user guide for the terrestrial food chain and dose module ......version 1.1 user guide for the...

Version 1.1 User Guide for the Terrestrial Food Chain and Dose Module FDMT of RODOS PV5.0

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User Guide for the Terrestrial Food Chain and Dose Module FDMT of RODOS PV5.0

Florian Gering, Heinz Müller

USER GUIDE FOR THE TERRESTRIAL FOOD CHAIN AND DOSE MODULE FDMT OF RODOS PV5.0 1

1 Overview 2 1.1 Input Data 6 1.2 Output data 8

2 Starting the model 10 2.1 Before the run 10 2.2 Starting the Food Chain and Dose Module FDMT 13 2.3 Archived runs 17

3 Initialization Windows for FDMT 17

4 Windows for selecting the endpoints of calculation 21 4.1 Overview 21 4.2 Description 24

5 Results and Data Output 54 5.1 Output to the Graphics system 54 5.2 Interface data 58

6 Glossary 60

RO D OS DECISION SUPPORT FOR NUCLEAR EMERGENCIES

R E P O R T

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1 Overview

The task of the terrestrial food and dose module FDMT in the RODOS system is to give an assessment of the present and future radiological situation and to provide the data base for the countermeasure modules for terrestrial pathways. FDMT starts from the contamination of air and deposition to the different crops which are results of the Atmospheric Dispersion Modules ADM and the Deposition Module DepoM.

Input to FDMT is essentially data which characterises the contamination of human environment and agricultural production areas. Main input data are e.g.

• concentration of radionuclides in the near ground atmosphere,

• activity deposited on various crops and on soil,

• effective dose rates for adults from radionuclides in the atmosphere,

• time of the year when deposition occurs.

FDMT can alternatively start from the output of the data assimilation modules DeMM (Deposition Monitoring Module) and FoMM (Food Monitoring Module). DeMM provides data on soil and crop contamination which have been updated by measurements of dose rates and in situ gamma spectroscopy. FoMM provides time-dependent functions of crop contamination, normalised to unit deposition.

The endpoints of FDMT are essentially the time dependent activity concentrations in a variety of feed and foodstuffs, and the resulting radiation exposure for the population via the exposure pathways

• ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs,

• inhalation of radionuclides from the radioactive plume and from resuspended material,

• external exposure from the radioactive plume,

• external exposure from radionuclides deposited on ground and other surfaces of the human environment,

• external exposure from radionuclides deposited on skin and clothes.

Besides FDMT there are 3 additional modules in RODOS which handle food chain and dose assessment for those pathways which require special model approaches:

• the Food Chain and Dose Module for Aquatic pathways (FDMA) which considers the consequences of radioactive contaminations of water

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bodies (lakes, rivers, groundwater). Input to this module are the results of the Hydro module of RODOS.

• the Food Chain and Dose Module for semi-natural (forest) pathways (FDMF), and

• the Food Chain and Dose Module for the transfer of the radionuclide Tritium (FDMH)..

A Dose Combination Module (DCM) combines certain results of these different Food and Dose Modules (Figure: 1).

ADMAtmospheric Dispersion Module

TerrestrialFood Chain

Module

AquaticFood Chain

Module

TerrestrialDose

Module

AquaticDose

Module

Countermeasure Subsystem CSY

D C Mose ombination odule

FDMAFDMT

HydrologicalModule

DeM

M

positiononitoring

odule

FoM

M

odonitoring

odule

DepoM

sitionodule

ForestFood Chainand DoseModule

TritiumFood Chainand DoseModule

FDMHFDMF

Figure 1: Data flow of the Food and Dose Modules.

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The transfer of data between the different modules is partly via shared memory and partly via files; this is shown schematically in Fig. 2 for calculation without, and in Fig. 3 with data assimilation.

LCMT

Depositedactivity

Normalisedactivity in

feed / food

DepoM Sharedmemory

ADM Sharedmemory

DCM

HEALTH

LATECONS

FDMT Sharedmemory

Figure 2: Transfer of data between the RODOS modules without data

assimilation.

LCMT

DeMM

FoMM

Activityin air

+ covariance

Normalisedactivity infeed / food

Normalisedactivity infeed / food

Sharedmemory

ADUM Sharedmemory

DCM

HEALTH

LATECONS

FDMT Sharedmemory

Depositedactivity

+ covariance

Figure 3: Transfer of data between the RODOS modules with data assimilation.

The results of FDMT can be displayed to the user via the graphics system. FDMT calculates also data sets which are used by other modules within

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RODOS to estimate the effect of long term countermeasures, and to estimate health effects.

A detailed description of FDMT is given in the Documentation of the Terrestrial Food Chain and Dose Module FDMT in RODOS PV 5.0 (RODOS(RA3)-TN(01)02).

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1.1 Input Data

A detailed description of the input data to FDMT can be found in chapter 3.2 of the FDMT documentation.

The following input data is transferred to FDMT from the Deposition Module DepoM or from the Deposition Monitoring Module DeMM via shared memory (a detailed list of variables is to be found in the FDMT documentation):

• Number of time intervals for which atmospheric dispersion has been calculated (max. 48)

• Number of nuclides for which atmospheric dispersion has been calculated (max. 15)

• Number of locations (grid points) for which atmospheric dispersion has been calculated (max. 2520)

• Date and time when the time arrays start (year, month, day, hour and minute)

• Time grid of the atmospheric dispersion calculation

• Names of the radionuclides

• Activity concentrations in air (for each location, radionuclide and time step of atmospheric dispersion calculation)

• Total deposition to the ground (lawn) (for all time steps of atmospheric dispersion calculation, each nuclide and location)

• Wet deposition to the ground (lawn) (for all time steps of atmospheric dispersion calculation, each nuclide and location)

• Effective dose rates for adults from the cloud (for each location, radionuclide and time step)

The following input data is transferred to FDMT from the Deposition Module DepoM or from the Deposition Monitoring Module DeMM via (unformatted) data files (a detailed list of variables is in the FDMT documentation). For long-term deposition events an individual file exists for each deposition day:

• Activity deposited onto crops (for each crop, location, radionuclide and time step) and soil.

• Activity concentration in air.

• Total deposition of activity on ground.

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• Wet deposition of activity on ground.

The following data is needed by FDMT from the Food Monitoring Module FoMM, provided that DeMM and FoMM have been run before starting FDMT:

• Normalised specific activity in raw products (in Version 5.0 only plant products!) for all nuclides and deposition days.

The following data needed by FDMT is coming from the RODOS geographical data base:

• Radioecological regions (for each location)

• Number of inhabitants (for each location)

• Amount of foodstuff production (for each location)

• Soil type category (for each location)

A lot of model parameters describing the food chain transfer and radiation exposure are kept in a data base. Individual data sets exist for each radioecological region. Important model parameters are e.g.

• Growing and harvesting times for different agricultural crops

• Transfer factors (soil-plant, feed-animal)

• Location factors for different exposure pathways (for each radioecological region)

• Animal feeding diets

• Food consumption rates

A detailed description of the model parameter data base can be found in chapter 3.1.3 of the FDMT documentation.

