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Page No : 98 Sheet No: Tech 98/0411



PIPE FLOW CAPACITIES CHART IN KG/H

PRESSURE KPa

VELOCITY m/s

15mm 20mm 25mm 32mm 40mm 50mm 65mm 80mm 100mm 125mm 150mm 200mm 250mm 300mm

40

15 7 14 24 37 52 99 145 213 394 648 917 1606 2590 3678

25 10 25 40 62 92 162 265 384 675 972 1457 2806 4101 5936

40 17 35 64 102 142 265 403 576 1037 1670 2303 4318 6909 9500

70

15 7 16 25 40 59 109 166 250 431 680 1006 1708 2791 3852

25 12 25 45 72 100 182 287 430 716 1145 1575 2816 4629 6204

40 18 37 68 106 167 298 428 630 1108 1712 2417 4532 7251 10323

100

15 8 17 29 43 65 112 182 260 470 694 1020 1864 2814 4045

25 12 26 48 72 100 193 300 445 730 1160 1660 3099 4869 6751

40 19 39 71 112 172 311 465 640 1150 1800 2500 4815 7333 10370

200

15 12 25 45 70 100 182 280 410 715 1125 1580 2814 4845 6277

25 19 43 70 112 165 295 428 656 1215 1755 2520 4815 7525 10575

40 30 64 115 178 275 475 745 1010 1895 2925 4175 7678 11997 16796

300

15 16 37 60 93 127 245 385 535 925 1505 2040 3983 6217 8743

25 26 66 100 152 225 425 632 910 1580 2480 3440 6779 10269 14316

40 41 87 157 250 375 595 1026 1460 2540 4050 5940 10476 16470 22950

400

15 19 42 70 108 156 281 432 635 1166 1685 2460 4816 7121 10358

25 30 63 115 180 270 450 742 1080 1980 2925 4225 7866 12225 17304

40 49 116 197 295 456 796 1247 1825 3120 4940 7050 12661 19663 27816

500

15 22 49 87 128 187 352 526 770 1295 2105 2835 5548 8586 11947

25 36 81 135 211 308 548 885 1265 2110 3540 5150 8865 14268 20051

40 59 131 225 338 495 855 1350 1890 3510 5400 7870 13761 23205 32244

600

15 26 59 105 153 225 425 632 925 1555 2525 3400 6654 10297 14328

25 43 97 162 253 370 658 1065 1520 2530 4250 6175 10629 17108 24042

40 71 157 270 405 595 1025 1620 2270 4210 6475 9445 16515 27849 38697

700

15 29 63 110 165 260 445 705 952 1815 2765 3990 7390 12015 16096

25 49 114 190 288 450 785 1205 1750 3025 4815 6900 12288 19377 27080

40 76 177 303 455 690 1210 1865 2520 4585 7560 10880 19141 30978 43470

800

15 32 70 126 190 285 475 800 1125 1990 3025 4540 8042 12625 17728

25 54 122 205 320 465 810 1260 1870 3240 5220 7120 13140 21600 33210

40 84 192 327 510 730 1370 2065 3120 5135 8395 12470 21247 33669 46858

1000

15 41 95 155 250 372 626 1012 1465 2495 3995 5860 9994 16172 22713

25 66 145 257 405 562 990 1530 2205 3825 6295 8995 15966 25860 35890

40 104 216 408 615 910 1635 2545 3600 6530 9880 14390 26621 41011 57560

1400

15 50 121 205 310 465 810 1270 1870 3220 5215 7390 12921 20538 29016

25 85 195 331 520 740 1375 2080 3120 5200 8500 12560 21720 34139 47218

40 126 305 555 825 1210 2195 3425 4735 8510 13050 18630 35548 54883 76534

1700

15 60 145 246 372 558 972 1524 2244 3364 6258 8858 15506 24646 34819

25 102 234 397 624 888 1650 2496 3744 6240 10200 15072 26064 40967 56662

40 151 366 666 990 1452 2634 4110 5682 10212 15660 22356 42658 65860 91841




THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM

Pressure and Temperature of Saturated Steam have an exact science relationship. That is why it is used extensively for cooking and heating purposes. The reason for this is that Saturated Steam at a certain Pressure will always be to the certain corresponding Temperature as shown in the Table below, with no exceptions E.G. Saturated Steam Pressure 103KPa will be 100°C

PRESSURE (KPa) TEMPERATURE RATING (°C) 1.4 12

3.5 27

6.9 40

9.7 44

13.8 52

16.5 56

20.7 60

34.5 73

69 90

103 100

172 116

207 121

275 130

345 138

414 145

483 150

552 155

620 160

690 165

827 171

965 178

1103 184

1240 190

1380 195

1725 204

2070 214

2415 222

2760 229

3105 235




TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE FROM DEGREES FAHRENHEIT TO DEGREES CENTIGRADE OR VISA VERSA

°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F

-169 -273 -459.4 4.4 40 104 179 355 671 354 670 1238 529 985 1805

-168 -270 -454 7.2 45 113 182 360 680 357 675 1247 532 990 1814

-165 -265 -445 10.0 50 122 185 365 689 360 680 1256 535 995 1823

-165 -260 -436 12.8 56 131 188 370 698 363 685 1265 538 1000 1832

-159 -255 -427 15.6 60 140 191 375 707 366 690 1274 541 1005 1841

-157 -250 -418 18.3 65 149 193 380 716 368 695 1283 543 1010 1850 -154 -245 -409 21.1 70 158 196 385 725 371 700 1292 546 1015 1859

-151 -240 -400 23.9 75 167 199 390 734 374 705 1301 549 1020 1868

-148 -235 -391 26.7 80 176 202 395 743 377 710 1310 552 1025 1877

-146 -230 -382 29.4 85 185 204 400 752 379 715 1319 554 1030 1886

-143 -225 -373 32.2 90 194 207 405 761 382 720 1328 557 1035 1895 -140 -220 -364 35.0 95 203 210 410 770 385 725 1337 560 1040 1904

-137 -215 -355 37.8 100 212 213 415 779 388 730 1346 563 1045 1913

-134 -210 -346 40.6 105 221 216 420 788 391 735 1355 566 1050 1922

-132 -205 -337 43.3 110 230 218 425 797 393 740 1364 568 1055 1931

-129 -200 -328 46.1 115 239 221 430 806 396 745 1373 571 1060 1940 -126 -195 -319 48.9 120 248 224 435 815 399 750 1382 574 1065 1949

-123 -190 -310 51.7 125 257 227 440 824 402 755 1391 577 1070 1958

-121 -185 -301 54.4 130 266 229 445 833 404 760 1400 579 1075 1967

-118 -180 -292 57.2 135 275 232 450 842 407 765 1409 582 1080 1976

-115 -175 -283 60.0 140 284 235 455 851 410 770 1418 585 1085 1985 -112 -170 -274 62.8 145 293 238 460 860 413 775 1427 588 1090 1994

-109 -165 -265 65.6 150 302 241 465 869 416 780 1436 590 1095 2003

-107 -160 -256 68.3 155 311 243 470 878 418 785 1445 593 1100 2012

-104 -155 -247 71.1 160 320 246 475 887 421 790 1454 596 1105 2021

-101 -150 -238 73.9 165 329 249 480 896 424 795 1463 599 1110 2030 -98.3 -145 -229 76.7 170 338 252 485 905 427 800 1472 602 1115 2039

-95.6 -140 -220 79.4 175 347 254 490 914 429 805 1481 604 1120 2048

-92.8 -135 -211 82.2 180 356 257 495 923 432 810 1490 607 1125 2057

-90.0 -130 -202 85.0 185 365 260 500 932 435 815 1499 610 1130 2066

-57.2 -125 -193 87.8 190 374 266 510 950 438 820 1508 613 1135 2075 *84.4 -120 -184 90.6 195 383 263 505 941 441 825 1517 616 1140 2084

-81.6 -115 -175 93.3 200 392 268 515 959 443 830 1526 618 1145 2093

-78.9 -110 -166 96.1 205 401 271 520 968 446 835 1535 621 1150 2102

-76-1 -105 -157 98.9 210 410 274 525 977 449 840 1544 624 1155 2111

-73.3 -100 -148 102 215 419 277 530 986 452 845 1553 627 1160 2120 -70.6 -95 -139 104 220 428 279 535 995 454 850 1562 629 1165 2129

-67.8 -90 -130 107 225 437 282 540 1004 457 855 1571 632 1170 2138

-65.0 -85 -121 110 230 446 285 545 1013 460 860 1580 635 1175 2147

-62.2 -80 -112 113 235 455 288 550 1022 463 865 1589 638 1180 2156

-59.4 -75 -103 115 240 464 291 555 1031 466 870 1598 641 1185 2165 -56.7 -70 -94 118 245 473 293 560 1040 468 875 1607 643 1190 2174

-53.9 -65 -85 121 250 482 296 565 1049 471 880 1616 646 1195 2183

-51.1 -60 -76 124 255 491 299 570 1058 474 885 1625 649 1200 2192

-48.3 -55 -67 127 260 500 302 575 1067 477 890 1634 652 1205 2201

-45.6 -50 -58 129 265 509 304 580 1076 479 895 1643 654 1210 2210 -42.8 -45 -49 132 270 518 307 585 1085 482 900 1652 657 1215 2219

-40.0 -40 -40 135 275 527 310 590 1094 485 905 1661 660 1220 2228

-37.2 -35 -31 138 280 536 313 595 1103 488 910 1670 663 1225 2237

-34.4 -30 -22 141 285 545 316 600 1112 491 915 1679 666 1230 2246

-31.7 -25 -13 143 290 554 318 605 1121 493 920 1688 668 1235 2255 -28.9 -20 -4 146 295 563 321 610 1130 496 925 1697 671 1240 2264

-26.1 -15 5 149 300 572 324 615 1139 499 930 1706 674 1245 2273

-23.3 -10 14 152 305 581 327 620 1148 502 935 1715 677 1250 2282

-20.6 -5 23 154 310 590 329 625 1157 504 940 1724 679 1255 2291

-17.8 0 32 157 315 599 332 630 1166 507 945 1733 682 1260 2300 -15.0 5 41 160 320 608 335 635 1175 510 950 1742 685 1265 2309

-12.2 10 50 163 325 617 338 640 1184 513 955 1751 688 1270 2318

-9.4 15 59 166 330 626 341 645 1193 516 960 1760 691 1275 2327

-6.7 20 68 168 335 635 343 650 1202 518 965 1769 693 1280 2336

-3.9 25 77 171 340 644 346 655 1211 521 970 1778 696 1285 2345 -1.1 30 86 174 345 653 349 660 1220 524 975 1787 699 1290 2354

1.7 35 95 177 350 662 352 665 1229 527 980 1796 702 1295 2363

704 1300 2372

THE SHADED COLUMN REPRESENTS THE KNOWN TEMPERATURE IN °C OR °F THE EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE IN °F OR °C, IS THEN READ FROM THE COLUMN TO THE LEFT OR RIGHT




CONVERSION TABLE SHOWING INCHES TO MILLIMETRES

FACTOR USED 1” = 25.40mm

INC

HE

S

0 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16

INC

HE

S

0 0.000 1.587 3.175 4.762 6.350 7.937 9.525 11.112 12.700 14.287 15.875 17.462 19.050 20.631 22.225 23.812 0

1 25.400 26.987 28.574 30.162 31.749 34.337 34.924 36.512 38.099 39.687 41.274 42.862 44.449 46.037 47.624 49.212 1

2 50.799 52.387 53.974 55.561 57.149 58.736 60.324 61.911 63.499 65.086 66.674 68.261 69.849 71.436 73.024 74.611 2

3 76.199 77.786 79.374 80.961 82.549 84.723 85.723 87.311 88.898 90.486 92.073 93.661 95.248 96.836 98.423 100.01 3

4 101.60 103.19 104.77 106.36 107.95 109.54 111.12 112.71 114.30 115.89 117.47 119.06 120.65 122.24 123.82 125.41 4

5 127.00 128.59 130.17 131.76 133.35 134.94 136.52 138.11 139.70 141.20 142.87 144.46 146.05 147.63 149.22 150.81 5

