USGF

TECHNICAL ~ournal June 1982

Official Technical Publication of the United States Gymnastics Federation

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USGF

TECHNICAL .Journal

June 1982, Vol. 2, NO.3

USGF Scientific and Technical Journal Published Exclusively for the USGF Professional Membership

Table of Contents

Editorial _______________ ____________ 3 Point Counterpointers and Magic Numbers. Muzyczko __________ _ Bias in Judging Women's Gymnastics Induced by Expectations of Within Team Order, Ansorge, Scheer, Laub, Howard __________ 5

International Judging Manifesto-Phase I What Caused the "Peel-Ofl"? Lascari , Vest 7 USGF Sanctioning Policies and Procedures ______ _________ 9 Eligibility Status 11 Men's Program Committee Minutes 1/8/82 13

Editorial - By Roger Counsll

Officiat ing any sport is, without a doubt, one of the most difficult of jobs, but without it, many competitive sports could not exist. Needless to say, officiating or judging can be a controversial topic in any arena, stadium or li ving room where fans gather to watch a competition.

The official is expected to have a thorough knowledge and understanding of all the rules and in what context each applies. He or she is also expected to enforce these rules by making split-second decisions if an infraction of the rules does occur. Ah, there's the rub! In order to make the required decisions, officials must have experience, education and a sound understanding of the sport and its many facets. For example, in gymnastics, judges evaluate a routine in seconds; a routine which is the culmination of an athlete's weeks, months and sometimes years of training .

The role of judging in gymnastics is two-fold. First, to follow the rules or guidelines set for judging by the Code of Points. Second, to use those rules to correctly place the gymnast in competition. In order for judges to understand and interpret these rules, and apply them correct ly, it is imperative that they have a balanced understanding of the formative, basic elements and the complexity in difficulty. Once again, these on-the-spot evaluations reflect the ath lete's performance in the competition, which in turn reflects his or her training.

Acceptedly , the responsibi lity of judging is challenging, becoming more challenging as gymnastics rapidly evolves. Hats off to those gymnastics judges who, through consc ious effort and dedication, are striving to keep up with this evolution , thereby making a contribution to the sport.

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USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

1982 USGF

CONGRESS Fort Worth, Texas September 23-26, 1982 Americana Hotel

, Make Your Plans Now to Attend This Year's Congress

POINT COUNTERPOINTERS AND MAGIC NUMBERS

by

Ted Muzyczko

Are you a pointer or a counter? Both are needed. In judging men 's gymnastics the best base currently established is that of four judges. When the scores are shown, the high and the low scores are dropped and the two middle scores count. If you are a "counter, " that means you are one of the two scorers that count for that particular performance. You are important in that you determine the outcome of the meet. If , however, you are one of the two outer scorers, you are a " painter. " Pointers are extremely important in establishing the course or direction that the judging will take for not only that event, but perhaps that meet. In order to accurately frame my comments , the following assumptions must be made:

1. Four competent judges are used . 2. Only legitimate biases (style, background , training , etc .) are

prevalent , i.e., no illegitimate biases (school preference) . 3. A reasonable randomization can be shown for each of the four

judges. Under these circumstances the judge with the best, i.e., lowest deviation from the mean, would be perhaps the best judge, i.e ., for that meet. However, no judge will be one of the counters for every performer in the entire meet.

When that judge is not a counter, he is a pointer. A pointer judge is a judge who shows perhaps a different direction than the two center scorers show. As an example, if the following scores are shown for a performer: 7.50, 8.0,8.30,8.90, it can be noted that the two middle scores (8.0 & 8.3) are counter scores and these counter scores average to an 8.15 which is the established score for that com petitor. The two outer scores or the two pointers are also extremely important. Each of the four judges is well aware that in the open scoring system , the low score of 7.50 would have meaning, unless of course, the judge simply miscounted.

The judge with the 7.50 score will force the other three judges to look at their means of evaluation and see if they had not been too lenient in making deductions or if they had in fact missed something under combination or difficulty. The judge with the 7.50 score will also look at his score, reassess it and see if he hadn't been too severe in his deductions. He is pointing the way for a lower score, for a lower trend in judging the event. He may be right and his act of forcing the other three judges to consider his " pointing" is very valuable . The same is true with the judge who had the 8.90. He is pointing a trend toward the higher judgments. The other three judges will reassess their scores and see if they had not been too severe in deductions and he will reassess his score to see if he had not been too lenient. This reassessment process on all of the four judges is a self-correcting mechanism that assures that as the meet progresses, correct scores wi ll be thrown within the limits of what is technically possible.

It should be noted that the four judges work together as a team and if at any given time, one score appears to be too high or too low, the audience, coaches and com petitors should realize that a very valuable function is being performed by thi s pointer.

We are all pointers and counters in a given meet depending on the performance. If the basic assumptions that were listed earlier are prevalent , the pointer in fact is not a judge that is to be scorned because of his apparent highness or lowness, but to be applauded for pointing the possibility of a corrected direction . If in fact, each of the four judges had come up with identical scores within one or two tenths, then there would be no need to have four judges. Because of the limitations of the system and because our system is one of subjective objectivity or objective subjectivity, it is necessary to have the four judges . The four judge system provides the competitors with a score that is as close as humanly possible, given the system.

The major assumptions in the above approach are as follows :

1. Four competent judges are present. 2. The judges exhibit only legitimate biases, i.e. non-illegitimate

biases. 3. The scores are randomized. 4. There is an open scoring system . 5. The judges feel free to call conferences at any given time if a trend

appears to be estab lishing itself in an incorrect direction .

The legitimate and illegitimate biases need some additional explanation . A legitimate bias is based on a pre ference for sty le, certain movements and certain seq uences. This is legitimate because each of us is programmed to have certain preferences. As much as each judge tries to be flexibl e and open in

his viewing of new techniques and new movements, these biases are there. They are legitimate, however, because they have nothing to do with a particular leam or any favoritism toward a particular competitor. The legitimate biases, if minimized , would show a randomization of scores for the judgment of those particular sequences or moves on which the bias was based . The illegitimate bias, of course, is one which has to do with a leaning or favoritism toward a particular team , toward a particular location, toward a particular country or toward a particular competitor. These are unacceptable in judging .

The randomization concept of scores is based on the statistical randomization of a bias. If a judge for each team shows as many scores above as well as be low the mean , then he is showing a good randomization . It would be best if he showed this randomization with a small deviation, if the above assumptions are correct. The randomization has to do with countries, geographic location , teams, competitors and styles. This, of course, is an ideal model and it is something that is approached, but rarely if ever, totally possible.

If two judges are judging under this particular system, it is impossible to tell who is high and who is low. It is also impossible to get randomizations and il is difficult also to establish biases. All that one of the judges need say and quite correctly so, is that he is right and the other judge is wrong . If he is consistent ly high , he can say that the other judge is simply low. If he is low, he will say that the other judge is high . The point here is that a satisfactory mean cannot be estab lished with two judges. There is simply too small a sample of scores.

"'S a further extension of the preceding discussion , it is possible for a judge to be within the average on most of the scores and still not judge the meet. In a ca lcu lation that I made a number of years ago at a National competition, the following facts were evident.

Four competent , nationally certified judges, judged the finals of the NCAA Competition.

Each of the four judges alternative ly acted as a Head Judge.

There were no conferences, therefore 100% of the two middle scores counted or were "counters ."

If we consider three judges, the statistics showed that about 92% of their scores would have counted and considering four judges , 75% of the scores would have counted.

Sounds like good judging , doesn't it? Of course nothing was said about biases, etc.

NOW LET ME DROP THE BOMB!

If we look at the scores of the entire Finals Competition , i.e., six events, six men per event, we can optimize to find the "magic number." The magic number is the number which would give you the smallest deviation if given every time for each competitor in the entire Finals Competition .

Think of it: you only need one number to judge the finals of a top meet!

For that meet, I arrived at a magic number of 9.20. This means that if I had given a 9.20 to each competitor, regardless of the performances, what percentage of my scores do you think would have counted? If you guessed 30%, 40% or even 60%, you were wrong. The actual figure came out to 75%. This means that if I had simply thrown a 9.20 for every single competitor in every event. I would have been as good as the fourth judge in that competition . This in fact is not judging . obviously. Consider another aspect. What if a magic number is arrived at and when a competitor performs extremely poorly, we simply cut down the 9.20 to a 9.0 or an 8.80 and when he's a lot better simply go to a 9.40 or in fact , establish three magic numbers, a low magic number, a middle magic number and a high magic number. It is possible under these circumstances to drive that 75% figure to perhaps somewhere near 90%.

