utf-8-27-27week-201_unit-201_history-20of-20the-20uk

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Com iler: N u en Hon Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thu B

Unit 1:nit 1:A Brief HistoryBrief Historyof the U.K.f the U.K.


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OutlineOutlinePrehistoryThe Roman period (43-410)The Germanic invasion (410-1066)

The medieval period (1066-1485)The sixteenth century

The seventeenth century

The eighteenth century

The nineteenth century

The twentieth century


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PrePre

--historyhistory

2,000 years ago

Iron Age Celtic culture: no written recordThe Celts

arrived from Europe from the 8th

centuryB.C

Intermingled with peoples who have already

there

Sense of mystery

Astonishing monumental architecture


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PrehistoryPrehistoryThe Celts (Celtic peoples) 800-400 B.C.


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Stonehenge

Silbury Hill

PrePre--historyhistory

Stonehenge

Built 3050

& 2300BC

200 miles

away from

Wales

Functions as

astronomical

clock

is a gathering

point for certainminortity groups


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Silbury Hill

Largest man-made

burial mound in EU,

built about 4600 years

ago

took 18 million man-hours to

dump and shape 248,000 cubic

metres of earth on top of anatural hill

Its summit

is flat-topped and

30m (100ft)

wide

was a

giant

sundial to

determine

seasons

The exact purpose of the hill is unknown, might be resting

place of King Sil, sitting on a fabled golden horse, holds a life-

size solid gold statue of King Sil , Devil was carrying an apronof soil to drop on the citizens of Marlborough, but he was

stopped by the priests of nearby Avebury.


7/72Com iler: N u en Hon Hoa- Editor: Pham Thanh Thu B

Stonehenge

Silbury Hill

PrePre--historyhistory

Both are in the south-western England



OutlineutlinePrehistoryThe Roman period (43-410)The Germanic invasion (410-1066)

The medieval period (1066-1485)

The sixteenth century







The Roman period (43The Roman period (43--410)410)

The ancientRoman Republic

The Roman armyinvaded England and

Wales



The Roman period (43The Roman period (43--410)410)

(most of) England & Wales:

The Roman province ofBritannia

A Celtic tribe (theScots) migrated fromIreland to Scotland

Scotland: The Scotsallied with the Picts (also

Celtic) against theRomans

The Romans built the

Hadrians wall toprotect from attacks bythe Scots and the PictsThe Hadrians Wall



The HadrianThe Hadrians Walls Wall
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The Roman Empire in many parts of Europebequeathed

A system of law and administration whichforms the basis of the modern system

In Britain: left very little behind

Infrastructure (villas, baths, temples, roads,cities, including London) founded by theRomans were soon destroyed or fell into

disrepairThe only lasting reminder : place-names (e.g.Chester, Lancaster and Gloucester, whichincludes the Roman castraa military camp)

The Roman periodThe Roman period



ReasonRomanin

fluencewasconfinedtothetowns,whereasthecountrysidelargelyremainsunchanged

The Roman periodThe Roman period



OutlineOutlinePrehistoryThe Roman period (43-410)The Germanic invasion (410-1066)









Germanic = German?

Germanic peoples = early people who included

Scandinavians, Anglo-Saxons and the GermansThe Anglo-Saxons

The Angles: the modern word for a

Germanic-speaking people in what is nowGermany

The Saxons: also in what is now Germany

Scandinavia: group of countries in northernEurope, consisting of Norway and Sweden,with Denmark, Finland and Iceland often

included

The Germanic InvasionsThe Germanic Invasions




Scandinavia

Germany


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The AngloThe Anglo--SaxonsSaxons

5th century

Tribes from north-western EuropeanThe Anglo-Saxons soon ruled the south-

east of the countryIn the west of the country, they were

halted by an army of Britons under the

command of King Arthur


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By the end of the 6th century,predominated

nearly all ofEngland and in parts ofsouthern Scotland

The Celtic Britons wereeither Saxonized or drivenwestwards

Scotland

Wales

Cornwall

Invasions of The AngloInvasions of The Anglo--SaxonsSaxons

Cornwall (in red)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EnglandCornwall.png


