15.06.2010

Using Bio-Resources Responsibly

The Brave New World of Bio-economy

Summarizing the

„Discourse Book“

developed by eseia WG 1

M. Narodoslawsky, M. Arentsen

15.06.2010

The economy of the 21st

century must re-orient itself

Raw materials

sources

http://www.kulmbach.net/~MGF-Gymnasium/bilderdaten/landwirtschaft/Bilder/felder 1_jpg.jpg

15.06.2010 eseia Secretariat 3

Pulp & Paper Energy

Why the „discourse book?“

THAT must not happen!

Food Chemical Industry

Fuel

15.06.2010

Why the „discourse book“?

Rational use of key resources

Energy and

plastic bags can

be made from

different sources:

Manure

Grass

Straw

(Waste-)

Wood

Pig

Pearls Do not throw

„Pearls to Pigs“

15.06.2010

Human net appropriation

human

appropriation

nature

land use change

40%

fires etc. 7%

plants 8%

feed 23%

wood 22%

105-150 Gt Carbon/y

- 10 % net productivity

by human impact!

15.06.2010

Basic resources

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2014 2050high

2050low

non-cult.land

forest

pasture

crop land

sea

ha/c

ap

15.06.2010

The bio-resource value chain:

8% of European jobs!

Sector Turnover

[bil €/y]

Gross

Added

Value

[bil €/y]

Employes

[1.000]

Business

entities

[1.000]

Agriculture

& Forestry 353 168 12.200 7.300

Food 968 199 4.800 310 Pulp &

Paper 166 41 715 19

Bio-energy n.a. 35 875 n.a.

[1] Agricultural holdings larger than 1 European Size Unit

15.06.2010

The “Logistical Trap”

Conversion Material Humidity

[%w/w]

Energy

content

[MJ/kg]

Density

[kg/m³]

Energy

density

[MJ/m³]

Incineration Straw (grey) 15 15 100-135 1.500-2.025

Wheat 15 15 670-750 10.050-

11.250

Rape seed 9 24.6 700 17.220

Wood chips 40 10.4 235 2.440

Wood pellets 6 14.4 660 9.500

Biogas

production

Grass silage 60-70 3.7 600-700 2.220-2.590

Manure 95 0.7 1000 700

Light fuel oil 0 42.7 840 36.000

15.06.2010

The “Logistical Trap”

taking transport density into account

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

0 10000 20000 30000 40000

Energy density MJ/m³

kJ/M

J k

m

truck

rail 1

rail 2

ship 1

ship 2

tractor

straw Corn, wood pellets

Wood chips

fossil oil

15.06.2010

Understanding

“new” resources

Taking transport density into account…

• …5,7 km transport of manure and

• …12 km transport of straw with tractor…

• …or 40 km transport of wood chips with lorry…

• …or 475 km transport of pellets with train

• …or 7.800 km transport of crude oil with ship or

pipeline consume 1 % of the transported energy

Raw material provision must become

closer!

15.06.2010

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

kWh

/m².

a

Max

Min

The „Centrality trap“ De-central-

heat

transport

limiting

De-central

resource

Central

provision

possible

15.06.2010

The „Centrality trap“

Plant size Upper and

lower land

requirement

in km²

Transport

distance in km

with land use

Logistic consideration

100% 30 % 10 %

Very small

50 t/a

0.125 0.2 0.4 0.6 Tractor transport, low transport energy

.03 0.1 0.2 0.3

Small

5.000 t/a

12.5 1.8 3.6 6.3 Tractor transport, farm site or small community based plant 3.3 1 1.9 3.2

Medium

50.000 t/a

125 6.3 11.5 20 Tractor transport possible for high transport density, regional plant 33 3.2 5.9 10.2

Industrial

500.000 t/a

1,250 20 36 63 Tractor transport only for high transport density and large land cover fraction,

otherwise truck (or rail) transport, large

regional or central plant

333 10.2 18.8 32.6

Upper land requirement calculated with 4 t/ha.a (e.g. wood chips), lower limit with 15 t/ha.a

(e.g. corn or miscanthus)

15.06.2010

The „competition trap“:

everone wants them! Bio-resource Origin Yield

[tFM/(ha.y)]*

Main

content

Yield for main

comp.

[t /(ha.y)]

Current

competition:

f= food; b =bio-

fuel;

c= chemicals;

e= energy;

p= pulp&paper

corn fields 10-15 starch 6-9.5 f/b /c

wheat fields 8 starch 4.5 f/b /c

potatoes fields 30-50 starch 5-8.5 f/b /c

rape fields 2-4 oil/protein 0.9-1.8/0.5-1 f/b /c

sun flower fields 2.6-3.6 oil/protein 1.3-1.8/0.5-0.7 f/b /c

jatropha** fields 4 oil 1.2 b/c

palm fruits** plantation 15-22 oil 4-6 f/b /c

sugar beet fields 70-95 sugar 10-16 f/b /c

sugar cane** plantation 40-100 sugar/cell. 6-15/6-15 f/b /c

grass grass land 6-12 cellulose 2.5-5 f/e

miscanthus fields 12-28 cellulose 5-13 e/(c/p)

wood forest 3.5-6 cellulose 1.3-2 c/e/p

short rotation

wood

fields/grass

land

10-18 cellulose 3-6 e/(c/p)

