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AbstractIn this research, among the chemical properties, freefatty acid value of jatropha oil was determined to be 22.6%, 5.23%

and 8.8% respectively. Total, free and combined glycerol percent of

raw jatropha oil were 8.27 %, 0.58% and 7.69 % respectively. Yield

of biodiesel from jatropha oil at optimal sodium hydroxide catalyst

concentration 1%, reaction temperature 65C, reaction time one hour

and molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1 was 92% from lab scale. Yield

of biodiesel from jatropha oil at optimal potassium hydroxidecatalyst concentration 1%, reaction temperature room temperature,

reaction time 5 hours and molar ratio of ethanol to oil 8:1 was 90%

from the lab scale. Biodiesel was also produced from pilot plant at

optimum transesterification process condition as stated above. The

yield of biodiesel (methyl ester) and ethyl ester were 92% and 90%

on the basis of refined jatropha oil in the pilot plant scale. The

capacity of biodiesel pilot plant is 30 gal / day. The fuel properties of

biodiesel, namely cetane index, flash point, pour point, kinematic

viscosity, specific gravity, color, copper strip corrosion, acid value,

water and sediment and distillation at 90% recovery, were found to

be within the limits of American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) specifications for biodiesel and diesel fuel. The fuel

consumption of the engine which used biodiesel produced from free

fatty acid content 5.23% in raw jatropha oil is more than the fuelconsumption of the engine which used biodiesel produced from free

fatty acid content 1% in refined raw jatropha oil.

Keywordsrenewable energy, biodiesel, transesterification,methyl ester, ethyl ester, pilot plant.

I. INTRODUCTIONHE depletion of world petroleum reserves and the

increased environmental concerns have stimulated the

search for alternative sources for petroleum-based fuel,

including diesel fuels. Because of the closer properties,

biodiesel fuel (fatty acid methyl ester) from vegetable oil is

considered as the best candidate for diesel fuel substitute indiesel engines.With increasing demand on the use of fossil

fuels, stronger threat to clean environment is being posed as

burning of fossil fuels is associated with emissions like CO2,

CO, SOx, NOx and particulate matter and are currently the

dominant global source of emissions. The harmful exhaust

emissions from the engines, rapid increase in the prices of

petroleum products and uncertainties of their supply have

Tint Tint Kywe, Department of Chemical Engineering, Mandalay

Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar (corresponding author to

provide phone: 0952-88706; e-mail: ttkywe@ gmail).

Prof Dr. Mya Mya Oo, Rector and Head, Department of Chemical

Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Yangon, Myanmar (e-mail:

[email protected]).

jointly created renewed interest among the researchers to

search for suitable alternative fuels. Compressed natural gas,

propane, hydrogen, and alcohol-based substances (gasohol,

ethanol, methanol, and other neat alcohol) all have their

proponent.

The prices of fuel are going up day after day in the world.

So, ways and means have been sought for many years to be

able to produce oil-substitute fuel.Biodiesel extracted from vegetable oil is one such

renewable alternative under consideration. The production of

biodiesel would be cheap as it could be extracted from non-

edible oil sources. Jatropha curcas (Linaeus), a non-edible

oil-bearing and drought-hardy shrub with ecological

advantages, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, was

found to be the most appropriate renewable alternative source

of biodiesel.

The extracted oil could not be used directly in diesel

engines because of its high viscosity. High viscosity of pure

vegetable oils would reduce the fuel atomization and increase

fuel spray penetration, which would be responsible for high

engine deposits and thickening of lubricating oil. The use ofchemically altered or transesterified vegetable oil called

biodiesel does not require modification in engine or injection

system or fuel lines and is directly possible in any diesel

engine.

