using ash in a sustainable society, swedish r&d program 2002-2011 claes ribbing svenska...
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USING ASH IN A SUSTAINABLE USING ASH IN A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY, SWEDISH R&D PROGRAM SOCIETY, SWEDISH R&D PROGRAM
2002-20112002-2011
Claes Ribbing
SVENSKA ENERGIASKOR AB
Innsbruck 22-23 mars 2010
www.energiaskor.se www.varmeforsk.se
The Vision of theThe Vision of the Ash Program Ash Program
Combustion Combustion residues are residues are resources in a resources in a sustainable societysustainable society
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Research program Environmentally friendly uses of none coal ashes1 m€/year since 2002. 40 companies and authorities The Thermal Enginiering Research Institute of Sweden
EnvironmentForestry Geotechnigue Land filling.
• Criteria's
• Expound laws
• Test methods
• Quality control
• Roads
• Surfaces
• Concrete
• Mining
• Dense layers
• Stabilization
• Covering Mine Tailings
• Recycling
•When outtake of energy
• Extra Growth
Results Results
The results are the results from the The results are the results from the scientists.scientists.
The Authorities don't automatically The Authorities don't automatically agree agree
Specially not about the balance Specially not about the balance between between The AIM of None toxic NatureThe AIM of None toxic Nature Using wastes as resourcesUsing wastes as resources
Claes Ribbing, Svenska Claes Ribbing, Svenska EnergiAskor ABEnergiAskor AB 55
Ash content in different Ash content in different fuelsfuels
The Ash Program works with all their ashes The Ash Program works with all their ashes
25% in municipal wastes25% in municipal wastes Municipal waste contains up to 85% of bioenergi - but Municipal waste contains up to 85% of bioenergi - but
is not a subject for this presentationis not a subject for this presentation
5% in peat (can be much more)5% in peat (can be much more) 10-50% in sludge from paper 10-50% in sludge from paper
industryindustry 2-4% in bark, needles and branches2-4% in bark, needles and branches 0,2-0,5% in pure wood0,2-0,5% in pure wood
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BoilersBoilers(the Pictures show (the Pictures show rebuilt rebuilt boilers at Söderenergi) boilers at Söderenergi)
Grate boiler Incinerators and Smaller boilers less than 100 MW All fuels as bark, wood chips industrial+ household Wastes etc 1 100 °CBottom ashes dominate
Powder cumbustionPeat, pellets (coal)≈ 1 200 °CFly ashes dominate
Fluidised bed. All fuels as wood chips, peat, wastes≈ 850 °COften equal amount fly/bottom asheslow NOx
Use of ashes in Sweden Use of ashes in Sweden 20062006
Problem: Many small producersProblem: Many small producers Roads etcRoads etc 200200 kton kton Forestry, Arable landForestry, Arable land 35 35 ktonkton Backfillning to cavities Backfillning to cavities 50 50 kton (APC)kton (APC) Construction on landfillsConstruction on landfills 650650 ktonkton Others, unknownOthers, unknown 175175 ktonkton TotalTotal 1 milj ton1 milj ton ProductionProduction 1,3 milj ton T1,3 milj ton T Construction on landfills will more or less Construction on landfills will more or less
disappear within 10-15 yearsdisappear within 10-15 years
Ashes to forestsAshes to forests A Cd ion from a rottening branch is not better than the same A Cd ion from a rottening branch is not better than the same
ion from returned ash ion from returned ash
Outtake of bio energy Outtake of bio energy (branches and tops) (branches and tops) demands demands recycling of recycling of ashes =(basic) ashes =(basic) minerals to get a minerals to get a sustainable forestry.sustainable forestry.
The ash must be matured before spreading not to “burn” the ground
It is rather costly
Ashes and growth of forestsAshes and growth of forests
In most of Sweden Nitrogen limits the In most of Sweden Nitrogen limits the rate of growth of trees rate of growth of trees at rich forest soils, ashes increases the at rich forest soils, ashes increases the
release of in soil bound N which increases release of in soil bound N which increases the growththe growth
Ditched peat soils need the minerals of Ditched peat soils need the minerals of ashes to get a good growth.ashes to get a good growth.
When the deposition of N is high, When the deposition of N is high, Phosphorus is the limit for growthPhosphorus is the limit for growth
No harvesting
P budget for different harvesting scenariosfor forests in Sweden
Stem harvestingWhole-treeharvesting
(Akselsson et al., 2008)
ConclusionConclusion
When you take out both the stem When you take out both the stem and bio energy in form of tops and and bio energy in form of tops and branches you have to return the branches you have to return the ashes to get a sustainable forestryashes to get a sustainable forestry Otherwise in the long run P and other Otherwise in the long run P and other
elements will be deficient. (not only in elements will be deficient. (not only in Sweden?)Sweden?)