6 152.40 153.98 155.57 157.16 158.75 160.33 161.92 163.51 165.10 166.68 168.27 169.86 171.45 173.03 174.62 176.21 6

7 177.80 179.38 180.97 182.56 184.15 185.73 187.32 188.91 190.50 192.08 193.67 195.26 196.85 198.43 200.02 201.61 7

8 203.20 204.78 206.37 207.96 209.13 211.13 212.72 214.31 215.90 217.48 219.07 220.66 222.25 223.83 225.42 227.01 8

9 228.60 230.18 231.77 233.36 234.95 236.53 238.12 239.71 241.30 242.88 244.47 246.06 247.65 249.23 250.82 252.41 9

10 254.00 255.58 257.17 258.76 260.35 261.93 263.52 265.11 266.70 268.28 269.87 271.46 273.05 274.63 276.22 277.81 10

11 279.30 280.98 282.57 284.16 285.74 287.33 288.92 290.51 292.09 293.68 295.27 296.86 298.44 300.03 301.62 303.21 11

12 304.79 306.38 307.97 309.56 311.14 312.73 314.32 315.91 317.49 319.08 320.67 322.26 323.84 325.43 327.02 328.61 12

13 330.19 331.78 333.97 334.96 336.54 338.13 339.72 341.31 342.89 344.48 346.07 347.66 349.24 350.83 352.42 354.01 13

14 355.59 357.18 358.77 360.36 361.94 363.53 365.12 366.71 368.29 369.88 371.47 373.06 374.64 376.23 377.82 379.41 14

15 380.99 382.58 384.17 385.76 387.34 388.93 390.52 392.11 393.69 395.28 396.87 398.46 400.04 401.63 403.22 404.81 15

16 406.39 407.98 409.57 411.16 412.74 414.33 415.92 417.50 419.09 420.68 422.27 423.85 425.44 427.03 428.62 430.20 16

17 431.79 433.38 434.97 436.55 438.14 439.73 441.32 442.90 444.49 446.08 447.67 449.25 450.84 452.43 454.02 455.60 17

18 457.19 458.78 460.37 461.95 463.54 465.13 466.72 468.30 469.89 471.48 473.07 474.65 476.25 477.83 479.42 481.00 18

19 482.59 484.18 485.77 487.35 488.94 490.53 492.12 493.70 495.29 496.88 498.47 500.05 501.64 503.23 504.82 506.40 19

20 507.99 509.58 511.47 512.75 514.34 515.93 517.52 519.10 520.69 522.28 523.87 525.45 527.04 528.63 530.22 531.80 20

21 533.39 534.98 536.57 538.15 539.74 541.33 542.92 544.50 546.09 547.68 549.66 550.35 552.44 554.03 555.61 557.20 21

22 558.79 560.38 561.96 563.55 565.14 566.73 568.31 569.90 571.49 573.08 574.66 576.25 577.84 579.33 581.01 582.50 22

23 584.19 585.78 587.36 588.95 590.54 592.13 593.71 595.30 596.89 598.48 600.06 601.65 603.24 604.83 606.41 608.00 23

24 609.59 611.81 612.76 614.35 515.94 617.53 619.11 620.70 622.29 623.88 625.46 627.05 628.64 630.23 631.81 633.40 24

25 634.99 636.58 638.16 639.75 641.34 642.93 644.51 646.10 647.69 649.69 650.86 652.45 654.04 655.63 657.21 658.80 25

26 660.39 661.98 663.56 665.15 666.74 668.33 669.33 670.50 673.09 674.68 676.26 677.85 679.44 681.03 682.61 684.20 26

27 685.79 687.38 688.96 690.55 692.14 693.72 695.31 696.90 698.49 700.07 701.66 705.25 704.84 706.42 708.01 709.60 27

28 711.19 712.77 714.36 715.95 717.54 719.12 720.71 722.30 723.89 725.47 727.06 728.65 730.24 731.83 733.41 734.00 28

29 736.50 738.17 739.76 741.35 742.94 744.52 746.11 747.70 749.29 750.87 752.46 754.05 755.64 757.22 758.81 760.40 29

30 761.99 763.57 765.16 766.75 768.34 769.92 771.51 773.10 774.69 776.27 777.86 779.45 781.04 782.62 784.21 785.80 30

31 787.39 788.97 790.56 792.15 793.74 795.32 796.91 798.50 800.09 801.67 803.26 804.85 806.44 808.02 809.61 811.20 31

32 812.79 814.37 815.96 817.55 819.16 820.72 822.31 823.90 825.49 827.07 828.66 830.25 831.83 833.42 835.01 836.60 32

33 838.18 839.17 841.36 842.95 844.53 846.12 847.71 849.30 850.48 852.47 854.06 855.65 857.23 858.82 860.41 862.00 33

34 863.58 865.17 866.76 868.35 869.93 871.52 873.11 874.70 876.28 877.87 879.46 881.05 882.63 884.22 885.81 887.40 34

35 888.98 890.57 892.16 893.75 895.33 896.92 898.51 900.10 901.68 903.27 904.86 906.45 908.03 909.62 911.21 912.80 35

36 914.38 915.97 917.56 919.15 920.73 922.32 923.91 925.50 927.08 928.67 930.26 931.45 933.43 935.02 936.61 938.20 36

37 939.78 941.37 942.96 944.55 946.13 947.72 949.33 950.90 952.48 954.07 955.66 957.25 958.83 960.42 962.01 963.60 37

38 965.18 966.77 968.36 969.94 971.53 973.12 974.71 976.29 977.88 979.47 981.06 982.64 984.23 985.82 987.41 988.99 38

39 990.58 992.17 993.76 995.34 996.93 998.52 1000.1 1001.7 1003.3 1004.9 1006.5 1008.0 1009.6 1011.2 1012.8 1014.4 39

40 1016.0 1017.6 1019.2 1020.7 1022.3 1023.9 1025.5 1027.1 1028.7 1030.3 1031.9 1033.4 1035.0 1036.6 1038.2 1039.8 40

41 1041.4 1043.0 1044.6 1046.1 1047.7 1049.3 1050.9 1052.5 1054.1 1055.7 1057.3 1058.8 1060.4 1062.0 1063.6 1065.2 41

42 1066.8 1068.4 1070.0 1071.5 1073.1 1074.7 1076.3 1077.9 1079.5 1081.1 1082.7 1084.2 1085.8 1087.4 1089.0 1090.6 42

43 1092.2 1093.8 1095.4 1096.9 1098.5 1100.3 1101.7 1103.5 1104.9 1106.5 1108.1 1109.6 1111.2 1112.8 1114.4 1116.0 43

44 1117.6 1119.2 1120.8 1122.3 1123.9 1125.5 1127.1 1128.7 1130.3 1131.9 1133.5 1135.0 1136.6 1138.2 1139.2 1141.4 44

45 1143.0 1144.6 1146.2 1147.7 1149.3 1150.9 1352.5 1154.1 1155.7 1157.3 1158.9 1160.4 1162.0 1163.6 1165.2 1166.8 45

46 1168.4 1170.0 1171.6 1173.1 1174.7 1176.3 1177.9 1179.5 1181.1 1182.7 1184.3 1185.8 1187.4 1189.0 1190.6 1192.2 46

47 1193.8 1195.4 1197.0 1198.5 1200.1 1201.7 1203.3 1204.9 1206.5 1208.1 1209.7 1211.1 1212.8 1214.4 1216.0 1217.6 47

48 1219.2 1220.8 1222.4 1223.9 1225.5 1227.1 1228.7 1230.3 1231.9 1233.5 1235.1 1236.6 1238.2 1239.8 1241.4 1243.0 48

49 1244.6 1246.2 1247.8 1249.3 1250.9 1252.5 1254.1 3255.7 1257.3 1258.9 1260.5 1262.0 1263.6 1265.2 1266.8 12698.4 49

50 1270.0 1271.6 1273.2 1274.7 1276.3 1277.9 1279.5 1281.1 1282.7 1284.3 1285.9 1287.4 1289.0 1290.6 1292.2 1293.8 50

51 1295.4 1297.0 1298.6 1300.1 1301.7 1303.3 1304.9 1306.5 1308.1 1309.7 1311.3 1312.8 1314.4 1316.0 1317.6 1319.2 51

52 1320.8 1322.4 1324.0 1325.5 1327.3 1328.7 1330.3 1331.9 1333.5 1335.1 1336.7 1338.2 1339.8 1341.4 1343.0 1344.6 52

53 1346.2 1347.8 1349.4 1350.9 1352.5 1354.1 1355.7 1357.3 1358.9 1360.5 1362.1 1363.6 1365.2 1366.8 1368.4 1370.0 53

54 1371.6 1373.2 1374.8 1376.3 1377.9 1379.5 1381.1 1382.7 1384.3 1385.9 1387.5 1389.0 1390.6 1392.2 1393.8 1395.4 54

55 1397.0 1398.6 1400.2 1401.7 1403.3 1404.9 1406.5 1408.3 1409.7 1411.3 1412.9 1414.4 1416.0 1417.6 1419.2 1420.8 55

56 1422.4 1424.0 142568 1427.1 1428.7 1430.3 1431.9 1433.5 1435.1 1436.7 1438.3 1439.8 1441.4 1443.0 1444.6 1446.2 56

57 1447.8 1449.4 1451.0 1452.5 1454.1 1455.7 1457.3 1458.9 1460.5 1462.1 1463.7 1465.2 1466.8 1468.5 1470.0 1471.6 57

58 1473.2 1474.8 1476.4 1477.9 1479.5 1483.1 1482.7 1484.3 1485.9 1487.5 1489.1 1490.6 1492.2 1493.8 1495.4 14797.0 58

59 1498.6 1500.2 1501.8 1503.3 1504.9 1506.5 1508.1 1509.7 1511.3 1512.9 1514.5 1516.0 1517.6 1519.2 1520.8 1522.4 59




CONVERSION TABLE FRACTIONS OF AN INCH INTO DECIMALS AND MILLIMETRES

FRACTION DECIMAL

INCH mm FRACTION

DECIMAL INCH

mm FRACTION DECIMAL

INCH mm FRACTION

DECIMAL INCH

mm

1/64 0.016 0.397 17/64 0.266 6.747 33/64 0.516 13.097 49/64 0.766 19.447

1/32 0.031 0.794 9/32 0.281 7.141 17/32 0.531 13.494 25/32 0.781 19.844

3/64 0.047 1.191 19/64 0.297 7.541 35/64 0.547 13.891 51/64 0.797 20.241

1/16 0.062 1.587 5/16 0.312 7.937 9/16 0.562 14.287 13/16 0.812 20.637

5/64 0.078 1.984 21/64 0.328 8.334 37/64 0.578 14.684 53/64 0.828 21.034

3/32 0.094 2.381 11/32 0.344 8.731 19/32 0.594 15.081 27/32 0.844 21.431

7/64 0.109 2.778 23/64 0.359 9.128 39/64 0.609 15.478 55/64 0.859 21.828

1/8 0.125 3.175 3/8 0.375 9.525 5/8 0.625 15.875 7/8 0.875 22.225

9/64 0.141 3.572 25/64 0.391 9.922 41/64 0.641 16.272 57/64 0.891 22.622

5/32 0.156 3.969 13/32 0.406 10.319 21/32 0.656 16.669 29/32 0.906 23.019

11/64 0.172 4.366 27/64 0.422 10.716 43/64 0.672 17.066 59/64 0.922 23.406

3/16 0.187 4.762 7/16 0.437 11.112 11/16 0.687 17.462 15/16 0.937 23.812

13/64 0.203 5.159 29/64 0.453 11.509 45/64 0.703 17.859 61/64 0.953 24.209

7/32 0.219 5.556 15/32 0.469 11.906 23/32 0.719 18.256 31/32 0.969 24.606

15/64 0.234 5.953 31/64 0.484 12.303 47/64 0.734 18.653 63/64 0.984 25.003

1/4 0.250 6.350 1/2 0.500 12.700 3/4 0.750 19.050 1 1.000 25.400

LENGTH CONVERSION MASS CONVERSION

MULTPLY BY TO OBTAIN


CENTIMETRE (CM) 0.03281 FOOT GRAM (=0.001KG) 0.035274 OUNCE

CENTIMETRE (CM) 0.39370 INCH (“) KILOGRAM (KG) 2.20462 POUND

FOOT 0.3048 METRE (M) KILOGRAM/M³ 0.06243 POUND/FOOT³

INCH (“) 25.4 MILLIMETRE (MM) OUNCE 28.34952 GRAM

MILLIMETRE (MM) 0.039370 INCH (“) POUND 0.45359 KILOGRAM (KG)

