfgs tfoba tzbs~f~hg nfzòb ftobeahs rtf~pgfb


Zrrs sp lfg~f 0 3g`nbs *fplfe~bs* tzh s~hl -30"nbnòbs ab`gfs/ nfpl g`nb -:0"

Ghn`zepgfs 2 0e`s~fenfz~bebfb/ bphofbabebfb tfs~f~fb->2" ghn`zeps nb{fbefs -90"

Hzblbefos fzcmb~à~zbebfbstzènbgfb 64 9

fe~ nfzòbh s~hlh zèl~f fbnbgfba~ò -69" ofel bns~rgfs -96"

Kpnkbgh lfobgrjbyfbzhy : 6

lfob yfbafb tfsbyfbabh~b fe~ s~hlh-63" ofbsyfs kpnkbgfs -6"

Tfs~f~htzhkà~hybspghsaharj

Spjaf~`lhzbkf^`blbebnfebs % Tf~ybz~befe~bs ~`blbers


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L`zfs ftyb`~bgfs 6: "ftyb`~bgfs fe~ opj -2"

@znys bz zfelfzòfasfcbkfb 0 3

yfba thbosbh yb`~zèlbgfs -

yfbzbhs sbèhs ofbtbh~b/ ofenhs -03"sorlhs kpnkbgpb -6="

@znypgfs :9 60 `zny nbnò/ nbnòs tf~foths -3:"

E`ftazfp~f `zny : 6e`ftazfp~f e`z`bafobelfbs nfba~fbs->2"

@znyb ihzg bz orlbyfbzhy 60 2

l`hg`~zbeb ihzg tzb~fbargfsftobeahk` -9:" `znys t`z npfpa~ps -::" nfzòbh ftyfob ihzgf-3:"

@znybzèlbghaharj

@znyb ghnòbfybghlfobgrjs : 6 tf~fot f~sarzbgfs s~pgnhghgsbèhg -:>"@znyb sabzs~rgh ò`gè~hzblbefopgfs < >

t`z~yfzhs sp yfbzbhgbs felhgbs -39"saro~hs sbèhs ->:"

Jfon hzblbefopgfs (yfbzhy = 0

nhgs jfonfb ->"

Ftbjènzbefe~ ~rzbgh nphgèbs lfobgf ~`bl~b/ khl;

t`nflhl thbzbp/ aharjbafs nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbefs/ afbt plnrgh-sb" tzbòfbnf

rzf sorlhs ybspgbebfg yfba plnrgpbsb/ ~`babfebhs l`z `ghcbe'tsbcmhohlbe

thy`ba plnrgh-sb" tzhc`s nforybfgs bz p~bazbefebhs aharjbafs nfzjh sorlfs bh

tzhc`sh hzlfeb{f~hzbfgs t`nflhlfgs1

sfplpgfs t`nflhl nfebfpsbfb epzhnr~fs aòbfgfs z`bafofybgfs aharjbafb

plnrgh-sb" ftobeafb1

t`nflhl y`z~bebgp nfzòb/ apzbphs` kb` nbzjf/ ybnfps ftobeaf rzf sfplb/ kfpab/

tf~hlb'ipeacbhefob bz s~`~bafb zèl~f1

t`nflhl f~sfarg ~pzbebh fefob{s g`~p zrabfpsbfb f~sbsao`bn nbnòb `znyb/ k

ghnòbfybgh lfobgrjb bz bhs` `znys` `sfeb jfon yfbzhys/ ~beafgfb zèl~

`znyb yfba zòfasfcbe`b bz ib{be`b y`baohgs ~zapgfs1

t`nflhl ephghe`/ k thz`babps ~èabefe~rs nfebfpsbfb epzhnr~b nfzòbh be~`zk`zh

nb{fbeh tfa`b~bgfb; `znyb nbnbebgfs/ f~sabz `znyb t`nflhl fsgèbegs z`baggs

bz zòfasfcbkfb spazbgfs/ `znyb ~pz~bebgfs jfonyfbzhy`1


56/112


nbnbfkfb nfplpgfb z`sthenè~ ~ba afz~fbs ~èaf nhg~bs psbèbh nfzòb ~pzbgf

tf~bz~bgb fzcmb~à~zbek`/ be~`zk`zh zèlbgh/ plnrgh tzhc`s hzlfeb{fybgh bz ab~hs`

si`zhs`1

nhgnfgb`sb psbèbh nzròbfbs t`nflhlfb ìà~rybfb s`gbfsb bnk/ apzbf obeag` bz

ahabhgbs aheaz`bhgbs tzb`ghegbs lfob j~b l`zbefgf nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbehaharj


57/112

Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 0% YFBA NFZ@OB BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJS L@ZBEBGH

FST@A^FB YFBA Y@Z^BEBGP

>%6 ^RZBGH G@^HNBAF

^rzbgh ~basofs ' f~sao`bs~b nfzòbps ofeafeb yfba ehzps/ spsbkpsbps sp plnrghsb ftobeahs

be~`zk`zh nb{fbep

^rzbgh pnfybebfb;