Pure biodiesel (B100) can be used in any petroleum diesel

engine, though it is more commonly used in lower

concentrations. Since biodiesel is more often used in a blend

with petroleum diesel, there are fewer formal studies about the

effects on pure biodiesel in unmodified engines and vehicles

in day-to-day use. Fuel which meets the standards and engine

parts that can withstand the greater solvent properties of

biodiesel are expected to and in reported cases does run

without any additional problems than the use of compared to

petroleum diesel.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODSA. Chemical Analysis of the Raw Jatropha Oils

The free fatty acid (FFA) contents of raw oils were

determined by using American Oil Chemists

Society(AOCS), official methods Ca-5a-40, 1959. Nov. The

moisture content of raw oils was quantitatively determined by

oven drying method at (105 ~110C) for 1 hour.

Saponification value of raw oils were quantitatively

determined by using AOCS, official methods L- 7a-57,1959.

Iodine value of raw oils were determined by using AOCS,official method Ka-9-51,1959. Specific gravity of raw oils

Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil

(Jatropha curcas) in Pilot PlantTint Tint Kywe, Mya Mya Oo

T

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 26 2009

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was determined by using AOCS official method Cc-10a-25,

1959. The total, free and combined glycerol of raw oils was

determined by using AOCS, official methods Da-23-56, 1959.

Nov.

B. Determination of Physical and Chemical Properties ofBiodiesel

The cetane index of biodiesel was determined by ASTM

D.976 method. The flash point was determined by ASTM

D.93 method. The pour point was determined by ASTM D.97

method. The kinematic viscosity was determined by ASTM

D.445 method. The specific gravity was determined by ASTM

D.1298 method. The carbon residue was determined by

ASTM D.189 method. The copper strip corrosion test was

determined by ASTM D.130 method. The water and sediment

test was determined by ASTM D.1796 method. The total, free

and combined glycerol was determined by AOCS, official

methods Da- 23-56, 1959. Nov.

C. Preparation of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil in LaboratoryScale

Biodiesel was prepared with methanol and ethanol each

with different reaction conditions.

With methanol, the experiment was conducted with

optimum molar ratio (6:1) keeping the catalyst concentration

(1% NaOH), reaction temperature (65C) and reaction time (1

hour).

With ethanol, the experiment was conducted with optimum

molar ratio (8:1) keeping the catalyst concentration (1%

KOH), reaction temperature (70C) and reaction time (3

hour).

The required amount of jatropha oil was filtered, measured

with measuring cylinder and then it was poured into the three-

necked round-bottomed flask. The jatropha oil was heated to

the required temperature by using the electric mental.

Alkoxide solution was prepared while the jatropha oil was

heated.

The prepared alkoxide solution was introduced into the

reaction vessel and it was mixed vigorously during the

reaction. When the required reaction period reached, the

reaction was stopped, and the mixture was settled in the

separating funnel for 12 hours or overnight.

After the mixture was settled for 12 hours, the mixture was

separated into two layers. The bottom layer is crude glycerineand it can be drawn off simply from the bottom of the

separating funnel.

The biodiesel layer was purified by washing with warm

water to remove methanol, residual catalyst and soaps. Before

washing process, the pH of the biodiesel layer was measured

and phosphoric acid was added to the biodiesel layer to

neutralize the catalyst residue. After neutralization process,

the washing process of biodiesel was started. During the

washing process, gentle agitation is required to avoid the

emulsion. After separation of the layer for 30 minutes, the

wash water layer was drained off from the bottom of the

separating funnel. The washing process was repeated until the

ester layer became clear. After the washing process, it was

required to measure the pH of the biodiesel layer. When the

pH of the biodiesel layer reached 7, the washing process was

completed. After washing process, the biodiesel was

introduced to the sand filter and salt filter. The end product,

biodiesel was obtained as a clear amber-yellow liquid with a

viscosity similar to that of petrodiesel.

D. Production of Biodiesel from Jatropah Oil in Pilot PlantThe main transesterification reaction took place in a 45 gal,

stainless steel reaction tank with a mixer (1100 W motor),

which had a fixed speed of 700 rpm. The required amount of

jatropha oil was filtered, measured and poured into the conical

bottomed reactor tank. Free fatty acid content of jatropha oil

was 5.23% which was heated to the required temperature by

using the 4 kW dry coil heater. While the jatropha oil is

heated, the alkoxide solution was prepared simultaneously.