VOLUME CONVERSION VELOCITY AND FLOW CONVERSION



CENTIMETRE ³ (CM³) 0.06102 INCH ³ CENTIMETRE/MIN 0.39307 INCH/MIN

FOOT ³ 0.02832 METRE ³ (M³) FOOT/MIM 18.288 METRE/HOUR

FOOT ³ 28.31685 LITRE FOOT/MIN 0.3048 METRE/MIN

GALLON (U.K LIQUID) 4.54609 LITRE FOOT³/MIN 28.31685 LITRE/MIN

GALLON (U.S LIQUID) 3.78541 LITRE GALLON (U.S)/MIN 3.78541 LITRE/MIN

INCH ³ 16.38706 CENTIMETRE ³ (CM³) LITRE/MIN 0.035315 FOOT³/MIN

LITRE 0.21997 GALLON (U.K LIQUID) LITRE/MIN 0.26417 GALLON(U.S)/MIN

LITRE 0.26417 GALLON (U.S. LIQUID)




CONVERSION TABLE OF PRESSURE INCLUDING METRES HEAD

KPa PSI METRES HEAD KPa PSI METRES HEAD KPa PSI METRES HEAD

1.00 0.15 0.10 380.00 55.11 38.75 880.00 127.63 89.73

2.00 0.29 0.20 390.00 56.56 39.77 890.00 129.08 90.75

3.00 0.44 0.31 400.00 58.02 40.79 896.32 130.00 91.40

4.00 0.58 0.41 410.00 59.47 41.81 900.00 130.53 91.77

5.00 0.73 0.51 413.69 60.00 42.18 910.00 131.98 92.79

6.00 0.87 0.61 420.00 60.92 42.83 920.00 133.43 93.81

6.89 1.00 0.70 430.00 62.37 43.85 930.00 134.89 94.83

7.00 1.02 0.71 440.00 63.82 44.87 930.79 135.00 94.91

8.00 1.16 0.82 448.16 65.00 45.70 940.00 136.34 95.85

9.00 1.31 0.92 450.00 65.27 45.89 950.00 137.79 96.87

10.00 1.45 1.02 460.00 66.72 46.91 960.00 139.24 97.89

13.79 2.00 1.41 470.00 68.17 47.93 965.27 140.00 98.43

20.00 2.90 2.04 480.00 69.62 48.95 970.00 140.69 98.91

20.68 3.00 2.11 482.63 70.00 49.21 980.00 142.14 99.93

27.58 4.00 2.81 490.00 71.07 49.97 990.00 143.59 100.95

30.00 4.35 3.06 500.00 72.52 50.99 999.74 145.00 101.95

34.47 5.00 3.52 510.00 73.97 52.01 1000.00 145.04 101.97

40.00 5.80 4.08 517.11 75.00 52.73 1034.21 150.00 105.46

41.37 6.00 4.22 520.00 75.42 53.03 1378.95 200.00 140.61

48.26 7.00 4.92 530.00 76.87 54.04 1500.00 217.56 152.96

50.00 7.25 5.10 540.00 78.32 55.06 1723.69 250.00 175.77

55.16 8.00 5.62 550.00 79.77 56.08 2000.00 290.08 203.94

60.00 8.70 6.12 551.58 80.00 56.25 2068.43 300.00 210.92

62.05 9.00 6.33 560.00 81.22 57.10 2413.16 350.00 246.07

68.95 10.00 7.03 570.00 82.67 58.12 2500.00 362.59 254.93

70.00 10.15 7.14 580.00 84.12 59.14 2757.90 400.00 281.23

80.00 11.60 8.16 586.05 85.00 59.76 3000.00 435.11 305.91

90.00 13.05 9.18 590.00 85.57 60.16 3102.64 450.00 316.38

100.00 14.50 10.20 600.00 87.02 61.18 3447.38 500.00 351.53

103.42 15.00 10.55 610.00 88.47 62.20 3500.00 507.63 356.90

110.00 15.95 11.22 620.00 89.92 63.22 3792.12 550.00 386.69

120.00 17.40 12.24 620.53 90.00 63.28 4000.00 580.15 407.89

130.00 18.85 13.26 630.00 91.37 64.24 4136.85 600.00 421.84

137.90 20.00 14.06 640.00 92.82 65.26 4481.59 650.00 457.00

140.00 20.31 14.28 650.00 94.27 66.28 4500.00 652.67 458.87

150.00 21.76 15.30 655.00 95.00 66.79 4826.33 700.00 492.15

160.00 23.21 16.32 660.00 95.72 67.30 5000.00 725.19 509.86

172.37 25.00 17.58 670.00 97.18 68.32 5171.07 750.00 527.30

180.00 26.11 18.35 680.00 98.63 69.34 5500.00 797.71 560.84

190.00 27.56 19.37 689.48 100.00 70.31 5515.81 800.00 562.46

200.00 29.01 20.39 690.00 100.08 70.36 5860.54 850.00 597.61

206.84 30.00 21.09 700.00 101.53 71.38 6000.00 870.23 611.83

210.00 30.46 21.41 710.00 102.98 72.40 6205.28 900.00 632.76

220.00 31.91 22.43 720.00 104.43 73.42 6500.00 942.75 662.82

230.00 33.36 23.45 723.95 105.00 73.82 6550.00 950.00 667.91

240.00 34.81 24.47 730.00 105.88 74.44 6894.76 1000.00 703.07

241.32 35.00 24.61 740.00 107.33 75.46 7000.00 1015.26 713.80

250.00 36.26 25.49 750.00 108.78 76.48 7239.49 1050.00 738.22

260.00 37.71 26.51 758.42 110.00 77.34 7500.00 1087.78 764.79

270.00 39.16 27.53 760.00 110.23 77.50 7584.23 1100.00 773.38

275.79 40.00 28.12 770.00 111.68 78.52 7928.97 1150.00 808.53

280.00 40.61 28.55 780.00 113.13 79.54 8000.00 1160.30 815.77

290.00 42.06 29.57 790.00 114.58 80.56 8273.71 1200.00 843.68

300.00 43.51 30.59 792.90 115.00 80.85 8500.00 1232.82 866.76

310.00 44.96 31.61 800.00 116.03 81.58 8618.45 1250.00 878.84

310.26 45.00 31.64 810.00 117.48 82.60 8963.18 1300.00 913.99

320.00 46.41 32.63 820.00 118.93 83.62 9000.00 1305.34 917.74

330.00 47.86 33.65 827.37 120.00 84.37 9307.92 1350.00 949.14

340.00 49.31 34.67 830.00 120.38 84.64 9500.00 1377.86 968.73

344.74 50.00 35.15 840.00 121.83 85.66 9652.66 1400.00 984.30

350.00 50.76 35.69 850.00 123.28 86.68 9997.40 1450.00 1019.45

360.00 52.21 36.71 860.00 124.73 87.70 10000.00 1450.38 1019.72

370.00 53.66 37.73 861.84 125.00 87.88

379.21 55.00 38.67 870.00 126.18 88.72




CONVERSION TABLE FOR TORQUE AND WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT

TORQUE NEWTON KILOGRAM POUND POUND

METRE FORCE / METRE FORCE / FOOT FORCE / INCH

Nm Kgf/m Ibf /ft Ibf/in

1 0.102 0.7376 8.8508

9.8067 1 7.2330 86.7962

1.3558 0.1383 1 12

0.113 0.0115 0.0833 1

WHAT IS TORQUE?

Any Force that causes rotation. Torque is a “turning” or “twisting” Force and differs from Tension which is created by a Straight Pull. However, Torque is used to create TENSION.

HOW?

As seen below, it can be seen that as the Nut and Bolt are tightened, the two Plates are clamped together. The thread angle in the Bolt converts the Force applied into Tension (or Stretch) in the Bolt Shank. The amount of the Tension created in the Bolt is critical.

WHY?

When a Bolt is Tensioned correctly it is working at its Optimum Efficiency and will resist coming undone. If the Tension is too high (overstretched) the Bolt could break because of the fact that a Flanged Joint is probably under Pressure. It is important to tighten the Bolts to the correct Torque and in the correct sequence as seen below.

FLANGE JOINTS

THE ABOVE SKETCH SHOWS THE RECOMMENDED TIGHTENING SEQUENCE IN FLANGE JOINTS

WITH 4, 8, 12, 16 AND 20 BOLTS

Torque is also a very important factor when Actuating or Automating Valves whether they be Rotary or Linear. It is the Force needed to move the Blade or Ball, etc. out of the Seal and to move the Blade or Ball, etc. back into the Seal. If the Torque supplied is too low the Valves will not Seal. It is also necessary to increase the Torque Figure for Valves if the Application is a Dry Product e.g., Sand, Cement and Powders. We recommend 50% for ease of operation.




INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR WAFER TYPE BUTTERFLY VALVES

PIPE FLANGES

Wafer Type Butterfly Valves are designed for installation between various Flanges. Valves can be installed between Flanges with Flat or Standard Raised Faces.

GASKETS

In Wafer Type Valves, the Elastomer Seat (Liner) provides a Leakproof Seal between the Valve and the Pipe Flange Faces. Gaskets are NOT needed and should NOT be used.

DISC POSITION

Valves should be installed with the Disc in the “almost closed” position. Wafer Type Butterfly Valves are normally supplied with the Disc in this position.

SHAFT POSITION

If the Valves are being installed in a horizontal Pipeline, and a choice of Shaft Position exists, good practice dictates that they be installed with the Shaft horizontal. In this position, Shaft and Disc weights are distributed evenly, minimising Liner and Seal wear. Also, any foreign matter which may have accumulated at the bottom of the Disc is effectively removed each time the Valve is opened.

CHECK FOR POSSIBLE DISC INTERFERENCE

Before any Flange Bolts are tightened, Valves should be centered within the Bolts and then carefully opened and closed to assure free, unobstructed Disc movement.

Disc interference may result when Valves are installed in Pipelines having smaller than normal Inside Diameters such as thick wall Pipe, cement-lined Pipe, or Pipe containing baffles or other internal structures. Suitable corrective measures must be taken to remove all obstructions (taper boring the Pipe or Pipe Liner, etc.)

Interference also may occur when Wafer Type Valves are bolted directly to the Outlet Flange of Swing Check Valves.

INSTALLING WAFER VALVES

Clearance between Pipe Flanges will make possible free Valve access with the Disc in the “almost closed” pos ition since, in this way, the Disc edge is protected and it has also reduced the Elastomer interference during Assembly and the initial Torque when opening the Valve.

Insert Bolts through the two bottom Pipe Flange holes. Slip the “almost closed” Valve carefully between the Pipe Flange Faces allowing it to sit on the Bolts while it is being properly positioned. There should be a full, even contact between the Elastomer Sealing Face of the Valve and the Metal Face of the Flange. DO NOT force the Valve into place; doing so may damage the Elastomer facing. If necessary

apply a coat of Rubber Grease to the Facings.

After alignment of the Valve with the Flanges, and before tightening the Bolts, the Disc must be turned to the Fully Open Position, since being in Fully Closed Position a deformation of Elastic Liner is produced, and on tightening the Bolts the Elastomer will expand around the Disc edge, giving a higher Torque in the initial opening, or producing break or permanent deformation of Elastomer.

An alternative method may be employed when installing Wafer Valves 150mm and larger in a Horizontal Pipeline. These larger sizes have two Bolt Holes which straddle the Shaft centreline just below the Operator Mounting Pad. By inserting a Bolt through one of these holes, and through the corresponding hole in each Pipe Flange, the suspended Valve can be pivoted to its proper position between the Flanges. Insertion of another Bolt through the other body hole (and Pipe Flange holes) will hold the Valve in place until the remaining Bolts are installed.