Nordic innovation centreNordic innovation centrereport TR 613 2008report TR 613 2008
A report most of you should intereted inA report most of you should intereted in
GUIDELINE FOR CLASSIFICATION OF GUIDELINE FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ASH ASH
FROM SOLID BIOFUELS AND PEAT FROM SOLID BIOFUELS AND PEAT UTILISEDUTILISED
FOR RECYCLING AND FERTILIZINGFOR RECYCLING AND FERTILIZING IN FORESTRY AND AGRICULTUREIN FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE [email protected] www.nordicinnovation.netwww.nordicinnovation.net
Claes Ribbing, Svenska Claes Ribbing, Svenska EnergiAskor ABEnergiAskor AB 1313
Dense layers 50/50 of fly ashes Dense layers 50/50 of fly ashes and digested sewage sludges and digested sewage sludges (dry wt)(dry wt)
when when closure of landfillsclosure of landfills
It is dense: <10It is dense: <10-9-9m/sm/s It has an OK shear It has an OK shear
strength >30kPastrength >30kPa It stands It stands
settlementssettlements It is long lasting: It is long lasting:
the biological and the biological and chemical degrading chemical degrading are very, very sloware very, very slow
(High pH, Salts, Low (High pH, Salts, Low perculation)perculation)
Dense layer trails at Dragmossen
The Tveta methodThe Tveta method
After a lot of research workAfter a lot of research work
At the Tveta Landfill they At the Tveta Landfill they use wastes and specially use wastes and specially ashes in all layersashes in all layers
Layer composition for the landfill cover system
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Bio/waste ashes in concreteBio/waste ashes in concrete In concrete, bio fly ashes are good fillers In concrete, bio fly ashes are good fillers
and can replace a lot of Portland cementand can replace a lot of Portland cement
Clorides (0,1% Cl in the paste) are a Clorides (0,1% Cl in the paste) are a problem, they corrode the armouring-iron. problem, they corrode the armouring-iron.
Low quality concretes are Low quality concretes are preferred markets.preferred markets.
Bio fly ashes in roadsBio fly ashes in roadsin the sublevelsin the sublevels
Stiffer and stronger roadsStiffer and stronger roads Stabilizes bad/old materialsStabilizes bad/old materials Less material! 1/4!Less material! 1/4! Much better frost heave Much better frost heave
resistantresistant Less maintenanceLess maintenance No measured impact on No measured impact on
environmentenvironment Light weight constructionLight weight construction
..1818
Constructions with fly ashesConstructions with fly ashes
This plant for recycling This plant for recycling of domestic wastes – is of domestic wastes – is a light weight a light weight construction of construction of wood/peat fly ash on wood/peat fly ash on clay soilclay soil
Ports must be dregedPorts must be dreged
Stabilizing dredged material is Stabilizing dredged material is an interesting market an interesting market possibility for different fly possibility for different fly ashes. (photo OY Ramboll).ashes. (photo OY Ramboll).
Constructions with bottom ashesConstructions with bottom ashes
1919
Grate boiler bottom ashes are good road building materialsGrate boiler bottom ashes are good road building materials Even if the test results on water upptake are highEven if the test results on water upptake are high Better the Better the moremore sintered the ash is. sintered the ash is.
Powder bottom ashes are often poorer due too high amount of Powder bottom ashes are often poorer due too high amount of unburnt.unburnt.
Fluid bed bottom ashes are too fine or too narrow sized to be good.Fluid bed bottom ashes are too fine or too narrow sized to be good.
Test methodsTest methods
Bottom ashes shall be tested with functional test
methods as the dynamic triaxial method.
Normal test methods don't suite and don't give justice to weak materials
Modelling of Low RiskModelling of Low Riskto health and environment to health and environment 1/100 000 risk to get damaged1/100 000 risk to get damaged
To get cancer (not to die of it)To get cancer (not to die of it) For one individual in the most exposed groupFor one individual in the most exposed group That leads to very improbable and That leads to very improbable and
conservative scenarios.conservative scenarios. Shall not increase the the amount of undesired Shall not increase the the amount of undesired
impurities above normal variations in the impurities above normal variations in the recipientrecipient
Shall not contaminate the groundwater as to the Shall not contaminate the groundwater as to the TAC-model for landfillsTAC-model for landfills
The critical scenario for low risk using Ashes The critical scenario for low risk using Ashes as 0,5m thick sublevel in roads without other as 0,5m thick sublevel in roads without other
restrictionsrestrictions
Dust on Dust on vegetablesvegetables are are more critical than leaching!more critical than leaching!
20m
Scenario:1/3 of his yearly intake ofVegetables.He hardly washes them.Dust fromBuilding the road +maintenance and demolition
For gravel roads are calculated that ash is not used in the surface layer but some ash reaches the surface through maintenance. Moderate traffic creates dust during 64 years and 5% of the dust is ash.
Modelling gives:Is a low risk for using bioashes i sublevels!
Max contentsMax contentsPbPb CdCd HgHg ZnZn AsAs
Free use Free use due to Sw due to Sw EPAEPA
No riskNo risk
2020 0,20,2 0,10,1 120120 1010
Ashes to Ashes to forests due forests due to Swedish to Swedish Forests Forests AgencyAgency
300300 3030 33 7 0007 000 3030
Low local Low local risk gravel risk gravel roadsroads
1 4001 400 330330 8080 >2,5 >2,5 %%
5555
Low risk Low risk leaving leaving ashes at ashes at the surface the surface exposure exposure 40 dusty 40 dusty days/ydays/y
1 5001 500 6060 6060 > 5%> 5% 1515
Uses shall be given priority Uses shall be given priority when the risk for health and when the risk for health and
environment is lowenvironment is low
Modelling and tests give that Modelling and tests give that most ashes can be used as most ashes can be used as resources in a sustainable resources in a sustainable societysociety
Thanks for your attentionThanks for your [email protected]@energiaskor.seyou are welcomed to mail meyou are welcomed to mail me
This presentation will be published atThis presentation will be published atwww.energiaskor.sewww.energiaskor.se
The synthesises of the Ash The synthesises of the Ash Programme 2002-2008 Programme 2002-2008 (report 1111) and the (report 1111) and the database ALLASKA are database ALLASKA are published in English atpublished in English at
www.varmeforsk.se
Don´t forget Don´t forget
TR 613 TR 613 www.nordicinnovation.netwww.nordicinnovation.net