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Element Help

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Table Of Contents

Chapter 1: Overview and Miscellaneous .....................................................................................1 Circuit Elements .................................................................................................................................1 Commonly used Symbols (a reference figure)...............................................................................5 Extra Symbols .....................................................................................................................................9 Net Block.......................................................................................................................................... 10

Chapter 2: Lumped Elements ................................................................................................... 11 Air core inductor (AIRIND1) ....................................................................................................... 11 Air core inductor 2 (AIRIND2).................................................................................................... 12 Air core inductor 3 (AIRIND3).................................................................................................... 13 Capacitor (CAP)............................................................................................................................... 14 Frequency Dependent Loss Admttance (GLOSS) .................................................................... 15 Frequency-independent Impedance (IMP) ................................................................................. 16 Inductor (IND) ................................................................................................................................ 17 Inductor with Q (INDQ)............................................................................................................... 18 Impedance Inverter (INVERTER) .............................................................................................. 19 Modelithics Capacitor (CAP_nnnn)............................................................................................. 20 Two Mutually Coupled Inductors (MUI).................................................................................... 23 Mutually Coupled Coils (MUCQx)............................................................................................... 24 Parallel L-C resonator (PFC) ......................................................................................................... 25 Parallel L-C resonator (PFL) ......................................................................................................... 26 Parallel L-C Network (PLC) .......................................................................................................... 27 Parallel R-C Network (PRC).......................................................................................................... 28 Parallel R-L Network (PRL) .......................................................................................................... 29 Parallel R-L-C Network (PRX) ..................................................................................................... 30 Resistor (RES).................................................................................................................................. 31 Frequency Dependent Loss Resistance (RLOSS)...................................................................... 32 Series L-C resonator (SFC) ............................................................................................................ 33 Series L-C resonator (SFL) ............................................................................................................ 34 Series inductor and capacitor network (SLC) ............................................................................. 35 Spiral Inductor (SPIND) ................................................................................................................ 36 Series resistor and capacitor network (SRC)............................................................................... 37 Series resistor and inductor network (SRL) ................................................................................ 38 Series resistor, inductor and capacitor network (SRX) ............................................................. 39 Thin film capacitor (TFC).............................................................................................................. 40 Thin Film Resistor (TFR)............................................................................................................... 41

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Toroidal Core Inductor (TORIND) ............................................................................................ 42 Ideal Transformer (TRF)................................................................................................................ 43 Tapped Transformer (TRFCT) ..................................................................................................... 44 Ruthroff transformer (TRFRUTH).............................................................................................. 45 Piezoelectric resonator (XTL) ....................................................................................................... 46

Chapter 3: Linear Devices, Controlled Sources, and Matrix Parameters ................................. 47 ABCD parameters (ABC)............................................................................................................... 47 Bipolar transistor model (BIP) - LINEAR.................................................................................. 48 Current controlled current source (CCC) - LINEAR ............................................................... 50 Current controlled voltage source (CCV) - LINEAR............................................................... 51 FET transistor model (FET) - LINEAR..................................................................................... 52 Gyrator (GYR) ................................................................................................................................. 54 Operational Amplifier (OPA) - LINEAR................................................................................... 55 PIN Diode (PIN) - LINEAR........................................................................................................ 56 S-parameters (SPA) ......................................................................................................................... 58 Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCC) - LINEAR............................................................. 59 Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCV) -LINEAR.............................................................. 60 POLY (Polynomial Controlled Sources) ..................................................................................... 61

Chapter 4: System Elements and Behavioral Models ............................................................... 63 ADC - Analog to Digital Converter (Basic) [ADC_BASIC].................................................... 63 Antenna (Coupled) [AntCpld] ....................................................................................................... 67 Antenna (Path Loss) [PATH]........................................................................................................ 69 Attenuator (Fixed) [ATTN_Linear].............................................................................................. 71 Attenuator (NonLinear) [ATTN_NonLinear]............................................................................ 73 DC Controlled Attenuator [ATTN_Ctrl].................................................................................... 75 Attenuator (Variable) [ATTN_VAR_Linear] ............................................................................. 77 Single Directional Coupler [COUPLER1] .................................................................................. 79 Dual Directional Coupler [COUPLER2] .................................................................................... 81 Hybrid 90 Degree Coupler [HYBRID1] ..................................................................................... 83 Hybrid 180 Degree Coupler [HYBRID180] ............................................................................... 85 RF Circulator [CIR]......................................................................................................................... 87 Time Delay [DELAY]..................................................................................................................... 89 Digital Frequency Divider [DIG_DIV]....................................................................................... 91 RF Frequency Divider [FREQ_DIV] .......................................................................................... 94 RF Frequency Multiplier (FREQ_MULT).................................................................................. 97 Isolator [ISO].................................................................................................................................. 100 Log Detector [LOG_DET] .........................................................................................................102 Basic Mixer [MIXER_BASIC] .................................................................................................... 104 Double Balanced Mixer [MIXER_DBAL] ............................................................................... 110

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Intermod Mixer Table [MIXER_TBL]...................................................................................... 116 Phase Shifter [PHASE]................................................................................................................. 126 RF Amplifier (2nd - 3rd Order) [RFAMP] .............................................................................. 128 RF Amplifier (High Order ) [RFAMP_HO] ............................................................................ 131 S Parameter (Non Linear) [SDATA_NL] ................................................................................. 138 S Parameter (Non Linear - High Order) [SDATA_NL_HO] ............................................... 142 RF 2 Way - 0° Splitter / Combiner [SPLIT2]........................................................................... 146 RF 2 Way - 0°/ 180° Splitter / Combiner [SPLIT2180] ........................................................ 148 RF 2 Way - 0°/ 90° Splitter / Combiner [SPLIT290]............................................................. 150 RF N Way - 0° Splitter / Combiner [SPLITn]......................................................................... 152 RF Switch [SWITCH_Linear] ..................................................................................................... 154 RF Switch [SWITCH_NonLinear] ............................................................................................. 156 Variable Gain Amplifier [VarAmp] ............................................................................................ 159

Chapter 5: System Sources ...................................................................................................... 163 Multisource ..................................................................................................................................... 163

MultiSource General (SPECTRASYS - System and Linear Simulation Only) ............... 163 Add / Edit Source (MultiSource) ........................................................................................... 166 CW Source (MultiSource) ........................................................................................................ 169 Wideband Source (MultiSource) ............................................................................................. 171 Continuous Frequency Source (MultiSource)....................................................................... 172 White Noise Source (MultiSource)......................................................................................... 176 Intermod Source Wizard (MultiSource) ................................................................................ 177

CW Source...................................................................................................................................... 180 CW Source with Phase Noise...................................................................................................... 182 Wideband Source........................................................................................................................... 185 Multicarrier Source ........................................................................................................................ 187 Intermod Source (2 Tone) ........................................................................................................... 190 Intermod Source - Receiver (3 Tone) ........................................................................................ 192 Continuous Frequency Source .................................................................................................... 195 Noise Source (INP_PNOISE).................................................................................................... 197 Oscillator with Phase Noise......................................................................................................... 199

Chapter 6: Linear Data Files and Deembedding .................................................................... 203 1-Port Data File (ONE) - LINEAR........................................................................................... 203 2-Port Data File (TWO) - LINEAR .......................................................................................... 204 3-Port Data File (THR) ................................................................................................................ 205 Four-Port Data (FOU) - LINEAR............................................................................................. 206 Negation Operator (NEG1 and NEG2)................................................................................... 207 NPOx (N-Port Datafile Import)................................................................................................. 208 NPODx - Use x-port data from Data Set ................................................................................. 209