Who needs years of training , national or international certification? The answer is that this is not judging. The difference between 9.60 and 9.70 is as powerful as the difference between 8.0 and 8.50. In Finals Judging , we must all make better separations. Our current rules don 't always help. For example, it is hard to get originality on Still Rings. This causes score compressions at the higher end of the sca le. Ties are inevitable, but we must be on our guard and make better, more separating, judging decisions. We must all avoid hugging the safe center with variations of magic numbers. We all want to be accepted as "counters," but let us not forget that "pointers" are needed too. Pick a winner­don 't leave it to the other judge by default.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

Bias in Judging Women's Gymnastics Induced by

Expectations of Within-Team Order

CHARLES J. ANSORGE, JOHN K. SCHEER, JAN LAUB, AND JAMES HOWARD

This article is reprinted with permission from the Research Quarterly. t 978. Vol. 49. No. 4 pp. 399-405, which is published by the AAHPERD.

The score a gymnast receives for performing a gymnastic routine may be Influenced by factors other than the quality of the performance. Since gymnastics coaches typically place their gymnastics in rank order from poorest to best for competition in each event, judges may expect that the quality of the gymnast ics routines will improve with in a team order. This study was conducted to determine if gymnasts are at a scoring disadvantage if they appear first within their team order of competition or at a scoring advantage if they appear last. Ten nationally or regionally certified female gymnast ics judges were se lected from th ree locat ions in the United States and asked to score the routines of the 1977 Region VI AIAW Championships on each of two sets of videotapes, edited from the original tapes, in two judging sessions separated by 48 hours. For the first judging session 20 gymnasts appeared in the first position for their teams and 20 gymnasts appeared in the fifth position for their teams. For the second session the first and fifth gymnasts for each of the teams were reversed in the videotapes, which made it possible to collect scores for 40 gymnasts who were judged in both the first and fifth positions for their teams. Results of a 2 x 10 x 2 ANOVA revealed that female gymnasts were scored sign ificant ly (p < .05) higher if they appeared in the fifth position for their team than if they appeared in the first position .

Officials of a wide variety of sports have long been questioned by coaches, athletes, and spectators. Some observers have criticized officials, rightly or wrongly , for being incompetent, and others have asserted that some officia ls are guilty of being biased . In addition to international favoritism , a form of bias which has received much attention (United States Gymnastics Federation , 1974; Strauss, 1976; Fie, 1976) , there may also be other kinds of bias created by extraneous factors which influence officials in predictable ways.

Since gymnastics coaches typically rank order their gymnasts from poorest to best for competition in each event, it is possible that such positioning of gymnasts may create the natural expectation that scores will rise appreciably as a within -team order of competition progresses. Although the effects of expectations on a variety of variables have been reported (Rosenthal & Jacobsen , 1966; Rosenthal , 1973; Seaver, 1973) , little research has been conducted on the relationship between expectations and physical variables or ratings for physical performances. In one study, however, it was determined that nationally certified male gymnastics judges were influenced by their expectations for the order of appearance of gymnasts (Scheer & Ansorge, 1975a). Scores for male gymnasts appearing late in the order for their team were significantly higher than scores for the same gymnasts appearing early in the order of competition .

Because of the paucity of research regard ing the effects of expectat ions on the ratings of physical performances, it wou ld seem possible that women's gymnastics may provide a sport in which the bias created by naturally induced expectations could be studied . Since some major differences exist between the judging of women 's and men's gymnastics, the investigators undertook this study to determine the effects of individual placement of gymnasts within a team order of competition upon the scores awarded by nationally or regionally certified female gymnastics judges.

Procedures

Subjects

The subjects in this study were the college female gymnasts from five of the eight teams that competed in the Region VI AIAW Gymnast ics Championships held in Lincoln , Nebraska in March, 1977. Each team could enter up to six gymnasts in each of the four women 's Olympic events.

Judges

Seven nationally and three regionally certified female gymnastics judges were selected to participate in this study. Judging teams of four and three members, respectively , were chosen from the eastern half of the United States and one team of three judges was selected from the western half of the country . None of the se lected judges were off icials at the 1977 Region VI Gymnastics Championships.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

Design of Experiment

Original videotapes of the 111 gymnasts from five of the teams in the 1977 Region VI AIAW Championships were recorded . From the original videotapes , through ed iting procedures, two sets of tapes were prepared for presentation to the participating judges, each set of tapes including all 111 gymnastic routines.

In editi ng the videotapes for the two judging sessions, two gymnastic routines were selected from within each team's order of competition in each event. Gymnastic routines without major faults , such as falls , were chosen. One of the selected routines was placed in the first within-team position, the other in the fifth position for the videotapes used in the initial judging session. Routines appearing in the first and fifth positions were then reversed in the videotapes used in the second judging session. By altering the within-team orders of compet ition for the two videotapes, scores were col lected for 40 gymnastic routines, each of which appeared once in the first position , and once in the fifth position , within the teams' orders of competition.

Each judging team scored the routines during two judging sessions which were separated by 48 hours. Scheer and Ansorge (1975b) and Wilson (1976) determined that reliable scores cou ld be obta ined when ju dges scored both live and videotaped gymnast ic routines .

Two strategies were followed to prevent judges from realizing the true purpose of this study. First, judges were told , both ora lly and in written form, that the data would be used to determine if gymnastics meets can be reliably scored by videotape replay. Second , gymnastic routines with no major faults were selected to be reversed to reduce the chances of judges recognizing that the orders of competition had been altered.

Standardized Procedures for Data Collection

Data for this investigation were collected in September and October, 1977. Collection of data was standardized according to the following procedures: (a) Sony Model AV 3600 videotape equipment, with a 19-inch monitor, was used in all of the procedures described above; (b) the same female investigator conducted all judging sessions; (c) each judging session was approximately the same length as a competitive session in the AIAW meet; (d) judges were given written instructions not to discuss the routines , the scores which were awarded, or the videotapes; (e) following each routine , the invest igator collected each judge's score and read to them the average score, a procedure which simulated closed scoring in a meet situation in which each judge receives only the partial feedback of the average score; and (f) each judge was paid $40, a procedure which again simulated a meet situation and encouraged judges' cooperat ion in the investigation.

The last of the three teams of judges was complete ly debriefed regarding the true purpose of the study. The remaining seven judges were contacted following the completion of the study and also debriefed . All judges signed a consent form , indicating they wished to be involved in this study.

Statistical Analysis

For the statistical analysis employed in this study a Position x Judges x Order (2 x 10 x 2) ANOVA was used (Kirk, 1968, p. 298). The two levels of position were (a) scores of the 40 gymnasts when they appeared as the first competi tor for their team and (b) scores for the same gymnasts completing the same routines when they appeared as the fifth competitor for their team . By determining the significance of the main effect for position , the hypothesis cou ld be tested that expectat ions created by placement of gymnasts within a team order of competition have no effect on scores awarded by gymnastics judges. Judges was a fixed factor and repeated measure in the ANOVA. The ten levels of this factor were the scores of the ten certified gymnastics officials who participated in this investigation. Order was also a fixed factor in the ANOVA. The two levels of order were (a) scores for those 20 gymnasts who were scored first and then fifth for the two judging sessions, and (b) scores for those 20 gymnasts who were scored fifth and then first for the sessions. A p of .05 was se lected to designate the region of rejection for all null hypotheses.

Results

The analysis of data (Table 1) yie lded a signif icant Position x Judges x Order interaction (F = 3.15) . To explain this interaction it was necessary to further anal.'ze the data by computing a separate 2 x 10 AN OVA for each of the two orders, one analysis for those 20 gymnasts who were judged in a first-fifth order and one for those gymnasts who were' judged in a fifth-first order. The

Charles J. Ansorge is associate professor, John K. Scheer and James Howard are assistant professors, and Jan Laub is a research assistant in the School of Health , Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68588. This study was funded by a grant from Nissen Corporation, Cedar Rapids, IA .

5

Table 1- Summary table of ANOVA of Judges' Scores of Gymnasts

Source df MS F

Order (0) 1 2.55 .64

Error 38 3.99

Judges (J) 9 1.45 8.78'

J x 0 9 .16 .94

Error 342 .17

Position (P) 1.36 10.85'

PxO 1 .83 6.63'

Error 38 13

JxP 9 .08 .96 JxPxO 9 .25 3.15'

Error 342 .08

• Significant at .05 level.

Tab le 2- Mean scores of judges for orders'

First-Fifth Order (N ~ 20) Fifth-First Order (N ~ 20)

1st Position 5th Position Mean 15 Position 5th Position Mean

Judges Mean Score Mean Score Dilt. Mean Score Mean Score Dill .