In addition, information on the required endpoints of calculation of FDMT is required as input. This is provided by the FDMT_assign file (automatic mode) or the Graphical User Interface GUI (interactive mode).

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1.2 Output data

The main results of the Food Chain Module in FDMT are time-dependent activities in feedstuffs and foodstuffs. The results can be displayed graphically in two different ways: maps and time dependency plots.

• Maps of the specific activities in a chosen feed- or foodstuff show the maximum activity which occurs during the calculation period (between 1 day and 100 years after deposition) for all locations of the RODOS grid. This means, that results can be shown for different time steps within one map. Results can be given for single nuclides or for groups of radionuclides (e.g. iodine isotopes).

• Time dependency plots of specific activities in a chosen feed- or foodstuff can be shown for the location with the maximum value of the RODOS grid. The results can be given for all 50 time steps and for different radionuclides.

The main results of the Dose Module in FDMT are doses arising from different pathways:

• external exposure from radionuclides in the plume,

• external exposure from radionuclides deposited on the ground,

• external exposure from radionuclides on the skin and clothes of people,

• internal exposure due to the inhalation of radionuclides,

• internal exposure due to the inhalation of radionuclides from resuspended soil particles, and

• internal exposure due to ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs.

In RODOS two types of individual doses are calculated:

• Potential doses which give an upper limit of individual doses.

• Expected doses which give a best estimate of the average exposure of the population.

The results of the Dose Module can be displayed graphically in four different ways:

• Maps of individual doses can be shown for a single or the sum of the exposure pathways mentioned above and for all locations of the RODOS grid. For short term doses (ext. exp. from plume and ground, int. exp. from inhalation) the results are doses time integrated over the deposition period. For long term doses (ext. exp. from ground, int. exp. from ingestion and inhalation of resuspended particles) the integration

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time can be selected. The results can be given for single nuclides or for groups of radionuclides (e.g. iodine isotopes), for one of 5 age groups and one of 12 organs (including effective dose).

• Time dependency plots of individual doses can be shown for the location with the maximum value within the RODOS grid. The results can be given for all 93 time steps for different radionuclides, age groups and organs.

• Maps of collective doses can be shown for a chosen exposure pathway, nuclide, age group and organ.

• Frequency distributions of individual doses for a chosen exposure pathway, nuclide, age group and organ.

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2 Starting the model

2.1 Before the run

To run FDMT, results of a previous run of the Deposition Module DepoM or of the Deposition Monitoring Module DeMM is required as input data to FDMT. For both cases individual load files are available; the respective file has to be activated using the 'Activate Load List Window' of the RODOS system. For this, select the button [Tools] in the main menu of RODOS:

• The ‘Tools’ window appears:

• Choose [Load] to run the load manager. The window “Loading (DB->Memory)” appears:

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• Select FDMT50 in the dropdown menu “Program name”.

• Select [File] and then [Reset] and [Open…].A list of the available load files for FDMT50 will appear. There must be one with the comment “load list for FDMT 5.0 (DepoM)” and one with comment “load list for FDMT 5.0 (DeMM)”.

• Select [File] and then [Activate…]. A new window ‘Activate Load List’ appears:

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• Select Program group FDMT50.

• Select the desired load file in the ‘Available Lists’ field. Click on [Apply].

• Close window by [File] and [Quit].

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2.2 Starting the Food Chain and Dose Module FDMT

An interactive computation run of the Food and Dose Module FDMT is started in the following way:

• In the main menu (see above) of RODOS select the button [Interactive]

• The ‘Interactive Manager’ window appears. Choose [Configuration] and then [Importing Result_Dataset To] to select the results of a previous run of the Deposition Module DepoM as input to FDMT.

• A window 'Target-Programs' appears, in which the button [FDMT50]

has to be selected:

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Then a window appears in which all archived runs of the Deposition Module DepoM are listed. A run is selected by clicking on it and then pressing the button [Apply].

• Click on the button [FDMT50] in the 'Interactive Manager' -window to start a new run of FDMT.

• A 'Start Box'-window for the definition of the RunId pops up, a RunId has to be entered by the user.

The RunID can be any character string using letters and numbers (maximum 32 characters) and must be different from the RunIDs of previous runs which are still in the data base.

• The program run is started by clicking on [Start] in the 'Start Box'-window.

• To enable the graphics output of FDMT, the Graphics System of RODOS has to be started before FDMT is started by selecting the button [Graphics] in the main menu of RODOS!

After the program has been started, a 'Control & Services'-window appears (see below). This control window is divided into an upper and lower part. The upper part contains the RunID of the currently selected run as well as four buttons to control the runs. The lower part contains four buttons with which various services can be chosen. All buttons are described in detail in the User Guide for the Graphical System. The only button in the lower part which is of interest for FDMT is the button:

• [Process Status ] Selecting this service opens a window with the list of all modules of the selected run and their actual state. The colour coding

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of the modules indicates whether the module has not yet started (blue), data is loaded from the database (yellow), the module is calculating (green), the results are archived in the database (red) or the module has finished it’s work (grey).

Some time after starting the run of FDMT some windows for selection of endpoints of calculation will show up automatically. These windows can be used to select the desired output which should be calculated by FDMT. Default results are already pre-selected when the input windows appear for the first time. The windows are described in detail in section 4.

After the first run of FDMT has finished (and has sent its results to the graphics system) the following window appears:

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This window enables the user to choose between terminating FDMT50 or selecting further endpoints to calculate. These calculations can be performed very quickly since most of the required data is still kept in memory.

If the button "Yes" is selected and then [Update] is pressed, FDMA continues with the windows for selecting endpoints of calculation (see section 4). As default no preselections are made this time in the windows, i.e., all buttons in these windows are now deselected.

If the button "No" is selected and then [Update] is pressed, FDMA will be terminated.

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2.3 Archived runs

Archived graphical output of FDMT can be displayed by selecting [File] in the menu bar of the Interactive Manager of RODOS, and then selecting [Display Results]:

A window ’Program Groups’ appears, in which the button [FDMT50] has to be selected:

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Then a list of archived graphical output of all FDMT50 runs appears and a selection can be made by chosing one of the runs and selecting [Apply]:

A 'Control & Services'-window appears, where the button [Graphics] has to be selected:

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A window ‘List of Pictures’ appears, in which all available graphical outputs of the chosen FDMT run are shown. Either all of the graphical output [All] or single results (selecting the appropriate result and the pressing [Apply]) can be chosen:

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3 Initialization Windows for FDMT

In version 5.0 of FDMT the selection of the desired endpoints of calculation is done within a loop inside FDMT (see Chapter 4). Therefore, you don’t need to push the [Initialising] button in the ‘Start Box’ window before starting FDMT (as it was in previous versions)!