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Chapter 7: Filters (on System Toolbar).................................................................................... 211 Bessel Lowpass Filter (LPF_BESSEL)..................................................................................... 211 Bessel Bandpass Filter (BPF_BESSEL) ................................................................................... 213 Bessel Highpass Filter (HPF_BESSEL) ................................................................................... 215 Bessel Bandstop Filter (BSF_BESSEL).................................................................................... 217 Butterworth Lowpass Filter (LPF_BUTTER) ........................................................................ 219 Butterworth Bandpass Filter (BPF_BUTTER)....................................................................... 221 Butterworth Highpass Filter (HPF_BUTTER)....................................................................... 223 Butterworth Bandstop Filter (BSF_BUTTER) ....................................................................... 225 Chebyshev Lowpass Filter (LPF_CHEBY)............................................................................. 227 Chebyshev Bandpass Filter (BPF_CHEBY)............................................................................ 229 Chebyshev Highpass Filter (HPF_CHEBY) ........................................................................... 231 Chebyshev Bandstop Filter (BSF_CHEBY)............................................................................ 233 Elliptic Lowpass Filter (LPF_ELLIPTIC) ............................................................................... 235 Elliptic Bandpass Filter (BPF_ELLIPTIC).............................................................................. 237 Elliptic Highpass Filter (HPF_ELLIPTIC) ............................................................................. 239 Elliptic Bandstop Filter (BSF_ELLIPTIC).............................................................................. 241 Pole / Zero Lowpass Filter (LPF_POLES) ............................................................................ 243 Pole / Zero Bandpass Filter (BPF_POLES)........................................................................... 246 Pole / Zero Highpass Filter (HPF_POLES)........................................................................... 249 Pole / Zero Bandstop Filter (BSF_POLES) ........................................................................... 252 Duplexer with Chebyshev Filters (DUPLEXER_C) ............................................................. 255 Duplexer with Elliptic Filters (DUPLEXER_E).................................................................... 257

Chapter 8: Nonlinear Elements ...............................................................................................259 BJT ................................................................................................................................................... 259

Nonlinear Bipolar Transistor MEXTRAM models (MEXRAM_NPN , MEXTRAM_PNP, MEXRAM_NPN4, MEXTRAM_PNP4, MEXRAM_NPN5, MEXTRAM_PNP5) ................................................................................................................. 262 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) models (UCSDHBT_NPN, and UCSDHBT_PNP)..................................................................................................................... 267 Vertical Bipolar Transistor (VBIC) Models .......................................................................... 271

Diode ............................................................................................................................................... 276 Nonlinear diode model (DIODE).......................................................................................... 276 Nonlinear Philips MOST devices junction capacitances Model (JUNCAP)................... 278

JFET ................................................................................................................................................ 280 Nonlinear Junction FET transistor models (JFET_N and JFET_P) ............................... 280

MESFET......................................................................................................................................... 282 Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor Curtice Quadratic models (CURTICE2_N and CURTICE2_P) .......................................................................................................................... 286 Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor Advanced Curtice Quadratic models (CURTICE2A_NFET and CURTICE2A_PFET).............................................................. 288

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Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor Curtice Cubic models (CURTICE3_N and CURTICE3_P) .......................................................................................................................... 291 Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor PARKER-SKELLERN models..................................... 293 Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor models (STATZ_N and STATZ_P) ............................. 296 Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor models (TOM_N and TOM_P)..................................... 298 Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor models (TOM2_N and TOM2_P) ................................ 300 Nonlinear GaAsFET transistor models (TOM3_NFET and TOM3_PFET) ............... 303 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (BSIM2_N and BSIM2_P) ................................ 306 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (BSIM3_N , BSIM3_P, BSIM3_NFET and BSIM3_PFET ).......................................................................................................................... 312 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (BSIM4_NFET and BSIM4_PFET) ............... 313 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (BSIMSOI_NFET and BSIMSOI_PFET)..... 314 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (EKV_N and EKV_P)....................................... 315 Nonlinear IGFET transistor models (HISIM _NMOS, and HISIM_PMOS).............. 317 Nonlinear Motorola LDMOS transistor models (base or die models) ............................ 321 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (MOS1_N and MOS1_P) .................................. 324 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (MOS2_N and MOS2_P) .................................. 326 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (MOS3_N and MOS3_P) .................................. 328 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (MOS9_NMOS and MOS9_PMOS)............... 331 Nonlinear MOSFET transistor models (MOS11_NMOS and MOS11_PMOS) .......... 332 Polymorphous Si TFT model PSIA2.0 (TFT_PSIA2_NMOS, TFT_PSIA2_PMOS) . 333 Amorphous Si TFT model ASIA2 (TFT_ASIA2_NMOS, TFT_ASIA2_PMOS)........ 335

Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................. 337 Nonlinear voltage and current sources (NLCCCS, NLCCVS, NLVCCS, and NLVCVS)337 CCSW, VCSW (Current Controlled nonlinear switch, Voltage Controlled nonlinear switch) ......................................................................................................................................... 339 Nonlinear Resistor (NLRES, NLRESI) ................................................................................ 340 Nonlinear Inductor (NLIND)................................................................................................. 342 Nonlinear Capacitor (NLCAP) ............................................................................................... 343

Chapter 9: Sources, Ports, Grounds, and Probes..................................................................... 345 Ground (GND) ............................................................................................................................. 345 AC Current Source (IAC)- NONLINEAR .............................................................................. 346 DC Current Source (IDC) - NONLINEAR ............................................................................ 347 Current Noise Source (INOISE) - LINEAR .......................................................................... 348 Standard Input (*INP).................................................................................................................. 349 Input AC Current (INP_IAC) - NONLINEAR ..................................................................... 350 Input DC Current (INP_IDC) - NONLINEAR .................................................................... 351 Input Pulsed Current (INP_IPULSE) - NONLINEAR........................................................ 352 Input Custom Current Waveform (INP_IPWL) - NONLINEAR...................................... 353 Input AC Power (INP_PAC) - NONLINEAR....................................................................... 354 Input AC Voltage (INP_VAC) - NONLINEAR.................................................................... 355

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Input DC Voltage (INP_VDC) - NONLINEAR ................................................................... 356 Input Pulsed Voltage (INP_VPULSE) - NONLINEAR....................................................... 357 Input Custom Voltage Waveform (INP_VPWL) - NONLINEAR..................................... 358 Pulsed Current Source (IPULSE) - NONLINEAR................................................................ 359 Custom Current Waveform Source (IPWL) - NONLINEAR.............................................. 360 Current Probe (IPROBE) ............................................................................................................ 361 Standard Output (*OUT)............................................................................................................. 362 Signal Ground Source (*SGND) ................................................................................................ 363 Test Point (TEST_POINT)......................................................................................................... 364 AC Power Source (PAC) - NONLINEAR............................................................................... 365 AC Voltage Source (VAC) - NONLINEAR............................................................................ 366 DC Voltage Source (VDC) .......................................................................................................... 367 Voltage Noise Source (VNOISE) - LINEAR......................................................................... 368 Pulsed Voltage Source (VPULSE).............................................................................................. 369 Custom Voltage Waveform Source (VPWL)............................................................................ 370 Input AC Power with Noise ( INP_PAC_NOISE )............................................................... 371 OSCPORT (Oscillator Port)........................................................................................................ 372 Balanced Port (PORT).................................................................................................................. 373 Modulated Sources (MOD_VAC, MOD_IAC, MOD_VPULSE, MOD_IPULSE, MOD_VPWL, MOD_IPWL, MOD_IBTSR, MOD_VBSTR)............................................ 374 Combined Frequency Source (COMB_VAC / COMB_IAC ) - NONLINEAR.............. 375