The prepared alkoxide solution was introduced into the

reactor and the mixture was stirred vigorously for requiredreaction time. After that, the reaction was stopped and the

mixture was allowed to settle in the separation tank for 12

hours.

After settling the mixture for 12 hours, it was separated

into two layers. The lower glycerine layer was drawn off from

the bottom of the settling tank. Then, the crude biodiesel was

pumped into the washing tank. The stainless steel tank having

45 gallons capacities was used as a washing tank. It was

equipped with a hand stirrer. The crude biodiesel layer was

needed to purify by washing with warm water. First, the

catalyst residue in the biodiesel layer was neutralized by

adding phosphoric acid. After neutralization process, the

washing process of biodiesel was started. During the washingprocess, gentle agitation is required to avoid the emulsion.

After 30 minutes, the wash water layer was drained off from

the bottom of the washing tank. The washing process was

repeated two to four times. After the washing process, it was

required to measure the pH of the biodiesel layer. When the

pH of the biodiesel layer reached 7, the washing process was

completed. After that, the biodiesel layer was sent to the sand

filtration tank.

The sand filtration was done in a 15 gallons stainless steel

filtration tank. The tank was open at the top and it contained

the 100 mesh size stainless steel screen supported by steel

frame. The sand having the size of (-20+60) mesh was put

over the 100 mesh size screen. After filtration, biodiesel was

obtained as a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity

similar to that of petrodiesel. The results of yield percent of

biodiesel from jatropha oil in large scale biodiesel pilot plant

are shown in Table 5.9. The photograph for 30 gal /day

capacity biodiesel pilot plant was shown in figure 1.

E. Engine Performance TestAn engine performance test was accomplished with the

biodiesel prepared from jatropha oil in the laboratory scale.

The results of engine performance tests are shown in Table

A.1.

A MS 1100 diesel engine was used as the test engine. It is a

single-cylinder, four-stroke, horizontal type unit with a


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cylinder bore of 110 mm, a piston stroke 115 mm , a piston

displacement of 1.093 L and a compression ratio of 17. The

engine was equipped with a Model AK individual type pump

and Model ZCK154S432A injection nozzles. Time taken for

test duration was 15 min for both biodiesel and petrodiesel.

Fuel consumption was measured by a measuring cylinder andengine speed was taken by a AGRONIC digital tachometer.

Engine was run on biodiesel obtained from jatropha oil and

petrodiesel. For the endurance test, the engine operated at

2240 rpm. The results of the short-term performance tests

especially fuel consumptions and exhaust gas temperatures

with diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel are shown in Table A.2.

According to the good results of engine performance test,

large scale production of biodiesel from jatropha oil was

carried out.

III. RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONSA. Chemical Properties of Raw Jatropha Oil

The chemical properties of raw jatropha oil were

determined. The results of the free fatty acid content, moisture

content, saponification value, iodine value, total glycerol and

free glycerol in raw jatropha oil are shown in Table1.

TABLE IANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW JATROPHA OIL

According to Table 1, the free fatty acid content of raw

jatropha oil for biodiesel preparation was not within the

ASTM specified limit. Therefore, raw jatropha oil needed to

be neutralized. The properties of raw Jatropha oil obtained

form the research work were found to be nearly the same as

those described in literature. Total glycerol, free glycerol and

combined glycerol were lowered after the transesterification

process. Combined glycerol was decreased after

transesterification reaction because triglycerides were

converted to ester. The amount of free glycerol was decreased

due to good washing process.

B. Results of Physical and Chemical Properties of BiodieselPrepared from Jatropha Oil in the Laboratory Scale

The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel from

jatropha oil were studied. The free fatty acids contents in the

raw jatropha oil (22.6%) were used. The biodiesel from

jatropha oil was prepared in the laboratory scale biodiesel

reactor. The properties measured were compared with the

ASTM specifications and the results are presented in Table 2

and Table 3.

The cetane index of biodiesel from jatropha oil with

methanol was found to be within the ASTM specified limit.

