Utah Flora BOT2100

Lecture 1Floral Morphology

Floral – reproductive parts of a plant

Including:Inflorescence

FlowersFruits

Utah Flora BOT2100

Perianth – the calyx and corolla of a flower, collectively

Calyx – the outer whorl, all of the sepals of a flower

Sepals – the segments of a calyx

Corolla – the inner whorl, all of the petals of a flower

Petals – the segments of a corolla, usually colored

Floral Morphology

Utah Flora BOT2100

Calyx

Sepals

CorollaPetals

Sepals

Floral Morphology

Utah Flora BOT2100

tepals – the segment of a perianth which is not differentiated into a sepal or a petalapetalous – without petals

Floral Morphology

Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology

Regular –radially symmetrical Actinomorphic – another term that means: radially symmetrical

Free – separate, not attachedDistinct – another term that means: separate, not attached

Petals5-merous

Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology

Regular –radially symmetrical

Fused – fusion of like partsConnate – another term that means: fusion of like parts

Petals5-lobed

Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology

Irregular – billaterally symmetrical Zygomorphic – another term that means: billaterally symmetrical

Fused – fusion of like parts

Petals5-lobed2- lipped

Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology

IrregularZygomorphic

Fused

Petals5-lobed2- lipped

Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology

IrregularZygomorphic

Free

Papilionaceous – irregular corolla of a pea, with a free banner, two free wing petals, and two fused keel petals

Utah Flora BOT2100

Androecium – all of the stamens in a flower, collectivelyStamens – the male reproductive organ of a flowerAnther – the expanded, apical, pollen bearing portion of the stamenFilament – the stalk of the stamen

Floral Morphology

Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology

Androecium – all of the stamens in a flower, collectivelyStamens – the male reproductive organ of a flower

stamens more than twice the number of the petals

stamens 10, or exactly twice thenumber of petals

Utah Flora BOT2100

Staminode – a modified stamen which is sterile

Floral Morphology

Stamens less than twice the number of the petals (or lobes)

Stamens 4, Staminode 1

Stamens

Staminode

Utah Flora BOT2100Floral Morphology

Gynoecium – all of the pistils in a flower, collectivelyPistil – the female reproductive organ of a flowerStigma– the apical portion of the pistil which is receptive to pollenStyle – the narrowed portion of the pistilOvary – the basal portion of the pistil that contains ovules (seeds)

Utah Flora BOT2100

Carpels – a leaf modified into a pistil, another term for the stigma, style, and ovary of a plant

Monocarpous – a flower with one carpel (or pistil)

Apocarpous – a flower with two or more separate carpels (or pistils)

Syncarpous – a flowers with two or more fused carpels

(or pistils)

Floral Morphology

Utah Flora BOT2100

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Floral Morphology

Superior – flowers with the stamens, petals, and sepals attached

below the ovaryHypogynous – an alternate term for superior

Inferior – flowers with the ovary beneath the point of attachment of the stamens, petals and sepalsEpigynous – an alternate term for inferior

Perigynous – flowers with the stamens, petals and sepals borne on a calyx tube (hypanthium) surrounding but not fused to the superior ovaryHypanthium – a cup shaped expansion of the floral axis formed

from the union of the basal parts of the calyx and corolla

Utah Flora BOT2100

SuperiorInferior

Hypanthium (purple region)

Floral Morphology

red parts are the calyx (sepals)purple parts are the corolla (petals)

yellow parts are anthergreen parts are ovaries

Utah Flora BOT2100

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Inflorescence

Complete – a flower with all of the typical parts: sepals, petals, stamens and pistils.

Perfect – a flower with both female (pistils) and male (stamens) reproductive organs

Utah Flora BOT2100

incomplete – a flower lacking one or more of the typical parts: sepals, petals, stamens and pistils.

imperfect – a flower with either stamens or pistils, but not both

unisexual – alternate term for imperfect

pistillate – a flower with pistils and lacking stamens

dioecious – a plant with imperfect flowers, the staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate plants

Floral MorphologyUtah Flora BOT2100

incomplete

imperfect

unisexual

dioecious

staminate– a flower with stamens and lacking pistils

Floral MorphologyUtah Flora BOT2100

incomplete

imperfect

unisexual

monoecious – a plant with imperfect flowers, the staminate and pistillate flowers borne on the same plant

pistillate

staminate

Inflorescence

• flowering part of a plant, collectively

•a cluster of flowers

• the arrangement of the flowers on the flowering axis

Utah Flora BOT2100

Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence

Rachis – the main axis of an inflorescence

Pedicel – the stalk of a single flower in an inflorescencePedicillate – a flower with a pedicel

Peduncle – the stalk of a solitary flower or the stalk of an inflorescencePedunculate – a inflorescence with a peduncle

Sessile –

This plant has sessile flowers with a pedunculate inflorescence.