7.88 7.88 .00 7.92 8.23 .31 7.72 7.70 -.02 7.70 7.78 .08

3 7.64 7.73 .09 7.60 7.70 .10

4 7.69 7.80 .11 8.01 7.99 -.02

5 7.79 8.09 .30 8.07 7.91 -.16

6 7.73 8.03 .30 7.95 7.94 -.01 7 7.84 8.12 .28 8.08 8.17 .09

8 8.00 8.04 .04 8.17 8.10 -.07

9 7.85 8.06 .21 8.11 8.05 -.06 10 7.72 7.88 .16 8.03 7.96 - .07

. Maximum possible score was 10.

initial analysis to define the interaction revea led that the mean score of the gymnasts significantly improved from 7.79 to 7.93 when they were judged in a first-fifth order (F = 14.84). When the gymnasts were judged in a fifth-first order, however, the nonsignificant change (F = .31) in the means was from 7.98 (fifth) to 7.96 (first). See Tab le 2 for mean scores of the judges for the two orders.

For the analys is of the gymnasts who were judged in a fifth-first order, a significant Judges x Position interaction was also found . To further define this interaction ten one-way ANOVAs were computed (one for each judge) to determine the difference between the scores of gymnasts when judged in the first position for their team versus when they were judged in the fifth position for their team. The alpha level for these tests was lowered from .05 to .01 to reduce the chances of committing a Type I error. The results of the ANOVAs revealed that one of the judges scored the gymnastics routines appearing in the first position significantly lower than when they appeared in the fifth pOSition. None of the other mean differences for the judges was significant.

The main analysis also revealed a significant Position x Order interaction (F = 6.63), indicat ing the first-fifth and fifth-first orders affected the judges in d ifferent ways. This two-way interaction supported the further analysis of the tr iple interaction in wh ich it was found that gymnasts who were judged in a first-f ifth order on the videotapes were eva luated differently than those who were judged in a fifth-first order. The Judges x Position interaction was not significant (F = .96), nor was the Judges x Order interaction (F = .94).

Because a further definition of the significant three-way interaction and the Position x Order interaction revealed that judges were affected differently for the two orders, the F ratio for the position main effect for analysis of data lost some of its meaning. This is because the means for the first position judging and fifth position judging were found by collapsing the scores across the two orders. Even though the scores were analyzed in this manner a significant main effect difference (F = 10.85) was found in favor of the mean score for gymnastic routines judged in the fifth within-team position (M = 7.96) over the mean score for the same routines judged in the first within-team position (M = 7.87). Only one of the ten judges had a lower mean score for all gymnasts when they appeared as the fifth competitors for their team than when they appeared in the first position.

The main effect for judges was also significant (F = 8.78), indicating a difference existed among the means of the scores awarded to the gymnasts by the ten judges. Since the purpose of this study was not to determine differences among judges in the scoring of gymnastic routines , no post hoc analyses were computed . The main effect for order was nonsignificant (F = .64), This F ratio indicated a nonsignificant difference between the mean of the 20 gymnasts who were judged in a first-fifth order and the mean of the 20 gymnasts who were judged in a fifth-first order ,

Discussion

The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that the position in which female gymnasts appear in their within-team order of competition affects the scores they receive from nationally and regionally certified gymnastics officials. Those 20 gymnasts who were scored in a first-fifth order for the two testing dates were at a significant advantage, scoring .14 higher. when they appeared in the fifth position for their team . Even though those 20 gymnasts who were judged in a fifth-first order were scored only .02 higher in the fifth position , nevertheless the overall position main effect was still significant. This finding is consistent with the results obtained by Scheer and Ansorge (1975a). They found that male gymnasts were scored slightly more than 1/ 10 of a point higher when they appeared in the fourth position for their team than when they appeared in the first position. Therefore, the results of these two stud ies indicate that both men and women gymnastics judges are sign ificant ly influenced by their natural expectations for within-team orders of compet ition .

The .14 advantage experienced by female gymnasts competing in the fifth within-team position instead of the first within-team position is not only statistically significant but also of practical significance. In the 1976 United States Women 's Final Olympic Trials , each competitor completed four sets of routines on each of the four events, for a total of 16 routines . The winning gymnast scored only 1/ 10 of a point higher than the runner-up over all 16 routines, 150.05 to 149.95; the gymnast who finished in the third position was only .05 further behind (Sundby, 1976). In addition, there were some extremely close scores in the 1977 AIAW College National Championships, in which two of the four individual events were won by 1/ 10 of a point or less when scores were totaled for 2 days (Mascaro, 1977). From these scores it becomes apparent that 1/ 10 of a point can make a considerable dilference in gymnaslics competit ion.

The Position x Judges x Order interaction produced a noteworthy finding for this study. Eight of ten judges scored 20 gymnasts higher when they appeared fifth in a first-fifth order for the two testing dates (mean difference = .14) . However, for the 20 gymnasts who appeared in a fifth-first order, four of ten judges scored the gymnasts lower when they were in the first position , while the remaining six scored the gymnasts higher when they appeared in the first position on the second day of testing. It might be suspected that because the judges became familiar with the gymnasts the resulting scores were higher the second day. However, an analysis between the overall means for each day of tesing revealed no sig nificant group differences. Although it is doubtful that the judges remembered specific gymnasts, it may be possible that routines appearing in the fifth position on Ihe first day of testing received some sub tl e form of benefit when they appeared in the first position on the second day of testing. Further study is needed to iden tify the factors which produced this differential effect for judging the two orders.

Since the results of two studies now show that both female and male judges are influenced by their expectations for the within-team pOSition of gymnasts , it would seem that some rather vigorous steps shou ld be taken to reduce this form of bias. Obviously, a gymnast should not be at a disadvantage simply because she competes first for her team or at an advantage because she competes last for her team . One possible recommendation would be to develop films or videotapes simi lar to those used in this investigation to test judges on position bias at certification clinics. In addition to position bias , these videotapes could be planned to test judges over a variety of factors which the cert ifying organizations consider to be important and could be incor­porated into the normal practical testing procedures used for certifying judges. A second suggestion would be to have lectures planned regarding this form of bias for all ce rtification c linics. Finally, gymnastics offic ials should be informed in meetings prior to important regional and national championships of the possible bias created by their expectations for within-team positions o f gymnasts.

References

Fie, J . O lympic qualification competition report Hamburg , West Germany­May 1 and 2, 1976. USGF News, July, 1976, 2-4.

Kirk , R.E. Experimental design procedures for the behavioral sciences. Belmont, California: Brooks Cole, 1968.

Mascaro, M.F. Clarion State wins AIAWagain , International Gymnast, 1977. 19. 41-43.

Rosenthal, R. The pygmalion effect lives. Psychology Today, 1973. 7.56-63. Rosenthal , R., & Jacobsen, L. Teachers' expectancies: Determinants of pupi ls'

IQ gains. Psychological Reports, 1966, 19. 115-118.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

Scheer, J.K., & Ansorge, C.J. Effects of naturally induced judges' expec tations on the ratings of physical performances. Research Quarterly, 1975, 46, 463-471 . (a)

Scheer, J .K., & Ansorge, C.J. Reliability and between judge agreement 01 scoring gymnastic routines by video tape replay. Paper presented at the Research Section Meeting of the Centra l District Alliance for Health , Physical Education and Recreation, Overland Park, Kansas. April 1975. (b)

Seaver, W.B. Effects of naturally induced teacher expectancies . Journal 01 Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 28, 333-342.

Strauss, B. Moscow news & Riga 76- women 's compet it ion . USGF News, April , 1976, 26-27

Sundby , G., (Ed ,), Fina l trials score sheet. International Gymnast, 1976, 18, 37-38,

United States Gymnast ics Federation , The Czechoslovak ian women 's national gymnastics team tour. USGF News, June, 1974, 24-29,

Wilson , V, Object ivity, val idity, and re liab ility of gymnasti c judging. Research Quarterly, 1976, 47, 169-174.

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------~~ .. --------.. ----------~~ ~ INTERNATIONAL JUDGING

MANIFESTO - PHASE I Author Unknown

Do not accept a meet that you don't think you can hand le,

2. Know the " Code," specific rules in your meet and the " indisputable" deduct ions,

3. Know your gymnasts and the competi t ive gymnasts. Any unusual original moves expected?

4. Know your judging panel: strengths, weakness, fatigue factors, etc,

5, How can a meet be unfairly lost? One tenth at a time: watch the tenths.

6, Be fresh and alert at all times.

7. Be on time for meet ings,

8, Dress appropriately.

9, Be fri endly and visib le,

10, Know the meaning of an even panel score,

11. In the Fin als , ,05 has a special meaning ,

12. Be aware of "halo effects, "

13, Be aware of posi tioning effects.

14. Be aware of crowd effects,

15, Be aware of home advantages.

16, Internat ional meets have the best in the World , Accordingly, scores are always high ,

17, Be aware of Head Judge se lections,

18, Assume that something will go wrong , be prepared , If all goes well- great.