Chapter 10: Ideal Transmission Lines, Coupled Lines, and Wires ...........................................377 Coupled lines (CPL) ...................................................................................................................... 377 Multiple coupled transmission lines (CPNn) ............................................................................ 379 Distributed RC transmission line (RCLIN) .............................................................................. 381 Transmission line (TLE)............................................................................................................... 382 Four Terminal Transmission Line (TLE4)................................................................................ 383 Transmission Line (TLP) ............................................................................................................. 384 Four Terminal Transmission Line (TLP4) ................................................................................ 385 Distortionless TEM Transmission Line (TLRLDC) ............................................................... 386 Uniform TEM Transmission Line (TLRLGC) ........................................................................ 387 Exponential TEM Transmission Line (TLX) ........................................................................... 388 Rectangular Wire (RIBBON) ...................................................................................................... 389 Length of Conducting Wire (WIRE).......................................................................................... 390

Chapter 11: Coax .......................................................................................................................391 Coaxial Cable (CABLE)................................................................................................................ 391 Coaxial Cable Types (RG6, RG8, RG58, RG59, RG214) ...................................................... 393 Coaxial open end (CEN).............................................................................................................. 395 Coaxial center conductor gap (CGA)......................................................................................... 396

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Coaxial transmission line (CLI)................................................................................................... 397 Four terminal coaxial line (CLI4)................................................................................................ 398 Square Coax Line with Round Inner Conductor (CSQLI) .................................................... 399 Square Coax Line with Square Inner Conductor (CSQLX)................................................... 400 Coaxial conductor step (CST) ..................................................................................................... 401

Chapter 12: Microstrip (Standard, Inverted, and Suspended) .................................................. 403 Microstrip Bend (MBN) ............................................................................................................... 403 Optimally Mitered Microstrip Bend (MBN3)........................................................................... 404 Microstrip Bend, Arbitrary Angle with Optimal Miter (MBNA) .......................................... 406 Multiple Coupled Microstrip Lines (MCN) .............................................................................. 407 Asymmetric Coupled Microstrip Lines (MCN4A) .................................................................. 408 Two Coupled Microstrip Lines (MCP)...................................................................................... 409 Microstrip Cross (MCR)............................................................................................................... 410 Microstrip Curved Bend (MCURVE)........................................................................................ 412 Microstrip Open End (MEN) ..................................................................................................... 413 Microstrip Gap (MGA) ................................................................................................................ 414 Microstrip Interdigital Capacitor (MIDCAP) ........................................................................... 415 Inverted Microstrip (MINV) ....................................................................................................... 416 Lange Coupler (MLANG) ........................................................................................................... 417 Microstrip Line (MLI)................................................................................................................... 418 Microstrip Rectangular Inductor (MRIND) ............................................................................. 419 Microstrip Radial Stub (MRS) ..................................................................................................... 420 Microstrip Spiral Inductor (MSPIND) ...................................................................................... 422 Microstrip Step (MST).................................................................................................................. 423 Suspended Microstrip (MSUS).................................................................................................... 424 Microstrip Linearly Tapered Line (MTAPER) ......................................................................... 425 Microstrip Symmetrical or Asymmetrical Tee Junction (MTE) ............................................ 426 Microstrip Via Hole (MVH) ........................................................................................................ 428

Chapter 13: Slabline................................................................................................................... 429 Multiple Coupled Rods (slabline) (RCN) .................................................................................. 429 Coupled Slabline (RCP)................................................................................................................ 430 Slabline (RLI) ................................................................................................................................. 431

Chapter 14: Stripline.................................................................................................................. 433 Offset Broadside Coupled Striplines (SBCP) ........................................................................... 433 Stripline Bend (SBN) .................................................................................................................... 435 Multiple Coupled Striplines (SCN)............................................................................................. 436 Coupled Striplines (SCP).............................................................................................................. 437 Stripline Open End (SEN)........................................................................................................... 438

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Stripline gap (SGA) ....................................................................................................................... 439 Stripline (SLI) ................................................................................................................................. 440 Offset Stripline (SLIO)................................................................................................................. 441 Stripline Step in Width (SSP)....................................................................................................... 442 Stripline Tee Junction (STE)........................................................................................................ 443

Chapter 15: Coplanar Waveguide ..............................................................................................445 Coplanar Microstrip Line without and with Ground Plane ( CPW and CPWG ) ............. 445 Coplanar Gap (CPWCGAP)........................................................................................................ 446

Chapter 16: Rectangular Waveguide .........................................................................................447 Waveguide-to-TEM Adapter (WAD) ........................................................................................ 447 Rectangular Waveguide Line (WLI) ........................................................................................... 448

Chapter 17: EM Based Transmission Lines..............................................................................449 SMTLP and MMTLP.................................................................................................................... 449

Chapter 18: Antenna ..................................................................................................................451 Dipole antenna (DIPOLE) .......................................................................................................... 451 Monopole Antenna (MONOPOLE) ......................................................................................... 452

Chapter 19: Transmission Line Type Reference .......................................................................453 Microstrip........................................................................................................................................ 453 Suspended Microstrip ................................................................................................................... 455 Inverted Microstrip ....................................................................................................................... 456 Coupled Microstrip ....................................................................................................................... 457 Round Microstrip .......................................................................................................................... 458 Coplanar Waveguide ..................................................................................................................... 459 Coplanar Waveguide with Ground............................................................................................. 460 Stripline............................................................................................................................................ 461 Coupled Stripline ........................................................................................................................... 462 Broadside Horizontal Coupled Stripline.................................................................................... 463 Broadside Vertical Coupled Stripline ......................................................................................... 464 Rounded Edge Stripline................................................................................................................ 465 Slabline............................................................................................................................................. 466 Square Slabline/Coax.................................................................................................................... 467 Coupled Slabline ............................................................................................................................ 468 Coaxial ............................................................................................................................................. 469 Eccentric Coaxial ........................................................................................................................... 470 Partially Filled Coax....................................................................................................................... 471 Square Coaxial ................................................................................................................................ 472

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Coaxial Stripline ............................................................................................................................. 473 Equal-Gap Rectangular Coax...................................................................................................... 474 Unscreened Twin Wire................................................................................................................. 475 Single Wire Above Ground ......................................................................................................... 476 Trough Line.................................................................................................................................... 477

Chapter 20: Substrate Parameter Tables ................................................................................... 479 Loss Tangent .................................................................................................................................. 479 Metal Thickness ............................................................................................................................. 481 Relative Dielectric Constants....................................................................................................... 482 Relative Permeability..................................................................................................................... 483 Resistivity ........................................................................................................................................ 484 Surface Roughness ........................................................................................................................ 485

Chapter 21: References.............................................................................................................. 487 GENESYS References ................................................................................................................. 487 Transmission Line & Filter Shape Reference ........................................................................... 490

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Chapter 1: Overview and Miscellaneous

Circuit Elements

The following index shows the built-in linear elements organized by schematic toolbar. For an alphabetic listing, see the index. The code at the end is the model name which must be used when switching models or when typing in a netlist.