6 Eps~f~r~b yfba ephghe ftb` ofeahgh nfzòbh tf~fot bz khs` `sfeb ò`gè~ lzh/

tf~hlpg

: F~sao`bs~b yfba ehzps bz bnkfs/ spsbkpsbps sp nfzòbh be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgp


^rzbgh spjkà~fs; tzb`gharaobebh plnrgh lzpt`s ofeafe~rs yfbafb

^rzbgh g`~hnbaf bz hzlfeb{fybgfs; aofpsbgrefs spnfzhgfs b tèab ahgtoàsbeb

aofpsbg/ hzbè~ph~ `sgbebps yfba thglbps/ sp nfzòbh ftobeaf spsbkpsbps ehzps/ sfe~rabh

sp be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh rtf~pgps -z 0 tzb`n"

Thafojbfb sp yfbafbs yras~f ~b`sbhlbfb/ apz ofba tfjpyps sp kfbs ybèhk` `znyk`/

sbyrzfyps j`~fztbah jènzfybgh f~ghsi`zfb afojfgfsb sp yfbap ftb` kh gls~fgfs y`baofs bz

k yb`~fs/ tzfhgf eptb`~b yfbah gfergp l`z bz lzf nfzò/ tftfsfah~b/ a bz ahno

eptb` Yfba tfsbsfargfb zfhgb/ jfosh zffb scèhlzfiphkfgb/ lfp~fs ~às~fs efpnhkfgfs

nphgè aharjbe`b fefob{`b

F~sfarg tf~`ba~ps aofpsbgps ~pzbers eflzbekfgfs ~fbafe~ aharjbes che~è~

fefob{s g`~hn Aharjbeche~è~fefob{ spnfzr~f b a`~pzb belseb;

6 Nfplafz~bebs thafojb ~às~h safb~rgfs1

: Gfebi`s~beb af~`lhzbk bsarzbgfs -zfa~bebfb hnbfb"1

3 Af~`lhzbk ~pzbebh safbnrgfs spjaf~`lhzbkfs1

> Af~`lhzbk bz spjaf~`lhzbk be~`ztz`~fybgfs j`b tf~ybz~bebgfs cb~phkfgfbs ~`blbebfbs

Af~`lhzbkhs gfebi`s~bafb bsabzbfghs j` bfeas~bes scm`ghs/ z`gbfe~bs f~sfarg

~pzbebh fefob{`/ be~`ztz`~fybgh tzhc`nzhgbs/ ~fbt sbàbfgf ~pzbg nphgè jf{ ~bz~b

mhobs~bafb


58/112


>%: YFBA OA@SBFB BZ BNKHS/ SPSBK SP BE^@ZK@ZH NB[FBEH AHARJSL@ZBEBGP

Pnphnfe~ yfbafgs aofpsbg/a f~kps nfzò kb`gs ofjbfpsbfb tf~beaf y`ba~b bz

apzb yb`~ bfb y`baofb kb` zèafsb nfebfpsbfb/ sbàbfgf eps~f~r~b gls~fgbfpsbfs yfbay`baofs nfzòrk` bz aheaz`bfs/ ofjbfpsbfb tf~beafebfs/ yb`~fs bhgs y`baohgs B f~sfarg

~pzbebh bsabz~hs a`~pzbhs/ yfba ofjbfpsbfb glbfghs y`baofs nfzòrk` epzhnfebhs

af~`lhzbkhs;fbnbgfb/ gèbe y`baof/tfbe~be y`baof bzthz`bab ~èabebgfs -z 66 oè~ò"

Tbzghkb -fbnbgfb" af~`lhzbkf f~sao`bnbf glbfg yfba fbnbg nfzòrk` yfbzhy

-z 66 oè~ò" ^fb fbnbgfb sp fbsofbs/ ~`gbebfb fbnbgfb/ kpnzb`kb fbnbgfb/ ahes~zfybgfs'

nobhes bz ahgtbp~`zbebfb fbnbgfb Eps~f~r~f/ afn ahes~zfybgfs bz nobhes ' ofjbfpsbfb yfba

glbfgf y`baof/ tzbsabzbfgf fbnbgfgs Thtpobfzpgp yfba ~fzt` tfsbrgb bz fbnbgfb sp

fbsofbs/ th apzb sàf/ gfbfp thtpobfzs/ kpnzb`kb fbnbgfb

Fe~zhkb af~`lhzbkf -gèbe y`baof" epzhnh yfbafgs ofjbfpsbfb tf~beafebfs gèh fafs/

~fb nfbo/ gp{baf bz yfbnrjf -z 66 oè~ò" Tfs~fzhsbhs nyb sb`kfghs ybè spjaf~`lhzbk no

lfzsh bz scèbebh kpn`sbh ~fztpsfybh n`zgs Nfbos spjaf~`lhzbkfb tzbsabzbfgb yfbzs

yfb{nphkfgh gèh nfzjfb Abàrjbebh ~rzbgh g`~p eps~f~r~f/ afn nfbo rzf ybèhnfb yfba

glbfgf/ afbt bz fbnbgfb sp fbsofbs/ gp{baf bz yfbnrjf ' apz afs gfbfp thtpobfzbhs