19, Watch for unexplain able h ighness or lowness on certa in events,

20, Audi t scores at the end of the meet.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

A Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of the Differences of a Successful and Unsuccessful Bail-out Back Uprise on Rings or -

WHAT CAUSED THE " PEEL-OFF"?

by Arno Lascari, Ph,D.

James Vest, B.P.E.

The University of British Columbia

A rare opportunity presented itself during recent resea rch filming of ring performance at the University of British Columbia. Data was co llected on gymnasts using different ring suspensions. One of the subjects, attempting a handstand bai l-out to a back uprise, unexpected ly " peeled-off " du r ing slow motion fi lming with a synchronous force record .

The joint centers, and centers of gravity of body segments were premarked on the subjects. The subject studied was a 20 year Old , 133 Ib " 66 inch tall all­around gymnast with 5 years competitive experience and 7 years total gymnasti cs experience. The gymnast's leve l of ring skill was indicated by an abi lity to perform dislocate shoot handstands and bailouts to back uprises but not gi ant swings, The testing protoco l was two tri als with soft ring spri ngs, two trials wi th stiffer ring springs, two trials with F,I.G , equivalen t ring springs and finally two tria ls wi th no springs (ce iling joist) , Two subjects were used , The first attempt at the no springs setting resulted in the peel-off by the gymnast in this study, Slow motion (58 fram es per second) 16mm films were synchronized with a st rain gauge tensiometer (measuring cab le tension) recording on a Gou ld transducer am plifier via a strobe light chart marker.

The purpose of th is inves tigation was to discover what physical evidence was assoc iated w ith the "peel-off" and not associated with the successful performance, Trac ings, using a Recordak MPE film reader, were made every tenth frame (Figures 1 & 2), Tracings were made for each frame during the crucia l phase of the two performances. The initi al st rategy was to look at the tracings super imposed on one another and to note any differences, Assuming the differences may have been responsib le for the peel-off, the following data for the duration of the two trials was graphed: 1 elbow angle; 2, shoulder angle; 3. ang le fo rmed by the centers of grav ity of the trunk, total body and lower limbs (to indicate the body 's rotati on) ; 4. trunk and lower limb ang le; and 5. the hori zontal and verti ca l displacements o f the center of grav ity, Most of the data was unrevealing and is not presented in the in terest of brevity and the fact that reproducibility of this study could be hazardous to a gymnast.

Motion of the center of gravity was virtually identical in the two cases, Rotation of the body showed some variance, The elbow was flexed to a greater exten t in the peel-off (163° vs. 172° ) during the phase just before the bottom of the swing was reached, The gymnast felt that the position of the rings were sligh tl y different in the two cases but was not measurable,

Any action of the body producing a larger force or " jerk" shou ld have been ref lected in the force reco rd ings. Figure 3 shows a very slight rate of increase of force (steepness o f the slope) just before the apparent slipping of the grip before the 3g leve l (3 times body weig ht) was reached . This may have been the exp lanation for the peel-off (a quicker onset of force) . The writers, however, dismissed the rate inc rease as too slight or within the range of error to be accepted as the reason for the loss of grip. The highest force of the peel-off was approximate ly 3'/2g'S compared to almost 4 '/,g's during the successful performance (Figure 3), Also , 5-7g 's have been the norm for giant swings (Dusen bury, Dvorak , Lascari , and Valliere), The impulse prof iles (tensi le force throughout the performances) fa iled to show any significant pattern dev iation between the two trials except a jerky type loss of grip and more importantly a reduced peak force of the peel-off (Fi gure 3 0,017 seconds before F), The ev idence apparent ly indicated the subject simply lost his grip. The peel-off in this case was not due to any abnormal increase in the peak force,

One may conclude the loss of grasp was likely due to an insufficient grasp because of a lack of effort. The gymnast felt , in hindsight. he had a "sloppy gri p," It is plaus ible the gymnast was not "warmed up" or ready for the performance, especially for the transition from F,I.G , equiva lent springs to the no-spri ngs suspension. The difference, however, was far greater between the earl ier sets of springs compared to the las t transition ,

It is conjectured that perhaps the re liance on the dowel type ring grip for a portion of the support Ilas resulted in a lowe r sensitivity between the hand and the ring. Furthermore, any leather grip wou ld likely tend to lower sensitivity, It is felt by the primary writer that peel-offs have been more common since the advent of dowel type ring gr ips compared to bare-hand performances (no data to support this) ,

The writers' estimate of why this parti cular peel-off occurred, after examination of the ev idence, discussion with the gymnast and reflection over a period of time, is that the testing si tuati on (body marked, repeated t rials, a differen t type of exci tement) len t itself to a loss o f concentration wh ich in turn led to a "loose" grip. The gymnast stated he had no warning of the peel-off which is indicati ve of either inexperience-insensi ti vity and /or due to the nature of the dowel type ring grip itself.

Summary - A Case Study of a Peel-Off

Fact

Evidence or lack of it points to this conclusion

Likely

Poss ible

Possible

Possible

Poss ible but unl ikely

Probable

Slig ht evidence

Some evidence

Some evidence

Gym nast 's obser­vation but likely not significant

References:

1. The peel-off was not due to a higher load on the grip.

2. No substantial physical evidence was found for the peel-off, therefore , it was likely caused by an insufficient grasp due to one or more of the following :

a. Not concentrating

b. Not "warmed up" or "got co ld"

c. Not accustomed to the tautness of the rings

d . Inexperience

e. Improper grip placement

f. Overdependence on the ring grip

3. The peel-off may have been due to a quicker onset of tensile force due to one or more of the following :

a. Greater elbow flexion-extension during the " hitting the bottom" of the swin g prior to peel­off .

b . Greater rotation of the body during the descent of the peel-off trial.

c. Different ring position between the trials.

Dusenbury, James. A Kinetic Comparison of Forward and Reverse Swings on the St ill Rings as Performed by Gymnasts with Vary ing Body Types. Unpublished Master's Thesis , the University of Massachusetts, 1968.

Dvorak , Robert H . A Kinematic Comparison Between the Bent and Straight Arm Giant Swings on the Still Rings Using Cinematographica l Analysis , Ph .D. Dissertation, the University of New Mexico, 1973.

Lascari , Arno. Unpublished data based on the same instrumentation described in thi s article, 1980.

Valliere, Andre. Kinetic and Kinematic Ana lysis of the Backward Giant Swing on the Still Rings in Gymnastics, Univers ity o f Oregon Microfiche, 1976.

8

FIGURE 1: Unsuccessful Bailout (Peel-off)

Note: Gymnast was not injured!

70

FIGURE 2: Successfu l Bailout Back Uprise

" Success ful :: ----,' \., / Peel-off --

X ~---.:::==::=:.....~-~--=::::=:::;:~ FRAl- IES ( No PEEL-OFF)

30 .. 0 50 60 70

~----------z----- FRAMES ( PEE L- OFF) ,j

~-~- --, . --- --1---- -- SECON DS O~ 2

172 SEC T r ~lr:

10 "

P[E L- OFF

FIGURE 3: Cable Tension of a Successful Bailout Back Uprise and

an Unsuccessful Bailout Attempt (Peel-Off)

Tim Daggett at the McDonatdsl USGF Gymnastics Championship of the USA, Syracuse, NY, June 1982

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

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U.S.G.F. SANCTIONING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

SECTION A. INTRODUCTIONS

A-1 Authorization: The United States Gymnasti cs Federation (U.S.G.F.) is the so le governing body for the United States of America for the sports of artistic gymnastics for men and women and for rhythmic gymnastics. The U.S.G.F. receives its authorization from the United States Olympic Committee (U .S.O.C.). where it is a group A member; from the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) ; and from the International Olympic Committee (I.O .C.).

A-2 Events: Sanctions and authorizations for the conduct of competitive and/or exh ibition events in the sports of rhythmic and art istic gymnastics will , wi thin the gu idelines and constraint conta ined herein , be considered by the U.S.G.F. Events between gymnastics teams from the USA and other nations, along with certain other designated domestic events which fall under the aeg is of the U.S.G.F. wi ll be cons idered for sanct ion by the U.S.G.F. Sanctioning Committee.

SECTION B. SANCTIONING POLICIES - DOMESTIC EVENTS

B-1 . A domest ic event which requ ires a sanction by the U.S.G.F. Sanctioni ng Commi ttee is an event which meets all the following requirements :

a. Takes place in the United States b. Invo lves athletes from the U.S.G.F. Elite Men's and Women's National

Teams (both Jr. & Sr.) c. Is not a closed competition . Closed events are limited by membership

restriction to a specific organ ization (example: YMCA National Cham­pionships, NCAA National Championships). A closed event must be administered under the administrati ve supervis ion of that sponsoring organization to be considered a closed event. (Note: Any even t involving ath letes from two (2) or more di fferent domesti c organizat ions which . sponsor gymnast ics is an open competiti on and must receive a U.S.G .F. sanc tion from thE U.S.G. F. If the compet ition is to be utilized as a Junior Olympic Age Group Program qualification meet, such meet wou ld require a U.S.G.F. sanction even if considered a closed event.