So, the result showed that molar ratio 6:1 using biodiesel fromjatropha oil was suitable for engine. The higher cetane index

of biodiesel compared to petrodiesel was indicated that it will

be the high potential for engine performance.

The flash point of biodiesel from jatropha oil was 93C.

Although it was lower than the limit of ASTM standard,

biodiesel was safer than petro-diesel to handle and store

because it has a little bit higher flash point than petro-diesel.

TABLE IIPHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESELS PREPARED

FROM JATROPHA OIL IN THE LABORATORY PREPARATION

Properties of Jatropha oil

Free fatty acid (FFA %) 22.6%

Moisture content % 0.2%

Saponification value

(mg KOH/ g oil)

208.27%

Iodine value 100.1Specific gravity 0.878

Kinematic viscosity

(mm2/sec)

41.51

Total glycerol % 8.27%

Free glycerol % 0.58%

Combined glycerol % 7.60%

Properties Biodiesel

(B100)

(Methyl

Ester)

from

Jatropha

Oil *

With

Methanol

Biodiesel

(B100)

(Ethyl

Ester)

from

Jatropha

Oil with

Ethanol

**

ASTM

D 6751

standard

for

biodiesel

fuel

ASTM

D 975

standard

for

diesel

fuel

Cetane index 48 50 48 65 40 55

Flash point, C 93 96 100-170 60 80

Pour Point, C -1 -1 -15 to 10 (-35) -

15

Specific

gravity at 50

F

0.8749 0.8733 0.88 0.85

Kinematic

viscosity at

40C,

(mm2/sec)

5.384 4.009 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.1

Acid number 1.05 0.65 0.8 -

Copper strip

corrosion

No.1 No.1 No.3,

max

-

Water &

sediment, wt%

Trace Trace 0.05%,

max

-

Distillation at

90% recovery,

C

333 346 360,

max

-

Total glycerol,

wt%

1.06% 1.1% 0.02%,

max

-

Freeglycerol,wt%

0.05% Nil 0.24%,max

-

Combined

glycerol, wt%

1.01% 1.1% 0.22%,

max

-

*At methanol to oil, molar ratio- 6:1, NaOH %- 1 %, reaction

temperature - 65C and reaction time 1 hour.

**At ethanol to oil, molar ratio- 8:1, KOH %- 1%, reaction

temperature room temperature and reaction time 5 hour.


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TABLE III PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESELS PREPARED

FROM JATROPHA OIL WITH ETHANOL IN THE LABORATORY PREPARATION

The pour point of biodiesel from jatropha oil was (-1C)

due to the higher content of unsaturated fatty acid in raw

jatropha oil. The result was found to be within the specified

limit and biodiesel from jatropha oil was suitable not only for

the tropical region but also for moderate temperate region.

The decrease in kinematic viscosity from 41.51 to 5.384 mm2/

sec is the important fuel property of the transesterified

jatropha oil. This indicates that the flow capability of raw

jatropha oil has been increased to a significant extent by

transesterification. This increase in the fuels ability to flow

would induce complete burning of the fuel without any

ignition delay. The specific gravity of biodiesel was 0.8749

and it was also reduced to a significant extent when compared

with the specific gravity of raw jatropha oil (0.92).

The free fatty acid and acid value have also been reduced

from 22.6 to 1 and 8.8 to 1 respectively, as shown in Table 3.

Copper strip corrosion, water& sediment and distillation at

90% recovery of biodiesel from jatropha oil were found to

within the ASTM specified limit. Total glycerol and free

glycerol of methyl ester were not found to be within the

ASTM specified limit. Free glycerin means glycerin present as

molecular glycerin in the fuel. Free glycerin results from

incomplete separation of the ester and glycerin products after

the esterification reaction. It occurred due to the result of

incomplete washing and it was accompanied by incomplete

alcohol removal and a lowered flash point. According to Table

2, it was found that the physical and chemical properties of

ethyl ester were comparable to those of the methyl ester and

most of the properties were within the ASTM specified limit.