nfzòrk`

Tfbe~bes y`baohs af~`lhzbkfb tzbsabzbfghs nyb spjaf~`lhzbkhs; ghargfsbs'tzf~rjhs bz

aerl yfz~rgfs -z 66 oè~ò" Abàrjbebh ~rzbgh z`{po~f~fb zhnh/ afn fjb bhs y`baohs rzf

ybèhnfb bz tfafeafgfb gffb glbfghs yfba

^fzt f~sfarg aofpsbg ftb` ofjbfpsbfb glbfgfs y`baofs nfzòrk` yfbafb gbekh

gb`lhkbg bz yfolrg/ apzb` aharjbes fefob{s g`~p tzbsabz~b gfebi`s~be`b thz`bab

~èabebgh af~`lhzbkfb -z 66 oè~ò" Abàrjbebs ~rzbgfs f~sao`bn/ afn gb`lhkbgfs yfba rzf

glbfgfs ~fbt tf~/ afbt aerl yfz~rgfs bz ghargfsbs'tzf~rjhs Thgl yfolr~b nfzòrk`

tfgbekh ~ba ybèfs yfbafs

Ftbjènzbefe~ lfobgf ~`bl~b/ afn nfzòrk` yfba ofjbfpsbfb glbfghs rzf azrjbeb

lfob bz l`jkbgh gfebtpobph~b nfba~fbs z`bafofpkfebhs y`baohs; ahes~zfybgfs'nobhes/ nfbo

bz fbnbgfb sp fbsofbs -z :0 tfy"


59/112


:%

3%

3%

:%

6%

3%

62%

36%

66%

tf~beaf fbs~b sp gfbeog bz sp oog -9" fbs~sp fbsofbs/ sp sfyh F bfenbè f~sbe`bfp

nbeh{fpz -64" k`blp rzf efpk fbso/ ~fb fbs~b?5 gls~p fbs~b sp lryefbs -6>" fbs~b spgàpbfbs -29"

^`gbebfb fbnbgfb 63

fbnbfg efgps/ nfz fbnbfg bphbekbgps -63"fbs~b ?5 z`ben`zbfbs -60" lfobg fbs~b afybe-=0" fbs~b sp Jèp f~`bybfbs ->6"

Kpnzb`kb fbnbgfb :4fbs~b lfpnreb -:2" tf~beaf spt~bs Nfz ofbtbh~b-2:" lfob az`t tfg~r~ -3="

Ahes~zfybgfs (nobhes 00

fbs~b sp gbea~hg afofng/ s~f~hg efgps -3"fbnbp sp tp{obfbs -" tf~beaf tzb`yb`shs s~foh/ bf ofjfb nfpl hzefgè~ lfobgf/nfzjòb nfzr~ -20" tf~beaf tb`~b nfzòrk` -2="bz~ tb`bebps/ zhnr~ kphs -=>" nfzr~bybshabfpsbps nfzjòbps -=2"

Gèbey`baof

Gp{baf ( yfbnrjf 3~b`sbhl nfbeph~b afahab ~fb nfbeò -04" lfobgfyfbnbe~b sp oog/ rzf gbeb ~`f~zfs -=0"

Ghargfsbs ( tzf~rjhs 0

gls~p f~oba~b pnph~o`s -:" ofjbfpsbfb tf~beafghar~bs -03" nbzj~b/ nbzjp fe~ s~foh -" aerlfs lfobgfsafb~r~b -96" yfz~r~b aerlfs -64="

Yfolrgfs 6 epsbtofp~b zfeafs bz tfyfolr~b -:>"Thz`bab~èabebgfs Gb`lhkbgfs

0gb`lh~ tf~beaf/ fe~ bpbepah -0:" gfe tf~beafgb`lh~ -664" gb`lh~b/ e`s gff ohyr~ -9:"

:0 tfy Yfba glbfghs y`baohs nfzòrk`


60/112


Nfebfpsbfb yfba tfsbzèafghs y`bao yb`~hs nfzòrk` tzbs~f~hghs `znys'tf~foths bz

be~`zk`zh o`gè~ af~`lhzbkhgbs -z 6: oè~ò"

Glbfg y`baohs `znyb'tf~fot af~`lhzbkfb tzbsabzbfgf ofpah `zny/ gb`lhkbgh/

ybz~pyos/ zjbeos/ sfos tf~foths/ aerl bz bfbt ephfobhs lzpts `znys nfors -z 6:

oè~ò" Thafojb g`~p tffbakh/ afn nfzòrk` yfba tf~b gls~fgbfpsbf rzf gb`lhkbgpbsabz~f tf~fotf/ ~fbt tf~ nbnò nfobs yfba y`baohgs zèafsb aph ephfo`se`s lzpts `zny`s

Ab~hs nfefb tfsbzèafghs/ glbfghs y`bao yb`~hs nfzòrk` rzf sfo bz ofpah ftobeaf

Afbt y`bao `znyb/ yfba glbfg be~`zk`zh ò`gè~ af~`lhzbk spnfzh; abobgfs/

s~fofs/ gbea~fs jfonfs'ò`gè~fs/ oob fzjf spgfbe~h gfs~òbh efgòbs yfbafgs/ yb`~f tzb`

ofelh fz fe~ tfofels -z 6: oè~ò" Af~`lhzbkfs tf~ybz~befeb ~`blbebp nfebs zhnh/ afn

s~fofs bz abobgfs rzf thtpobfzbfpsb be~`zk`zh ò`gè~fb/ yfbafgs zèafe~bs y`bao yb`~fs