NOTE: Meets designated as "zone" meets must be so desigr)ated by action of the Women 's Committee on a meet-by-meet bas is.

8-2. All domestic competitions require a sanction by the U.S.G.F. Sanction Committee if they involve U.S.G.F. National Team Members, unless they are closed competiti ons as defined in B-1-c.

SECTION C. SANCTIONING POLICY - INTERNATIONAL EVENTS

On ly the U.S.G.F., by vir tue of IOC and the FIG mandates, may invite or autho rize foreign gymnast event participation in the US.

C-1 . An International Event is any event wh ich involves any USA gymnast(s) and meets either of the following requirements :

a. Takes place outside the United Sta tes b. Involves anyone who is not a United States cit izen

NOTE: This does not apply to foreign ath letes resid ing in the US and participat ing in closed event competitions.

C-2. No organ ization holding membersh ip in the U.S.G.F. or form without the U.S.G.F. may organize, arrange for, or conduct an international gymnastics event involving gymnasts from the U.S.G. F. or any other organizat ion conduc ting gymnastics competit ions or tours in the United States, unless a sanction has been applied for and approved in writing from the U.S.G.F. Sanction Committee.

C-3. Normal courtesy between member nations of the FIG requires ind ividual clubs or schools seeking to arrange international exchanges must apply for a U.S.G.F. sanction pursuant to U.S.G.F. Sanctioning Procedures as states in sec tion E-2 herein. This applies even if competitions are school-to-school , club-to-club, etc. (Article 9b, FIG Statutes).

SECTION D. TOURS AND EXHIBITIONS

0 -1 Tours and exhibitions are defined as events which are conducted as a show of gymnast ics skill on ly , in any or all events recognized as IOC or FIG

USGF TECHN ICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

competitive even ts . Further, tour events will not contain any element of competition through scoring or otherwise comparing of performances for purposes of ranking them . Tours and exh ibitions are events as defined above involving USA ath letes and/or occurring in the U.S.A. (Note: Any manifesta­tion which includes both the elements of a tour and of a competition shal l be considered a competition.)

0-2. U.S.G.F. Sanctioning Policies as stated in Sections Band C herein also apply to tours and exhib itions.

SECTION E. SANCTIONING PROCEDURES FOR ALL EVENTS (COM ­PETITIONS, TOURS, AND EXHIBITIONS).

E-1 . The U.S.G.F., as the governing body for gymnast ics in the United States, must consider the issuance of sanctions for those events as defined in this U.S.G .F. Sanctioning Policies and Procedures.

E-2 . U.S.G.F. Regional Chairpersons are empowered only to approve sanct ions for U.S.G.F. sponsored meets at local, sectional, state and regional levels as well as designated zone competitions, but within the constraints listed in these Sanctioning Policies and Procedures. (See Women 's Committee Policies and Procedures, Chapter 8, Sect ion A; and Men's Program Guidelines and Coaching Manual, Section 3, II , C, "Competition Sites," p. 52.

E-3. These sancti oning policies and procedures apply not only to even ts not bei ng formally conducted by and for the U.S.G.F. itself, but also to organ izations who are const ituen t members of the U.S.G.F. or those organizations who otherwise conduct gymnast ics programs and/or events other than closed events as defined in B-1-c.

E-4. SANCTIONING PROCEDURES. The following steps must be followed in order to obtain a sanct ion for events which require them:

Step 1. A Sanct ion Application Form must be requested in writing at least ninety (90) days in advance of the event. Forms may be obtained from:

Executive Director U.S.G.F. P.O. Box 7686 Fort Worth, Texas 761 11

Step 2. Completed application forms must be received by the following two people at least 75 days prior to the proposed event:

1) Executive Director U.S.G.F. P.O. Box 7686 Fort Worth , Texas 76111

2) Chairperson - U.S .G.F. Sanction Committee (Note: Chairperson of the U. S.G.F. Sanction ing Committee is cu rren tl y:

Dr. Mimi Murray Springfi eld College Spring field , MA 01109

Step 3. The Sanctioning Committee wi ll meet to consider the Sanction Application Form based upon the criteria con tained in the U.S.G.F. Sanct ioning Policies and Procedures. Consideration of U.S.G.F. program integ rity , and any financia l considerations which may be adverse to the U.S.G.F. wi ll also be factors affect ing sanctioning approval or den ial.

Step 4. The Chairperson of the Sanction ing Committee will instruct the Executive Director to notify the applican t in writing of the decision of the Sanction Comm ittee sixty (60) days pr ior to the event.

Section F. Fees. If a sanct ion is awarded , the sanction fee will be set by the U.S.G.F. Sanct ion Committee. The U.S.G. F. retains the right to retain television sa les of the event unless otherwise negotiated.

SECTION G. HEARING PROCEDURE AND PENALTIES

G-1 . Hearing. If a violat ion of this policy occurs, the U.S.G.F. Executive Commi ttee will schedule a hearing to review the case. The Chief Executive Officer (C.E.O.) of the al leged offend ing organ ization and the alleged offending individual wi ll be notified in wri ting of the time and place for the hearing at least fifteen (15) days prior to the scheduled hearing. If they elect to, the C.E.O. of the alleged offend ing organ ization along with the ind ividual alleged to have made the vio lation may attend the hearing at their own expense to present their views.

9

G-2. Penalties. If a violation is deemed to have taken place, the U.S.G.F. Executive Committee sha ll levy a penalty deemed to be cons istent with the degree of damage done the United States Gymnast ics Federati on.

Penalties may be lev ied in the fo llowing categories:

a. If the offense is deemed to be national in scope and deemed to have been perpetrated by an o rganization (e.g . a national or international level competiti on or tour), the offend ing national organization may be suspended for a period o f time up to one (1) year from the U.S.G.F. Board of Directors.

b. If the offense is deemed to be on ly loca l or reg ional in scope and deemed to have been perpetrated by an organization, then the offending school or c lub, may be suspended from all U.S.G.F. competiti ons for a period of time up to one (1) year, including the U.S.A. Championsh ips.

c. If the offense is either international , national, or local in scope, and is deemed to have been perpetrated by an individual athlete, that athlete may be suspended from participation in all internati ona l team membership or rotation for a peri od of up to one year. Additiona lly, the suspended athlete wi ll be suspended from receiving any other financial aid by the U.S.G.F. for the same period of time.

Adopted by the USGF EXECUTI VE COMM ITTEE - June 17, 1982.

United States Gymnastics Federation Sanction

Application Form

This form must be completed and submitted to both the U.S.G.F. Chairperson of the Sanction Committee and the Executive Director, at least ninety (90) days prior to the sched uled date of the competit ion or exhibition.

1. NAME OF EVENT: ____________________________________ _

2. SI TE OF EVENT: ____________________________________ _

3. NAME OF FACI LlTY: _ ________________________________ _

4. NAME OF ORGANIZATION SPONSORING EVENT: _ __________ _

5. NAM E AND TITLES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS GOVERNING COM PETITION (i.e. meet director, USGF representati ve , and meet referee, etc.)

1.

2.

3.

6. Year Event was founded ____ _

7. If the event has been conducted previous ly, please provide a history of financial informat ion for the past three years:

Distri-buti on

to Gross Even t Net Partic- Final

Year Income Expense Income ipants Net

$ -- $-- $-- $ $ --

8. Sponsor: List sponsors for the competiti on along w ith what they are provid ing:

2.

3.

4.

5.

10

9. I hereby attest that the fol lowi ng conditions wi ll exist at the event:

a. Insurance coverage for all spectators, USGF off icials administrators, and participants in the minimum amounts of one million dollars comprehensive general liab ility, fifty thousand dollars hospital and med ica l expense, and ten thousand dollars accidenta l death and dismemberment.

b. All equipment meets FIG standards or is FIG approved .

c. All telev ision rights are assigned to the USGF. (Un less otherwise previous ly agreed upon in writing.)

d. (If a competiti on) Officials are properly and currently certified and duly assig ned pursuant to U.S.G.F. Ru les and Polic ies for competit ions.

e. A properly certified athletic trainer or phYSician be present for all training and performances surrounding the event.

f. An adequate training or emergency first aid facility and supplies be avai lab le during all training and performances su rrounding the event.