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4 Windows for selecting the endpoints of calculation

4.1 Overview

After starting the run of FDMT some windows will show up automatically. These windows can be used to select the desired output which should be calculated by FDMT. The window hierarchy is shown below (WINDOWS, Options):

FDMT v5.0: MAIN MENU ¦ +-ACTIVITIES ¦ +- FEEDSTUFF ACTIVITIES ¦ ¦ +- All feedstuffs ¦ ¦ +- (Feedstuff 1) ¦ ¦ +- ... ¦ ¦ +- (Feedstuff n) ¦ ¦ ¦ +- FOODSTUFF ACTIVITIES ¦ ¦ +- All foodstuffs ¦ ¦ +- (Foodstuff 1) ¦ ¦ +- ... ¦ ¦ +- (Foodstuff n) ¦ ¦ ¦ +- ACTIVITIES - NUCLIDE SELECTION ¦ ¦ +- All nuclides ¦ ¦ +- All nuclide groups ¦ ¦ +- Sum of iodine isotopes ¦ ¦ +- Sum of cesium isotopes ¦ ¦ +- Sum of strontium isotopes ¦ ¦ +- Sum of alpha emitting isotopes ¦ ¦ +- (Nuclide 1) ¦ ¦ +- ... ¦ ¦ +- (Nuclide n) ¦ ¦ ¦ +- ACTIVITIES - VARIOUS SELECTIONS ¦ +- processed products ¦ +- raw products ¦ +- DOSES ¦ +- INGESTION DOSE ¦ ¦ +- All foodstuffs ¦ ¦ +- Sum of foodstuffs ¦ ¦ +- Sum of plant products ¦ ¦ +- Sum of animal products ¦ ¦ +- Sum of vegetables ¦ ¦ +- Sum of grain products ¦ ¦ +- Sum of milk products ¦ ¦ +- Sum of meat products ¦ ¦ +- (Foodstuff 1) ¦ ¦ +- ... ¦ ¦ +- (Foodstuff n) ¦ ¦ ¦ +- NON-INGESTION PATHWAYS ¦ ¦ +- Cloud dose ¦ ¦ +- Ground dose (short term) ¦ ¦ +- Ground dose (long term) ¦ ¦ +- Skin dose ¦ ¦ +- Inhalation dose ¦ ¦ +- Resuspension dose ¦ ¦ +- Total dose from all pathways except ingestion ¦ ¦ +- Total dose from all pathways ¦ ¦

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¦ +- ALL DOSES - NUCLIDE SELECTION ¦ ¦ +- Sum of nuclides ¦ ¦ +- All nuclides ¦ ¦ +- All nuclide groups ¦ ¦ +- Sum of iodine isotopes ¦ ¦ +- Sum of cesium isotopes ¦ ¦ +- Sum of strontium isotopes ¦ ¦ +- Sum of alpha emitting isotopes ¦ ¦ +- (Nuclide 1) ¦ ¦ +- ... ¦ ¦ +- (Nuclide n) ¦ ¦ ¦ +- ALL DOSES - AGE GROUP SELECTION ¦ ¦ +- 1 year ¦ ¦ +- 5 years ¦ ¦ +- 10 years ¦ ¦ +- 15 years ¦ ¦ +- Adults ¦ ¦ ¦ +- ALL DOSES - ORGAN SELECTION ¦ ¦ +- Lung ¦ ¦ +- Red bone marrow ¦ ¦ +- Thyroid ¦ ¦ +- Uterus ¦ ¦ +- Effective dose ¦ ¦ +- Skin ¦ ¦ +- Bone surface ¦ ¦ +- Breast ¦ ¦ +- Stomach ¦ ¦ +- Colon ¦ ¦ +- Liver ¦ ¦ +- Pancreas ¦ ¦ ¦ +- ALL LONG TERM DOSES - INTEGRATION TIME ¦ ¦ +- 1 year ¦ ¦ +- 2 years ¦ ¦ +- 5 years ¦ ¦ +- 50 years ¦ ¦ +- Lifetime ¦ ¦ ¦ +- ALL DOSES - VARIOUS SELECTIONS ¦ +- potential exposure ¦ +- normal living exposure ¦ +- GRAPHICAL OUTPUT TYPE ¦ +- Maps ¦ +- Time Plots ¦ +- Collective doses ¦ +- Frequency distributions ¦ +- INTERFACE DATA (see next page)

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¦ +- INTERFACE DATA +- Interface to LCM ¦ +- LCMT INTERFACE - FOODSTUFF SELECTION ¦ ¦ +- All foodstuffs ¦ ¦ +- (Foodstuff 1) ¦ ¦ +- ... ¦ ¦ +- (Foodstuff n) ¦ ¦ ¦ +- LCMT INTERFACE - FEEDSTUFF SELECTION ¦ ¦ +- All feedstuffs ¦ ¦ +- (Feedstuff 1) ¦ ¦ +- ... ¦ ¦ +- (Feedstuff n) ¦ ¦ ¦ +- LCMT INTERFACE - AGE GROUP SELECTION ¦ ¦ +- 1 year ¦ ¦ +- 5 years ¦ ¦ +- 10 years ¦ ¦ +- 15 years ¦ ¦ +- Adults ¦ ¦ ¦ +- LCMT INTERFACE - ORGAN SELECTION ¦ +- Lung ¦ +- Red bone marrow ¦ +-Thyroid ¦ +- Uterus ¦ +- Effective dose ¦ +- Skin ¦ +- Bone surface ¦ +- Breast ¦ +- Stomach ¦ +- Colon ¦ +- Liver ¦ +- Pancreas ¦ +- Interface to DCM ¦ +- Interface to HEALTH +- HEALTH INTERFACE - ORGAN SELECTION +- Lung +- Red bone marrow +-Thyroid +- Uterus +- Effective dose +- Skin +- Bone surface +- Breast +- Stomach +- Colon +- Liver +- Pancreas

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4.2 Description

After starting the run of FDMT the window 'FDMT: Main Menu' for the Food and Dose Module FDMT appears. In various sub-windows the results which should be calculated by FDMT can be selected. These sub-windows can be accessed by clicking on one of the main topics in the Main Menu.

Selecting the button [Close] stores the selection and closes the window, the button [Help] opens a help window including some comments for this main menu.

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Choosing [Activities] in the 'Main Menu'-window brings up the following window for the selection of feed- and foodstuff, from which one can branch into 4 succeeding windows:

• 'Feedstuff Activities' for the selection of one or more feedstuffs, for which the activity concentrations should be calculated

• 'Foodstuff Activities' for the selection of one or more foodstuffs, for which the activity concentrations should be calculated

• 'Nuclide selection' allows to select those nuclides for which the activity concentration is to be calculated

• 'Various' allows to select some additional properties

• ‘-(unused) -‘ has no meaning in this context; it provides a link to the loop window but selections in this window are not considered at this point

Selecting the button [Close] stores the selection and closes the window, the button [Help] opens a help window including some comments.

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If 'Feedstuff Activities' is selected, the following window appears in which feedstuffs can be chosen. For the chosen feedstuffs the activity concentrations will be calculated:

• ‘All feedstuffs’: activity concentration is calculated separately for all feedstuffs. The available list of feedstuffs depends on the product definitions for the actual radioecological regions.