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The Anglo-Saxons had little use of town

and cities BUT had great effects on thecountryside


Introduce

newfarming

methods

Founded thousands of

self-sufficient villagesform the basis of Englishsociety for the next

thousand or so years


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Religion

When the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain,they were pagan (not believing in

Christianity)Christianity came to Britain

In south and east of England: directlyfrom Rome

In Scotland and England: Christianity

was introduced from Ireland



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8th century

Another wave of Germanic invasionsInvaders: the Vikings (also called

Norsemen or Danes) from Scandinavia

The ScandinaviansThe Scandinavians


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The Vikings

Ship-borne explorers, tradersand warriors of the Norsemen

who originated in Scandinavia

Raided the coasts of the British

Isles, France and other parts of

Europe from the late 8thcentury to the 11th century


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9th century

The Vikings conquered and settledThe extreme north and west of Scotland

Coastal regions of Ireland

In England, the Vikings were defeated by King

Alfred

An agreement which divided England betweenThe Wessex (King Alfreds Saxon Kingdom)in the south and west

The Danelaw in the north and east



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King Alfred

Noted for thedefence of his

kingdom against the

Danish Vikings

Is the only English

King to be given theepithet the Great


Statue of Alfred the GreatWantage, Oxfordshire


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Between the Anglo-Saxons and Danes:

insignificant cultural differencesLed the same way of life

Spoke two varieties of the same

Germanic tongue -> basis of modernEnglish

The Danes soon converted toChristianity

Political unification easier



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Bythe10thcentury,EnglandwasonekingdomwithaGermanicculturethroughout

Mostofmodern-dayScotland

wasunitedinthena

meof

Celtic(Gaelic)Kingdom


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The medieval periodThe medieval period1066 - the successful Norman invasion of

England- the last time Britain was defeated

Norman: the adj of Normandy, part of

northern France on the Channel coast

Brought Britain into the mainstream ofwestern European culture

Previously most links had been withScandinaviaafter the Norman invasions,only in Scotland did this link survive


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Norman InvasionNorman InvasionGermanic invasions

Large-scale (both

by the Anglo-

Saxons and theVikings all over

Britain)Germanic villages

and settlement

Norman invasion in the

medieval period

small-scale

No Norman village orNorman area of

settlement

Norman soldiers were

given the ownership of

land and of the peopleliving on it


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A strict feudal system in England

The medieval periodThe medieval period

King

Great lords or Barons

Lesser lords

Peasants

French-speaking

Normans

English-speaking Saxons

The beginning ofthe English class system

The beginning of


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The beginning ofthe English class system

Words for living animals,

e.g. cow, pig, sheep


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Strong system of government

The Anglo-Norman kingdom was easilythe most powerful political force in the

British Isles

The authority of the English monarch

gradually extended to other parts of the

British Isles in the next 250 years

AngloAnglo--Norman KingdomNorman Kingdom

Th i l i


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The medieval periodThe medieval periodScotland: A few

wars but still remainindependent

England: A strictfeudal system

(king-barons-landlords-peasants) brought

by the Normansince 11th century

Wales: under theEnglish kings direct

rule

Eastern Ireland:controlled by Anglo-Norman lords in the

name of the Englishking

The

Norman

invas

ions

11thcen

tury

The Norman culture after 250 years did not gain


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England

Wales

Eastern Ireland

The (Celtic) Welsh languageand culture remained strong,

e.g. Eisteddfod (nationalfestivals-songs and poetry)

The lords remainedloyal to the English kingbut mostly adopted the

Gaelic language andcustom

Germaniclanguage, not the

Norman language(=French)

The Anglo-Saxon

concept of commonlaw, not Roman law

The

Norman

invas

ions

11thcen

tury

The Norman culture after 250 years did not gain

predominance

Th i l iTh di l i d


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Scotland: Remainindependent

> < a gradual shift toEnglish language andcustoms (in the lowlands

= the southern)