Signatu re: ___ ___________ Title:

Note: Mail two copies of this Sanc tion Application Form . One copy to Executi ve Director, USGF - P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth , Texas 761 11 and one copy to Ms. Mimi Murray, Chairperson - USGF Sanction Committee, Spr ingfi eld College, Springfield , MA01109. Completed application forms must be rece ived by both parti es no later than ninety (90 days) pr ior to the event.

USGF Sanctioning Policies and Procedures

INTERPRETATIONS

rhe following are answers to quest ions that may arise:

O. If my high school team meets another high school, do I need to apply for USGF Sanction?

A. Nol This is considered a c losed meet. The same appli es to club to club. YMCA to YMCA, Univers ity to Universi ty, etc . (B-1 -c)

O. If my co llege team travels to a foreign country for a competi ti on , do I need a U.S.G.F. sanction?

A. Yes! This is mandated by the FIG Statutes and appl ies any time fore ign athletes are involved in competition w ith USGF National team members. (C-3)

O. Does thi s mean that if we invite a fore ign athlete or ath letes to the USA to join us in a competition , that we must have a USGF sanct ion?

A. Yes. (C-3)

O. What if I run a Class II USGF meet forgirl s? Do I need a USG F Sanction for that?

A. Yes, but si nce that is an internal event of the USGF, that sanc ti on can be g iven by the regional chairperson of the Women 's Committee. (B-1-d)

O. Maya Women 's Committee award a sanction for an event not deSignated as a "c losed" event?

A. No. They only issue sanctions pursuant with Women 's Rules and Pol icies. rhey may only issue sanctions fo r events which involve athletes who are not national team members, or sanc tions for competitions that do not involve athletes from more than one consti tuent USGF organizat ion or a foreign count ry. In these cases the sanc tion must be app lied for with the USGF sancti on commi ttee. (B-1-C and B-2)

O. Then there must be more than one kind of USGF sanction?

A. Yes, there are three:

1. Women 's Committee Sanction . Issued for Women 's Committee class level meets, at the local , state, and regional level along with designated national meets (e.g. Championships, and the Jrl Sr , bu t " 0t Elite. Women's Championships) . See Women 's Rules and Policies, Ch 8, Sanctions.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

2. Men's Junior Olympic Board . Issued only for regional junior competitions. See Men's Program Guidelines and Coaching Manual, Section 3, II C " Competition Site." p. 52.

3. USGF Sanctioning Committee. Any meet that involves national team members. either domestic or international more than one organization or foreign ath letes they must apply with this commi ttee. See USGF Sanctioning Policies and Procedures.

O. If I host a competition that involves a national team member or members. must I have a sanc ti on?

A. Yes. w ith only one exception - a meet that is defined as a "c losed" competition . (B-1-c and B-2)

O. What if I inadvertently violate the USGF sanctioning policy?

A. Your organ ization or c lub (depending upon the nature of the infraction) cou ld be subject to suspension from the USGF Board (organization) or from USGF competiti ons (c lub or school) for up to two years . (G-2)

O. Can I appeal the charges that I have committed a vio lation?

A. Yes. you have the right to a hearing before the USGF Executive Committee. (G-1)

O. Can a "c losed" meet be an international meet?

A. No. The term "c losed" refers on ly to a domestic meet wi thin a given USGF const ituent organ ization. (B-1-c)

EQUIPMENT POSITION STATEMENT

r o provide the best possible protection for the USGF, the USGF should award sancti ons for meets where on ly the equipment from F.I.G. approved compan ies is used. However, equipment compan ies that are not F.I. G. approved can be used if they show written proof of F.I.G . specifications being met as ver ified by a statement from a registered certified engineer; also

rl1at proof of insurance be furnished by the company and a promise made by sa id company to indemnify the USGF against all c laims and damages IIlcluding liab ility and punitive damages. This insurance must assume the liab ility of the USGF and carry at least $10.000.000 coverage.

rhese companies wou ld then be placed on an "approved USGF equipment list " and this list would be sent to all USGF members who will need and request USGr sanctions.

Furthermore, the USGF stresses that there is no intention of discriminating against any company . nor do we wish to discourage new. innovative products. as we are only interested in the overall safety and development in gymnastics at all leve ls in the United States.

Adopted by the USGF Executive Committee - January 1982.

ELIGIBILITY STATUS

I. AMATEURISM

A. An amateur gymnast is one who engages in gymnastics for educational , physical , mental , recreational , and social benefits der ived therefrom and to whom participation in the sport of gymnastics is an avocation.

B. Gymnasts, en tered for competition by the USGF, must be amateurs according to the Rules of the USGF, FIG (Art. 38), USOC and IOC (Rule 26 and its by-laws).

C. In accordance with the regulations set forth by the National and International Federations the USGF will assume responsibility for the protection and support of its athletes.

II. COMPENSATION

A. Broken Time Payments

Compensation authorized by the USGF. in case of necessi ty to cover

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

financial loss resulting from the gymnast's absence from work or basic occupation , on account of preparation for . or participation in , the Olympic Games, Worl d Championsh ips , or other authorized international gymnastics events , may be paid. In no circumstances sha ll payment under this provision exceed the sum which the competitor wou ld have earned in the same period .

The gymnast may receive compensat ion under this rule , for up to sixty (60) days in the year prior to the event for which such training , including the event itself , is being conducted; and no more than thirty (30) days of that time period may be consecutive.

B. Per Diem/ Pocket Monies

Gymnasts from the United States, and those from visiting nations may receive pocket monies allowance of $8.00 per day, for the length of thei r tour on offi c ially sponsored trips by the USG F. These monies are specifically allocated for incidental expenses in connection wi th such events.

Per diem, sha ll be determined by the USGF in conjunction with the hosts or co-sponsors for specific events, and shall cons ist of room and board, travel arrangements (within the area) and other formal gatherings in con nection with the event and sha ll consist of appropriate meals and housing as may be necessary for the conduct of the event with the approval of the USGF.

III. SCHOLARSHIPS/DEVELOPMENT FUNDS

A. A gymnast may accept academic and technical scholarships for their preparation and participation in gymnastics competitions approved or sancti oned by the USGF.

B. A gymnast may accep t academic and technical scho larsh ips for gymnast ics preparation and participation granted on the basis of and fulfillment of scholast ic ob ligat ions but no t on ath let ic prowess.

C. A gymnast may accept monetary assistance during approved periods of training, including participation in competitions approved or sanctioned by the USGF. Such assistance sha ll be limited to Olympic Games, World Championships. Regional Games. National Cham­pionships and major internat ional competitions. Such assistance may include payment for food , housing , transportation , coaching, medical care and insurance, sports equ ipment, and a sum per day for the number of days related to an event as an indem nity against petty expenses. Such assistance is to be pa id by or through the USGF.

IV. AWARDS, GIFTS, UNIFORMS

V.

A. Awards , presented on the basis of places obtained during competi­tion, should have no intrinsic va lue, and be symbolic of the sport. the event or some combination thereof, and appropriate for the event bei ng conducted. Money or merchandise may not be awarded for competitive exce llence or for specific ach ievement or placing in any competitive event approved and sanctioned by the USGF.

B. Gymnasts may recei ve uniforms and other travel appare l from the USGF for National Team travel to foreign nations for international competitions. Such other items as may be donated to entrants in USGF events by sponsors , are allowable insofar as they are presented to all entrants and carry personalized markings to specify the event. They are to be presented by the USGF and are the property of the USGF (for a spec ified period of time) . A gymnast may not convert into cash any award , gift or uniform won or accepted in gymnastics competition .

ADVERTISING

A. In accordance with regulations set forth by the National and International Governing Bodies, a gymnast may not allow his person, name, picture or sports performance to be used for advertising, except when his or her National or International Federation enters into a contract for sponsorship or equipment. All payments must be made to the National or International Federation concerned , and not to the ath lete.

B. Appropriate logos, including trademarks of manufacturers who have donated or otherwise supplied equipment for events, teams or individuals on USGF Teams, are allowed so long as such companies have in effect a working contract between said company and the National Office of the USGF. Such trademarks shall be properly placed and in keeping with the companies normal policies of use o f such trademarks, as well as meet the approval of the USGF. Logos,

11

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USGF

MATERIALS CLEARANCE SALE

CLEARANCE ITEMS Please specify quantity .

) BB II USGF BELT BUCKLE

) H6 USGF HAT ) WC5 USGF

WOMAN'S CAP ) RK13 USGF

REG ISTERED KEYCHAIN

) TS10 USGF TUBE SOCKS

COST

$3.50 $3.50

$3.50

$2.25

$3.00

QUANTITY

Total Postage Amount

Tota l Item $ Amount

Tota l Amount Enclosed

TOTAL

Name or Initials ___________________ _

Name ______________________ ___

Address City __________ ____________ _

State ______________ Zip ________ _

Please send check or money order to USGF P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth, Texas 76111

Prices subject to change without prior notice Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery Prices effective Oct. 31, '82

No C.O.D. or bill me orders accepted

trademarks , and names on equipment is allowed , if in ag reement with the USGF's contract for providing the equipment for the event speci fi ed.