• ‘(Individual feedstuffs)’: Each of the given feedstuffs can be selected individually. The available list of feedstuffs depends on the product definitions for the actual radioecological regions.

− Grass (intensive + extensive cultivation): Grass is considered to be harvested continuously; weathering, translocation into/from root zone and growth dilution is considered explicitly.

− Hay (intensive + extensive cultivation): Contamination of hay is derived from the contamination of grass averaged over the hay harvest period and multiplied by a factor to consider the loss of water during hay preparation. Contamination of stored products is derived from average contamination of two harvest intervals.

− Maize, beet leaves: Weathering is considered explicitly, contamination of stored products is derived from contamination at end of harvesting period.

− Cereals (barley, wheat, rye, oats), potatoes, beets, maize bulbs: translocation is considered explicitly. Contamination of stored products is derived from contamination at end of harvesting period.

− Distilling and brewing residues: contamination is derived from the contamination of the underlying plants and appropriate processing factors.

− Skim milk, milk substitute, whey: the contamination of animal products used as feedstuffs is derived from activity concentrations in the feedstuffs for the animals, feeding rates, transfer factors from fodder to animal products and biological transfer rates.

Feedstuff activities are estimated from activity concentrations in plants, transfer of radionuclides into animal products (if necessary), activity enrichment or dilution during processing and preparation, and also considering radioactive decay during processing and storage times.

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If the graphical output type 'Maps' is selected, activity concentrations are given for each location for the time step with the maximum value, i.e. within one map the concentrations can be given for different times.

If the graphical output type 'Time plots' is selected, activity concentrations are given for each time step of the ingestion time grid (see Glossary) for the location with the maximum value.

The preset selection is 'Grass (intensive cultivation)'.

[Close] exits the window without storing any selections, [Update] confirms any selections, [Default] resets the preset selections, and [Help] brings up a comment window.

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If 'Foodstuff Activities' is selected, the following window appears in which foodstuffs or groups of foodstuff can be chosen. For the chosen foodstuffs the activity concentrations will be calculated:

• ‘All foodstuffs’: activity concentration is calculated separately for all foodstuffs. The available list of foodstuffs depends on the product definitions for the actual radioecological regions.

• ‘(Individual foodstuffs)’: Each of the given foodstuffs can be selected individually. The available list of foodstuffs depends on the product definitions for the actual radioecological regions.

Foodstuff activities are estimated from activity concentrations in plants, transfer of radionuclides into animal products (if necessary), activity enrichment or dilution during processing and preparation, and also considering radioactive decay during processing and storage times.



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The preset selections are 'Leafy vegetables' and 'Milk (cow)'.


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Choosing 'Nuclide selection' in the 'Activities'-window opens a window in which those nuclides can be selected for which activity concentration in feed and foodstuffs are to be calculated. It is possible to select

• ‘All nuclides’: the activity for each of the nuclides (up to 15) included in the source term provided by the Atmospheric Dispersion Module is presented.

• ‘All nuclide groups’: The activities summed up over all nuclides of the individual nuclide groups is presented for each nuclide group.

• ‘All iodine isotopes’: Results are calculated for the sum of all iodine isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 129I, 131I, 132I, 133I, 134I and 135I.

• ‘All cesium isotopes’: Results are calculated for the sum of all cesium and other long lived (halflife > 10 d) isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 15 radionuclides out of 54Mn, 58Co, 60Co, 86Rb, 91Y, 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru, 106Ru, 110mAg, 127mTe, 129mTe, 134Cs, 136Cs, 137Cs, 138Cs, 140Ba, 141Ce, 144Ce, 143Pr, and 147Nd.

• ‘All strontium isotopes’: Results are calculated for the sum of all strontium isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 89Sr, 90Sr, 91Sr, and 92Sr.

• ‘All alpha emitt. isotopes’: Results are calculated for the sum of all cesium and other long lived (halflife > 10 d) isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 15 radionuclides out of 54Mn, 58Co, 60Co, 86Rb, 91Y, 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru, 106Ru, 110mAg, 127mTe, 129mTe, 134Cs, 136Cs, 137Cs, 138Cs, 140Ba, 141Ce, 144Ce, 143Pr, and 147Nd..

• ‘(Individual nuclides)’: Each of the nuclides of the source term can be selected individually.

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The preset selection is 'All iodine isotopes' and ‘All cesium isotopes’.


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Choosing 'Various selections' in the 'Activities'-window opens a window in which the user can specify the type of products for which he/she wants to get results:

• ‘processed products’ are products ready for consumption (as feed or food). It includes activity enrichment or dilution during processing and a time delay due to processing and storage.

• ‘raw products’ are feed or foodstuffs at time of harvest or slaughtering.

The preset selection is 'raw products'.


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Choosing [Doses] in the 'Main Menu'-window brings up the following window for the selection of doses, from which one can branch into 7 succeeding windows:

• 'Ingestion dose' branches into windows for specification of foodstuffs contributing to the ingestion dose.

• 'Dose from other pathways' opens a windows for selecting results for other exposure pathways.

• 'Nuclide selection' allows to select those nuclides for which all doses are to be calculated.

• 'Age group' allows to select those age groups for which all doses are to be calculated.

• 'Organ' allows to select those organs for which all doses are to be calculated.

• 'Integration time' allows to specify for which time period integrated doses from all long term exposure pathways are to be calculated.

• '´Various' allows to specify further details of doses from all exposure pathways for which results are desired.

[Close] stores the selection and closes the window, [Help] opens a help window including some comments.

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If 'Ingestion dose' is selected in the 'Doses'-window, the following window appears in which the foodstuffs or groups of foodstuffs can be chosen for the calculation of ingestion doses:

• ‘All foodstuffs’: ingestion dose is calculated separately for all foodstuffs. The available list of foodstuffs depends on the product definitions for the actual radioecological regions.

• ‘Sum of foodstuffs’: ingestion dose is calculated as the total dose from all foodstuffs.

• ‘Sum of (group of foodstuffs)’: ingestion dose is calculated as the total dose from all foodstuffs included in the respective group of foodstuffs.

• ‘(Individual foodstuffs)’: Each of the foodstuffs which are considered in the dose calculation can be selected individually. The available list of foodstuffs depends on the product definitions for the actual radioecological regions.

Ingestion doses are estimated from activity concentrations in foodstuffs, consumption rates, and dose factors for ingestion. Consumption rates can be time dependent to account for seasonal changes



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The preset selection is 'Sum of foodstuffs'.


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Choosing [Dose from other exposure pathways] in the 'Doses'-window brings up the following window in which up to six different types of exposure pathways can be selected:

• ‘Cloud dose’: Doses from external exposure from gamma emitters in the radioactive plume are calculated.

• ‘Ground dose (short term)’: Doses from external exposure from radionuclides deposited to the ground are calculated for the period of deposition.

• ‘Ground dose (long term)’: Doses from external exposure from radionuclides deposited to the ground are calculated for a time period of up to 100 years after deposition. Attenuation through migration of radionuclides into the soil is considered.