AVOIDING PROBLEMS WITH BUTTERFLY VALVES

The majority of all problems with Butterfly Valves in the field are directly related to poor Installation Procedures. For this reason, it is wise to consider best practice when laying out Pipework and installing the Valve itself. The Seat in a Resilient Seated Butterfly Valve usually extends around to both Faces of the Valve. As a result, no Gaskets are required as these Seats serve the function of a Gasket. The Seat Material which extends past the Face is compressed during Installation and flows towards the centre of the Valve Seat. Any change in this configuration due to improper Installation directly affects the Pressure Rating and the Seating / Unseating torques. Unlike most Valve types, the Butterfly Valve’s Disc actually extends beyond the Face of the Valve Body at given angles of opening (say, 30° or more) when installed between Flanges. Therefore, it is very important before Installation to ensure that the Disc is able to freely turn and enter the Flanges and Pipework.

SHIPMENT AND STORAGE

Position Discs at 10% open so that they are Unseated. The Faces of each Valve should be covered to prevent damage to the Seat Face, Disc edge, or Valve interior. Store indoors, preferably with ambient temperatures between 5°C and 30°C. Open and close the Valves every 3 months. Ship and store Valves so that no heavy loads are applied to the Bodies.

VALVE LOCATION

Butterfly Valves should be installed if possible a minimum of 6 Pipe Diameters from other Line elements, i.e. Elbows, Pumps, Valves, etc Sometimes this is not feasible, but it is important to achieve as much distance as possible. Where the Butterfly Valve is connected to a Check Valve or Pump, keep enough space between them to ensure the Disc does not interfere with the adjacent equipment.

VALVE ORIENTATION

As a rule of thumb, Butterfly Valves should be installed with the Stem in the vertical position with the Actuator mounted vertically directly above it, however, there are some applications where the Stem should be horizontal. For Slurries, Sludge, Mine Tailings, Pulp, Dry Cement, (media with sediment or particles), install the Valve with the Stem horizontal, with the Lower Disc edge opening towards the downstream direction. Butterfly Valves located after a Centrifugal Pump. Butterfly Valves located after a Bend. Butterfly Valves located after a T” Joint. Butterfly Valves located after a Pipe Reducer.

INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

1 Make sure the Pipeline and Flange Faces are clean. Any foreign material such as Metal Filings, Pipe Scale, Welding Slag, Welding Rods, etc. can limit Disc movement or damage the Disc or Seat.

2 Gaskets are not required on Resilient Seated Valves because they extend to both Faces of the Valve. 3 Align the Pipework, and spread the Flanges enough to allow the Valve Body to be easily inserted between the Flanges without

contacting the Pipe Flanges. 4 Check that the Valve Disc has been set to about 10% open so it doesn’t become jammed in the fully seated position.

INSTALLATION WITH FLANGE WELDING

When Butterfly Valves are to be installed between Welding Type Flanges, care should be taken to ensure no damage will occur to the Seat:

1 Place the Valve between the Flanges with the Flanges and Valve Body aligned. The Disc should be 10% open. 2 Bolt the Flanges to the Valve Body. Ensure the Valve and Flanges are aligned with the Pipe. 3 Tack Weld the Flanges to the Pipe. 4 Remove the Bolts and the Valve from the Pipe Flanges and finish welding the Flanges. 5 Wait for the Pipe and Flanges to cool before installing the Valve. NOTE: Never complete the Welding (after Tacking) with the

Valve between Flanges as heat transfer will cause severe Seat damage.

Page No : 106A Sheet No: Tech 106A/0813



SAFETY WITH VALVES

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPECIFICATION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

SPECIFICATION

Know exactly what the Valve has to do and specify it accordingly. Important points to consider are, type of fluid, pressure, temperature, thermal and mechanical Pipe strains, Hydraulic Tests, water hammer and thermal shocks, corrosion, environmental conditions, etc. Freezing of water inside a Valve will cause severe damage and could burst the Valve.

Ensure correct design of Pipework with adequate provision for drainage of Valves, etc. For arduous service where Valves need to be maintained whilst the Plant is running, fit Isolating Valves and a Bypass

arrangement. Safety Valve escape Pipework must be correctly designed, otherwise, Valve performance and consequently Plant Protection

may be affected.

INSTALLATION Remove all External and Internal Packaging together with any temporary protective material. Carefully inspect the Valve to ensure that no damage has occurred in transit or during subsequent handling. Ensure that the Valve is the correct type and size and that the Identification Markings show that the Material and

Pressure/Temperature Rating is suitable for the service conditions. Read ANY Installation Instructions carefully and work to them Ensure that the Valve is lifted safely into position without damage to the Valve. Ensure that the Valve is installed so that it can be safely operated and maintained without putting persons at risk. Make

sure that a firm footing is provided for the Operator with adequate space around the Valve to meet operating and maintenance requirements. Ensure adequate ambient lighting is available. Where fitted, Control Devices and Indicators must be easily accessible and clearly visible from the normal operating position.

Ensure that adjoining Pipework and Connections are square, true and adequately supported to prevent the Valve being subjected to stresses which could affect its performance.

Ensure that the System into which the Valve is to be installed is clean and free from any foreign matter. Take care that, where direction of Flow is indicated, Valves are installed the correct way round in the Pipeline. Ensure that all Revolving Shafts and Universal Joints between Valves and Actuators are guarded. Also, ensure that any fast

moving parts which have a Velocity greater than ¼” per second are guarded. Valves which operate at High or Low temperatures must be positioned or lagged to prevent Personnel contacting surfaces

which could cause injury. VENT CONNECTIONS: Safety Vales and other types of Valve may have Vents and/or other openings venting Fluids to

atmosphere. These must be directed to a safe place and never Plugged. WELD CONNECTIONS: Ensure that the Welder has the exact material designations and is to use an approved Welding

and Heat Treatment Procedure. When Welding, have a good Earth return onto the Valve Body (not the superstructure). Except where it is impossible (e.g, Non-Return Valves) have the Valve in the Open Position for Welding and Heat Treatment. Keep the Temperature of the Seats to a minimum within the Temperature Ratings of the Valve – especially important on Pressed-in Type and Soft Seats.

CHEMICAL CLEANING: Firstly, flush the Valve with water under a moderate Pressure and operate the Valve to allow the

Gland Packing to be saturated with water to prevent the absorption of chemicals. With the Valve in the Half-Open Position to create turbulence for best cleaning effect, proceed with Chemical Cleaning. Passivate, then flush with Water. With Water in the Valve, operate it several times to flush away any Chemicals that may have penetrated the Gland Packing. If Valves are not to be used immediately, use Corrosion Inhibitor in the Water.

SYSTEM HYDRAULIC TESTING: Do not over-pressurise and use Corrosion Inhibited Water where necessary. Safety

Vales should not be gagged for Over-Pressure in excess of 10% above their Set Pressure. For higher Pressure, blanking-off equipment should be used. If Balance Valves or Bypass Valves are fitted to a Main Valve, these normally need Closing to give compete isolation in both directions. If Valves are fitted with Valves that will relieve integrate Pressures, these must be Opened after Hydraulic Testing and before operating the Main Valve, otherwise Gate Valves must themselves be Opened. The Intergate Space is the Cavity in the Valve, formed by the two Seats, and when the Valve is Closed can therefore contain and trap the Fluid Medium

IMPORTANT NOTE: INTERGATE OVERPRESSURISATION

All Double Seated Valves like Wedge Gate Valves and Parallel Slide Gate Valves can be subjected to a series of events which causes dangerous overpressurisation of the Intergate Space. Such overpressurisation can be extremely damaging to the Valve, and dangerous to Personnel, and it must be avoided by either strict Operational Procedures, or else by the Valve having a Dedicated Design Safety Feature such as a Bleed Hole or an Intergate Balance Pipe. Overpressurisation is caused on a Closed Valve when the Intergate Cavity contains some, or is totally full of Liquid which is then subjected to Heat. The expansion of this Liquid/Vapour causes Extremely High Pressures to be generated because the Cavity is perfectly Sealed. The problem is prevented by Bleeding away the Pressure before it builds up, either by opening the Valve or by relying on one of the Design Safety Features. An example of the occurrence of this problem is when not completely draining after a Hydraulic Test, and Steam is applied to one, or both, sides of a Closed Valve. The Conducted Hat is capable of producing an Internal Pressure which is many times the Valve Rating. In fact the temperature rise need only be small – various Design Standards warn about this problem being caused by Solar Heating alone. Condensate formed in Valves on Plant Shutdown is also capable of causing this problem.

FUNCTIONAL TESTING: Make a Functional Test to ensure the Valve and System are working as intended. Ensure Power Supplies are safe and correct, e.g. that Electric Actuators run in correct direction, Limit Switches trip at the correct point, Isolators are available to isolate the Electric supply.

During Functional Testing and Setting to work, ensure that Routine Maintenance is carried out and take precautions to prevent any Foreign Matter finding its way through to the Valve which may cause damage to the Valve internals and inhibit good Valve performance.




SAFETY WITH VALVES

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPECIFICATION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

OPERATION

Read the Operating Instructions and ensure that these are fully understood and carried out. Ensure that Operators are fully trained to carry out their work.

Check the Handwheel or Lever markings which show the direction of rotation to close the Valve. If no such indication can be seen, positively establish that the Valve closes in the conventional Clockwise direction

Don’t use Wheel Keys or Wrenches to gain extra leverage when operating the Valve. Do not overtighten in the Open or Closed Position. When a Parallel Slide Gate Valve is Opened or Closed, it is recommended that the Valve is positioned slightly away from the mechanical stops to ensure that the Spindle and Discs are free floating.

Don’t delay in repairing a Valve once it becomes obvious that something is wrong LIQUID / CONDENSATE SERVICE: Closed Gate Valves which may be subjected to applied heat such as trace heating or

heat conducted along the Pipe, must have suitable integrate pressure relief devices (e.g. Balance Valve or Pipe, Bypass Valve with Intergate Connection) in the Open Position

BYPASS VALVES: Equipment fitted with a Bypass Valve should have this opened to pass any Condensate and allow

Pipework to ‘warm up’ prior to opening the Main Valve. A Bypass Valve also helps to equalise the Pressure and make the Main Valve easier to operate. On closing, shut the Main Valve followed by closing the Bypass Valve. If Twin Bypass Valves are fitted, the Bypass having an Intergate ‘equalising’ Connection to the Main Valve will normally be situated on the Inlet (i.e. pressurised) side of the Main Valve. The Valve with Intergate Equalising Connection should be used as a ‘Martyr’ Valve with the other (‘Master’) Valve normally kept Open. A Bypass Valve – or the Martyr Valve on a Twin Bypass Valves arrangement – should be Closed during normal running, and Opened just before a Closing Down Procedure. Where Valves have a simple Balance Valve the latter should be kept in the Open Position.

Unless arranged specifically for quick operation (emergency, etc.), Valves should be operated slowly to avoid Thermal and Mechanical Shocks, Water Hammer, etc.

MAINTENANCE Read the Manufacturer’s Maintenance Instructions and any warning labels on the Valve and carry out all routine and regular

maintenance as specified therein. Ensure that persons carrying out maintenance are fully trained to carry out their work. Ensure that the Working Area or Platform around the Valve is stable, free from any obstruction and meets all requirements

as a safe working area. Ascertain the Valve Duty. If the Valve has been in service with hazardous material, take the necessary precautions before

and during maintenance operations Check the external appearance of the Valve, including paintwork or Lagging, for signs of fault conditions. Special

precautions may be needed Check that the Valve is at Ambient Pressure and Temperature before carrying out any adjustments or dismantling. Pressure

Gauges must read Zero before commencement. Any Drain Valve or Vent Valve in the adjacent Piping must be Open and have stopped discharging. The Vent or Drain must have stopped discharging for at least: 5 Minutes for Valves up to and including 150mm (6”) Bore 10 Minutes for Valves above 150mm (6”) up to and including 300mm (12”) Bore 30 Minutes for Valves larger than 300mm (12”) Bore

The Valve should be operated through at least half its travel to ensure that there is no sound or other indication of anything in the Valve

Use correctly fitting Tools. When special maintenance equipment is required to carry out a particular operation, make sure that this is used.