Main schematic toolbar Wire Connections (LINE) Inputs (INP, INP_VDC, INP_IDC, INP_VAC, INP_IAC, INP_PAC, INP_VPULSE, INP_IPULSE, INP_VPWL, and INP_IPWL) Output True Ground Signal Ground Power Sources (PAC, VDC, IDC, VAC, IAC, VPULSE, IPULSE, VPWL and IPWL) NET block Text

Lumped Toolbar Air-Core Inductor (AIRIND1) Capacitor (CAP) Crystal RLC Model (XTL) Dipole Antenna Element (DIPOLE) Inductor (IND) Gain Block (Ideal) (GAIN) Monopole Antenna Element (MONOPOLE) Mutually Coupled Inductors (MUI) Phase Block (Ideal) (PHASE) Resistor (RES) Spiral Inductor (SPIND) Thin Film Capacitor (TFC) Thin Film Resistor (TFR) Three-Port Circulator (CIR3) Toroidal Core Inductor (TORIND) Transformer (Ideal) (TRF) Transformer (Center Tapped Secondary) (TRFCT) Two-Port Isolator (Ideal) (ISOLATOR)

Linear Toolbar 1 Port (ONE) 2 Port (TWO) 3 Port (THR)

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4 Port (FOU) Bipolar Transistor Model (BIP) Current Controlled Current Source (CCC) Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCV) FET Model (FET) Gyrator Model (GYR) N-Ports (5 to 20 Ports) (NPOn) Negation Operator (NEG1 and NEG2) Operational Amplifier (OPA) PIN Diode (PIN) Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCC) Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCV)

Nonlinear Toolbar Nonlinear FETs (CURTICE2, CURTICE2A, CURTICE3, JFET, STATZ, TOM and TOM2) Nonlinear MOSFETs (MOS1) Nonlinear BJTs (BIPNPN, BIPPNP, BIPNPN4, and BIPPNP4) Nonlinear power sources (NLCCCS, NLCCVS, NLVCCS, and NLVCVS) Nonlinear Diode (DIODE) Nonlinear Resistor (NLRES) Nonlinear Capacitor (NLCAP)

T-Line Toolbar Coupled Lines (2 Lines) (CPL) Coupled Lines (3 to 10 Lines) (CPNn) Distributed RC Transmission Line (RCLIN) Multi-Mode Lines (EMPOWER generated) (MMTLP) Single Line (2 Nodes) (TLE) Single Line (4 Nodes) (TLE4) Single Line With Physical Dimensions (2 Nodes) (TLE) Single Line With Physical Dimensions (4 Nodes) (TLE4) Single Mode Line (EMPOWER generated) (SMTLP) Transmission Line (Distortionless TEM) (TLRLDC) Transmission Line (Uniform TEM) (TLRLGC) Transmission Line (Exponential TEM) (TLX) Wire (Rectangular Cross Section) (RIBBON) Wire (Circular Cross Section) (WIRE)

Coaxial Toolbar Coaxial Cable (CABLE) Coaxial Cable Types (CABLE TYPES) End Effect (CEN) Gap (CGA) Single Line (2 Nodes) (CLI) Single Line (4 Nodes) (CLI4) Square Coax Line with Round Inner Conductor (CSQLI)

Overview and Miscellaneous

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Square Coax Line with Square Inner Conductor (CSQLX) Step (CST)

Coplanar Toolbar Coplanar Line without and with Ground Plane (CPW and CPWG) Coplanar Line with Gap (CPWCGAP)

Microstrip Toolbar Bend (MBN) Coupled Lines (2 Lines) (MCP) Coupled Lines (3 to 10 Lines) (MCNn) Cross (MCR) Curved Line (MCURVE) End Effect (MEN) Gap (MGA) Interdigital Capacitor (MIDCAP) Inverted Microstrip (MINV) Lang Coupler (MLANG, MLANG6, and MLANG8) Radial Stub (MRS) Rectangular Inductor (MRIND) Single Line (MLI) Spiral Inductor (MSPIND) Step (MST) Suspended Microstrip (MSUS) Tapered Line (MTAPER) Tee (MTE) Via-Hole (MVH)

Slabline Toolbar Single Line (RLI) Coupled Lines (2 Lines) (RCP) Coupled Lines (3 to 10 Lines) (RCNn)

Stripline Toolbar Bend (SBN) Coupled Lines (2 Lines) (SCP) Coupled Lines (3 to 10 Lines) (SCNn) End Effect (SEN) Gap (SGA) Offset (SLIO) Offset Coupled (SBCP) Single Line (SLI) Step (SSP) Tee (STE)

System Toolbar NON SOURCES Analog to Digital Converter ( Basic ) [ ADC_BASIC ] Antenna ( Coupled ) [ AntCpld ]

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Antenna ( Path Loss ) [ PATH ] Attenuator ( Fixed ) [ Attn_Linear ] Attenuator ( DC Controlled ) [ ATTN_Ctrl ] Attenuator ( Variable ) [ATTN_VAR_Linear ] Coupler ( Single Directional ) [ COUPLER1 ] Coupler ( Dual Directional ) [ COUPLER2 ] Coupler ( Hybrid 90 Degree ) [ HYBRID1 ] Coupler ( Hybrid 180 Degree ) [ HYBRID180 ] Circulator [ CIRCULATOR ] Delay [ DELAY ] Digital Divider [ DIG_DIV ] Frequency Divider [ FREQ_DIV ] Frequency Multiplier [ FREQ_MULT ] Isolator [ ISO ] Log Detector [ LOG_DET ] Mixer ( Basic ) [ MIXER_BASIC ] Mixer ( Double Balanced ) [ MIXER_DBAL ] Mixer ( Intermod Table ) [ MIXER_TBL ] Phase Shifter [ PHASE ] RF Amplifier ( 2nd and 3rd Order ) [ RFAMP ] RF Amplifier ( High Order ) [ RFAMP_HO ] Splitter ( 2 Way 0 Degree ) [ SPLIT2 ] Splitter ( 2 Way 180 Degree ) [ SPLIT2180 ] Splitter ( 2 Way 90 Degree ) [ SPLIT290 ] Splitter ( N Way 0 Degree ) [ SPLITN ] Switch ( N Way ) [ SWITCH_Linear ] Variable Gain Amplifier [ VGA ] SOURCES Continuous Frequency Source [ ContFreq ] CW Source [ CWSource ] CW Source ( Phase Noise ) [ CWPNSource ] Intermod Source [ IntermodSource ] Intermod Source ( Receiver ) [ RxIntermodSource ] Multicarrier Source [ MulticarrierSource ] Noise Source ( INP_PNOISE ) Oscillator ( Power ) [ PwrOscillator ] Wideband Source [ WidebandSource ]

Waveguide Toolbar Rectangular Waveguide (WLI) Waveguide-to-TEM Adapter (WAD)

Extra Symbols All Symbols (a reference figure)


5

Commonly used Symbols (a reference figure)

To use a symbol not otherwise available, place a part and change its symbol.

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7

The following are a some representative samples of the plethora of internally generated elements that are available:

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9

Extra Symbols

These extra symbols may be used by placing a similar part on the schematic and double-clicking the part to display the Parts dialog box. Then click the "Symbols..." button to select a custom symbol.

Usage:

The best way to use these symbols is to place a part with a similar shape and then change the visual symbol. For CAP_POLARIZED try starting with a CAPACITOR; for SPST try using a RESISTOR with R=.001 ohms. For LED start with a DIODE and for CHASSIS_GROUND use a true GROUND. MIXER and VARACTOR are best represented by a user model.

Tip: You can duplicate a custom symbol by selecting it and pressing Ctrl+D.

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Net Block

This element allows a network or EM simulation to be reused. A NET block is an internally generated model that has many symbol variations based on the number of terminal connections. This symbol is available in the main Schematic toolbar. Here are a few examples:

Netlist Syntax:

In a netlist, simply use the name of the network followed by the node numbers Parameters:

Network to Reuse The name of another design or EM simulation (in the current project)

Examples: NETLIST1 1 2 0

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Chapter 2: Lumped Elements

Air core inductor (AIRIND1)

This physical inductor symbol is available in the LUMPED toolbar.

Model Parameters

Parameter Description UnitsDefault Value

N Number of Turns none 50

D Diameter of Form mil 20

L Length mil 200

WD Wire Diameter mil 1

Rho

Resistivity relative to copper none 1

This model uses physical dimensions to derive C and L for a parallel LC model.

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Air core inductor 2 (AIRIND2)


Model Parameters


N Number of Turns none 10

D Diameter (inner) mil 1000

WD Wire Diameter mil 50

Er

Relative Dielectric Constant none 1

H Thickness of PWB mil 135

S Spacing between coils mil 100

WG Wire Gauge (Optional) none 18

UseGauge

Use Gauge = 1, Use Wire Diameter = 0 none 0

This model uses a modification of Wheeler's formula that implements a transmission line model of the inductor with periodic resonances.

