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V2I opportunities stemming from

the V2V mandate

ITS California Annual Meeting

John B. Kenney, Ph.D. Toyota InfoTechnology Center, USA

September 23, 2015

jkenney@us.toyota-itc.com

Outline

• Introduction to Toyota InfoTechnology Center • DSRC deployment models: V2V and V2I • Multi-channel operation: Key to radio efficiency • Opportunity = 2 radios in every car • Channel 172 • Risk: unlicensed spectrum sharing

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Headquarters: Tokyo, Japan Location:6-6-20, Akasaka, Minato-ku Personnel: about 70 Established: January, 2001

Investors: Toyota, Denso, KDDI, Toyota Tsusho, Aisin, Kyocera, Toyoda Gosei, Toyota Industries

US Center

Location: New York City, NY Business Research

US HQ and R&D: Mountain View Research Park Location: Mountain View, CA Personnel: about 35 Established: April, 2001

Toyota ITC Overview Japan ITC HQ

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Start with the conclusion …

What does rulemaking mean for V2I?

Opportunity! (for those bold enough to seize it)

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Deployment models: DSRC

• Most vehicle technology is “autonomous” • DSRC is “cooperative” • Deployment model changes dramatically • Automaker perspective:

Advantages of first-to-market are limited • Challenge: coordinated deployment • Vehicle (OBE) deployment models

1. Mandate 2. Mutual commitment 3. Leaders – Followers 4. Infrastructure first

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RSE Deployment Considerations

• Infrastructure community does not have the same co-dependency

• In U.S. leverage the mandate • Organic growth – spots & corridors • Coordination is still helpful

– V2I Deployment Coalition – US DOT Pilot Deployments – AASHTO – Standards

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But … Not so fast

DSRC 5.9 GHz spectrum:

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Frequency(GHz)

Ch 172 BSMs

Ch 174 Ch 176 Ch 180 Ch 184 Public Safety

Ch 182 Ch 178 CCH

5.85

0

5.85

5

5.86

5

5.87

5

5.88

5

5.89

5

5.90

5

5.91

5

5.92

5

• One control channel (CCH), six service channels (SCHs) • Two of service channels have special designations • General V2I services will mostly use other four SCHs • Will a vehicle have 7 DSRC radios? No

IEEE 1609.4 Multi-Channel Operation

• Time division to share a radio across multiple channels

• Service providers and users rendezvous on CCH during CCH Interval

• Provider sends WAVE Service Advertisement (WSA)

• Users (vehicles) listen to WSAs, switch to indicated channel to access desired service

• Sync Interval = 100 msec, synchronization based on UTC • Note: IEEE 1609.4 terminology will likely change to “Slot 1” and “Slot 2” in 2015

Flexible switching options

CCH

CCH

SCH

CCH Interval SCH IntervalCCH IntervalSCH Interval

Time

a)

b)

CCH

SCH

c)

CCH

SCH

d)

Continuous access (CCH or SCH)

Alternating access

Immediate access

Extended access

• V2V Mandate will require a radio continuously tuned to Channel 172 • A second radio could efficiently access other channels, including for V2I

V2I Provider challenge

• Persuade OEMs to deploy 2-radio solutions – 1 radio for V2V safety, always on Ch. 172 – 1 radio for general services, channel switching

• Marginal cost of 2nd radio should be low • NHTSA ANPRM (Aug. 2014) suggested 2 radios

might be required in mandate, 2nd radio for V2V security – OEMs pushed back, suggested other solutions for

security communication • Dialog between OEMs and infrastructure

community would be useful now 10

USDOT Application Research

11 Source: US Department of Transportation

Most of these use V2I, on channel other than Ch. 172

Existing V2I Message Standards

SAE J2735 DSRC Message Set Dictionary • MAP Message (MAP) • Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) • Signal Request Message (SRM) • Signal Status Message (SSM) • Traveler Information Message (TIM) • Probe Data Management • Probe Vehicle Data • Roadside Alert Message • Intersection Collision Avoidance

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Ch. 172, Revised 2015

Likely Ch. 184

Renewed interest in TIM • Use: The Traveler Information message is used to send various types of messages

(advisory and road sign types) … to vehicles. It makes heavy use of the ITIS encoding system to send well known phrases …. The expressed messages are active at a precise start and duration period, which can be specified to a resolution of a minute. The affected local area can be expressed using either a radius system or a system of short defined regions which is similar to the way roadway geometry is defined in the map fragment messages. - From SAE J2735 (2009)

• SAE DSRC Technical Committee is considering

revisions & improvements – Good time to get involved!

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Ch. 172 V2I

• Ch. 172 is restricted by FCC • Basic Safety Messages (BSMs) will be

main use • Limited V2I messaging likely will be

permitted: MAP and SPaT • Infrastructure can also listen to BSMs and

use the data, e.g. aggregated – Opportunity for innovation

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Risk: Unlicensed Spectrum Sharing

• Wi-Fi community seeking permission to share 5.9 GHz spectrum with licensed DSRC

• FCC requested comment in 2013 NPRM • Sharing would be on basis of “No Harmful

Interference” to DSRC • Intensive interest from both auto and unlicensed

industries: 2 sharing approaches from Wi-Fi side • FCC will make a ruling, probably 2016-17 • Critical impact on V2I services

– Wi-Fi and government stakeholders understand V2V Safety (BSMs)

– Less understanding and belief in V2I and other V2V

Possible assignment of Wi-Fi channels

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Reserved 5 M

Hz

CH 172

Service

10 MHz

CH 174

Service

10 MHz

CH 176

Service

10 MHz

CH 178

Control

10 MHz

CH 180

Service

10 MHz

CH 182

Service

10 MHz

CH 184

Service

10 MHz

CH 175 20 MHz

CH 181 20 MHz

5.850 GHz 5.925 GHz

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

Overlapping Wi-Fi 40 MHz

80 MHz

160 MHz

40 MHz

Ch. 178: Control Channel

Ch. 184: High Power Public Safety

Ch. 172: Collision Avoidance Safety

20 MHz

FCC DSRC Channel Designations

Major Stakeholders

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US Congress

US President

Summary

• V2V mandate creates V2I opportunity • RSE deployment may be organic • OEMs need to be convinced on 2 radios • Risk of spectrum sharing hits V2I most

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End with the conclusion …

What does rulemaking mean for V2I?

Opportunity! (for those bold enough to seize it)

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