• ‘Skin dose’: Doses from external exposure from radionuclides deposited to the skin and clothes are calculated.

• ‘Inhalation dose’: Doses from internal exposure from inhalation of radionuclides in the plume are calculated.

• ‘Resuspension dose’: Doses from internal exposure from inhalation of resuspended radionuclides are calculated.

• ‘Total dose from all pathways except ingestion’: Doses as the sum over all exposure pathways except ingestion are calculated.

• ‘Total dose from of all pathways’: Doses as the sum over all exposure pathways are calculated.

If doses are displayed as maps, all short term doses (inhalation, skin and ground dose(short term)) are integrated over the total atmospheric time grid. For all long term doses (resuspension, ground dose (long term) and sum of all pathways) the integration time can be selected in a separate window.

If doses are displayed as time plots, all short term doses are shown as dose rates for each of the 48 time steps (step width is an integer fraction of a day, i.e. 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours) of the atmospheric dispersion time grid. All long term doses are shown for each time step of the long term time grid, integrated over each time interval.

All doses (or dose rates) are given as effective doses for the age group adults as a default. Other age groups and/or organs can be selected in the respective input windows.

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The preset selections are ‘Ground dose (long term)’, ‘Inhalation dose’, and ‘Total dose from all pathways except ingestion’.


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Choosing [Nuclide selection] in the 'Doses'-window brings up the following window for the selection of nuclides for all dose calculations. It is possible to select

• ‘Sum of all nuclides’: Doses are calculated for the sum of all nuclides (up to 15) for which data was provided by the Atmospheric Dispersion Module.

• ‘All nuclides’: Doses for each of the nuclides (up to 15) included in the source term provided by the Atmospheric Dispersion Module are calculated.

• ‘All nuclide groups’: Doses summed up over all nuclides of the individual nuclide groups are calculated.

• ‘All iodine isotopes’: Doses are calculated for the sum of all iodine isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 129I, 131I, 132I, 133I, 134I and 135I.

• ‘All cesium isotopes’: Doses are calculated for the sum of all cesium and other long lived (halflife > 10 d) isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 15 radionuclides out of 54Mn, 58Co, 60Co, 86Rb, 91Y, 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru, 106Ru, 110mAg, 127mTe, 129mTe, 134Cs, 136Cs, 137Cs, 138Cs, 140Ba, 141Ce, 144Ce, 143Pr, and 147Nd.

• ‘All strontium isotopes’: Doses are calculated for the sum of all strontium isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 89Sr, 90Sr, 91Sr, and 92Sr.

• ‘All alpha emitt. isotopes’: Doses are calculated for the sum of all cesium and other long lived (halflife > 10 d) isotopes included in the source term; these can be at maximum 15 radionuclides out of 54Mn, 58Co, 60Co, 86Rb, 91Y, 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru, 106Ru, 110mAg, 127mTe, 129mTe, 134Cs, 136Cs, 137Cs, 138Cs, 140Ba, 141Ce, 144Ce, 143Pr, and 147Nd..

• ‘(Individual nuclides)’: Each of the nuclides of the source term can be selected individually.

All the above selections depend on the data provided by the Atmospheric Dispersion Module. If data for some of the selected nuclides is not provided, FDMT will not calculate results for these nuclides.

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The preset selection is 'Sum of nuclides'.


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Choosing [Age group] in the 'Doses'-window brings up the following window for the selection of age groups for all dose calculations:

Up to 5 age groups can be selected:

• infants of 1 year • children of 5 years • children of 10 years • children of 15 years • adults

This selection mainly determines the dose factors that are used in the dose calculations. Furthermore, this selection determines the food consumption rates in the ingestion dose calculation and the inhalation rates in the inhalation dose calculation.

The preset selection is ‘1 year’ and 'Adults'.


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Choosing [Organ] in the 'Doses'-window brings up the following window for the selection of organs for all dose calculations:

Up to 12 organs can be selected: Lung, red bone marrow, thyroid, uterus, effective dose, skin, bone surface, breast, stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas.

This selection determines the dose factors that are used in the dose calculations.

The preset selections are 'Effective dose' and 'Thyroid'. [Close] exits the window without storing any selections, [Update] confirms any selections, [Default] resets the preset selections, and

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[Help] brings up a comment window.

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Choosing [Integration time] in the 'Doses'-window brings up the following window for selection of the time interval (starting with deposition) over which all long term (ground, resuspension, ingestion) doses are integrated.

Up to 10 time intervals can be selected: 7 days, 14 days, 30 days, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years, 50 years, lifetime (i.e. up to the age of 70 years).

The preset selection is '1 year' and ‘lifetime’.


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Choosing [Various selections] in the 'Doses'-window brings up the following window for selection of the type of doses.

Two selections are possible:

• ‘potential exposure’: External exposure and inhalation doses are calculated under the assumption that people stay outdoors all the time.

• ‘normal living exposure’: External exposure and inhalation doses are calculated considering that people stay indoors part of the time, i.e. location factors are considered in the dose calculations.

The preset selection is 'potential exposure'.


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Choosing [Graphical output type] in the ‘Main menue’ brings up the following window in which up to four different types of graphical output can be selected:

• ‘Maps’: Results are displayed as a colour-coded map for all locations of

the RODOS grid. Assigning various colours to ranges of the results is automatically done by the system, the exact value at each location can be accessed via the mouse cursor.

• ‘Time plots’: Results are shown as a time dependency plot, which displays the results for all according time steps (see Glossary for definition of various time resolutions) for the location with the maximum results (a selection of other locations is not yet possible).

• ‘Collective doses’: Collective doses for the chosen exposure pathways are displayed as colour-coded maps for all locations for the time step with the maximum results. Collective doses from ingestion are estimated from the activity concentrations in processed foodstuffs at each location, the amount of foodstuff production at the according location and ingestion dose factors for adults. This means, collective ingestion doses can only be calculated for those foodstuffs where production data is available. Collective doses from all other exposure pathways are estimated by multiplying the effective doses for adults at each location with the number of inhabitants living at the according location.

• ‘Frequency distributions’: For all cases of collective dose calculations frequency distributions of individual doses can be given. They are

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calculated by multiplying the individual doses for adults at each location (grid point) by the number of inhabitants.

One, two, three or all of the four types can be selected at the same time.

The preset selections are 'Maps' and 'Time plots'. This means, if no selection is made by the user all results can be displayed with these two types of graphical output.


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Choosing [Interface data] in the 'Main Menu'-window brings up the following window for the selection of interface data to be calculated by FDMT.

Three selections can be made:

• interface data to the HEALTH module,

• interface data to the Dose Combination Module DCM, and

• interface data to the Long Term Countermeasure Module LCMT.

Since the interfaces to DCM and HEALTH require a lot of calculation time (up to several minutes), it is recommended to select only those items which are needed for future work.

The preset selection is ‘Interface to LCM’.