Lumped Elements

13

Air core inductor 3 (AIRIND3)


Model Parameters


L Inductance at low frequency nH 10

C Capacitance at low frequency pF 20

This model uses a transmission line model with capacitance per length and inductance per length equal to the low-frequency measured parameters of the inductor.

Element Help

14

Capacitor (CAP)

Lumped capacitance with optional Q. This symbol is available in the LUMPED toolbar or by pressing the "C" key. Like many common parts, a short version of the symbol is available by holding the SHIFT key down while placing the part. You can select an alternate symbol, CAP_POLARIZED, just like any other extra symbol. There is also a nonlinear capacitor model (NLCAP) available for your use.

Note: Use the keyboard shortcut key "C" to place a capacitor.

Netlist syntax: CAP n1 n2 C= [Q=] [Name=]

Parameters: Capacitance (pF) Specifies the value of the capacitor in picoFarads. Capacitor Q (optional) Specifies the quality factor of the capacitor, modeled as constant with frequency. This parameter is not required, and defaults to 1 million if not specified.

Examples: CAP 1 2 C=22 CAP 3 0 C=470 Q=300 N=C1

Q is modeled as constant with frequency. It can be specified higher or lower than the default value.

Touchstone Translation: CAP n1 n2 C=

or (if Q is specified) CAPQ n1 n2 C= Q= F=1 MOD=3

Default SPICE Translation: C1_NAME n1 n2 C

Warning: Q is not modeled in SPICE.

Lumped Elements

15

Frequency Dependent Loss Admttance (GLOSS)

Lumped admittance with frequency dependent loss. This model can be placed either by placing a standard resistor and changing the model to GLOSS or by searching for GLOSS in the Eagleware library of the part selector. See RLOSS for a resistance version of this element.

Netlist Syntax:

GLOSS n1 n2 R0= R1= R2= [Name=] Parameters:

G0 (Siemens): Constant Admittance G1 (S/sqrt(Hz)): Admittance proportional to sqrt(frequency[Hz]) G2 (S/Hz): Admittance proportional to frequency (Hz)

Example: GLOSS 1 2 G0=2 G1=1e-3 G2=3.5e-6

The admittance at frequency f (in Hz) is given by:

G = G0 + G1 * sqrt(f) + G2*f

In the example above, the admittance at 1MHz (1e6 Hz) is

2 + 1e-3 * sqrt(1e6) + 3.5e-6 * 1e6 = 6.5 Siemens

An alternative method for creating frequency dependent resistance is to use the FREQ variable in an equation. However, the GLOSS element is preferred for the following reasons:

1. It simulates much faster than a standard resistor with frequency dependent equations.

2. When used with Cayenne transient simulation, the GLOSS element looks at the "Always Use Constant Loss" setting to avoid convolution whenever possible. If that option is checked, Cayenne will calculate the admittance at the "Most Accurate Frequency" and use that admittance at all frequencies (including DC).

Element Help

16

Frequency-independent Impedance (IMP)

This symbol is available in the LUMPED Toolbar.

Netlist Syntax :

IMP 1 2 R= X= Parameters:

R Real part of Impedance [default=50] X Imaginary part of Impedance [default=0]

The Impedance (Z ) is equal to : Z = R + j X where both R and X are constant, .i.e independent of frequency.

Example: IMP 1 2 R=10 X=10

Lumped Elements

17

Inductor (IND)

Lumped inductance with optional Q. This symbol is available in the LUMPED toolbar or by pressing the "L" key. Like many common parts, a short version of the symbol is available by holding the SHIFT key down while placing the part.

Note: Use the keyboard shortcut key "L" to place an inductor.

Netlist Syntax: IND n1 n2 L= [Q=] [Name=]

Parameters: Inductance (nH) Specifies the value of the inductor in nanoHenries. Inductor Q (optional) Specifies the quality factor of the inductor, modeled as constant with frequency. This parameter is not required, and defaults to 1 million if not specified.

Examples: IND 1 2 L=22 IND 3 0 L=470 Q=300 N=L1

Q is modeled as constant with frequency. It can be specified higher or lower than the default value.

Touchstone Translation: IND n1 n2 L=

or (if Q is specified) INDQ n1 n2 C= Q= F=1 MOD=3

Default SPICE Translation: L1_NAME n1 n2 L

Warning: Q is not modeled in SPICE.

Element Help

18

Inductor with Q (INDQ)


Normally, the standard Inductor element is used. This element is provided only for ADS compatibility. This element is implemented as a series inductor plus frequency dependent resistor.

Netlist Syntax: INDQ n1 n2 L= QL= F= MODE= RDC= [Name=]

Parameters: L Inductance in nanohenries. QL Quality factor (default=1e+6) F Frequency for Q value (MHz) MODE Selects the frequency variation of Q MODE = 1: Q proportional to frequency (f) (default) MODE = 2: Q proportional to sqrt (f) MODE = 3: Q constant MODE = 4: Identical to ADS Mode = sqrt(f), incorrect topology used as in ADS. RDC Resistance at dc (default = 1e-6 ohm)

Example: INDQ 1 2 L=100 QL=100 MODE=3

Touchstone Translation: None Default SPICE Translation: None

Lumped Elements

19

Impedance Inverter (INVERTER)


Netlist Syntax :

INVERTER 1 2 0 K= Parameters:

K Impedance "gain", where Zin = K2 / Zload [default=50]

The Impedance Inverter or "K-inverter" is useful in the filter synthesis process to make changes in topology. The result is that the input impedance is inversely proportional to the load impedance and is scaled by the gain factor "K". Similarly, an admittance inverter or "J-inverter" is the same as an impedance inverter, when K = 1/J, where J is the admittance factor.

Element Help

20

Modelithics Capacitor (CAP_nnnn)

Surface mount chip capacitor model with substrate-scaling capability. This model is an equivalent circuit topology that will emulate capacitor performance as a function of the substrate or printed circuit board on which it is mounted. The model is valid over a range of specific part values offered by the component manufacturer. The frequency-dependent effective series resistance (ESR) has been characterized and incorporated into the model. The fundamental resonance and up to two higher-order resonance pairs are accurately predicted.

A substrate definition must exist in the workspace and be associated with the model. Substrate dielectric constant, loss tangent, metal thickness and height will be used in the model. The model can be specified to provide an ideal element response for any part value by setting the Sim_mode parameter equal to 1.

See Modelithics Substrate-Scalable Capacitor Models data sheets for details on model development and use.

Parameters

Capacitance (pF) Specifies the nominal value of the capacitor in picoFarads. Sim_mode Specifies whether the full parasitic model is to be used (Sim_mode=0) or if an ideal element should be used (Sim_mode = 1).

See Also: Modelithics Capacitor Overview in the User's Guide

Lumped Elements

21

Modelithics Inductor (IND_nnnn) Surface mount inductor model with substrate-scaling capability. This model is an equivalent circuit topology that will emulate inductor performance as a function of the substrate or printed circuit board on which it is mounted. The model is valid over a range of specific part values offered by the component manufacturer. The frequency-dependent effective series resistance (ESR) has been characterized and incorporated into the model. The fundamental resonance and up to two higher-order resonance pairs are accurately predicted.


See Modelithics Substrate-Scalable Inductor Models data sheets for details on model development and use.

Parameters Inductance - Specifies the nominal value of the inductor. Sim_mode - Specifies whether the full parasitic model is to be used (Sim_mode=0) or if an ideal element should be used (Sim_mode = 1).

See Also: Modelithics Capacitor Overview

Element Help

22

Modelithics Resistor (RES_nnnn) Surface mount chip resistor model with substrate-scaling capability. This model is an equivalent circuit topology that will emulate resistor performance as a function of the substrate or printed circuit board on which it is mounted. The model is valid over a range of specific part values offered by the component manufacturer.