Aofpsbfgb/ ahno zèafsb bfs bphs be~`zk`zh ò`gè~ps/ yfbafb ~`blbf/ afn tzb` s~foh rzftf~hlbfp/ h fe~ abobgh nfpl yb`~hs bz nbn`se y`baohs th{bcbk yfbzhy Afbt nhgb yb`~

fbnbgfgs/ yfbafb nfefb yfznbef efgò/ apzbs tflfo nrn nfebfpsbfb jef sabz~fs

fbnbgfgs sp oogbs fzjf ~has/ apzbfg` ~òtf :'0 yfbafb Ybèhnp thtpobfzpgp afbt bz

efgòbs tfsbrgb gbea~b jfonfb'ò`gè~fb/ ~fb ohyf/ gbea~fsphobs/ azsofs/ tpifs/ bpbers/

afjfgfsbs lpo~fs/ tflfoy bz a~

Ftbjènzbefe~ ~`blbfgf/ afn y`baohgs yfbafb nfzòrk` nfebfpsbfb zèafsb zfgbfs/

ephfo`se`s yb`~fs -gb`lfgfsbs/ ephfob `zny" bz tohabps/ sabz~bel orlb tfybzbps -s~fofs/

abobgfs" -z :9 tfy"

6: oè~òYfba glbfghs y`bao yb`~hs nfzòrk`

Af~`lhzbkf Spjaf~`lhzbkf^`blbebnfebs Tf~ybz~befe~bs ~`blbers

Ofpafs

~è apz ybz~py/ tzb` shihs/ ~è tf~beaf -::"tf~beaf ~è apz lfobgf fbs~/ afn yfolr~ nfzfbTf~beaf/ afn ~è lfobgf tfbonr~ -643"

Zjbeo >

zjbeok/ e`s ~è rzf nfpl apz tfsbsot~b -60"zjbek tfsba`bbfg jf~ps *tfbfs*/ bz bphbfge`s ~è lzbenrs sors~f -63" tf~beaf/ afn g`safz~fbs lfobg` ep`b~ ghar~hk zjbe ->="

@znys (tf~foths

Sfo =

gfe ~fb ofjbfpsbfb tf~beaf sfok ?5 ~è na~

lfobp -06" afb `bep sfo/ ~fnf fbnbp1 ~è rzfnfpl ybshabnhgb nfora ->9" yfafz` `befg` sfo ?5 ~èfb ha~b lfobgf -92"


61/112


@znys ( tf~foths

:>%

=%

63%

9%

9%

3:%

66%ofpafs

gb`lfgfsbs

ybz~pyo

zjbeo

sfo

aerl afgtòbs

ephfops

afgtòbs

Be~`zk`zh o`gè~fb

3:%

30%

63%

6>%

0%

abobgfs

s~fofs

gbea~pgh

ò`gè~fs (

jfonfs

efgòbs

tzb` ofelh ( fe~

tfofels

Spjaf~`lhzbkf^`blbebnfebs Tf~ybz~befe~bs ~`blbers

Aerl `zny 0

~fg afgt` aerlfs safb~r~b/ e`s ~è zfgp -" yf~fg afgtòr fbnbfg/ ~è ybshab aerl rzf -2="j~b aerl afgtòrk` -3" gls~p fe~ tpih tfsn~b -32"

Efgòbs 60

nfebfpsbfb `bep ~fb ~ efgò ^hno/ afn f~sbe`bfbso bz ebàs e oènf bz ~habf soft~f yb`~f nfz-09" gfe tf~beaf ~fs efgòbs ?5 ^è lfobgfsoft~fb fbs~b -03" ofjbfpsbfb gls~p fbs~ spnzfplfbs/ ~è ~fg efgòr -=4"

Be~`zk`zhò`gè~fb

Tzb` ofelh ( fe~

tfofels 0

fe~ tfofels tf~beaf ^è yb`sp bz bo~f -0>"tf~beaf bz~ t`z ofel yfbaps ab`g` -


62/112


Yfba ~`bzfpkfe~bs/ a kb` ofjbfpsbfb gls~f y`ba~b/ jnfgb p nfzòbh zbj bz

ahabhk` yb`~hk` kb`gs ofjbfpsbf tf~beaf j~b/ sbàbfgf bsbfbabe~b ahab` rzf yfba glbfgb

ofbsyfofbabh o`bnbgh jnfb bz yb`~hs Aofpsbgfs ihzgpoph~fs azrt~belfb/ ~babe~bs lfp~b efpk

bnk afbt lfo~ j~b l`zbefgfs y`bao hzlfeb{fybgfs bz be~`zk`zh nb{fbefs nfzòrk` -z 63

oè~ò"Tbzgfkfb -fbnbg" af~`lhzbkfb/ fefohlbafb afbt bz fefob{phkfe~ f~sfarg ftb`

glbfgfs y`baofs nfzòrk` nphgèbs/ tzbsabzbfghs spjaf~`lhzbkhs; fbnbgfb sp fbsofbs/