The medieval periodThe medieval periodBy the end of this period,

there was a cultural split

between the lowlands andthe highlands

Celticcultureandlanguageprevailed

Due to the

moutainouslandscape, theauthority of the

king was hardto enforce

Because many Saxonaristocrats fleed the Norman

conquest of England the Celtic king saw that the

adoption of an Anglo-

Norman style of governmentwould strengthen royal

Th di l i dTh di v l i d


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Parliament began its gradual evolution into

the democratic body which it is todayParliament


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The eighteenth centuryThe nineteenth century


Th 16th tTh 16th t


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Politics

Religion

The 16th centuryThe 16th century

House of Lords

House of Commons

The 16The 16thth centurycentury


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The 16The 16 h centurycentury

The Wars of the RosesLancastrians (red rose)

Yorkists (white rose)

The Bubonic Plague (the Black Death)

killedabout 1/3

of thepopulation

caused

the

shortage

of labour

increased

theimportance

of trade

weakened

traditional ties

between

feudal lords &peasants

Greatly weakened the powerof the great barons

Th 16th tTh 16th t


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A system of government departments was

established

Feudal barons were no longer needed for:

Implementing government policy

Making government policyParliament was split into 2 Houses

The House of Lords = feudal aristocracy +leaders of the Church

The House of Commons = representatives

from the towns + landowners from the ruralareas


Th 16th tThe 16th century


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Politics

Religion




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Rejection of the Roman Church by Henry VIIIWanting a divorce

Making himself head of the Church of EnglandIndependent of Rome

All church lands came under his control by

appointing its leadersGave himself a large new source of income

This rejection was political and personalrather than doctrinal, unlike in much of therest of Europe

=> the rise of Protestantism




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The 16th centuryThe 16th centuryRejection

of Roman

Church

A new spirit of

patriotic

confidence

The country became

an island nation

The exploration of the

Americas and other partsof the world

England was

closer to the

geographical

centre of thewestern

civilization (not

on the edge)

Religion in the 16Religion in the 16thth centurycentury


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Religion in the 16Religion in the 16thth centurycenturyScotland:

Lowlands: Calvinism (aform of Protestantism):

simplicity-- dislike ritualand celebration - -develop

the stereotype of the

dour, thirfty Scots

Highlands: still Catholic

England:Protestantism in theform of Anglicanism,

both because ofpatriotism and religious

conviction

Ireland:remained

Catholic


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The 17The 17thth centurycentury1603: James VI ofScotland becomesJames I of England

=> two kingdoms:

Scotland and Englandunited with littlelanguage difference

but separateparliaments,administrative andjudicial system

James I



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The inextricable link between religion

and politics, established in the 16th

century, became even more intense


The kings could be killed or

exciled because of beingtoo Catholic or not Catholic

enought

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ConflictsThe Stuart monarchs (of King James I) raised

money without Parliaments agreementThe rise of Puritanism against Anglicanism

Puritans regarded many Anglican

practices and Anglican hierarchicalstructure as immoral

Conflicts => Civil War


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Civil War


Cavaliers

Roundheads

Fun-loving,aristocratic

royalist

Over-serious, puritan

Parliamentarian

Victory

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Charles I, 2nd son of

James I

1st monarch in

Europe to be

executed

Charged of crimes

against his people

The 17th centuryThe 17th centuryCharles I

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Cromwell, leader of theParliamentary army becameLord Protector of the republic

with a military government

Britain became a republic for the

1st

and only timeHis system of government wasunpopular because

Brutally crushed resistancein Ireland

Puritan ethics: theatres andother forms of amusementhad been banned


Oliver Cromwell

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When Cromwell died, theson of Charles I was

asked to return and takethe throne

James II, the 2nd surviving

son of Charles IRestored the AnglicanChurch

Tried to give full rightsto Catholics andpromote them in his

government

The 17th centuryThe 17th centuryJames II

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Conflicts between monarch andParliament soon re-emerged

The Glorious Revolution (bloodless)Prince William of Orange and his wife

accepted the Parliaments invitation tobecome king and queen (William III)

Powers of the monarch was limitedthe monarch could rule only with the

support of Parliament


James II

William III
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OutlineutlinePrehistory

The Roman period (43-410)

The Germanic invasion (410-1066)






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The 18The 18 h centurycenturyPolitically stable