Isolate the Power Supply to Actuator Operated Valves before any work commences Isolate any local and remote operating device (other than Direct Mounted Handwheel or Operating Lever) before starting

maintenance work. Valve designs which incorporate stored energy devices (e.g. Springs, Weights and Pressure Accumulators) must be treated with special care

Purge or drain any Pipes carrying Gas or Liquids which operate Valves, such as Relay Operated Control Valves, Air or Hydraulic Actuators, etc. before commencing work on the Valve

Ensure that the Pipework on either side of the Valve is fully and independently supported if it becomes necessary to remove the Valve from its installed position. If a Valve is removed, find out if it is necessary to blank off the Pipe Ends. Ensure that the Valve is adequately and safely lifted during all handling operations.

ASBESTOS: Observe the appropriate site safety procedures if Asbestos Lagging is to be removed from the Valve. Asbestos Gland Packing shall be damped down with Water to prevent release of dust, both before and during removal and shall be handled and disposed of in accordance with the appropriate site safety instructions.

Examine all parts for distortion, wear, tear, erosion, corrosion and cracking when dismantling the Valve, and replace as appropriate

Use Replacement Parts supplied by the Manufacturer and ensure that they are fitted in accordance with Manufacturer’s Instructions.

If heat is applied to any component to aid removal, it must be replaced with a new part. This applies particularly to Bolting When Valves, etc. are opened up for maintenance, ensure that foreign matter such as Tools, Lapping Materials, etc. are

removed from the interior before reassembly Make sure that a visual inspection from a safe distance is carried out with the Valve under Pressure, before or during

recommissioning if maintenance work has involved the stripping down of pressure-containing parts. Check and adjust Packed Glands periodically to prevent Leakage. Do not adjust or repack Valve Glands under Pressure Don’t over tighten Glands as Valve operation may be affected. Tighten Glands evenly to avoid scoring of the Valve Spindle

Page No : 107 A Sheet No: Tech 107A/0411



COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS USED IN

VALVE SEALS, LINERS AND DIAPHRAGMS

NATURAL RUBBER

BUTYL NITRILE OR

BUNA-N NEOPRENE HYPALON EPDM SILICONE VITON

TEAR RESISTANCE GOOD - VERY

GOOD GOOD FAIR GOOD FAIR FAIR – GOOD POOR FAIR

ABRASION RESISTANCE EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR EXCELLENT EXCELLENT GOOD -

EXCELLENT POOR GOOD

COMPRESSION GOOD POOR GOOD FAIR – GOOD FAIR GOOD FAIR FAIR – GOOD *

REBOUND: COLD EXCELLENT POOR GOOD VERY GOOD FAIR – GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT FAIR – GOOD

REBOUND: HOT EXCELLENT VERY GOOD GOOD VERY GOOD GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT GOOD *

ELECTRICAL INSULATION GOOD -

EXCELLENT

GOOD -

EXCELLENT POOR GOOD

VERY GOOD -

EXCELLENT EXCELLENT GOOD GOOD

PERMEABILITY TO GASSES FAIRLY LOW VERY LOW LOW FAIR – GOOD GOOD EXCELLENT EXCELLENT FAIR – GOOD

ACID RESISTANCE: DILUTE FAIR – GOOD EXCELLENT GOOD LOW LOW – VERY

LOW FAIRLY LOW FAIRLY LOW VERY LOW

ACID RESISTANCE: CONCENTRATE

FAIR – GOOD GOOD GOOD EXCELLENT EXCELLENT EXCELLENT EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

SOLVENT RESISTANCE: ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

POOR POOR EXCELLENT GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT FAIR EXCELLENT

SOLVENT RESISTANCE: ROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

POOR POOR GOOD FAIR – GOOD FAIR – GOOD POOR POOR EXCELLENT

LACQUER SOLVENTS POOR FAIR –

GOOD FAIR POOR POOR - FAIR

GOOD - VERY

GOOD FAIR POOR

RESISTANCE TO: SWELLING IN LUBRICATING OIL

POOR POOR VERY GOOD POOR POOR POOR - FAIR POOR POOR - FAIR

OIL & GASOLINE POOR POOR EXCELLENT GOOD GOOD -

EXCELLENT POOR FAIR EXCELLENT

ANIMAL & VEGETABLE OILS POOR – GOOD VERY GOOD VERY GOOD GOOD GOOD POOR FAIR EXCELLENT

WATER ABSORBTION VERY GOOD VERY GOOD GOOD GOOD GOOD GOOD GOOD -

EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

OXIDATION GOOD EXCELLENT GOOD GOOD VERY GOOD VERY GOOD -

EXCELLENT EXCELLENT VERY GOOD

OZONE POOR – FAIR EXCELLENT FAIR VERY GOOD -

EXCELLENT EXCELLENT EXCELLENT EXCELLENT OUTSTANDING

SUNLIGHT AGEING POOR VERY GOOD POOR VERY GOOD -

EXCELLENT OUTSTANDING OUTSTANDING EXCELLENT OUTSTANDING

HEAT AGEING 85 DEB C 120 DEC C 115 DEG C 95 DEG C 135 DEG C 145 DEG C 235 DEG C 205 DEG C

FLAME POOR POOR POOR GOOD GOOD POOR FAIR – GOOD EXCELLENT

HEAT GOOD VERY GOOD GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT EXCELLENT OUTSTANDING OUTSTANDING

COLD EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR – GOOD GOOD GOOD EXCELLENT OUTSTANDING GOOD

* EXCEPT AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

RUBBER COMPOUND CHEMICAL NAME

NATURAL RUBBER POLYISOPRENE

BUTYL ISOBUTYLENE ISOPRENE

NITRILE OR BUNA N BUTADIENE ACRYLONITRITE

NEOPRENE POLYCHLOROPRENE

HYPALON CHLOROSUFONATED POLYETHYLENE

EPDM ETHYLENE PROPYLENE POLYMER

SILICONE POLYSILOXINE POLYMER

VITON FLUROELASTOMER




BOLT LENGTHS FOR FOOT VALVES

T1000/3 T1600/3

80mm

VALVE DOUBLE DOOR 64mm 64mm

FLANGE 12mm 14mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm

XOX SAFETY 24mm 24mm

TOTAL M16 x 120mm M16 x 120mm

100mm


FLANGE 12mm 14mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



125mm


FLANGE 14mm 15mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



150mm


FLANGE 16mm 18mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



200mm


FLANGE 18mm 22mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



250mm


FLANGE 20mm 25mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



300mm


FLANGE 22mm 28mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



350mm


FLANGE 25mm 30mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



400mm


FLANGE 25mm 35mm

STRAINER 10mm 10mm

GASKETS 6mm 6mm



Page No : 108A Sheet No: Tech 108A/1607



CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLES

The information given in the Tables that follow is included as a General Guide to the Chemical Resistance of the particular materials listed. Fluid Temperature, Pressure and Concentration all affect the choice of materials. For the Tables that follow all Fluids are at Ambient Temperature unless otherwise indicated.

KEY

A - EXCELLENT C - FAIR BLANK - INSUFFICIENT DATA

B - GOOD D - UNSATISFACTORY

MATERIAL

CHEMICAL

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RB

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04

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L 3

16

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ABRASIVE FLUID (NON-CORROSIVE) A A A A A A

ACETALDEHYDE C C C D A D B C A D A D A D

ACETATE SOLVENTS A B B A A A D D D A D D

ACETIC ACID (10%) D D C C A D D D A A A A A A A

ACETIC ACID (80%) D D C B C A D D D A D A D D A

ACETIC ACID (AERATED) D D D D A C D D A

ACETIC ACID (AIR FREE) D D D B A C D D A

ACETIC ACID (CRUDE) D D C C A D D D A

ACETIC ACID (PURE) D D C C A D D D A A A A

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE D D D B C B C D D A D A D A D A A A

ACETONE A A A A A A D A D A D A D D D A A A

ACETYLENE A A A D A A A A A D A D A B

ACRYLONITRILE A A C A A D D D A D A D A

ADIPIC ACID A A A A A

ADIPONITRILE A A A A A

AIR A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

ALCOHOL ALLYL A A A A A

ALCOHOL AMYL B B C A B A A A A A D A D A

ALCOHOL ETHYL A A A A A A

ALCOHOL FURFURYL A A A A

ALCOHOL ISOPROPYL A A A A A A

ALCOHOL METHYL A A A A A A A A

ALCOHOL PROPYL A A A A A A

ALCOHOLIC DRINKS A A A A

ALCOHOLS B B C A B B A A A A

ALKAZID LYE A A

ALKYD RESINS A A A A

ALKYL ARYL SULPHONATES A A A A

ALKYLATED PHENOLS A A A

ALLYL ALCOHOL A A A A A A

ALOE A A A A A

ALUM A A A A A A A A

ALUMINIA A A A A





KEY



MATERIAL

CHEMICAL

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ALUMINIUM ACETATE A A A A

ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE B B B B A A A A B A A

ALUMINIUM CHLORO HYDRATE A A A

ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE A A

ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE SILICO A A

ALUMINIUM SULPHATE D D C C A A A A A D A D A

ALUMINOFERRIL A A A A

AMINES A A C A A A D A

AMINO RESINS A A A A

AMMONIA (AQUEOUS) A A A D A B A A A D A D A A

AMMONIA ANHYDROUS A A B A D A B C A B B

AMMONIA GAS A A A B B B B A B

AMMONIA SOLUTIONS B A B D A B B A B D

AMMONIACAL LIQUOR B B A B B B

AMMONIUM ACETATE B B

AMMONIUM BICARBONATE C A B B B B A A A D A D A

AMMONIUM CARBONATE B C B B B B A B A D A D A B

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE D D D D C B A A A D A D A B

AMMONIUM CITRATE A A A A A

AMMONIUM FLUBILICATE B B

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE (2%) A A C A D B B A A D A D A

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE (CONC) A A C D B C A A A B B A A

AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE B A A A A

AMMONIUM MONOPHOSPHATE D D D D B A B A A A B

AMMONIUM NITRATE D D D A D A A A A A D A D D C A D

AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE A

AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (DIBASIL) D D D C B A A A A D A D A A A A

AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (TRIBASIL) D D D C B A A A A A B B A B

AMMONIUM SULPHATE C D C B B A A A A D A D A D B B

AMMONIUM SULPHIDE A A B

AMMONIUM THIDGLYCOLATE A A A

AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE A A A

AMMONIUM THIOSULPHATE A A A A

AMYL ACETATE C B C B B B D B D A D D D D D B A A

AMYL ALCOHOL B B A B A B A A B A B

ANHYDRITE B A A A

ANHYDROUS AMMONIA A B A D A A B B

ANHYDROUS NITRIC ACID A A A D A A D D

ANILINE C B C D C B D A C A D D D D D B B B

ANILINE DYES C C C C A C A B A B D

ANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE A

ANIMAL OIL A A A A A A A A A B B

ANISEED OILS A A A A

ANTHRACENE A A A A

ANTIBIOTICS A A A A

ANTIFORMIN A A A A

ANTIFREEZE A A A A

ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE D D D D D D C A A A B

APPLE JUICE D D D C B A A A A D A D A D D D

APRICOTS A A A A

AQUA REGIA A A

ARGON A A A A A A

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A A A A A A

ARSENIC ACID D D A D A A A A B D D D

ASCORBIC ACID A A A

ASH HANDLING A A A

ASPHALT EMUSION B B B A A B A A A D D D D B A A A

ASPHALT LIQUID B B B A A A C A A A A A A

ASPIRIN A A A A

AUREMYCIN A A A A

AVCAT A A A A

AVGAS A A A

AVTAG A A A A

AVTUR A A A A

BAKING POWDER A A A A A

BARIUM AQUEOUS A A A

BARIUM CARBONATE B B B B B A A A A D A D A

BARIUM CHLORIDE C C C A B C A A A A D A D A B B B





KEY



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CHEMICAL

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BARIUM HYDROXIDE C A B A B B A A A A A B