[Close] exits the window without storing any selections, [Update] confirms any selections, [Default] resets the preset selections, [Help] brings up a comment window, and [Unused] is a button which is necessary for technical reasons but which has no meaning for the user.

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If [Interface to LCM] in the 'FDMT: Selection of interface data' window is selected (which is default), this window for the selection of foodstuffs for the LCMT interface appears:

Each of the foodstuffs which are considered in the dose calculation can be selected individually. The available list of foodstuffs depends on the product definitions for the actual radioecological regions.

Up to 5 foodstuffs can be selected. If only one animal product is selected, the following window for selection of feedstuffs for that animal will appear

The default selection is 'Milk' and 'Leafy vegetables'.


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If [Interface to LCM] in the 'FDMT: Selection of interface data' window is selected, and if only one animal product in the ‘FDMT: LCMT-interface: foodstuff selection’ window is selected, this window for the selection of feedstuffs for the LCMT interface appears:

Each of the feedstuffs which are fed to the animal selected in the ‘foodstuff selection window’ can be selected individually. The available list of feedstuffs depends on the product definitions and feeding diets for the actual radioecological region.

There is no default selection.


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If [Interface to LCM] in the 'FDMT: Selection of interface data' window is selected, this window for the selection of organs for the LCMT interface appears:

A maximum of 3 organs can be selected from the available list (Lung, red bone marrow, thyroid, uterus, effective dose, skin, bone surface, breast, stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas). Effective dose has to be selected any time since it is needed by LCMT!

The preset selection is 'effective dose', 'thyroid' and 'lung'.


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If [Interface to LCM] in the 'FDMT: Selection of interface data' window is selected, this window for the selection of age groups for the LCMT interface appears.

A maximum of 2 age groups can be selected from the available list (1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, adults). Adults have to be selected any time since it is needed by LCMT!

The preset selection is '1 year' and 'adults'.


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If [Interface to HEALTH] in the 'FDMT: Selection of interface data' window is selected, this window for the selection of organs for the HEALTH interface appears.

Up to 12 organs (including effective dose) can be selected: Lung, red bone marrow, thyroid, uterus, effective dose, skin, bone surface, breast, stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas.

The preset selections are ‘Lung’, ‘Red bone marrow’, 'Thyroid', and 'Effective dose'.


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5 Results and Data Output

5.1 Output to the Graphics system

5.1.1 Possible results

If selections are made in the windows of FDMT, the results which are calculated in FDMT and the graphical output of these results are defined by combinations of these selections:

All chosen activities (feedstuff and/or foodstuff activities) and doses (ingestion, ground, cloud, inhalation, resuspension, skin and/or sum of all pathways) are displayed for both graphical output types, 'Maps' and 'Time plots', if these types are chosen. Only doses can be displayed as 'Collective doses' and 'Frequency distributions'.

'Activities':

The selection in 'Feedstuff Activities' determines which feedstuffs will be calculated and listed in the Graphical system under '/ Maps/ Activities in/' and/or '/ Time plots/ Activities in/'.

The selection in 'Foodstuff Activities' determines which foodstuffs will be calculated and listed under '/ Maps/ Activities in/' and/or '/ Time plots/ Activities in/'.

The selection in 'Activities - nuclide selection' determines for which nuclides all feed- and foodstuffs calculations in FDMT are made. For each of the results in the graphical output (as described above) the list of nuclides is added, e.g. '/ Maps/ Activities in/ milk/ Cs-137/' and/or '/ Maps/ Activities in/ milk/ I-131/' etc.

The selection in 'Activities - various selections' determines whether the calculations for all feed- and foodstuffs are made for processed or raw products. If raw products is selceted, for each of the results in the graphical output (as described above) the appendix '(raw)' is added to the product name, e.g. '/ Maps/ Activities in/ milk (raw)/ Cs-137/' etc.

For Maps the description '/ (max. time)' is added for each of the results. This indicates that these maps show the maximum concentrations at each location. For Time plots the location is indicated, for which the plot is given: '/ at (32,16)'. The values are x/y - coordinates, the location is always the location with the maximum concentrations.

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'Doses':

The selection in 'Ingestion dose' determines which foodstuffs will be used to calculate ingestion doses and to list the results under '/ Maps/ Doses from/ ingestion/' and/or '/ Time plots/ Doses from/ ingestion/' and/or 'Collective doses/ Col. dose from/ ingestion/' and/or 'Frequency distributions/ Dose from/ ingestion/'.

The selection in 'Dose from other pathways' determines for which exposure pathways doses will be calculated and listed under '/ Maps/ Dose from/' and/or '/ Time plots/ Dose from/' and/or 'Collective doses/ Col. dose from' and/or 'Frequency distributions/ Dose from/'. For 'Time plots' long term exposure pathways (ground, ingestion, resuspension) are listed under '../ Dose from/', while results for short term pathways are listed under '../ Dose rates from/' since then only dose rates are calculated.

The selection in 'Age group' determines for which age group doses are calculated. For each of the results in the graphical output which contains doses (as described above) the list of age groups is added, e.g. '/ Maps/ Dose from/ cloud/ Cs-137/ (adult, thyroid)' etc.

The selection in 'Organ' determines for which organ doses are calculated. For each of the results in the graphical output which contains doses (as described above) the list of organs is added, e.g. '/ Maps/ Dose from/ cloud/ Cs-137/ (adult, thyroid)' etc.

The selection in 'Integration time' determines over which time intervals all long term doses are integrated. For each of the results in the graphical output which contains long term doses (as described above) the list of integration times is added, e.g. '/ Maps/ Dose from/ ground/ Cs-137/ (adult, thyroid)/ 1 year' etc. For all short term doses the description '/ deposition period' is added.

The selection in 'Various' determines whether potential doses or normal living doses (considering location factors) are calculated. For each of the results in the graphical output which contains doses (as described above) the according description is added, e.g. '/ Maps/ Dose from/ ground/ Cs-137/ (adult, thyroid)/ 1 year/ potential' etc.

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For Time plots the location is indicated, for which the plot is given. The values are x/y - coordinates, the location is always the location with the maximum doses. The integration time is not specified (as it varies for each time step). The total description would be: e.g., '/ Time plots/ Dose from/ ground/ Cs-137/ (adult, thyroid)/ at (32,16)/ potential'

A selection in 'Selection of interface data' does not result in a graphical output, but is necessary if a run of LCMT, DCM or HEALTH should be based on the results of the actual run of FDMT!

If no selections are made in the Initialization Windows, FDMT uses the default settings of the automatic mode!

The terrestrial Food and Dose Modules FDMT produces various types of results which can be displayed via the Graphical System of RODOS. This output is divided into 5 blocks of data:

• map data: up to 200 maps (each with 2520 locations) can be created; the total number of maps is given and for each map a description string and the index of the location with the maximum value are provided.

• time plot data: up to 200 time dependency plots (each with up to 93 time steps) can be created; the total number of plots is given and for each time plot a description string, the number, values and unit of the time steps and the index of the time step with the maximum value are provided.