Table 3 describes that the properties of ethyl ester at high

temperature and short reaction time were compared with those

of ethyl ester at low temperature and long reaction time. The

cetane index, flash point and specific gravity of ethyl ester at

high temperature and short reaction time were not found to be

within the ASTM specified limit. The kinematic viscosityslightly decreases from 41.51 to 18.45 due to the incomplete

transesterification reaction of jatropha oil with ethanol. The

kinematic viscosity of ethyl ester at low temperature and long

reaction time was decreased and found to be within the

specified limit due to the complete conversion reaction.

C. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Producedfrom Jatropha Oil in the Pilot Plant Operation

The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel from

jatropha oil were studied. The biodiesel from jatropha oil were

prepared in the large scale biodiesel pilot plant. The properties

measured were compared with the ASTM specificationsstandard and the results are described in Table 4.

TABLE IV PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED

FROM JATROPHA OIL IN PILOT PLANT OPERATION

Table 4 describes that the physical and chemical properties

of biodiesel from jatropha oil with methanol and biodiesel

Properties 70C ,

3hr

(high

temp,short

reaction

time) *

Room

temp,

5hr

(lowtemp,

long

reaction

time) **

ASTM D

6751

standard

forbiodiesel

fuel

ASTM

D 975

standard

fordiesel

fuel

Cetane index 44 50 48 65 40 55

Flash point, C 56 96 100-170 60 80

Pour Point, C +3 -1 -15 to 10 (-35) -15

Specific gravity

at 50 F

0.8971 0.8733 0.88 0.85

Kinematic

viscosity at

40C,

(mm2/sec)

18.75 4.009 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.1

Acid number 1.7 0.65 0.8 -

Copper strip

corrosion

No.1 No.1 No.3,

max

-

Water &

sediment, wt%

Trace Trace 0.05%,

max

-

Distillation at

90% recovery,

C

370 346 360, max -

*At ethanol to oil, molar ratio- 8:1, KOH %- 1 %, reaction

temperature - 70C and reaction time 3 hours.

**At ethanol to oil, molar ratio- 8:1, KOH %- 1%, reaction

temperature room temperature and reaction time 5 hours.

Properties Biodiesel

(B100)

(Methyl

Ester) from

Jatropha

Oil * with

Methanol

from pilot

plant

(FFA 8.8%)

Biodiesel

(B100)

(Ethyl

Ester) from

Jatropha

Oil ** with

Ethanol

from pilot

plant

(FFA

5.23%)

ASTM D

6751

standard

for

biodiesel

fuel

ASTM

D 975

standard

for

diesel

fuel

Cetane index 49.2 49 48 65 40 55

Flash point, C 91 98 100-170 60 80

Pour Point, C +3 -1 -15 to 10 (-35) -15

Specific gravity

at 50 F

0.8746 0.8766 0.88 0.85

Kinematic

viscosity at

40C,

(mm2/sec)

4.78 5.36 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.1

Acid number 1.0 1.1 0.8 -

Copper strip

corrosion

No.1 No.1 No.3, max -

Water &

sediment, wt%

Trace Trace 0.05%,

max

-

Distillation at90% recovery,

C

333 352 360, max -

Total glycerol,

wt%

1.1% 1.15% 0.02%,

max

-

Free

glycerol,wt%

0.05% Nil 0.24%,

max

-

Combined

glycerol, wt%

1.05% 1.15% 0.22%,

max

-

*At methanol to oil, molar ratio- 6:1, NaOH %- 1 %, reaction temperature

- 65C and reaction time 1 hour.

**At ethanol to oil, molar ratio- 8:1, KOH %- 1%, reaction temperature

room temperature and reaction time 5 hour.


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from jatropha oil with ethanol in pilot plant operation were

comparable with ASTM standards. The cetane index of

biodiesel from jatropha oil with methanol was found to be

within the ASTM specified limit. The cetane index of

biodiesel with methanol was 49.2 and it was found in the

range of petrodiesel.Table 4 presents the flash point of biodiesel from jatropha

oil was 91C. It was 9C less than the limit of ASTM standard

and 31C higher than the petrodiesel. Due to higher flash

point biodiesel from jatropha oil has certain advantages like

petroleum crude such as greater safety during storage,

handling and transport.