C. Advertisement of alcoholic beverages, tobacco products. or patent medicine shall not be allowed by the USGF.

D. A gymnast shall not be allowed to carry advertis ing material on his person or clothing in the Olympic Games, World Championships, Reg ional Games, National or International events, and National events under patronage of the International or National Federation , other than trademark on technical equipment or clothing as approved by the International or National Federation .

E. A gymnast may permit his name, photograph , or personal appearance to be used for news reports or to pub licize a competition or exhibition approved or sanctioned by the USGF providing such use is not also directly associated with commercial advertising .

VI. TELEVISION AND MOVIE APPEARANCES

A. A gymnast may appear on television talk shows, television commer­cia ls, movies or other shows not involving strictly performance of routines , or such performance as might be based solely on gymnastics ski lls and their performance; provided the fees in connection with such appearance are paid d irect lytothe USGF,or in such other cases as may be approved by the USG F for payment to an institution or club that the sponsors provide adequate accounting records to insure that the payments have in fact , been directed to the institut ion or club so named to receive the fees and not directed to the institution or club so named to receive the fees and not directly accrue to the gymnast involved.

B. A gymnast shall not be allowed to carry advertising material on his person or clothing in the Olympic Games, World Championships. Regional Games, National or International events, and National events under patronage of the International or National Federation, other than trademark on technical equipment or clothing as approved by the International or Nat ional Federat ion.

VII. PARTICIPATION

A. In order to be eligible for participation and competition in gym­nastics, an athlete cannot have been registered as a professional coach in any sport, or signed a contract as a professional athlete or professional coach in any sport prior to the official closing of an international or national competition.

B. An amateur gymnast cannot compete, train , coach or give exhibitions for payment received, directly or indirectly, in money or in kind orior material advantage or benefit.

C. An amateur cannot bet or wager on any gymnastics competition .

D. An amateur gymnast shall not capitalize on his athletic fame through the promotion and selling of goods and services, or engaging in pay or financial benefit in an occupation or business transaction wherein the usefulness or value arises chief ly from the publicity given to the reputation of fame secured from the participation in gymnastics. rather than the ability to perform the usual and natural acts and duties incidental to such occupation or transaction.

E. An amateur gymnast may not participate in a competitive event or exhibition , advertising or television appearances without the approval or sanction of said participation by the USGF.

F. An amateur gymnast shall be excluded from participation in gymnastics if in the practice of sport and the opinion of the USG F, manifestly contravened the spirit of fair play in the exercise of sport , particularl y through doping or violence.

VIII. ELIGIBILITY COMMITTEE A. There shall be a Committee on Eligibility appointed by the USG F

Executive Direc tor and approved by the Board of Direc tors .

B. The Committee on Eligibility shall be charged with the responsibi lity of overseeing compliance with the International and National Rules of Eligibility as defined by the IOC, USOC, FIG and USGF.

C. The Committee on Eligibi lity shal l recommend to the Board of Directors such ac tion as it deems desirable to reconcile or adjudicate

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

any differences or conflicts that may exist between the eligibility rules.

D. The Committee on Eligibility shall be charged with the responsibility of receiv ing the provisions of the amateur eligib ility statutes which guarantee the right of amateur athletes to participate in protected competi tions and which prevent the imposition of sanctions as a result of such participation. It shall recommend to the Executive Board such action as it deems desirable to reconcile any differences or conflicts that may exist pursuant to inconsistent Eligibi lity Ru les and interpretations of USGF constituent member's organizations.

IX. ENFORCEMENT A. Violation of Eligibility Statutes of the laC, USOC, FIG, or USGF shall

result in disciplinary action of the amateur status of the gymnast.

B. The gymnast shall be apprised of the accusations and violations of the Eligibility Statutes by the USGF Executive Director.

C. The amateur status of the gymnast shall be received by the Eligibility Committee. The gymnast shall have the right of hearing and the right of appeal to the Elgibility Committee. The gymnast shall be advised in writing prior to his or her appearance before the committee of the general procedures to be followed during the hearing .

D. Appropriate disciplinary or corrective action , as determined by the Eligibility Committee and approved by the USGF Execut ive Com­mittee may include: Reprimand , restriction of participation , probation, suspension or expulsion of the amateur status of the gymnast, after the hearing .

Present: Les Sasvary (Chairman) Fred Roethlisberger (Sec retary) Bill Roetzheim Jay Whelan Ed Burch Don Gutzler Mas Watanabe Abie Grossfeld

MEN 'S PROGRAM COMM ITTEE MINUTES Conference Call , January 8. 1982

1. Discussion took place regarding the necessity of schedu ling a Men's Program Committee meeting. A meeting was scheduled to take place in conjunction with the American Cup. March 6 in New York, New York.

2. Athlete Assignments: Japan vs USA in Japan, January 25 - February 2 1. Wallace Miller 2. Peter Vidmar 3. Scott Johnson 4. Tim Daggett 5. Phi l Cahoy 6. Mario McCutcheon 7. Roy Pallassou National Coach and Assistant Coach

American Cup, March 6 & 7 and Mixed Pairs: Hartung. Vidmar, Conner and personal coaches. Hungary vs USA, March 13, Atlantic City, New Jersey: Scott Johnson, Mario McCutcheon , Mitch Gaylord, Wally Miller, Roy Pallassou, Tom Beach, Chris Riegal, National Coach and Assistant Coach . USA vs China, March 26 & 27, UCLA: Jim Hartung, Peter Vidmar, Scott Johnson, Phil Cahoy , Tim Daggett, Mario McCutcheon, Mitch Gaylord , National Coach and Assistant Coach . USA vs Soviet Union, April 17 & 18, Gainesville, Florida: Bart Conner, Jim Hartung, Peter Vidmar, Scott Johnson, Phil Cahoy, Tim Daggett Mario McCutcheon, National Coach and Assistant Coach . Daily Mirror Champions All , April 3, London , England: Dennis Hayden, Yoichi Tomita -coach . Moscow Riga end of March - start of April : one of non-collegiate seniors based on rank, traveling with personal coach of highest ranked gymnast. Tentatively Mario McCutcheon. Hungarian Invitational, April 7-11 : Two Seniors based on rank who have not participated internationally to this date. Tentatively Brian Babcock and Matt Biespiel with coach of highest ranked gymnast. DDR Invitational , April 16-17: Highest ranked gymnast who has not participated internationally to this date. Tentatively Mark Casa along with pe rsonal coach . 3. There will be a full team meet wi th China in Ch ina in June or July. 4. Playboy would like to sponsor the Men 's Post Graduate Championships on May 14 & 15. 5. Discussion took place regarding the desirability of selecting a National Coach through

1984. It was decided that the present system of selecting a National coach for a year should be retained .

6. Les Sasvary moved that Abie Grossfeld be the 1982 USA National Team Coach . Seconded by Bill Roetzheim . Passed unanimously.

Abi e Grossfeld named as Assistant Coach, Makoto Sakamoto and the committee approved the appOintment. Meeting was adjourned . Submitted by Fred Roethlisberger, Secretary

FRED ROETHLISBERGER Minutes approved and corrected 1-27-82.

U5GF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

USGF BOOKSTORE Midway through the summer isn't it about time one considered buying those much needed reference sources for next fall 's coaching and training needs?

-------------------------USGF Bookstore Order Form

Quantity Total

CPW2 Code of Points-Women CRW4 1982-1984 USGF National

$20,00_-

National Compulsories for Women (2nd Edition) $5.00 -- --EPW5 USGF Rules & Policies and El ite

. Program Book for Women $6,00 -- - -GCM6 USGF Men's Program Guidelines and Coach ing Manual $15,00 -- - -

Book Rate Postage: 1-2 Books $1,25/3-5 Book. $2,50/ 0ver 6 Books $3.00 Postage Airmail: 1-2 Books $3,00/3-5 Books $4.00 /0ver 6 Books add $1.00 per book to $3.00 rate.

Total Postage Amount

Total Item $ Amount

Total Amount Enclosed

Name or tnitlals _____________________ _

Name ________________________ _

Address _______________________ _

City ___________ 5tate ______ Zip

, Please send check or money order to U5GF

P,O. Box 7686, Fori Worth , Texas 76111

Prices sublect to change without prior notice Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery

No C,O.D. or bill me orders accepted Prices effective until Jan. 1, '83

13

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SEPT 23·26

'Be

CONGRESS AMERICANA HOTEL

FORT WORTH,' TEXAS ""'--.)