BARIUM SULPHATE C B C C B A A A A D A D A B

BARIUM SULPHIDE C C C C B A A A A D A D A

BARYTES A A A

BASIC SLAG A A A

BATTERY ACID A A A A A A

BAUXITE A A A A

BEER (ALCOHOL INDUSTRY) C C D A A A A A A D A D A A

BEER (BEVERAGE INDUSTRY) D D C B A C A

BEESWAX A A A A A A

BEET SUGAR LIQUORS B B B A A A A A A D A D A A

BENTONITE A A A

BENZALDEHYDE A C B A A D A D A D D D D D

BENZENE B A B A B B D A B A D D D D

BENZENE SULPHONIC ACID A A A A

BENZOIC ACID D D D A B B A A A D A D A B A A A

BENZOL B B B B B B A D D A A A

BENZOYL ALCOHOL A A A A

BENZOYL CHLORIDE A

BENZOYL PEROXIDE A A A

BERGAMOT, OIL OF A A A

BILGE (SHIPS) A A A

BLACK CURRENT JUICE A A A A

BLACK LIQUOR A A A A

BLACK SULPHATE LIQUOR D D C B A B A D A D D

BLAST FURNACE GAS A A A A A

BLEACHING POWDER A A A

BLOOD A A A A A A

BORAX A A A A A A A A

BORAX LIQUOR C C C A B A A A A D A D A

BORIC ACID D D D B B A A A A D A D A B A A A

BORON TRIFLOURIDE A A A A

BOVRIL A A A A

BRANDY A A A A

BRINE CHLORINATED A A A A

BRINES C C C B B A A A A D A D A B

BROMINE (DRY) D D D A A D D B A D D D D D

BROMINE (WET) D D D D D D D B A D D D D D

BROMOCHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE A A A

BUNKER OILS (FUEL OIL) A A B B A A A A A

BUTADIENE B A B C A C A C A D D D D

BUTANE B A B A B A A A A D D D D B B B B

BUTANOL A A A A

BUTTER A A A A A A

BUTTERMILK D D D A D A A A A A D D A D

BUTTERSCOTCH A A A A

BUTYL ACETATE A A A A

BUTYL ALCOHOL A A A A A A A

BUTYLENE A A A A A D A

BUTYRIC ACID D D D C B B A C A D B B B

CADNIUM SULPHATE B A A B B B

CALCIUM BISULPHITE D D D C B B A A A A D A D A B D D C

CALCIUM CARBONATE D A A C B A A A A A D D A A B B B

CALCIUM CHLORIDE C C C B B B A A A A D A D A A A B B

CALCIUM CYANIDE B B B

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE A A C A A B A A A A A A D A

CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE D D D C D C B A A A D D D A A C B B

CALCIUM NITRATE A B B

CALCIUM PEROXIDE A A A

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE B B B

CALCIUM SULPHATE C D C C B A A A A D A D A B

CALCIUM SULPHITE B B B

CALGON A B B

CALOMEL A B B

CALOR GAS B B B B

CANE JUICE B B

CAPRIC ACID A A A

Page No : 109 B Sheet No: Tech 109B/0511



CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLES KEY



MATERIAL

CHEMICAL

CA

RB

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CA

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ON

ST

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LE

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L 3

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L 3

16

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CAPROLACTAM A A A

CAPRYL ALCOHOL B A

CAR BITOL B B A

CARAMEL B A A B

CARBON BISULPHIDE B B B C B D C A A A B

CARBON BLACK B B

CARBON DIOXIDE A A B A A A B A A A A B

CARBON DISULPHIDE B A A A

CARBON MONOXIDE B B A

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE B B B C A D A B A D D D D D A A B

CARBONATED WATER B B B A B A A A A B

CARBONIC ACID D D D A D B A A A A B B B A A

CARNALLITE A B B

CASEIN B A A

CASTOR OIL B B B A A A A A A D A D A B

CAUSTIC POTASH A B A A B

CAUSTIC SODA A A B A D B B D D A D A D A B A A A

CEBEX 112 B A A

CELLOSOLVE B B A A

CELLULOSE LACQUERS B A A A

CEMENT (DRY & SLURRY) B A A B

CERECLOR A A

CHALK B B A B

CHINA CLAY B B A B

CHINA WOOD OIL (TUNG) A A A A C A A A A A

CHLORINATED BRINE A B A

CHLORINATED COPPERAS A B A A

CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS B B A A A

CHLORINATED PARAFFIN A

CHLORINATED SOLVENTS (DROP) C A C D C B D A C A D

CHLORINE (WET) D D D D D D D A A D D D D D D D

CHLORINE DIOXIDE A A A

CHLORINE GAS B B B A A B A

CHLORINE WATER A B B A

CHLOROACETIC ACID D D D D C D D C A D D D D A

CHLOROBENZENE (DRY) B C B B A D A A A D D D D D

CHLOROBROMOMETHANE B B A A

CHLOROFORM (DRY) B B B B A D A B A D D D D

CHLORO-GAS (DRY) B B B B C B B A C B A B A B

CHLOROSULPHONIC ACID (DRY) B B B B B D A D D D D D

CHLOROSULPHONIC ACID (WET) D D D D D D A D D D D D

CHOCOLATE B A A B

CHROME ALUM B D B C A B A D A D D A B

CHROME PLATING SOLUTIONS A A

CHROME TANNING SOLUTIONS A A

CHROMIC ACID D D D D C D D C A D A D D B B B D

CIDER A A A

CITRIC ACID – 5% STILL B B A A A

CITRIC ACID – SATURATED B B B B A

CITRIC JUICES A A A

CITRONELLA OIL A A A

CITRUS JUICE D D D B B A A A A D A D A

CLAYS & SLIPS B A A

COAL DUST B A A

COAL GAS B B B A

COAL SLURRY B A A

COAL TAR B B A A

COBALT NITRATE A A A

COCOA BUTTER B A A A

COCONUT OIL C C C B B A A A A A B B

COD LIVER OIL A A A

CODEINE A A A

COFFEE EXTRACTS (HOT) D D C B A A

COKE OVEN GAS B B B C A B B A D A A D B

COKE QUENCHING WATER B A A

CONCRETE B A A

COOKING OIL B B B B A A A A A B

COPPER ACETATE D D D D A A

Page No : 109 C Sheet No: Tech 109C/0511




KEY



MATERIAL

CHEMICAL

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COPPER CHLORIDE D D D D C A A A A A B B

COPPER CYANIDE A A A A A A A A

COPPER FLUROBORATE D D D B A A A B

COPPER NITRATE D D D D B A A A A A A D C D

COPPER OXYCHLORIDE A A A

COPPER PLATING SOLUTIONS A A A

COPPER SULPHATE D D D D B A A A A D D A A C B C

COPPERAS A A A A A

CORN OIL C B C B B A A A A D A D A B

COTTONSEED OIL C B C B B A A A A D A D D B

CREAM A A A

CREOSOTE OIL B B B A B B D D A A D D D D A A A

CRESOL B B A A

CRESYLIC ACID C C D C B D D B A D B

CRUDE OIL, SOUR B C C C A A A A B A A A

CRUDE OIL, SWEET B B B B A A A A D D A D A A A

CUPRIC SULPHATE D D D B A A A C

CUPROUS AMMONIUM FORMATE B A

CUTTING OILS A A B A A A A A A A D D D D B

CYANIDE B A A

CYANOGEN CHLORIDE A A A

CYCLOHEXANE A A A A A C A A A D D D D D

CYCLOHEXYLAMINE B B A

D.D.T. A A A

DECALIN B A A

DEMINERALISED WATER A A A A

DETERGENT ALICYLATE B B A A

DETERGENTS A B A A A A

DEVELOPERS (PHOTOGRAPHIC) A A A A

DIACETONE ALCOHOL A A A A A A D A D D D D

DIBUTYL ETHER B A

DIBUTYL PHTHALATE A A

DICHLOROBENZENE B B A A

DICHLORODIFLOUROMETHANE B B B A A

DICHLOROETHYLENE A A

DIESEL FUELS A A A A A A A A A A D D D D

DIETHANOLAMINE B A A A

DIETHL ETHER A A

DIETHYLAMIDE A A A A A A C

DIETHYLAMINE A A A A A A B A D D D D

DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE A A

DIMETHYL PHTHALATE A A A

DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE A A

DINONYL PHTHALATE A A

DIOCTYL PHTHALATE A A

DIOXAN B A A

DIPHENYLAMINE B A A

DISINFECTANT B A A

DISTILLED WATER (AERATED) D D A A A A A A A A

DOWTHERMS A A B A A D A A A D D D D A A A

DRILLING MUD A A B B A A A A A

DRY CLEANING FLUIDS B B B C A D A B A

DRYING OIL C A B C B A A A B

DYE LIQUORS A A A

EAU DE COLOGNE A A A

E.D.T.A. A A A A

ELECTROLYTIC TINPLATING SOLUTIONS A

EPICHLORHYDRIN A A

EPOXY RESINS B A A A

EPOXY SOYA BEAN OIL A

EPSOM SALT C C C B B A A A A D D D D

ESSENTIAL OILS A A A

ETHANE B A B A B A A A A D D D A

ETHANOL B A A B A

ETHANOLAMINE B A A

ETHERS A A B A B A C C D B D D D D D D C B

Page No : 109 D Sheet No: Tech 109D/0511




KEY



MATERIAL

CHEMICAL

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ETHYL ACETATE B B C C B D A D A D D D A D

ETHYL ACETOACETATE A A

ETHYL ACRYLATE C B C B A D A D

ETHYL ALCOHOL B A B B B A A A A D A D A B B B B

ETHYL BENZENE B B A A A

ETHYL CHLORIDE (DRY) B B B A B A C A A D D D D D

ETHYL CHLORIDE (WET) D D D C B C A D D D D D

ETHYL FORMATE A A

ETHYL GLYCOL A A A A A A

ETHYL LACTATE B A A

ETHYL MERCAPTAN A A

ETHYL STEARATE B B A A

ETHYLENE A B B B A A

ETHYLENE CYANOHYDRIN B A A A

ETHYLENE DIAMINE A A A

ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE A A A

ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE B B A A

ETHYLENE GLYCOL B A B A B B A C A A D A D A B

ETHYLENE OXIDE B A B A B D A D A D D D D

ETHYLENE PERCHLORINE (DRY) B B C A A A D

FATTY ACIDS C C D B A B A A A D D D D

FATTY ALCOHOLS A A A A A A A

FERRIC CHLORIDE D D D D D D A A A A D A D A D D D

FERRIC NITRATE D D D B D C A A A A A B

FERRIC SULPHATE D D D B D B A A A A D A D A B C B C

FERROLENE GAS B B B A

FERROUS CHLORIDE D D D D B D A A A A D A D A B C C D

FERROUS SULPHATE D D D B B A A A A A D A D A B C B B D

FERROUS SULPHATE (SATURATED) C D C C A C A C B

FERTILISER SOLUTIONS B C C C B B A A A D A

FILTER AID SLURRY B A A A A A

FIRE FOAM B B A A

FISH OILS B B B B A A A A A D D A D

FLOURINE (DRY) D D D C D D A D D D D B C B B B

FLUE GAS B A A

FLUOROSILICIC ACID D D D A B A D A D A

FOOD FLUIDS & PASTES C C C B A B A

FORMAHIDE A A

FORMALDEHYDE (COLD) A D B B A A B A A D A D D A A A

FORMALDEHYDE (HOT) D D D B C B A A D A D D

FORMALIN B B B A

FORMIC ACID A A A

FORMIC ACID (COLD) D D D C B D D A D A D D C B A C

FORMIC ACID (HOT) D D D C B D D A D A D D D B A C

FREON (DRY) A A B B A C C A C C

FRUIT JUICES D D D B A A A A A D A D A B

FUEL OIL B A B A B A A A A A D D D D B

FURFURAL A D B B A A D A D A D D D D D B B B

FURFURYL ALCOHOL B A A

FUSEL OIL B A A A

FUSUS OIL B B B A A

G.A. SOLVENTS B B A A A A D

GALLIC ACID D D D C B A A A D A D A B

GAS HYDROGEN (COLD) B B B A B B B

GAS MANUFACTURED A A B B B A A A A D D A D

GAS NATURAL A A B B A A A A A D D A D

GAS ODORIZERS A A B A B B A A A D D D D

GASOLINE (AVIATION) A A B A A A C A A A A A A

GASOLINE (LEADED) A A B A A A C A A A A A A

GASOLINE (MOTOR) A A B A A A C A A A A A A

GASOLINE (SOUR) B B B A B A C A A A C C C

GASOLINE (UNLEADED) A A B A A A C A A A A A A

GELATIN C C D B A A A A A A D A D A B A A A

GERANIOL A A A

GIN A A A

GLUCONIC ACID A A A B

Page No : 109 E Sheet No: Tech 109E/0511




KEY



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GLUCOSE B B B A A A A A A A D A D A A A A A