2 divisions within ParliamentThe Whigs = Parliamentarians descendants

Believed in government by monarch and

aristocracy togetherThe Tories

Greater respect for the idea of the

monarchy and the importance of theAnglican Church

Said to be the beginning of the party system in

Britain

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This century is marked by cultural changeBritain expanded its empire in

The Americas

West African coast

India

yy

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James Watt, whoinvented the 1st

steam engine

Increased trades with

these new markets =>

Industrial Revolution


Industrial mode of production

Advances in agriculture

Greatest upheaval in the pattern ofeveryday life since the Anglo-

Saxon invasions

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Greatest upheaval in the pattern ofeveryday life since the Anglo-Saxon invasions

Areas of common landsdisappeared

as landowners turnedthem into larger, more

efficient farms

Hundreds of

thousands of peoplemoved from ruralareas into new towns

and cities

Urban development

Social power andprestige rested on the

possession of land inthe countryside


However

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Londondominated South

England as abusiness andtrading centre,

NOT as anindustrial one

Northern

England becamethe industrialheartland

South Wales:industrializatio

n took place

LowlandScotland:industrializationtook place
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The 19The 19 centurycentury

Ireland:British

culture andway of life

predominated

Canada, Australia andNew Zealand: self-

governed but recognized

the overall authority ofBritish government

India: British officialsdeveloped a distinctiveAnglo-Indian way of life,

imposing British institutioand methods of

government

Africa: most colonies started as

trading bases on the coast and hadlittle British settlement, except forSouth Africa

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An enormous increase of wealth during

the century

British developed a sense of supreme

confidence, even arrogance, about their

culture and civilization

The white mans burden

A poem by Rudyard KiplingContent: Other races are wild and have a

need to be civilized

The 19th centuryTh h y

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The white mans burden asatiric take

This advertisement for soap usesthe theme of the White Man's

Burden, encouraging white people

to teach cleanliness to membersof other races

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h h yh h y

Changes in social structure

In the past In the 19th century

Most people live inrural areas

Most people lived intowns and cities

Depended on landowners fortheir living

Depended on factoryowners for their living

Together with the middle class of tradespeople

Held the REALPOWER in the country

Victorian values

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One of the most memorableand endearing of the Englishmonarchs

Usually associated with theVictorian Era

Scientific and technological

developmentImpressive economicdevelopment, the Industrial

RevolutionImprovement of humanrights

Arts, architecture, literatureflourished

h h yh h y

Queen Victoria(1837-1901)

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Reforms in politics andhuman rights

Britain gradually turned intosomething resembling amodern state

Slavery and the laws againstpeople on the basis ofreligion were abolished

Laws were made to protectworkers

Public services such as thepolice force were set up

h h yh h y

Sir Robert PeelPrime Minister of the U.K.

(1834-1835)

Established the Londonpolice force

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Nostalgia and protests

against new lifestyle

Writers and

intellectuals protested

against the horrors ofthe new lifestyle

(Dickens)

Many poets praised thesimplicity and beauty

of the countryside

h h yy

Charles Dickens

Acclaimed as one of historysgreatest novelists

A reformist writer

(one who wrote about bad things inorder to change society for the

better) utline
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OutlinePrehistory








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yNo longer the worlds richest country

The first 20 years of the century: aperiod of extremism

From the beginning of this century, the

urban working finally began to make itsvoice heard

The Labour Party gradually replaced the

Liberals (descendants of the Whigs)The Conservatives (descendants of theTories)

Trade Union gathered momentum

ReferencesReferences
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O Driscoll, Britain. OUP

Oxford Advanced Learners EncyclopedicDictionary

en.wikipedia.org

www.englishmonarchs.co.uk

www.british-history.ac.uk

Suggestions for presentation andSuggestions for presentation and
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further readingfurther reading1. A study into the cultural split between thehighlands and lowlands of Scotland

2. An investigation into the influences ofwestern Europe culture on the UK during the

medieval period?

3. An exploration into the advances in

agriculture in the UK during the 18th century

4. An insight into the lives of the British peopleand the new advances in society in the

Victorian era?
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utf-8-27-27week-201_unit-201_history-20of-20the-20uk

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