Each inflorescence has a rachis.

Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence

Terminal – a flower at the tip or apex

This plant has solitary, pedunculate flowers.

Each flower is terminal.

Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence

Bracts – a reduced leaf at the base of a flower or inflorescence

Axillary – a flower arising in the axil of a leaf

This plant has bracteate, sessile flowers

This plant has axillary, pedicillate flowers

InflorescenceUtah Flora

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Solitary – an inflorescence with a single flower

InflorescenceUtah Flora

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Spike – an unbranched, elongate inflorescence with sessile flowers

Spicate – a plant with a flowers arranged in a spike

Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence

Raceme – an unbranched, elongate inflorescence with pedicillate flowers

Racemose – a plant with a flowers arranged in a raceme

InflorescenceUtah Flora

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Panicle – an branched, racemose inflorescence

Paniculate – a plant with a flowers arranged in a panicle

panicles can remembered as:

a raceme of

racemes

InflorescenceUtah Flora

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Umbel – an inflorescence with the pedicels arising from a more or less common point, like an umbrellaCompound Umbel – an umbel of umbels

Umbellate – a plant with a flowers arranged in a umbel

flat, compound umbel

rounded, compound umbel

InflorescenceUtah Flora

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Cyme – a flat-topped (or rounded) inflorescence in which the terminal flower blooms first

Cymose – a plant with a flowers arranged in a cyme

This is a raceme of cymes, several cymesare located at each node of the inflorescence

InflorescenceUtah Flora

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Scorpioid cyme – an inflorescence shaped like a scorpion’s tail in which the terminal flower blooms first and the axis elongates in a zig-zag fashion

terminal

not terminal,this can keepexpanding

Utah Flora BOT2100Inflorescence

Capitate or Head-shaped – a dense, many-flowered inflorescence, generally terminal

Verticel – a dense, many-flowered inflorescence at a node, whorled

capitate verticels

Utah Flora BOT2100

ray13-14 flowers

diskmanyflowers

Composite, Involucratea many flowered headray

phyllary (each leaf-like bract)

involucre (not a calyx)

receptacle

(inside involucre)

Inflorescence

FruitUtah Flora

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Legume – a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel, opening along two lines of dehiscence

Loment – a legume with constrictions between the seeds, sometimes breaking into 1 seeded segments

Follicles – a dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel and opening along a single line

Capsule – a dry, dehiscent fruit derived of more than one carpel

Silique – a dry, dehiscent fruit in Brassicaceae, less than twice as long as wide (circular)

Silicle – – a dry, dehiscent fruit in Brassicaceae, more than twice as long as wide (tubular)

FruitUtah Flora

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Achene – a dry, indehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel with a single seed attached to the ovary wall at a single point (sunflower)

Caryopsis – a dry, indehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel with a single seed fused to the ovary wall (cereal grains)

Samara – a dry, indehiscent fruit with wings

Nut – a dry, hard, indehiscent fruit with a single seed

Nutlet – a dry, hard, indehiscent fruit with a 2 to 4, one-seeded lobes

Schizocarp – a dry, hard, indehiscent fruit which plits into 2 to many, one-seeded segments

FruitUtah Flora

BOT2100Berry – a fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel with many seeds (tomato)

Drupe – a fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel with one hard central seed (called a stone; peaches, cherries)

Pome – a fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from an inferior ovary composed of many fused carpels (apple)

Aggregate – a fleshy fruit derived from multiple, separate carpels in a single flower (raspberry)

Multiple – a compound fruit formed from many, separate flowers crowded along a central axis (pineapple)

Cone – called a strobilis, or cone-like cluster of seed-bearing bracts crowded along a central axis (sometimes woody; pine cones)

Utah Flora BOT2100

Assignment

•Draw and label all flower and fruit samples provided in lab

•Make sure to label the peduncle, pedicel, corolla, petals, calyx, sepals, phyllaries, ray flowers, disk flowers, stamens, stigma (not all may have these features readily visible or present)

•Identify whether the flower is solitary, a raceme, a spike, a panicle, a cyme, or an involucre

•Identify whether the fruit is a cone, a legume, a samara, or a capsule (the 4 types we have for examples)

•Split open the Penstemon flower and illustrate the stamens, filaments, staminode, stigma, style, ovary, corolla, and calyx

•See Harris & Harris 175-178 for floral diagrams