• maps for collective doses: up to 200 maps (each with 2520 locations) can be created; the total number of maps is given and for each map a description string and the index of the location with the maximum value are provided.

• frequency distributions for doses: up to 200 frequency distributions for doses (each with up to 61 dose intervals) can be created; the total number of frequency distributions is given and for each distribution a description string and the ranges of the dose intervals are provided.

• grid data: all map results are displayed on a grid; this grid is defined by the x- and y-coordinates of each of the grid cells.

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5.1.2 Default results

If the preset selections in the Input Windows are not changed by the user (the default selections in the different Input Windows are given in Chapter 4.2), the following results will be calculated by FDMT and are accessible in the Graphics system (these results correspond to the results calculated in the automatic mode!):

Maps Activity (for the nuclide groups ‘all iodine isotopes’ and ‘all cesium

isotopes’, as far as included in the source term) in • Grass I • Leafy vegetables • Milk

Dose (potential dose for the sum of all nuclides; for the age groups ‘1 year’ and ‘adults’; for thyroid and effective dose) from • inhalation • ground

- time integrated: 1year - time integrated: lifetime

• ingestion (sum of all products) - time integrated: 1year - time integrated: lifetime

• sum of all exposure pathways except ingestion - time integrated: 1year - time integrated: lifetime

Time plots

Activity (for the nuclide groups ‘all iodine isotopes’ and ‘all cesium isotopes’, as far as included in the source term) in • Grass I • Leafy vegetables • Milk

Dose (potential dose for the sum of all nuclides; for the age groups ‘1

year’ and ‘adults’; for thyroid and effective dose) from • inhalation • ground • ingestion (sum of all products) • sum of all exposure pathways except ingestion

The combination of these items results in a maximum of 36 maps (6 activities, 28 doses) and 22 time plots (6 activities, 16 doses).

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5.2 Interface data

FDMT produces data needed by other modules of RODOS:

• the Terrestrial Long Term Countermeasure Module LCMT

• The HEALTH module

• the Dose Combination Module DCM

These interface data are calculated only if the according selection was made in the "Interface data"-window.

Detailed descriptions of these interfaces are given in the FDMT documentation.

5.2.1 FDMT - LCMT interface

For estimation of the effect of countermeasures the following data are produced for the Long Term Countermeasure Module LCMT:

• Specific activities in foodstuffs, normalised per unit deposition on plants and soil.

• Specific activities in feedstuffs, normalised per unit deposition on plants and soil.

• Doses due to external exposure from the ground, normalised per unit deposition to lawn.

• Doses from inhalation of radionuclides resuspended from the ground, normalised per unit total deposition to lawn.

• Activity deposition to all agricultural plants, lawn and soil

For the interface to LCMT, doses are calculated for up to 2 age groups (adults have always to be included) and up to 3 organs (effective dose has always to be included). In addition, several other model and program steering parameters are included in the interface.

5.2.2 FDMT - DCM interface

For summing up doses estimated by FDMT with doses from other food and dose modules, the following doses (effective dose integrated from time of deposition up to 7 different points in time, for 7 different population groups) are produced:

• Ingestion doses

• External ground doses

• External cloud doses

• Skin contamination doses

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• Inhalation doses

5.2.3 FDMT - HEALTH interface

For estimation of health effects resulting from the doses calculated by FDMT, the following doses (dose for up to 12 organs [incl. effective dose], integrated from time of deposition up to 11 different points in time, for 5 age groups, for up to 15 radionuclides, for up to 2520 locations) are produced:

• Ingestion doses

• Inhalation doses

• Doses from resuspended activity

• External ground doses

• External cloud doses

• Doses from skin/cloth contamination

In addition, several other model and program steering parameters are included in the interface.

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6 Glossary

In this glossary a lot of terms appearing in this paper are defined, further explained, related to other terms or provided with a list of possible values. Terms appearing in the explanation of another term of the glossary are written in italics.

Atmospheric dispersion data

The atmospheric dispersion data are the main input interface data for the foodchain transport module and the dose module. The atmospheric dispersion data includes activity concentrations in air, kerma rates the ground, wet deposited activities onto the ground, precipitation rates and iodine fractions.

Cloud

The external exposure from the cloud is the exposure from γ-radiation of radionuclides in the surrounding air.

Collective dose

The calculation of collective doses for all exposure pathways besides ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is based on expected time integrated doses of adults at the locations and the number of people related to the locations.

The calculation of collective doses from ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is based on the potential specific activities in raw foodstuffs at the locations, the amount of foodstuffs related to the locations and the effective dose factors of adults for ingestion.

Since the interpretation of the spatial dimension is different for both types of calculations, it is not possible to add up these types of collective doses.

Consumption rate

Amount of foodstuffs consumed per day by humans. The data used are average values for the age groups considered. Time dependent values are created by linear interpolation of the data for the age groups.

Dose factors

The dose factors used in the calculation of the external exposure from the cloud and from the ground are based on anthropomorphic phantoms of a 7 week old baby, an 8 years old child and an adult. The values of the baby

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are used for infants, the values of the child are used for the age groups 5y and 10y and the values for adults are used also for the age group of 15y old children.

The dose factors used in the calculation of the internal exposure from inhalation and ingestion were calculated using the NRPB internal dosimetry program PLEIADES, which is consistent with publications ICRP-68, ICRP-72, and IAEA BSS.

Dose factors for the exposure from skin contamination are available for adults only.

Dose rate

In the short term analysis, the dose rate is the time integrated dose from the exposure during one time interval of the atmospheric dispersion data set divided by the length of that time interval. In the long term analysis, the dose rate is the time integrated dose from the exposure during one time interval of the corresponding time grid set divided by the length of that time interval. Therefore, the dose rate is an average value for that time interval.

Exposure pathways

The exposure pathways considered can be divided into external exposure pathways and internal exposure pathway. External exposure pathways are the external exposure from cloud, the external exposure from ground and the external exposure from skin contamination. Internal exposure pathways are the inhalation of radionuclides from the cloud, the inhalation of radionuclides resuspended from the ground and the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs.

The exposure pathways are also related to short term and long term analyses: Whereas the inhalation of radionuclides from the cloud and the external exposure from cloud and skin contamination are evaluated in short term periods, the inhalation of radionuclides resuspended from the ground and the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is evaluated in long term periods. The external exposure from the ground is analysed both in short term and in long term periods.

external

from outside the body of a human. Used for the classification of exposure pathways

Feedstuff

Product consumed by animals. The feedstuffs which may be considered at present are given in the list below. At present, the only possible feedstuff in

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the aquatic mode is feeding water; all other feedstuffs except feeding water can be used in the terrestrial mode only:

grass/hay (intensive cultivation) grass/hay (extensive cultivation) maize maize bulbs potatoes beets beet leaves winter barley spring barley

winter wheat spring wheat rye oats distilling residues brewing residues skim milk whole milk substitute whey (rennet) whey (acid) feeding water

Foodchain module

The foodchain module is a part of FDMT in the analysing subsystem of RODOS. The endpoints of the foodchain module are the specific activities in feedstuffs and foodstuffs calculated on basis of the atmospheric dispersion data. The specific activities in foodstuffs are transmitted to the dose module for the calculation of ingestion doses.