GLUE A B A A B B A A A D A D A A A A

GLYCERINE OR GLYCEROL B B B A B A A C A A D A D D A A A A

GLYCOLIC ACID A A A B

GLYCOLS B A B B B C A A D A D A B

GRAVEL B A A

GREASE A A A A B A A A A D D D D

GROUND GLASS A

GYPSUM B B A

HALIBUT LIVER OIL A A A

HEAVY WATER A A A

HEPTANE B A B A A A A A A D D D D B

HEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE A A A

HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE A A A B

HEXANE B A B B B A A A A D D D D C

HEXANOL, TERITARY A A A A A A

HIGH TEST PEROXIDE A A

HONEY A A

HYDRAULIC OIL (PETROLEUM BASED) A A B B A A A A A D D D D

HYDRAZINE A A A

HYDRIODIC ACID A A B

HYDROBROMIC ACID D D D D D C A D D D D A C

HYDROCHLORIC ACID D D D D D D B D A D A D A B C C B

HYDROCYANIC ACID D D C A D A D A D A D D B C B B

HYDROFLUORIC ACID D D D D D D D A D A D D A C B D B

HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID D D D D A C A A D A D A C

HYDROGEN GAS B B B A B A A A A A D A D A B A A A

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (CONCENTRATED) D D D C D B D A D B B B

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (DILUTED) D D D C B B A A A D A D D A B B B

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (DRY) B C B A C A C A A A D A D A B A A A

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (WET) C D D B D B C A A A D A D A B A A

HYDROQUINONE A A A A

HYPO (SODIUM THIOSULPHATE) D D C C A A A A A D A D A A B

ICE CREAM A A A

ILLIPE BUTTER A A A A

INERT GASSES B A B A A A

INK D B D C A A A A A D A D A

INSECTICIDE SOLUTIONS B A A A A

INSTRUMENT AIR A A B A A A A A A A A A A

IODINE (WET) D D D D D B A A A D D D D A D A A C

IODOFORM B C C C A A A A D D D D D

IRON OXIDE SLURRY B A A

ISOCYANATE RESINS A A

ISO-OCTANE A A B A A A A A A C

ISOPHORONE B B A

ISOPROPANOL B B A A A

ISOPROPYL ACETATE B A A

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL B A B B B C A A A D A D A

ISOPROPYL ETHER A A B A A C A C D

JAMS & PRESERVES A A A

JELLY D D D A A A A A A B

JEYES FLUID B A B A A A

JP-4 FUEL A A A A A A A A A



KAOLIN B B A A

KEEPHOS A A A

KEROSENE B A B A A A A A A A D D D D B A A A

KETCHUP D D D D A A A A A

KETONES A A A A A D A D A C

KIESELGUHR B B A A A

KRAFT LIQUOR B B B B

Page No : 109 F Sheet No: Tech 109F/0511




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LACQUERS (& SOLVENTS) C B C A A A D A D A D D D D B A A

LACTIC ACID (CONCENTRATE COLD) D D D D B A B D A D A D A D B B

LACTIC ACID (CONCENTRATE HOT) D D D C B B C D A C B B

LACTIC ACID (DILUTE COLD) D D D B A A B D A D A D A A C A A

LACTIC ACID (DILUTE HOT) D D D C B A C D A D B B

LARD OIL B B C A B A A A A D D D D

LATEX B B A B

LAUNDRY BLEACH A A B

LEAD ACETATE D D D A C B A A C A D A D A B

LEAD FLUOROBORATE A A

LEAD NITRATE B A A A

LEAD PERCHLORATE A

LEATHER SLURRY B B A A A

LECITHIN A A A A

LEMON JUICE D D B A A A A A B

LEMON OIL A A

LEMONGRASS OIL A A A

LIGHTING GAS A A A A A A B D

LIME B B A A

LIME JUICE A A

LIME SULPHUR B B B

LINOLEIC ACID B C B B A A A A A

LINOLENIC ACID B B B A A A B B

LINSEED OIL A A A B B A A A A D D D D A B B B

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (L.P.G) B A B B A B A A A A D D D D

LIQUERS A A A A

LIQUID AMMONIA A A D A A A B C

LIQUID PARAFFIN B B A A A

LITHIUM BROMIDE B A A A

LITHIUM CHLORIDE A A A

LITHIUM LADRYL SULPHATE A A A

LITHOPONE A A

LUBRICATING OIL A A A B A A A A A D D D D B A A

LYES B A A

MAGNESIA B B A A A

MAGNESIUM BISULPHATE B C B B A A

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE B B A A

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE C C D C B B A A A A D A D A A A A A

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE B B B A B A A A A A D A D A A A A

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (HOT) B B B D A B A A A A A A

MAGNESIUM OXIDE B B A A A

MAGNESIUM SULPHATE B C B A B B A A A A D A D A C A B A

MAGNETITE B A A

MAIZE OIL B A A A

MALEIC ACID B D D B B A A A A D A D D B

MALEIC ANHYDRIDE A A A

MALIC ACID D D D B B A A A A D A D A B

MALT A A A

MALTOSE A A A

MANGANESE DIOXIDE B A A A

MANGANESE SULPHATE A A A

MAYONNAISE C C D D A A A A A

MEAT EXTRACT A A A

MERCURIC CHLORIDE D D D D D C A A A A B D D C

MERCURIC CYANIDE D D D B D A A B

MERCUROUS CHLORIDE A A A

MERCURY A A A A D A A A A A D A D A B B A A

METHANE B A B B A B A A A A D A D D B B B B

METHANOL B A A A

METHYL ACETATE B B B A A D D A D A D D A

METHYL ACETONE A A A A A D D A

METHYL ALCOHOL B A B B B A A B A A A

METHYL BROMIDE B A A

METHYL CELLOSOLVE B A B A A A

METHYL CHLORIDE B B B B A A C A A D D D D D

METHYL ETHYL KETONE A A A A A A D A D A D A D D D A A A

METHYL FORMATE C C C A B D A B

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METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE A A A

METHYL METHALRYLATE MONOMER A A A

METHYLAMINE B A B D A A D A D D A

METHYLATED SPIRITS B B A A A A

METHYLENE CHLORIDE B B B A A D C A D D D D D

MILK D D A A A A A A A A A A A A

MILK OF MAGNESIA A A

MINE WATERS (ACID) C C D C C A A A A

MINERAL OIL B A B B A A A A A D D D D

MOLASSES CRUDE B B A A A A A A A A B

MOLASSES EDIBLE B B C A A A A A A A D A D A B

MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID A A

MONOCHLOROBENZENE B A A

MONOETHANOLAMINE A A

MORPHINE A A A

MORPHOLINE B A A A

MORTER & CEMENT A A A

MUDS B B A B A A A A

MURIATIC ACID D D D D D B A B

MUSTARD D D B A A A A A A D D D A

NAPHTHA B A B A B B A A A A C B B A B

NAPHTHALENE A A B B B C A A A D D

NAPHTHENIC ACID B B A A A

NATURAL GAS B B A B A A A A A B A A A

NICKEL ACETATE A A A B

NICKEL AMMONIUM SULPHATE D D D D A A A

NICKEL CHLORIDE D D D B D B A A A A A A B B B A

NICKEL NITRATE D D D D B A A A A A A B B D

NICKEL PLATING SLUDGE A A

NICKEL PLATING SOLUTIONS A A

NICKEL SULPHATE D D D C D B A A A A A A A C

NICKEL SULPHIDE A A A

NICOTINIC ACID B C B A A A B

NITER CAKE (10%) D D B A A A A

NITRIC ACID – FUMING CONCENTRATE 45°C D C C D D D

NITRIC ACID – FUMING CONCENTRATE BOILING D D D D D D

NITRIC ACID (10%) D D D C D A C D A A B B D B D

NITRIC ACID (30%) D D D A D A C D A A C B

NITRIC ACID (80%) D D D A D A D D B A D C D B D

NITRIC ACID (100%) A D D D A D D B A D D

NITRO SULPHURIC ACID B A

NITROBENZINE B B B B D B D C A D D B B A

NITROGEN A A A A A A A A A A A B

NITROGEN OXIDE B C D B A B

NITROGLYCERINE A A A B

NITROUS ACID (10%) D D D B D B C A A

NITROUS GASSES B D C D A A B

NITROUS OXIDE B C C D B B A A A A

NYLON SALT A A B

OIL WATER MIXTURES B A B A A A A A A B

OIL, COTTONSEED A A C B B A A

OIL, FUSEL B B A A A

OIL, PETROLEUM (REFINED) A A B A B A A A A A A A A

OIL, PETROLEUM (SOUR) C C C A C A A A A C C C

OIL, TALL A A A A

OIL, TRANSFORMER B B A A A A A A

OIL, TUNG A A A A A

OIL, TURKEY RED A

OIL, VEGETABLE B A A A A A A B C B

OILS, ANIMAL A A A A A A A A A

OILS, CUTTING B B B A A A A

OILS, ESSENTIAL A A A A

OILS, FISH B B B B A A A

OILS, FUEL A A B B A A A A A

OILS, LUBRICATING A A A B A A A A A

Page No : 109 H Sheet No: Tech 109H/0511




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OILS, MINERAL A A B A B A A A A A B C B

OLEIC ACID C C C B B A A A A C B

OLEIN B B A A A A

OLEUM B B C B B D D D A A C C

OLIVE OIL B C B A B A A A A A A B B

ORTHO DICHLOROBENZENE B B A A A

OXALIC ACID D D D A B B C C A A A A A C B B B

OXYGEN B A B A A A A A A B A A A

OZONE (DRY) C B A A A A A A A C

OZONE (WET) A C C B A A A A A C

PAINTS & SOLVENTS A A A A A D A A

PALM OIL C B C B B B A A A A B B

PALMITIC ACID C C C B B B A A A B C

PAPER PULP B A A

PARAFFIN B A B A A A A A A B

PARAFFIN MEDICINAL A A A A

PARAFFIN WAX B B A A A

PARAFORMALDEHYDE B D B B B B A A B

PARAQUAT A A

PECTIN A A A

PENICILLIN A A A

PENICILLIN ACETATE A A A

PENTACHLOROPHENOL A A

PENTAERYTHRITOL A A A

PENTANE B A B A A A A A A B

PERCHLORETHYLENE (DRY) B B B C A D A A

PERCHLORIC ACID A

PERFUMES A A A

PERMITOL B B A A A

PETROL A B A A A A D B

PETROLATUM B A C B B A A A A

PETROLEUM ETHER B B A A

PETROLEUM JELLY B A A A A

PHENOL D C D B B D D B A A D

PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESINS A A A

PHENOL MERCURIC ACETATE A A A A

PHOSGENE A A A

PHOSPHORIC ACID (10%) (COLD) D D D B D B B D A A A A B C A A

PHOSPHORIC ACID (10%) (HOT) D D D D D D B D A A A C D B A

PHOSPHORIC ACID (50%) (COLD) D D D D B B D A A B B

PHOSPHORIC ACID (50%) (HOT) D D D D D B D A A B C

PHOSPHORIC ACID (85%) (COLD) B D D D A C D A B B

PHOSPHORIC ACID (85%) (HOT) C D D D A C D A B C

PHOSPHORIC ACID (CRUDE) D D D D B A

PHOSPHOROUS PENTOXIDE B A A A B

PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE A

PHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE A

PHOSPHOUS TRICHLORIDE A

PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPERS A A A A

PHTHALIC ACID C D C B B C A C A A C

PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE C D C B B C A A A A C

PICKLES A A

PICOLINE B B A

PICRIC ACID D D D A B B C A A C D D B

PIGSWILL B A A B

PINE OIL B B B A B A A A A A C

PINEAPPLE JUICE D D C C A A A A A A

PLATING SOLUTIONS A A A B

POLYESTER RESINS A A A

POLYVINYL ACETATE EMULSIONS A A A

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PASTES A A A A

POLYVINYL IDENECHLORIDE EMULSIONS A A A A

POTASSIUM ACETATE A A A B

POTASSIUM ALUMINIUM SULPHATE A A A

POTASSIUM BICHROMATE C C D B A A A C

POTASSIUM BISULPHITE C C D C B A A A A A B

POTASSIUM BROMIDE D C D C C A A A A A A A A B

POTASSIUM CARBONATE B C B A B B A A A A A A A A B

Page No : 109 I Sheet No: Tech 109I/0511




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POTASSIUM CHLORATE B D B A B B A A A A A A C