~`gbebfb fbnbgfb/ kpnzb`kb fbnbgfb/ ahes~zfybgfs'nobhes bz ahgtbp~`zbebfb fbnbgfb -z 63

oè~ò"Abàrjbebh ~rzbgh z`{po~f~fb zhnh/ afn ofbsyfofbabh g`~p yfbafgs ofjbfpsbfb tf~beaf

fbs~b ahgtbp~`zbebps fbnbgps/ h nfzòrk` nfplpghs yfba epzhnhgf ofjbfpsbfb glbfgf

y`baof nobhes bz ahes~zfybgfs bz thgl fbs~b ahgtbp~`zbebps fbnbgps nfzòrk` tfgbekh

ofjfb gff yfba nfobs Lfobgf nfzr~b tzbòfbn/ afn zraps abàrjbebh ~rzbgh z`{po~f~e`f~b~babgfs bph aofpsbgp zhnh lfobgrjb nfzòrk` fbs~b ~fbt glbfgps ahgtbp~`zbebps

fbnbgps e`jpybg Ab~f nbnòs yfba nfob`s epzhnr~f glbfgf y`baof e` nfzòrk` rzf

fbnbgfb sp fbsofbs/ ~hab` tf~ thtpobfzs afbt bz nfzòrk`

Fe~zfkfb -gèbe y`baof" af~`lhzbkfb/ afbt bz glbfg y`bao nfzòrk` ftzfphs`/

tzbsabzbfghs ~habhs gèh fahs afbt yfb{nphkfghkb nfbo/ gp{baf bz yfbnrjf -z 63 oè~ò"

Ftaofpshs nphgè spgfybgh z`{po~f~fb zhnh/ afn yfba ofbsyfofbark` nfbo nhgbephkf

gp{bahs bz yfbnrjhs f~ybolbp/ ~fbfp jènzfg` y`bao ofbsyfofbabh g`~p ahe~às~` e`tfsbrgb

~habp thtpobfzpgp/ afbt nfzòrk`

Ib{bes y`baohs af~`lhzbkhs nphgè ~pzbebh fefob{s g`~p e`~àh ~zfpa~b glbfg

y`bao nfzòrk` ftzfps -z 63 oè~ò" bfb af~`lhzbkfb tzbsabzbfghs yfbzbhs sthz~h fahs bz

~b`sbhl kpnkbgfs Jènzfg` gls~fg y`bao ahe~às~` ib{begs y`baohgs ~èaf ybnp~bebh

thtpobfzpgh ofbtsebs/ h aheaz`~`sebfg tforlbebgpb/ lfobgf bsabz~b ifa~/ afn sthz~fs bz

kpnkbgfs rzf nyblpjfb gfbfp thtpobfzps yfba ofbsyfofbabh o`bnbgh jnfs e`b ahgtbp~`zbebfb

fbnbgfb

A`~ybz~hkb -tfbe~be y`baof" af~`lhzbkf bsabz~f bz kfb tzbsabz~hs fefohlbahs

spjaf~`lhzbkhs/ afbt bz yfba glbfg y`bao nfzòrk` aharjbes fefob{s g`~p -z 63

oè~ò" Tzbsabzbfghs spjaf~`lhzbkhs/ ghargfsbs'tzf~rjhs bz aerl yfz~rgfs/ ofbsyfofbabh

g`~p rzf ~fbt tf~ gèafb thtpobfzbhs Aerl yfz~rg/ afbt glbfg y`bao e` nfzòrk`

epzhn ~ba ybèfs yfbafs b bg~h a`~pzbhobahs ftaofps~k

Aò`~fs yfba epzhn/ afn kb`gs tf~beaf yfolr~b bz gb`lh~b ofbsyfofbabh g`~p/ ~fn

glbfg y`bao ofbsyfofbabh g`~p szffs tftbonhgfs thz`bab ~èabebgh af~`lhzbkf/

fefohlbaf bsabz~fkfb fefob{phkfe~ nphgè ftb` yfba glbfgfs y`baofs nfzòrk` ~pzbe


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`~fkfb -yfbzs ofbsyfofbabh o`bnbgh jnfb" af~`lhzbkfb tzbsabzbfghs ~zrs

spjaf~`lhzbkhs; ~ò`yb{hzbfps'ybn`h bzkbgfs/ jpybgfs sp lryefbs/ efg zphf bz gfbs~h

lfgbebgfs -z 63 oè~ò" ^ò`yb{hzbfps'ybn`h bzkbgfs ofjfb fbabfb nhgbephkf ~fzt

yfznbe~ ab~ yfba glbfg ofbsyfofbabh o`bnbgh jn/ ~fbt tf~ afbt bz ahgtbp~`zbebfb

fbnbgfb Ab~fs/ j`y`ba ~zblpjfb gfbfp thtpobfzps psbgbgfs ofbsyfofbabh g`~p rzf jpybgfssp lryefbs bz k tzb`bzf Abàrjbebh ~rzbgh z`{po~f~fb zhnh/ afn efg zphhs bz gfbs~h