15.06.2010

Trying to avoid

the„competition trap“: Raw material

category Origin Material (examples)

Secondary Agricultural wastes Manure Residues from industries Slaughterhouse residues

Tallow Oil seed cake Glycerol from bio-diesel prod. Dried distillers grain Black liquor from pulping Sugar beet chips Pomace Tanning residues

Residues from energy

provision CO2 Ashes

Harvest residues from

agriculture/forestry Low quality forest residues Straw from corn, cereals, oil seeds, …

Leafs from beets, potatoes, … Cuttings from wine yards, orchards, …

Tertiary Residues from society Waste paper Waste plastic

Organic municipal waste Garden cuttings Used vegetable oil Waste water

Additional Underutilised bio-resources Grass currently uncultivated land Micro algae

15.06.2010

Resources with long legs…

• Fossil resources

• High value renewable resources

• Liquid energy carriers

• Methane

• Electricity

• Base chemicals

…and with short legs

• Low grade bio-resources (Grass, …)!

• Biogenic by-products (straw, …)

• Waste (manure, …)

• Heat

Resources…

15.06.2010

…shape the “economic

topography”

• Resources with long legs are in

global competition

• Resource with short legs

provide major potential for

development in the 21st century

• These resources will put the

economic topography

on its head!!

15.06.2010

The

„Intermittency trap“

• Many renewable

(energy-)

sources are

intermittent

• How to aligne

provision with

demand?

15.06.2010

Storage is a

possible

application

for bio-

resources

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Li-Ion Batt. Methane Hydrogen CAES PSP Biogas

€ct/

kW

h s

tore

d e

nerg

y

Max

Min

The

„Intermittency trap“

15.06.2010

The bio-resource service challenge

Type of service Service Possible other resources

Social Nutrition None

Jobs and development for rural regions None

Social stability for rural regions None

Economic Stability for energy distribution grids Smart grids, hydro power, pumped

hydro power, hydrogen, compressed

air energy storage, (fossil resources)

Transport fuel Electricity (using battery storage),

hydrogen, synthetic fuels, (fossil

resources)

High temperature industrial heat (fossil fuels), H2 from excess electricity

Feedstock for synthetic materials and

plastics

(fossil resources), sequestered CO2 plus H2 from excess electricity

Feedstock for conventional bio-based

products

None

Environmental Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Wind and hydro power, solar thermal

systems, photovoltaic, oceanic power,

geothermal energy

Preserving soil fertility None

Preserving water and nutrient cycles None

Preserving bio-diversity None

15.06.2010

In times of change we

see…

• Strategic confusion

• Science and technology preferences

• “Pseudo-activity”

• Decision avoidance

15.06.2010

…and must beware

of…

15.06.2010

The complex bio-resource

value chain…

…requires non-technical innovation

15.06.2010

The Problem

We have many actors How to make them see

a bright common future?

15.06.2010

Technical challenges

Learn your „old dogs“ new tricks!

• Increase raw material flexibility of existing technologies

• Increase tolerance for lower grade resources

• Increase range of useful products from current

technologies

15.06.2010

Technical challenges

re-use waste

provide energy centrally

provide energy decentrally

http://www.kulmbach.net/~MGF-Gymnasium/bilderdaten/landwirtschaft/Bilder/felder 1_jpg.jpghttp://www.zita-jacobs.de/Produkte/Tankfahrzeuge/kofferf__TSA/kofferf__tsa.htmlhttp://www.zita-jacobs.de/Produkte/Tankfahrzeuge/kofferf__TSA/kofferf__tsa.htmlhttp://www.zita-jacobs.de/Produkte/Tankfahrzeuge/kofferf__TSA/kofferf__tsa.html

15.06.2010

Pilot plant parks…

• …to shorten idea2market time

• …to optimise complex technologies

• …to increase confidence in technologies

• …to improve praxis-relevant education

15.06.2010

The end of autarky:

regions as active links between

resources and grids

Resources

Gri

ds

15.06.2010

General rules

• high efficiency

• complex technology

systems (e.g.

biorefineries)

• cascading utilisation of

bio-resources,

• utilising every by-product

and organic waste along

the life cycle

• whole pathway of bio-

resources through society

must be managed…

• …in a way that preserves

ecosystem functions

• …from cultivating plants

to the safe return of

residues to nature…

• …while providing optimal

societal benefit

Life cycle wide

responsibility Use bio-resources fully

15.06.2010

Frame regional resource plans

• Modernise existing bio-resource utilisation sectors (e.g. food

industry, pulp & paper industry, timber industry) to become

versatile bio-refineries

• Favour pathways leading to material products, establishing

longer value chains and generating more social benefit from

bio-resources.

• Keep as much material close to the place where bio-resources

are grown thus closing material cycles with least transport

effort and retaining valuable nutrients for preserving eco-

system functions.

• Use intersections of energy distribution grids for bio-refineries

based on secondary bio-resources (residues from agriculture)

and tertiary bio-resources (wastes from industry and society)

in order to contribute to stabilising grids

15.06.2010

And if you want to evaluate yourself or your process ecologically or optimise your regional energy system, visit

www.fussabdrucksrechner.at