Please Return Registration to: USGF Congress '82 Box 7686 Fort Worth, TX 76111

For Further Information call:

817-485 -7630

Congress Registration Form* Cost (inc luding Banquet) S40/ person ** Cost (exc luding Banquet) S30/ person* *

o Current Member of U.S.G.F

NAME:

ADDRESS: __________________________________________ __

CITY: ___________________ STATE: ___________ ZIP:

PHONE: ________________ ___

Please check appropriate boxes:

Area of Interests: 0 Administration 0 Business 0 Coach ing DJudging DSport Sc iences 0 Other (

Are You: 0 Coach 0 Instructor 0 Judge 0 Medical Personnel, Trainer, etc. o Teacher 0 Other ( )

Is Your Program: 0 Pre-school 0 Elementary School o Private Club 0 Other (

• Please enclose check or money order with registration form .

o High School )

•• Late Reg istra ti on Fee $5.00 + Congress Fee. if received after Sept. 5th

o Univers ity

USGF

BACK ISSUES Our entire 1981 catalog of back issues (6 issues) is available in this special package price of $6.00 (while supply lasts). We 'll also include the Mar / April 1982 issue of USGF GYMNASTICS covering the 82 WORLD CHAM­PIONSHIPS and as an added incentive we'll throw in Vol. 3, No.2 of WORLD GYMNASTICS -FIG's official publication. Eight issues in all for only $6.00.

FOR $6.00 MORE

We'll send you 10 assorted back issues of USGF GYMNAS~/CS ('78- '80) to complete your gymnastics library with the nation's most comprehensive publication in the sport.

PROGRAMS Past programs ranging from the first USSR tour in 1975 to the more recent INTERNA TlONAL INVITATIONAL. Eight programs in all for the package price of $6.00.

\\'UllC \\

( 11.\.\JJ~,U~~IJII'''' 101, f .. : U

'.

~'''~'r:

BACK ISSUES FORM

56.00 0 1981 Back Issues!6 Issues Plus 2 $6.00 0 10 Assorted Back Issue Package $6.00 0 Program Package

Total Postage Amount

Total Item S Amount

Total Amount Enclosed

Name or Initials ________________ ___ _ _

Name

Address

City

State _____________ Zip _______ _

Please send check or money order to USGF P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth, Texas 76111

Prices subject to change without prior notice Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery

No C.O.D. or bill me orders accepted Prices effective until Jan. 1, '83

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL

Purpose of the Publication: The USGF Technical Journal IS an educational publication which originates at the Untted

States Gymnastics Federation (USGFI It is an official publication . The USGF Technical

Journal IS designed as an Instrument of transfernng the most current educational Information

In all aspects of education and coaching which would be applicable to the multi-faceted sport

of gymnasllcs . Athletic Training , Growth and Motor Oevelopme~t, Behavional and Sports

Psychology. Muscle Physiology, Nutrition, Biomechanics, Sports Medicine. etr . - as well as pertinent technical information - Committee Meeting minutes and reports , survey evaluation,

changes In rules and policies of competition, etc., to aid our professional members In the quest

to keep up with changes effecting our constantly growing sport. Presently, the USGF

Technical Journal is a benefit for the Professional Membership; its circulation is limited to the

coaches, Judges, medical personnel. and educators / decision-makers involved in the sport .

Preparation of Articles for Submission :

Please follow a uniform format of preparing articles for submission in order to provide the most

efficient channel through the evaluation and review process. The following should be included

in submissions:

1. An original type copy, double spaced on 8V2 x 11 inch paper .

2. An abstract, on a separate psge, a short summary of procedure and explanallon of

study or article conten t (not more than 150 words).

3. A shor t biographical paragraph on a separate page of the author or authors

accompanied by a small photo (2 V2 x 3Yi ·) of the author. 4 . References on a separate sheet double spaced in consecu t ive order , using Index

Medicine style (authors name - last name first. name of book, city, publisher, year, page numbers) journal r~ferences , should follow same format (author, name of article,

Journa l name, vo lume, pages, year).

5. Duplicates of pictures and diagrams or figures (black and white preferred) With sharp detail . Also include explanations (captions) of pictures and diagrams on a separate

sheet. Photograph release - a letter of re lease from any identifiable subject in photos that are

included in the article unless the face or eyes are obscurred. Letter should be signed by

subject, parent or guardian. 6. Title page conSisting of an informative title, autl,or's .name and complete institutional

or professional address.

Guest edi torials shou ld be submitted following the same format for submission as

listed, with the possible exclusion of numbers 2 and 4 of the above.

Submission of Articles for Publication:

Written articles will ·be accepted for review and possible publication in the following procedure. First the articles are sent to:

Managing Editor, Department of Publications USGF P.O. Box 7686 Fort Worth. TX 76111

Upon receipt of the article, to the USGF office, the research coordinator will review and

forward copies to the appropriate USGF Sports Advisory Committee members for review. On

receiving their review, copies of the article will go ~o the Managing Editor and Executive Director for final approval for publication .

If it is necessary for the article to be edited or revised in order to improve the effectiveness of

communication to a wide variety-level of readers, the author will receive the edited article

prior to publishing for their approval.

All correspondence will be addressed to the Author submitting the article, unless otherwise requested ..

• If the article or parts of have been submitted and/ or published by another publ ication, a comple te name and address of the Editor and Publication should accompany the article upon

submission to the USGF in order to follow proper procedures of publishing and to receive

approval to reproduce the article in the USGF publication .

Request for Reprints of Articles

These requests should be made directly to the author .

USGF GYMNASTICS MAGAZINE

The USGF GYMNASTICS magazine services 1he entire gymnastics community 1hrough USGF Professional. Gold Card or Athlete membership, or 1hrough magazine subscrip1ions - USGF GYMNASTICS, P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth . Texas 76111 . USGF GYMNASTICS is designed to provide the ath lete and all enthusiasts of 1he spon of gymnas1ics with the most current picture of national and in1ernat ional events, results and trends which effect them directly. Con1ribu1i ng articles and gues1 opinions are encouraged to help progressively define and guide 1he spon of gymnastics.

15

\)~ited States

The winning team with the perfect score on benefits.

Join the winning team . Over 125,000 gymnasts and over 700 clubs are members. We offer even more in 1981 -82 than before.

Everyone scores perfect with these benefits:

USGF Club Membership. By enrolling 100% of the club staff and students as USGF General Members, your club would automatically receive a million dollars of Comprehensive General Liability. The intent of this program is to insure that the club and parent or guardian will not be burdened by medical costs not covered by other programs, and that the club and its personnel are adequately covered for their liability exposure. Individual Gen­eral Members receive $50,000 excess medical cov­erage. Some of the club benefits include: 1. O,L,&T (Owners, Landlords and Tenants Liability). 2. Hired and Nonowned Auto Liability. 3. Incidental Medical Malpractice. 4. Trampoline Coverage. 5. Personal Injury Liability. 6. I ndependent Contractors Liabi I ity . 7. Prem ises Medical Payments. 8. Extended Bodily Injury Liability.

USGF Professional Membership. This member­ship is designed for the serious gymnastics coach, teacher, judge or program director. It offers profes­sional growth benefits as well as informat ion on the USGF System of Competition . Some of the benefits include: 1. USGF Technical Journal (bi -monthly). 2. USGF GYMNASTICS Magazine (bi-monthly). 3. $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage. 4. Twenty-four Hour Accidental Death Benefits . 5. Free Admission to Nationally Sponsored USGF

United States Gymnastics Federation P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth, Texas 76111

Sports Medicine and National Program Clinics. 6. College Credit Extension Courses from the Uni­

versity of Utah. 7. Voting Privileges in the USGF Women 's Com­

mittee (must be 18 years old to vote).

USGF Gold Card Membership. Some of the benefits of this membership include: USGF GYM ­NASTICS Magazine (bi -monthly) and Voting Privi­leges in the USGF Women 's Committee (must be 18 years old to vote).

USGF Athlete Membership. Athletes will not want to be without these benefits : 1. $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage for USGF Sanc­

tioned Competitions and Events (This does not cover the gymnasts during his/her daily training or travel to and from a USGF sanctioned event).

2. $10,000 Accidental Death and Dismemberment. 3. Athlete Registration Number Required for all

USGF Sanctioned Competitive Events.

USGF General Membership. Some of the bene­fits include: $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage and $10,000 Accidental Death and Dismemberment.

For more information on any of these member­ships, call or write: Cheryl Grace National Director U.S.G.F. Membership Program Bayly, Martin & Fay/San Antonio P.O. Box 17800 San Antonio, Texas 78217 1-800-531-7224 1-800-531-7205 1-800-292-5721 (Texas only)

Non-Profit Organization U.S. Postage

PAID Permit No. 2025 Fort Worth, Texas