The pour point of biodiesel from jatropha oil was +3C due

to the high unsaturated fatty acid content in jatropha oil but

the result was found to be within the specified limit. Specific

gravity, kinematic viscosity, copper strip corrosion, water&

sediment and distillation at 90% recovery of biodiesel from

jatropha oil were found to be within the ASTM specified

limit. Table 5.9 also shows that the kinematic viscosity ofbiodiesel from jatropha oil was reduced from 41.71 to 4.78 by

the transesterification process. Therefore, the kinematic

viscosity is a basic design specification for the fuel injectors

used in diesel engines. Viscosity is another important property

of biodiesel since it affects the operation of fuel injection

equipment, particularly at low temperatures when the increase

in viscosity affects the fluidity of the fuel.

Jatropha oil has higher viscosity than conventional diesel

fuel and biodiesel. High viscosity leads to poorer atomization

of the fuel spray and less accurate operation of the fuel

injectors. The acid value of methyl ester and ethyl ester were

slightly higher than specified limit.

In the case of total glycerol percent and free glycerolpercent, the ethyl ester had higher total glycerol content than

the methyl ester, but there was no free glycerol in ethyl ester.

The combined glycerol of methyl ester and ethyl ester were

slightly higher than specified limit because the reaction was

not complete conversion.

D. Yield Percent of Laboratory Preparation Biodiesel fromJatropha Oil with Methanol and Ethanol

Two different Jatropha oil with FFA% of 22.6% and 8.8%

were neutralized and transesterified with methanol. The yields

of these two oils based on crude Jatropha oil were 45% and

76% respectively.

Raw Jatropha oil with 8.8% FFA was neutralized and

transesterified with ethanol and it gives 73% yield of biodiesel

base on crude Jatropha oil.

E. Yield Percent of Pilot Plant Biodiesel Production fromJatropha Oil

The biodiesel was produced from jatropha curcas oil in

pilot plant. Two different Jatropha oil with FFA% of 5.23%

and 8.8% were transesterified with methanol. The yields of

these two oils based on crude Jatropha oil were 92% and 76%

respectively.

Raw Jatropha oil with 8.8% FFA was neutralized and

transesterified with ethanol and it gives 73% yield of biodiesel

base on crude Jatropha oil.

F. Determination of Engine Performance TestThe results of engine performance tests are shown in Table

5 and 6. Table 5 shows the results of engine performance test

in which biodiesel was prepared from the laboratory scale

with methanol. Table 6 shows the results of engine

performance test on petrol diesel. The test was done by using

the biodiesel from the laboratory preparation with methanol.

Free fatty acid content in the raw jatropha oil was 22.6%.The

purpose of short term test was to determine the engine

performance. The parameters of interest such as fuel

consumption and engine speed were recorded, and then the

engine performance (fuel consumption) was determined.

Tables 5 and 6 presented the engine performance test data for

the fuels at 2240 rpm. These tables also showed the power(11.1 kW) and the actual fuel consumption.

Table 5 and Table 6 describe the engine performance tests

with biodiesel from jatropha oil and diesel fuel. The biodiesel

from jatropha oil has similar or better fuel consumption,

horsepower, and torque as conventional diesel due to low

viscosity of biodiesel and high cetane index. In general,

engine performance characteristics of the biodiesel from

jatropha oil were very similar to those of petrodiesel. The

engine test of biodiesel from jatropha oil performed smoothly

and exhibited no starting problems. At the end of performance

test, some fumes came out from the exhaust, and no audible

knock occurred, as predicted by the high cetane numbers

reported for biodiesel.

TABLE VENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST FOR BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA OIL

(MS1100DIESEL ENGINE)

Revolution

(rpm)

Load

(N)

Out

put

(KW)

Exhaust

Temperat

ure (C)

Observation

2240 100.1 11.1 460 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 462 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 462 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 463 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 463 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 464 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 465 Smooth Running2240 100.1 11.1 466 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 468 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 469 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 469 A little Smoke


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TABLE VIENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST FOR BIODIESEL FROM DIESEL FUEL

(MS1100DIESEL ENGINE)

IV. CONCLUSIONIt is concluded that the data such as acid value,

saponification value, iodine value and kinematic viscosity

obtained from literature are approximately the same as those

from chemical analysis of local jatropha oil.