lfgbebgh spjaf~`lhzbkf ezf ofjfb thtpobfzb/ ~fbfp sfyh thtpobfzpgp tzborls~f yfba

thglbpb yfolr~b bz fbs~b ~`gbebps fbnbgps

Ftbjènzbe~fb epsfafe~ yfba ofjbfpsbfb glbfgfs y`baofs kb`gs jefe~ p nfzòbh

zbj/ tfrgbgf/ afn fbabfb yrzfpkfebhs rzf tfsrybhs y`baohs spsbk sp efpkhsbhgbs

~`cmehohlbkhgbs -~ò`yb{hzbfps'ybn`h bzkbgfs bz ahgtbp~`zbebfb fbnbgfb" -z :< tfy"

63 oè~òYfba glbfghs y`baohs p nfzòbh zbj


fbnbgfb sp fbsofbs

:6 tf~beaf fbs~b sp jzhobp oog ->" fbs~b spgfber~g/ jfaplfefbs -:4" ~pzbp efgb` ~hasazfbnfe~ gf szfbl~fstfzebpa ?5 ofjfb gls~p

k tfaò~ bab opj ->9" fbnbp jfzjg fzjf nfplab~ fbso -="fbnbp sp sfyh s`s`/ afn f ~~bs/ h kb gfehnpazò ->6"

Kpnzb`kb fbnbgfb< fbs~ afgjfzr sp jzf~abp sotreb -03" gls~p

ofjbfpsbfb jlbh~b ofpa` ->3"

Ahes~zfybgfs (nobhes

60 nfplbfpsbfb fbnbp sp o`lh bz afofnog -" tfsbs~f~fp b afofnb efgps-93" sp o`lh fbs~b -69"

fbnbgfb

Ahgtbp~`zbebfbfbnbgfb

33 fbs~b to`bs~`bhep afz~fbs ahgtp -06" gls~p spahgtp efgb` fbs~b -09" k`blp jzhobs jef/gls~p bz~b afbt gfeh jzhobs fbnbf sp ahgtp-24" fbs~b sp ahgtp -23"

Nfbo ( azrjf

6: ~y`zbp ofjfb nfpl a -66" tf~beaf stfoybe~b -="tb`bp -6"

Gèbey`baof

Gp{baf ( yfbnrjf

3 sàgfnbè bz `~fnbè aofpsr~bs gp{bahs -96"~pzbp ahgt bz lfobgf nfbefs sbkpel~ -64


64/112



Ghargfsbs

3 tf~beaf nfzr~b tfghafs -6" tfyfolr~b -=9"

Thz`bab~èabebgfs

Gb`lhkbgfs: gfeh afgjfzrs ?5 tf~beaf ~è gb`lh~b -0:"

nbnbfkfg afgjfzrk`/ ~è l`zf gb`lh~b -9:"

^ò`yb{hzbfps ( ybn`hbzkbgfs

36 sbkpel~ ~ò`yb{hzb bz bz~ nyn -


65/112


Fefob{phkfe~ lfp~ps nphgèbs ftb` yfba glbfgfs yb`~fs ofbsyfofbabh y`bao g`~p/

bsabz~hs nyb af~`lhzbkhs; yb`~f bz ybnfps tf~fot `zny-z 6> oè~ò"

Tbzgfkfb -yb`~f" af~`lhzbkfb f~sbyòlbfe~ lfp~ nphgè ~pzbe tzbsabz~hs ofpah/

efg/ ab~ efg bz yfenès tfzah spjaf~`lhzbkhs -z 6> oè~ò" Nbnbhkb nfplpgf yfba

epzhn/ afn ofbsyfofba kb` ofjbfpsbfb tf~beaf o`bs~b efgphs`/ è~p{bfs~belfb tfsfahkh ftb`glbfgfs efg tf~fotfs bz lzfbfpsbfs be~`zk`zh n`~fo`s b beihzgfcbkf lfob j~b ofjfb

efpnbelf/ sbàbfe~ nfzòbh ftobeafb sp~`ba~b efg kfpapgh

Glbfg ybnfps `znyb af~`lhzbkfb tzbsabz~f; lzbenrs'abobgfs/ s~fofs/ gbea~fs jfonfs/

nfzjh afgtfs -s~fofs bz oè~rehs" -z 6> oè~ò" Gbea~fs jfonfs -ohyf/ gbea~fsphobs/

azsofs/ tpifs bz a~" yfba nfebfpsbfb yfznbe~fs afbt glbfgf yfbzb y`bao bz fbnbg yb`~f

p nfzòbh zbj F~sbyòlbfe~ ~fb/ afn gbea~pgh ò`gè~fb nfzòrk` rzf ~ba ybnp~bebafb

glbfgf y`bao yb`~f/ h ab~hk` ftobeahk` tofbfb glbfgf/ lfobgf nfzr~b tzbòfbn/ afnnfzòb be~`zk`zphs` ~b`sbhl ~zas~f gbea~ jfon'ò`gè~ bz kyfbzhys Ab~fs gbea~pgh