Foodstuff

Product consumed by humans. The foodstuffs which may be considered at present are given in the list below:

spring wheat (whole) spring wheat (flour) spring wheat (bran) winter wheat (whole) winter wheat (flour) winter wheat (bran) rye (whole) rye (flour) rye (bran) oats potatoes leafy vegetables root vegetables fruit vegetables fruits berries

cow's milk condensed milk cream butter cheese (rennet) cheese (acid) goat's milk sheep milk beef (cow) beef (bull) veal pork lamb chicken eggs beer

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Foodstuff group

Foodstuffs in the list of processed foodstuff can be summarized in foodstuff groups for the output of doses resulting from the ingestion of some types of foodstuffs. Possible foodstuff groups are:

plant products animal products vegetables grain and grain products milk and milk products meat

Ground

In the external exposure from the ground the radiation from radionuclides deposited on surfaces like plant surfaces, the soil surface (including radionuclides leached into deeper soil layers), walls, roofs etc. outside and inside houses is taken into account. The deposition onto the skin and clothes is excluded and considered separately.

The kerma from the ground is related to the deposition onto a lawn as a standard deposition area.

internal

from inside the body of a human. Here used for a classification of exposure pathways.

Location

A spatial unit for which atmospheric dispersion data are given in the input interface. The data arrays are designed for analysis of 2520 locations according to the dimension of the dynamic grid of RODOS. However, the spatial distribution of locations as well as their interpretation is not subject of the foodchain module or the dose module. Of course, all the input interface data related to locations must be related to the same spatial units.

In addition to a normal selection of locations, the location with the highest deposition or the highest dose may be chosen.

Long term ...

'Long term' is related to an analysis of specific activities, doses or dose rates during a time interval between the beginning of a deposition event up to 100 years after deposition with a time resolution not better than one day. A long term analysis is made for the exposure pathways external exposure from the ground, inhalation of resuspended radionuclides, ingestion of

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contaminated foodstuffs including the evaluation of specific activities in feedstuffs and foodstuffs, and the sum of all exposure pathways.

Nuclide

In the foodchain transport module and in the ingestion dose calculation, up to 10 nuclides may be considered. For the other exposure pathways, up to 15 nuclides may be taken into account. The following nuclides may be included in the calculation:

Ag 110m Am 241 Ba 140 Ce 141, Ce 143, Ce 144 Cm 242, Cm 244 Co 57, Co 58, Co 60 Cr 51 Cs 134, Cs 136, Cs 137, Cs 138 Fe 59 I 129, I 131, I 132, I 133, I 134, I 135 Kr 85m, Kr 87, Kr 88 La 140 Mn 54 Mo 99 Na 24 Nb 95 Nd 147 Np 239 Pr 143 Pu 238, Pu 239, Pu 240, Pu 241 Rb 86, Rb 88 Rh 105 Ru 103, Ru 105, Ru 106 Sb 127, Sb 129 Sr 89, Sr 90, Sr 91, Sr 92 Tc 99m Te 127m, Te 127,Te 129m, Te 129, Te 131, Te 131m, Te 132 Te 133m Te 133, Te 134 Xe 133, Xe 135, Xe 138 Y 90, Y 91 Zn 65 Zr 95, Zr 97

Nuclide group

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According to the limits of specific activities in the EC-regulations, nuclides are divided into the groups iodine isotopes, strontium isotopes, alpha emitters and other long lived radionuclides with a half life of more than 10 days. In the last group, the cesium isotopes Cs-134 and Cs-137 are supposed to be of greatest importance, therefore, this group is denoted 'cesium isotopes' in this paper. Nuclide groups can be selected not only for the output of specific activities and ingestion doses but also for the other exposure pathways.

Processed product

Feedstuff or foodstuff taking into account a minimum storage time and an enrichment or dilution of activity due to processing. A minimum value, presently set to 6 hours, is applied in the calculation of activities in processed products.

Product

Generic term for feedstuffs and foodstuffs. Both types of products are subdivided into raw products and processed products.

Raw product

Feedstuff or foodstuff without consideration of a minimum storage time and an enrichment or dilution of activity due to processing.

Region

Area for which the model parameters (e.g. growing times of crops, feeding habits, human consumption habits) are assumed to be constant. The parameters defined for a region are applied for all locations which are located within this radioecological region.

Results

Endpoints of the automatic mode and the interactive mode of the system to be presented to the user in order to describe the radiological situation. Results are subdivided into maps of specific activities and individual doses, time dependency plots, maps of collective doses and frequency distributions.

Short term ...

'Short term' is related to an analysis of the doses or dose rates during the time intervals for which an atmospheric dispersion data set is given as input. Short term analyses are made for the exposure pathways external exposure from cloud, external exposure from ground, inhalation of

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radionuclides from the cloud and skin contamination and the sum of these exposure pathways

Terrestrial Dose module

The dose module is a part of the analysing subsystem of RODOS. The endpoints calculated in the dose module are the individual and collective radiation exposures due to the exposure pathways considered. Doses due to external exposure and inhalation based on the atmospheric dispersion data and doses from ingestion based on the specific activities in foodstuffs calculated in the foodchain transport module.

Time intervals

In the short term analyses, the time intervals for which results will be presented have to comply with or cover a number of time intervals in the atmospheric dispersion data set. In the definition of default data sets the total time interval is used for which atmospheric dispersion data are given.

In the long term analyses, the time intervals for the data sets are defined independent from the time structure of the atmospheric dispersion data. In the default data sets, a time interval of one year from is used for long term radiation exposures.

Time resolution

The result vectors showing the time dependency of a dose or a specific activity are given with 'high' time resolution. This comprises 93 time steps with variable time resolution:

- each day up to 7 days after last possible deposition day, i.e. up to 54 days after first deposition day - 2, 3, and 4 weeks after last possible deposition day - 3 to 23 months (30 days a month) after first deposition day - 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 years (365 days a year) after first deposition day

Some of the doses can be given on a short term time scale; this is equivalent to the time interval array in the atmospheric data set.

Units

Specific activities in feedstuffs and foodstuffs are given in [Bq/kg], time integrated specific activities in [Bqd/kg], time integrated doses in [Sv], dose rates in [Sv/h] and collective doses in [manSv].

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Document History Document Title: User Guide for the Terrestrial Food Chain and Dose Module

FDMT of RODOS PV5.0 RODOS number: Version and status: Version 1.1 (final) Authors/Editors: Florian Gering, Heinz Müller Address: GSF - Institut für Strahlenschutz, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg Email: [email protected] Issued by: Wolfgang Raskob History: Version 1.0 (draft) February 2002 Version 1.1 (draft) August 2002 Version 1.1 (final) September 2002 Date of Issue: September 2002 Circulation: File Name: FdmtUGui.doc Date of print: April 15, 2003

user guide for the terrestrial food chain and dose module ......version 1.1 user guide for the...

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