See Modelithics Substrate-Scalable Resistor Models data sheets for details on model development and use.

Parameters Resistance - Specifies the nominal value of the resistor. Sim_mode - Specifies whether the full parasitic model is to be used (Sim_mode=0) or if an ideal element should be used (Sim_mode = 1).

See Also: Modelithics Capacitor Overview

Lumped Elements

23

Two Mutually Coupled Inductors (MUI)


Netlist Syntax:

MUI n1 n2 n3 n4 L1= L2= K= [Name=] Parameters:

L1 Inductance of coil between n1 and n2 in nanohenries. L2 Inductance of coil between n3 and n4 in nanohenries. Coupling, K Coefficient of coupling.

WARNING: “K” must not equal 1.

Example: MUI 1 2 3 4 L1=100 L2=100 K=.999999

A negative value of “K” inverts the phase. MUI is used to model a transformer including finite winding inductance and coupling, providing for a more realistic model.

Touchstone Translation: MUC n1 n3 n2 n4 L1= L2= M=

Default SPICE Translation: .SUBCKT X$NAME 1 2 3 4 L_IND1 1 2 L1 nH L_IND2 3 4 L2 nH K_MUI L_IND1 L_IND2 k .ENDS X$NAME

Element Help

24

Mutually Coupled Coils (MUCQx)

The symbol for 'x' coupled coils is available in the LUMPED Toolbar. For 'x' between 2 and 10.

[ Symbol for x = 4 ]

Netlist Syntax: MUCQx n1 n2 ... n2x L1= L2= ... Lx= K12= K13= K23= ....Q1= Q2= ... Qx= RDC1= RDC2= ...RDCx= F= MODE= [Name=]

Parameters: L1, L2, ... Lx Inductance of coils in nanohenries. K12, K13, ... K1x Coefficient of coupling between coil #1 and coil #x (for x > 1) K23, K24, ... K2x Coefficient of coupling between coil #2 and coil #x (for x > 2) K (x-1) (x) Coefficient of coupling between coils #(x-1) and coil #x Q1, Q2, ... Qx Quality factor for coils (default=1e+6) RDC1, RDC2, ... RDCx Resistance at dc for coils (default = 1e-6 ohm) F Frequency for Q value (MHz) [REQUIRED if any Q value is entered] MODE Selects the frequency variation of Q MODE = 1: Q proportional to frequency (f) (default) MODE = 2: Q proportional to sqrt (f) MODE = 3: Q constant

WARNING: Coupling coefficients “Kij” must be less than 1.

Example: MUCQ4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 L1=100 L2=100 L3=90 L4=50 K12=0.1 K13=0.9 K14=0.1K23=0 K24=0 K34=0 Q1=100 Q2=100 Q3=100 Q4=100 F=100 MODE=1

Touchstone Translation: None Default SPICE Translation: None

Lumped Elements

25

Parallel L-C resonator (PFC)

The symbol for this element is available in the Lumped Toolbar.

Netlist Syntax :

PFC n1 n2 Frequency= C= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

f Frequency of resonance (MHz). C Capacitance (pF). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: PFC 1 2 F=88 C=100 Ql=35 Qc=600

Q is modeled as constant with frequency and may be specified higher or lower than the default value.

This code generates the same network as PLC. However, the frequency and capacitance are specified instead of the inductance and capacitance. This is useful for two reasons. First, networks with bandpass and bandstop structures are often ill-behaved for optimization. As the L or C is changed to adjust the L/C ratio, the frequency is perturbed. The use of this resonator code can dramatically reduce optimization time in many networks, sometimes by as much as an order of magnitude. Secondly, this code is well suited to tuning or optimizing a response while leaving a transmission zero or peak at a desired frequency.

Element Help

26

Parallel L-C resonator (PFL)

The symbol for this element is available in the Lumped Toolbar.

Netlist Syntax:

PFL n1 n2 Frequency= L= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

f Frequency of resonance (MHz). L Inductance (nH). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: PFL 1 2 F=88 L=100 Ql=35 Qc=600


This code generates the same network as PLC. However, the frequency and inductance are specified instead of the inductance and capacitance. This is useful for two reasons. First, networks with bandpass and bandstop structures are often ill-behaved for optimization. As the L or C is changed to adjust the L/C ratio, the frequency is perturbed. The use of this resonator code can dramatically reduce optimization time in many networks, sometimes by as much as an order of magnitude. Secondly, this code is well suited to tuning or optimizing a response while leaving a transmission zero or peak at a desired frequency.

Lumped Elements

27

Parallel L-C Network (PLC)

The symbol for this element is in the Lumped Toolbar.

Netlist Syntax:

PLC n1 n2 L= C= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

L Inductance (nH). C Capacitance (pF). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: PLC 1 2 L=100 C=22 Ql=35 Qc=600


Element Help

28

Parallel R-C Network (PRC)


Netlist Syntax:

PRC n1 n2 R= C= [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

R Resistance (ohms). C Capacitance (pF). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: PRC 1 2 R=50 C=22 Qc=600


Lumped Elements

29

Parallel R-L Network (PRL)


Netlist Syntax:

PRL n1 n2 R= L= [Ql=] [Name=] Parameters:

R Resistance (ohms). L Inductance (nH). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: PRL 1 2 R=50 L=100 Ql=35


Element Help

30

Parallel R-L-C Network (PRX)


Netlist Syntax:

PRX n1 n2 R= L= C= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

R Resistance (ohms). L Inductance (nH). C Capacitance (pF). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: PRX 1 2 R=50 L=100 C=22 Ql=35 Qc=600


Lumped Elements

31

Resistor (RES)

Lumped resistance. This symbol is available in the LUMPED Toolbar or by pressing the "R" key. Like many common parts, a short version of the symbol is available by holding the SHIFT key down while placing the part. There is also a nonlinear resistor (NLRES) available for your use.

Note: Use the keyboard shortcut key "R" to place a resistor in the schematic editor.

Netlist Syntax: RES n1 n2 R= [Name=]

Parameters: Resistance (ohms) Specifies the value of the resistor in ohms.

Examples: RES 1 2 R=22 RES 3 0 R=470 N=R1

Touchstone Translation: RES n1 n2 R=

Default SPICE Translation: R1_NAME n1 n2 R

Element Help

32

Frequency Dependent Loss Resistance (RLOSS)

Lumped resistance with frequency dependent loss. This model can be placed either by placing a standard resistor and changing the model to RLOSS or by searching for RLOSS in the Eagleware library of the part selector. See GLOSS for an admittance version of this element.

Netlist Syntax:

RLOSS n1 n2 R0= R1= R2= [Name=] Parameters:

R0 (ohms): Constant Resistance R1 (ohms/sqrt(Hz)): Resistance proportional to sqrt(frequency[Hz]) R2 (ohms/Hz): Resistance proportional to frequency (Hz)

Example: RLOSS 1 2 R0=2 R1=2e-3 R2=1.5e-6

The resistance at frequency f (in Hz) is given by:

R = R0 + R1 * sqrt(f) + R2*f

In the example above, the resistance at 1MHz (1e6 Hz) is

2 + 2e-3 * sqrt(1e6) + 1.5e-6 * 1e6 = 5.5 Ohms

An alternative method for creating frequency dependent resistance is to use the FREQ variable in an equation. However, the RLOSS element is preferred for the following reasons:

1. It simulates much faster than a standard resistor with frequency dependent equations.

2. When used with Cayenne transient simulation, the RLOSS element looks at the "Always Use Constant Loss" setting to avoid convolution whenever possible. If that option is checked, Cayenne will calculate the resistance at the "Most Accurate Frequency" and use that resistance at all frequencies (including DC).