ò`gè~fs abobgfs rzf ~fbt tf~ yfba glbfgfs jefe~ nfzòrk` bz ahabhk` ab~hk` ftobeahk`

Ftbjènzbefe~ lfobgf ~`bl~b/ afn ofbsyfofba yfbafgs ofjbfpsbfb tf~beaf o`bs~b

kfpabfpsbhk` kb`gs yb`~hk` efgphs` bz psbbg~b yfbzbhgbs y`baohgbs ofjbfpsbfb kfpabhs`

yb`~hs`/ apz rzf gbea~ jfon fz ò`gè~ -z := tfy"

6> oè~òYfba glbfghs y`bao yb`~hs p nfzòbh zbj


Ofpafs :4

j`~ ofjbfpsbfb ofpa` tf~beaf -2"ofpa` fbs~b ofjfb tf~beaf/ fbnbg fba~òk` -0"ofbsyfnbèbps gfe tf~beaf o`bs~b tfza`/ Pptbhfba~òk -"

jep tfs jfjr~/ kbefb Tfe`yr lryèf -6>"

Yb`~f

Yfenès tfzafs:

tf~beaf yfbph~b yfenès tfza -3" yfbphkp byfenès tfza -:>"


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Yb`~f

69%

" ih~òbs tfs gfe`~hasfb jfo~fs bz ~faòbfb ~hab` kphnb Gbea~fs/ s`ssgbea~`sebs -666"

Ybnfpstf~fot`zny

Nfzjh afgtfs tzb`

oè~re :

tzb` ahgth afafbt ~fb ~hab tboef oè~re/ h ~hsòè~rehs` ofjfb nfpl ybshab nfba~ spn~f -06"ep apz ahgtfs rzf ^è bz ~ò`yb{hzbps rzf Bz

oè~rehs bz nfpl aerl rzf -09"

:= tfy Yfba glbfghs y`bao yb`~hs bz ybnfps tf~fot `znys p nfzòbh zbj

Pnphnfe~ yfbafgs aofpsbg/ fz rzf afafs/ a efpkh kb` ehz~ zfs~b f~`bnfgb nfzò/ ehzbgf eps~f~r~b ahab ftobeahs ò`gè~ fz y`baohgs sabz~ tzb`gheb yfbafb

tfsblènf nfzòrk` F~sfarg ~pzbebh fefob{s g`~p bsabzbfghs af~`lhzbkhs; be~`zk`zh

nb{fbeh rtf~pgfs/ jfonfs/ be~`zk`zh n`~fo/ tzb`ghe y`baohgs/ lryhsbhs lfg~hs ò`gè~fs

-z 60 oè~ò"

Tbzghk` -be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh rtf~pgfs" af~`lhzbkhk` tffbakh/ afn yfba ephghe`

lzfbfg bz l`zfg nfzòbpb jnbelfs stfoybelpgfs bz tfafeafgfb `znybhs tf~foths -z 60

oè~ò" ^fztpsfyrk` orlbefe~ bphs nfzòbh ybnfps ftobeahs rtf~pgps/ stfoybelpgfsyfbafgs f~zhnh rgbfb syfzj`sebs p `znypg


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60 oè~òYfba tfsbsfargfb ftb` plnrghsb ftobea lfobebps tzf~pz~be~b ò`gè~ps bz tzb`ghe`s


Nbn`se (fpa~`se `zny 3

ehzbfp/ afn j~ pobtbgfs fe~z fpa~/fbsbfp ~è sp ahgtbp~`zbpap -=3" nbn`sebsnfzòbs -64=" afn j~ nfpl yb`~hs nfzòr/ afnj~ ofjfb ofjfb sgflp -64:"

Be~`zk`zh nb{fbehrtf~pgfs

Stfoybelpgfs =

ehzbfp/ afn j~ nfpl hzfebes stfoyhs/ gfe kbofjfb tf~beaf -" ehzbfp/ afn ohyhs j~bzfr~hs Sp nyb`g fpa~fbs F gb`lhbfp tfbfgybzp~bebfg`/ e`s kfp f~sbjhnh gb`lh~b `gfb `gfb`gfb `gfb -04" ehzbfp/ afn gfeh ohyf j~nybfpa~ F fe~zfg ->6"

Jfonfs

Ybz~pys jfonfb :ehzbfp ~habhs ybz~pys afbt tfs ghbp~ -39"ybz~pys ofjfb ehzbfp ->4"

O`gtf 60

o`gtf/ afb gb`lp rzf sp gàpbfbs ybsfnfpn`lf -6>" o`gt/ ~hab afbt tfoftbe sp

era~pap lzhkfebp ->" ehzbfp ~hab o`gt/ apzafjfeb n`bgfe~fbs -0:"o`gt nfz efpk/ sp lor~g/ tzb` opj ftyfob-24"

Abobgfs 0abobg sp lf~yg ->" abobg Kbs ~has splor~g ->"