Biodiesel was prepared from jatropha oil with methanol and

with ethanol in the laboratory scale. It was found that the

maximum biodiesel yield 76% was obtained from FFA 22.6%

in raw jatropha oil by using the following optimum process

parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1, NaOH 1%,

reaction temperature at 65C and reaction time 60 min. The

maximum biodiesel yield of 73% from FFA 8.8% in raw

jatropha oil was obtained by using the optimum process

parameters such as ethanol to oil molar ratio 8:1, and KOH

1%, reaction temperature at room temperature and reaction

time 5 hours. The optimum process parameters were molar

ratio of methanol to oil 6:1 and molar ratio of ethanol to oil

8:1. It is concluded ethanol has to put more than methanol

because methanol has more reactivity.

In the laboratory scale, the physical properties of biodiesel

from jatropha oil with methanol, and with ethanol were found

to be within the ASTM specified limits. The chemical

properties such as total glycerol, free glycerol and combined

glycerol were slightly higher than ASTM specified limit.

The fuel consumption of biodiesel from jatropha oil in lab

scale and petrodiesel were given the same data according to

the engine performance test. The used speed of engine was

2240 rpm and the power output was 11.1 kW. The exhaust

temperature of engine from biodiesel and the exhaust

temperature of engine from petrodiesel were 469C and

473C respectively. Biodiesel preparation on pilot plant

operation were carried out by applying the optimum process

parameters of the lab scale operation such as concentration of

alcohol, catalyst percent, reaction time and reaction

temperature in alkali-catalyzed transesterification of biodiesel

from jatropha oil.

In the case of biodiesel production on pilot plant operation,

free fatty acid contents 5.23% and 8.8% of raw jatropha oil

were used. Molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, KOH 1.2%,

reaction temperature 65C and reaction time 1hours were

given the good results in the pilot plant operation. Free fatty

acid content 8.8% of raw jatropha oil was used for biodiesel

production with ethanol. Molar ratio of ethanol to oil 8:1,

KOH 1%, reaction temperature at room temperature andreaction time 5hours were showed the good results for

transesterification reaction in the pilot plant operation.

The physical properties of methyl ester and ethyl ester

obtained from pilot plant operation were found to be within

the ASTM specified limits. The chemical properties of methyl

and ethyl ester such as total glycerol, free glycerol and

combined glycerol were slightly higher than ASTM specified

limits.

Fig. 1. Photograph for 30 gal /day Capacity Biodiesel Pilot Plant

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would also like to express her deep appreciation

to her supervisor Professor Dr. Mya Mya Oo, Pro-rector and

Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangon

Technological University, for her invaluable guidance,

support, understanding, and unfailing kindness throughout along period of study and research work.

The author is also grateful to Daw Moe Moe Kyaw,

Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangon

Technological University, for giving helpful guidance and

stimulating discussions over the course of her studies. The

author wishes to express her deep gratitude to His Excellency

Minister U Thaung, Ministry of Science and Technology, for

sponsor this research work.

REFERENCES

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USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, U.S.A, 2000.

Revolution

(rpm)

Load

(N)

Out

put

(KW)

Exhaust

Temperatu

re (C)

Observation

2240 100.1 11.1 486 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 471 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 471 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 470 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 472 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 472 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 471 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 472 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 474 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running

2240 100.1 11.1 473 Smooth Running


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[8] Giuliano F., Zamora, P., Patricio, G. and Luiz, P. "Production of EthylEsters from crude soybean Oil: Optimization of reaction Yields Using aExperimental Design and Development of a New Analytical Strategy forReaction Control." Research Center in Applied Chemistry (CEPESQ),Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, P.O. Box, 2000,19.081, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, 81531-990.

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