Lumped Elements

33

Series L-C resonator (SFC)


Netlist Syntax:

SFC n1 n2 Frequency= C= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

f Frequency of resonance (MHz). C Capacitance (pF). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: SFC 1 2 F=88 C=22 Ql=35 Qc=600


This code generates the same network as SLC. However, the frequency and capacitance are specified instead of the inductance and capacitance. This is useful for two reasons. First, networks with bandpass and bandstop structures are often ill-behaved for optimization. As the L or C is changed to adjust the L/C ratio, the frequency is perturbed. The use of this resonator code can dramatically reduce optimization time in many networks, sometimes by as much as an order of magnitude. Secondly, this code is well suited to tuning or optimizing a response while leaving a transmission zero or peak at a desired frequency.

Element Help

34

Series L-C resonator (SFL)


Netlist Syntax:

SFL n1 n2 Frequency= L= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

f Frequency of resonance (MHz). L Inductance (nH). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: SFL 1 2 F=88 L=100 Ql=35 Qc=600


This code generates the same network as SLC. However, the frequency and inductance are specified instead of the inductance and capacitance. This is useful for two reasons. First, networks with bandpass and bandstop structures are often ill-behaved for optimization. As the L or C is changed to adjust the L/C ratio, the frequency is perturbed. The use of this resonator code can dramatically reduce optimization time in many networks, sometimes by as much as an order of magnitude. Secondly, this code is well suited to tuning or optimizing a response while leaving a transmission zero or peak at a desired frequency.

Lumped Elements

35

Series inductor and capacitor network (SLC)


Netlist Syntax:

SLC n1 n2 L= C= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

L Inductance (nH). C Capacitance (pF). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: SRL 1 2 L=100 C=22 Ql=35 Qc=600


Element Help

36

Spiral Inductor (SPIND)

Planar spiral inductor without a ground plane. This physical inductor symbol is available in the LUMPED toolbar.

Netlist syntax:

SPIND n1 n2 RI= W= S= N= T= RHO= [Name=] Parameters:

(See figure below for parameter illustrations.) Inner Radius (RI) Inner radius, measured edge-to-edge of conductor (mm). Strip Width (W) Outer radius, measured edge-to-edge of conductor (mm). Strip Spacing (S) Spacing between conductors (mm). Number of Turns (N) Total number of turns. This does not have to be an integer. Conductor Thickness (T) Thickness of conductor. Resistivity (RHO) Resistivity of conductor relative to copper.

Examples:

SPIND 1 2 RI=20 W=5 S=5 N=1.6 T=1 RHO=1 Note: Resistance is based on d-c or skin effect depending upon which is larger. Series R-L with inductance (self and mutual) determined by Remke and Burdick formulas. Resistance is d-c resistance or skin-effect resistance, whichever is greater.

Touchstone Translation: None

Default SPICE Translation: None

Lumped Elements

37

Series resistor and capacitor network (SRC)


Netlist Syntax:

SRC n1 n2 R= C= [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

R Resistance (ohms). C Capacitance (pF). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: SRC 1 2 R=50 L=22 Qc=600


Element Help

38

Series resistor and inductor network (SRL)


Netlist Syntax:

SRL n1 n2 R= L= [Ql=] [Name=] Parameters:

R Resistance (ohms). L Inductance (nH). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: SRL 1 2 R=50 L=100 Ql=35


Lumped Elements

39

Series resistor, inductor and capacitor network (SRX)


Netlist Syntax:

SRX n1 n2 R= L= C= [Ql=] [Qc=] [Name=] Parameters:

R Resistance (ohms). L Inductance (nH). C Capacitance (pF). Ql Q of the inductor (optional, defaults to 1 million). Qc Q of the capacitor (optional, defaults to 1 million).

Example: SRX 1 2 R=50 L=100 C=50 Ql=35


Element Help

40

Thin film capacitor (TFC)

This symbol is available in the LUMPED toolbar.

Netlist syntax:

TFC n1 n2 W= L= T= ER= RHO= TAND= [Name=] Parameters:

W Width (mm) L Length (mm) T Thickness of dielectric film (mm) ER Relative dielectric constant of dielectric film (dimensionless) RHO Resistivity relative to copper (dimensionless) TAND Dielectric loss tangent of dielectric film (dimensionless)

Examples: TFC 1 2 W=10 L=10 T=0.04 ER=2 RHO=1 TAND=0.0001

Touchstone Translation: TFC n1 n2 W= L= T= ER= RHO= TAND=


Lumped Elements

41

Thin Film Resistor (TFR)

Thin film resistor on dielectric above ground plane. This symbol is available in the LUMPED toolbar.

Note: This model requires a substrate definition. Parameters:

W Width of line L Length of line RS Surface resistivity (ohms/square)

Examples: TFR 1 2 W=25 L=100 RS=100

Note: Model makes use of microstrip distributed inductance and capacitance and series resistance per unit length based on RS.

Touchstone Translation: TFR n1 n2 W= L= RS= F=0


Element Help

42

Toroidal Core Inductor (TORIND)


Netlist syntax:

TORIND n1 n2 N= AL= RS= QC= FQ= [Name=] Parameters:

(See figure below for a model illustration.) N Number of turns (dimensionless). AL Inductance index used to calculate inductance from number of turns (supplied by manufacturer). RS Total winding resistance (ohms). QC Core quality factor (dimensionless). FQ Reference frequency of QC (MHz).

Examples:

TORIND 1 2 N=10 AL=10 RS=5 QC=100 FQ=50 Touchstone Translation:

CIND2 n1 n2 N= AL= R=RS Q=QC F=FQ Default SPICE Translation:

None

Lumped Elements

43

Ideal Transformer (TRF)


Netlist Syntax:

TRF n1 n2 n3 n4 Option={TR|IM} Primary= [Secondary=] [Condition=] [Name=] Parameters:

Primary # turns on primary (TR) or primary impedance (IM). Secondary # turns on secondary (TR) or sec. impedance (IM). This parameter is optional, and defaults to 1 if not specified. Conditioning Factor Conditioning factor. Certain networks using TRF may require a conditioning factor (typically 0.001 to.1) to avoid math errors. This parameter is optional. TR: Turns Ratio Choose this option to specify a turns ratio. IM: Impedance Ratio Choose this option to specify an impedance ratio.

Example: TRF 1 2 0 0 Option=IM P=200 S=50

The turns and impedance are relative. For example, 200 and 50 will have the same result as 4 and 1. If an inverting transformer is desired, primary is negative. An ideal tranformer can ill-condition the matrix GENESYS must solve. This causes the red error bar to illuminate. To eliminate this problem, certain networks using TRF may require a conditioning factor, typically 0.001 to.1.

Touchstone Translation: XFER n1 n2 n3 n4 N=


Element Help

44

Tapped Transformer (TRFCT)

Ideal transformer with a center tapped secondary. This symbol is available in the LUMPED toolbar.

Netlist syntax:

TRFCT n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 P= S1= S2= [Name=] Parameters:

P Number of primary turns(dimensionless). S1 Number of secondary turns for one section (dimensionless). S2 Number of secondary turns for other section (dimensionless).

Examples: TRFCT 1 2 0 3 0 P=1 S1=2 S2=2

Note: P, S1, and S2 are used to obtain turns ratios. The absolute values are immaterial. The ratio is all that matters.

Touchstone Translation: None


Lumped Elements

45

Ruthroff transformer (TRFRUTH)

Ruthroff transformer modeled as a transmission line (TLE4) with shunt inductance. This symbol is available in the T-LINE toolbar.

Netlist Syntax :

TRFRUTH n1 n2 n3 N= AL= Z= L= F=[Name=] Parameters:

Number of Turns Total number of turns (dimensionless). Inductance Index Inductance index (nH/turn/turn). This number is used to calculate the equivalent shunt inductance. Transmission Line Zo (Ohms) Characteristic impedance of the transmission line in ohms. Electrical Line Length Electrical length of the transmission line at the specified frequency, in degrees. Frequency for Electrical Length Frequency for the given electrical length, in MHz.