Be~`zk`zh n`~fo

Tb`bers (ih~hlzfibkffe~ sbèhs 2

eph~zfpa tzbnbfp -664" ehzbfp/ afnghar~hk afgjfzr j~ nfplbfp eph~zfpa lzptb/

apzb` kfp b`bef gharao -04" tfy`basofb ybshab`fe~ ~ sbè/ afn j~ -" ehzbfp/ afn j~tfafjbe~b yfba thz~z`~fb/ tb`bebfb -=0"


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Spjaf~`lhzbkf^`blbebnfebs Tf~ybz~befe~bs ~`blbers

^ft`~fb 3~ft`~fb ~hab` sp afpahog/ sp tbzf~fbs/ spbaehstfzebfbs ->9"

Tzb`ghefbnbgpb bztzfghlhgs

fbsofs 3:

z`fa~rybebs ph/ ~has afbt ab~hk lzptk gfbfp-64" efgò nbnò b Fg`zbahs -" gfe sgflp j~ k`blp~pzbfp ~zbp Yf~ efzyòrk` -3>"

Lryhsbhs lfg~hsò`gè~fs

Fplfofs 0afn j~ `lo Tzb` ofelh los -9:" lob/fplfobpa jfenrg -2


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 %

:%

6%

3%

:%

:%

>%

6%

0%

9%

3%

3%

3%

:%

:%

6%

4 : > 9 = 64 6: 6> 69 6= :4

o`gtf

abobgfs

fe~aohn ( tflfoy

tb` bers ( ih~hlzfibkf fe~ sbèhs

efpkhsbhs ~`cmehohlbkhs

fbsofs

lryefs

stfoybelpgfs

gp{bahs bes ~zpgè~fs ( lzh~pyfs

nybzf~bs

aerlf

~ft`~fb

an ( gbea~fs azsofs

ohyf

ybsfs afgjfzrs

oè~rehs ( stbe~hs

pphofbnhs

s~fofs

fplfofs

bphraof ( sptres

jfs`befs

nbn`ses ( fpa~`ses `znys

ybz~py

:2 tfy Yfba tfsbsfargfb ftb` be~`zk`zh ò`gè~ps bz tzb`ghe`s lfobebfs tzf~pz~be~b nfzòbh ybnfpsftobea

Yfba tzffe~ eptb`~b bz tftfsfah~b ahabfg` nfzòrk` kb` ehz~ j~b/ sbàbfgf

lfp~b nphgè/ ahab` bhzs bz ybnfps ftobeahs ò`gè~fb yfbafgs rzf syfzjs bz tf~beaf

Tb`beb bz kphs ft~fzbfe~ sp yfbafbs lfp~ nphgè fefob{s g`~p bsabz~hs tèabhs

af~`lhzbkhs; ofpah ftobeahs rtf~pgfs/ tfs~f~h s~zpa~zbebs ò`gè~fs/ às~`zk`zh bz be~`zk`zhrtf~pgfs/ às~`zk`zh bz be~`zk`zh ò`gè~fs/ tzb`ghe y`baohgs bz tzfghlhgs -z 69 oè~ò"


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfz`ob be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fst`a~fb Yboebps/ :464


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Aò`~fs yfba tb`nfgb syfkheb nfzò tfyfb{nfyh bz yfznbeh yfzbps lryeps/

tfyr{nbpb gfeh ph/ ehzbfp/ afn j~ lzptk` Tzb` gfeh ohyhs gb`lh~/ yfznfs j~

Gfasfs fzjf ^hjbs -=>" ybshab` tofpabfe~rs nbeh{fpzfb sp stfzefbs/ ehzbfp/ afn jfs`be`

j~ yf ~hab lrye -6>" ~bazfs thebs ->0" fayfzbpgfs bf -2" bfg`nbfb/ bf ho/ bf j`zfs/ h bf sfpo -09" bfyfbyhzra~ ~hno/ e`s yf ob`~ps/ sfpo Yf bf yfrzf g`nbs/ bf hjòbs -04" nbnòbs shnfs1 sfpor~rtshs -


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76/112

Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfzòb be~`zk`zh nb{fbeh aharjs l`zbebgh `npafcbebfb fstà~fb Yboebps/ :464 " bf ofelfb rzf sabz~belfbepjzfbr~b -9=" bf ~habf yfblnp~?5 opjhs sp sfonfbebfbs/ kb` ~è tzbzb~b/ ~bazb -642"

~fabpafb bf/ tphbf kb` ybsa -643" ofjfbstfoyh~hs pphofbnhs bz ybshab` tftphbgfb afjh/gàbpafb/ lor~s/ jb~p~/ bznò/ sfpop~ -32"

Sbgjhobaf 9

efgfs afbt b ~h ibogpah ftb` a`gtbebpa/ ~ba spOb`~pyhs yobfyf -" nbtfs fbsobebs/bf afgphobpa fpnrao -20"

bphraof ( sptres 2

yf bf yf sptres/ jf~p~fs/ bf yf bphraof bapzbhs lfobgf `b~b yfenè/ bf apz obt~b lfobgf-64:" bf bphraof/ bf nfz ybèf bphraof/ bf`b~b s~hl/ bf b afz~h epbph~b bf -


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Gbonf bjbzafb~ Yfba nfz`ob be

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