Example: TRFRUTH 1 2 3 N=1 AL=1 Z=2 L=45 F=1000

This is an ideal model based on the paper by Ruthroff. The shunt inductance is given by:

L = N2*AL.

Touchstone Translation: XFERRUTH N=N AL=AL Z=Z E=L F=F

SPICE Translation: None

Element Help

46

Piezoelectric resonator (XTL)

This symbol is available in the LUMPED Toolbar. Like many common parts, a short version of the symbol is available by holding the SHIFT key down while placing the part.

Netlist Syntax:

XTL n1 n2 Rs= Lm= CM= CO= [Name=] Parameters:

Series Resistance Series resistance in ohms. Motional Inductance Motional inductance in nanohenries. Motional Capacitance Motional Capacitance in picofarads. Parallel Capacitance Parallel Capacitance in picofarads.

Example: XTL 1 2 Rs=26 Lm=4.97e6 Cm=.012741 Co=4.18

Touchstone Translation: SRLC n1 n2 R=Rs L=Lm C=Cm CAP n1 n2 C=Co

Default SPICE Translation: .SUBCKT X$NAME 1 2 R_series 1 3 Rs L_motion 3 4 Lm nH C_motion 4 2 Cm pF C_parall 1 2 Co pF .ENDS X$NAME

47

Chapter 3: Linear Devices, Controlled Sources, and Matrix Parameters

ABCD parameters (ABC)

This symbol is available in the LINEAR Toolbar under the Two-port element.

Model Parameters


AR A Real none 0

AI A Imaginary none 0

BR B Real Ohm 0

BI B Imaginary Ohm 0

CR C Real S 0

CI C Imaginary S 0

DR D Real none 0

DI D Imaginary none 0

Element Help

48

Bipolar transistor model (BIP) - LINEAR

This symbol is available in the LINEAR toolbar. (BIP_NPN, BIP_PNP)

Model Parameters


RBE Base - emitter resistance Ohm 1250

RC Collector - emitter resistance Ohm 50000

GM Transconductance S -0.5

RBB Base resistance Ohm 250

CB Base - emitter capacitance pF 15

CC Collector - base capacitance pF 1

BIP models a bipolar transistor using a voltage controlled current source plus additional components. The BIP code is based on the common emitter hybrid-pi model shown below.

Typical parameters for a low power, low frequency, NPN bipolar transistor are:

Linear Devices, Controlled Sources, and Matrix Parameters

49

Rbe = 1250 ohms Rce = 50,000 ohms Gm = -0.05 mhos Rbb = 250 ohms Cbe = 15 pF Cc = 1 pF

Some of the parameters are related to the emitter current, beta and Ft via simple expressions. First, the emitter diffusion resistance, a function of the emitter current, is found.

where = 25.7mV at 25 C. Then:

Rbe = (1+beta)Re

Gm = beta/[(1+beta)Re]

CBe = 1/[2pi*Ft*Re]

Modeling attempts to describe a complex physical process via a simple equivalent electrical circuit. The result is only approximate, and the errors tend to increase with frequency. Measured device data is more accurate. However, modeling is useful at lower frequencies and for special simulation purposes.

Default SPICE Translation:

None (User may specify a SPICE subcircuit or library model.)

Element Help

50

Current controlled current source (CCC) - LINEAR

This symbol is available in the LINEAR Toolbar.

Model Parameters


RIN Input Resistance Ohm 1

ROUT Output Resistance Ohm 100

BETA Current Gain none 20


51

Current controlled voltage source (CCV) - LINEAR


Model Parameters




TR Transresistance Ohm 200

Element Help

52

FET transistor model (FET) - LINEAR


Model Parameters


RI RI Ohm 2

RD RD Ohm 200

GM GM S -0.07

RG RG Ohm 2.5

CGS CGS pF 0.25

CDG CDG pF 0.1

RS RS Ohm 2

CSD CSD pF 0.1

TO TO ns 1e-6

(See figure below for parameter illustrations)

Note: RD = 1/GD


53

FET models a junction or insulated-gate field effect transistor using a voltage controlled current source plus additional components. FET is based on a common source, voltage controlled current source model.

An example for the ATF-101XX at 2 volts and 20 mA is

RI = 2 ohms RD = 200 ohms GM = -0.07 mhos RG = 2.5 ohms CGs = 0.25 pF CDg = 0.10 pF RS = 2 ohms CSd = 0.10 pF To = 1E-6 nanoseconds

The Wolf and Avantek models place the drain-source capacitance in slightly different positions. Also, the Avantek model includes information on chip and bond-wire inductances. The Wolf model includes a shunt R-L network at the input. In critical applications, these differences are readily incorporated in GENESYS by externally adding the appropriate components to the FET model.

Modeling describes a complex physical process via a simple equivalent electrical circuit. The result is approximate, and the error tends to increase with frequency. Measured device data is more accurate. Models are best for lower frequencies and special purposes.

Equations which reduce the model to exact equivalent Y or other parameters for use in a simulation program are quite complex. Authors (including Wolf in his derivation of Y-parameters) often make simplifying assumptions to the equations. This is not the case in GENESYS, where the program exactly matches the model schematic. Therefore, you may experience small differences in the response computed by GENESYS and other simulation programs. The differences are generally insignificant in relation to errors associated with the modeling process.

Default SPICE Translation:

.SUBCKT X$NAME 1 2 3 R_g 1 4 rg C_dg 4 2 cdg pF C_Gs 4 5 cgs pF R_i 5 6 ri R_s 3 6 rs R_d 2 6 rd pF C_sd 2 3 csd pF G_Gm 6 2 5 6 Gm. ENDS X$NAME

Element Help

54

Gyrator (GYR)


Parameters:

Gyrator Ratio Gyrator ratio. This is defined as the ratio of input voltage to output current, or the negative ratio of output voltage to input current.

The gyrator network is connected to nodes as indicated in the diagram below. The gyrator may be considered as back-to-back current controlled voltage sources,

where R is the gyrator ratio. S-parameters are:

where


55

Operational Amplifier (OPA) - LINEAR


Model Parameters


RI Input Resistance Ohm 1e+6

RO Output Resistance Ohm 1e-6

G DC Open Loop Gain none 1e+6

F

Unity Gain Crossover Frequency MHz 1e+6

Default SPICE Translation: .SUBCKT X$NAME 1 2 3 R_In1 1 0 Rin R_In2 2 0 Rin R_Out 4 3 Rout E_VCV 4 0 1 2 Gdc .ENDS X$NAME

Warning: Crossover frequency is not modeled in SPICE.

Element Help

56

PIN Diode (PIN) - LINEAR


Model Parameters


CP Package Capacitance pF 10

LS Series Inductance nH 20

RS Series Resistance Ohm 1

CE Gap Capacitance pF 10

CJ Junction Capacitance pF 10

CD Diffusion Capacitance pF 10

CI Intrinsic Layer Capacitance pF 10

RJ Junction Resistance Ohm 1

RI Intrinsic Layer Resistance Ohm 1


57

Element Help

58

S-parameters (SPA)

This symbol is available in the LINEAR Toolbar. under the Two-port element.

Model Parameters


Z Impedance Ohm 0

MAG11 S11 Magnitude none 0

ANG11 S11 Angle deg 0








59

Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCC) - LINEAR


Model Parameters




TR Transconductance S 0.5

Range: RIn and ROut > 0.

Default SPICE Translation: .SUBCKT X$NAME 1 2 3 R_In 3 1 Rin R_Out 3 2 Rout G_Gm 3 2 1 3 Gm .ENDS X$NAME

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