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE C C B A B C A A A A A A B A A B

POTASSIUM CITRATE A A A B

POTASSIUM CYANIDE B C B B D B A A A A A A A C B B B

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE B B C D B A A A A A

POTASSIUM DIPHOSPHATE A A A B A A A A A A B

POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE C C C D B A A A A A A A B

POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE C C C B B A A A A A A A B

POTASSIUM FLUORIDE A A

POTASSIUM HYDROGEN FLUORIDE A A

POTASSIUM HYDROGEN SULPHITE A A A

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (DILUTE COLD) A A A A D A A C B A A A A A A

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (DILUTE HOT) A A A B D A B D C A A A A A A

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (TO 70% COLD) A A A B D A B D D A A A

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (TO 70% HOT) A A B B D B B D D A A A A

POTASSIUM HYPOCHLORITE A A A B

POTASSIUM IODIDE C C C D B A A A A A A A

POTASSIUM NITRATE B B B A B A A A A A A A A A B B C

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE B B B B B A A A A A A A A B

POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE A A A A B

POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE B A A A B

POTASSIUM SULPHATE B B C A B B A A A A A A A

POTASSIUM SULPHIDE B C B B A A A

POTASSIUM SULPHITE C C B B A A

POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE A A B

POTTERY SLIP B A A

PRINTERS INK B A A A A

PRODUCER GAS A A B B B A A A A A B A

PROPAMINE B A A

PROPANE GAS B A B A A A A A A A A C A A A

PROPANOL B B A A A

PROPIONIC / FORMIC ACID MIXTURES A A A

PROPIONIC ACID A A

PROPYL ALCOHOL B A B A A A A A A C B

PROPYLENE (HLORHYDRIN) A

PROPYLENE GLYCOL B A B B B A C A A A A A

PROPYLENE OXIDE B B A A

PROTIM B B A A A

PYRIDINE B B A

PYROGALLIC ACID B C B A B B A A A A A

QUENCH OIL A A A A A A A A A A

RESINS & ROSINS C A C A A A C A C C

RESORCINOL A A A A

ROAD TAR A A A A A B A A A

ROCK SALT B B A A A

ROLLING OIL, COLD B B B A A

ROLLING OIL, HOT B B B A A

ROOF PITCH A A A A A B A A A

RP-1 FUEL A A A A A A A A A

RUBBER ADHESIVES B B A A A

RUBBER LATEX EMULSIONS B C B A A A A A A A

RUBBER SOLUTION B B A A A

RUBBER SOLVENT A A A A A D C D A C D

RUM A A A

SACCHARIN A A A A

SALAD OIL D D C B B A A A A

SALICYLALDEHYDE A A

SALICYLIC ACID D D D B C A A A A A A

SALT C C C B B A A A A A A B

SALTPETRE B B A A A A

SAND B A A

SEA WATER D C D B C A A A A A A A B A A A

SEQUESTROL (EDTA) A A A A

SEWAGE B B A A A

SHELLAC (BLEACHED) A B B A A A A A

SHELLAC (ORANGE) A B B A A A A A

SHERRY A A

SILCODYNEH A A A A

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SILVER CYANIDE A A A

SILVER NITRATE D D D A D B C A A A A C A A

SILVER PLATING SOLUTIONS A A A

SLAKED LIME B B A A

SLIP (POTTERY) B A A

SOAP LYE B A A A

SOAP SOLUTIONS B B B A A A A A A A A A C A A A

SODA ASH B A A A A

SODIUM ACETATE C B C A B B B A C A A B A A

SODIUM ALUMINATE C A A C A A A A A A A A

SODIUM ARSENATE B A A

SODIUM BICARBONATE C C C A B B A A A A A B B B B

SODIUM BISULPHATE (10%) D C D B B A A A A A A A A B

SODIUM BISULPHITE (10%) D C D B A A A A A A A

SODIUM BORATE C B C B B A A A A A A A

SODIUM BROMATE B A A A

SODIUM BROMIDE (10%) C C D B B B A A A A A A A A

SODIUM CARBONATE B C B A B B A A A A A A A A A B A A

SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE B B A A

SODIUM CHLORACETATE B B A A A

SODIUM CHLORATE C D C B B A A A A A A A B

SODIUM CHLORIDE C C C B B B A A A A A A A C A A B

SODIUM CHLORITE A A A

SODIUM CHROMATE B A B C A A A A A A A A C

SODIUM CITRATE A A A A

SODIUM CYANIDE B C B B D B A A A A A B B B B

SODIUM DICHROMATE B A A A

SODIUM FLUORIDE D D D B C B A A A A A A

CA

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SODIUM HYDROXIDE (COLD) 20% A A A A D A A C B A D A D A A A A A A

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (HOT) 20% A A A A D A B D C A B B B B A A A

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (COLD) 50% A A A A D A A C B A D A D A A A A

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (HOT) 50% A A A A D A B D D A D A D A A A A

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (COLD) 70% A A A A D A B D D A D A D A A A A

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (HOT) 70% A A B A D B B D D A D A D A A A A

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE D D D C D D A A C D C C B

SODIUM METAPHOSPHATE B B B C A A A A A A

SODIUM METASILICATE (COLD) C B B B A A B B A A

SODIUM METASILICATE (HOT) D B B B A B B B A

SODIUM NITRATE B B B B B B C A A A A A A A B B A D

SODIUM NITRITE B A A A A A

SODIUM PERBORATE B D B A B B C A A A A A

SODIUM PEROXIDE C C C A D B C A A A A

SODIUM PETACHLOROPHENATE B A A

SODIUM PHOSPHATE (DIBASIL) C B C B C B A A A A A A A B B B B

SODIUM PHOSPHATE (TRIBASIL) C B C B C B B A A A A B A A B A B

SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE A A A

SODIUM SILICATE B B B A B B A A A A A A A

SODIUM SILICATE (HOT) C B C C B A

SODIUM SILICOFLUORIDE A A

SODIUM STANNATE A A A

SODIUM SULPHATE B B B B B A A A A A A A A A A A B D

SODIUM SULPHIDE B C B B D B A A A A A A A B A A D

SODIUM SULPHIDE (HOT) C C C D B A A A C

SODIUM SULPHITE B A A A

SODIUM THIOCYANATE A A A

SODIUM THIOSULPHATE B D B B B A A A A A A A A

SOFT DRINKS A A B

SOFT WATER C C A A A A A A

SOLVENT NAPHTHA B B A A A

SOUPS A A

SOUR GASOLINE B B B A A A D

SOYABEAN OIL C B C B A A A A A A A

SPENT ACIDS A A

SPIN BATH LIQUOR (RAYON) A A

SPIN FINISH SOLUTIONS (SYNTHETIC FIBRES) A A A A

STANNIC CHLORIDE D D D D C D A A A A A C

STANNOUS CHLORIDE D D D D D C A A A A A C

STARCH C A C B B A A A A A A A

STEAM A A A A A A C B A A A A

Page No : 109 K Sheet No: Tech 109K/0511




KEY



MATERIAL

CHEMICAL

CA

RB

ON

ST

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CA

ST

ST

EE

L

CA

ST

IR

ON

ST

AIN

LE

SS

ST

EE

L 3

04

BR

ON

ZE

ST

AIN

LE

SS

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L 3

16

NIT

RIL

E / B

UN

-N

NY

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ON

PT

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-BU

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DIE

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TY

L

NE

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TU

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STEARIC ACID C C C A C B A A A A C B B A A

STEARIN B B A A A A

STODDARD SOLVENT A A B B B A A A A

STREPTOMYCIN A A A

STYRENE A A B A A D A C A D

SUCCINIC ACID A A A

SUGAR LIQUIDS B B B A A A A A A A A

SULPHAMIC ACID A A A A

SULPHATE, BLACK LIQUOR D D C C C B C A C A A A

SULPHATE, GREEN LIQUOR D D C C C B C A C A A A

SULPHATE, WHITE LIQUOR D D C C C B C A C A A A

SULPHER TRIOXIDE (DRY)

SULPHITE LIQUOR B A A A

SULPHONATED CASTOR OIL B B A

SULPHONATED DETERGENTS B A A A

SULPHOPHTHALIC ACID A A A

SULPHOSALICYLIC ACID A A A

SULPHUR C B C A D B D A A A B

SULPHUR DIOXIDE (DRY) C C B A B A C A A A A B B B

SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE B A A A

SULPHURIC ACID (0 – 7%) D D D D C B B C A A A A A A B B A

SULPHURIC ACID (20^) D D D D C D C C A A A B A B B B A

SULPHURIC ACID (50%) D D D B D C D A A B C A B B B A

SULPHURIC ACID (50%) BOILING C D A

SULPHURIC ACID 100%) B B B B A A D D B A D C

SULPHURIC ACID 150°C D D A

SULPHURIC ACID FUMING D D A

SULPHURIC ANHYDRIDE (DRY) B B B A A D C

SULPHUROUS ACID D D D B C B C C A A D D D

SULPHUROUS ANHYDRIDE (DRY) B B B A A A C B

SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (DRY) B B B B A C A A

SYNTHESIS GAS B B B B B A A A A B B

SYRUPS (SUGAR) B B A A A

TALL OIL A A A A

TALLOW B B A A A

TAN OIL A A B B B A A A A

TANALITH B B A

TANNIC ACID C C C A B B A A A A A B A B B B B

TANNIC ACID BOILING C B C C B

TANNING LIQUORS A A

TAR & TAR OIL A B A A A A B A A C B A A A

TARTARIC ACID D D D B A B C A A A A A A B A A B

TARTARIC ACID 66% B A B A B

TEEPOL B A A A B

TEREPHTHALIC ACID A A A

TERPINEOL B A A A

TETRACHLOROETHANE B B A A

TETRACHLOROETHYLENE B A A A

TETRAETHYL LEAD C A C B B A A C

TETRAHYDROFURAN B A A

TETRAHYDROTHIOPHENE B B A A A A A

TETRALIN B B B A A

THERMEX B B A A A

THIOGLYCOLIC ACID A A A

THIONYL CHLORIDE A

TIN TETRACHLORIDE D D C D A A A B

TITANIUM DIOXIDE A A

TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE B A A

TOLVENE OR TOLVOL A A A A A A D A B A D D

TOMATO JUICE C D C A C A A A A A A B A A A

TOWN GAS B B B A A

TRANSFORMER OIL A A B B A A A A A B

TRIBUTYL PHOSPATE A B A A A C A C D

TRICHLOROBENZENE B B A

TRICHLOROETHYLENE B B C A B B D A B A D D D D B

TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE B A A A

TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL B A A A

TRINITROTOLUENE A A A

TRITOLYL PHOSPHATE B A A A

Page No : 109 L Sheet No: Tech 109L/0511




KEY



MATERIAL

CHEMICAL

CA

RB

ON

ST

EE

L

CA

ST

ST

EE

L

CA

ST

IR

ON

ST

AIN

LE

SS

ST

EE

L 3

04

BR

ON

ZE

ST

AIN

LE

SS

ST

EE

L 3

16

NIT

RIL

E / B

UN

-N

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ON

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LY

-BU

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TUNG OIL A A A B A A A A A A B

TURBINE OIL B A A A

TURKEY RED OIL A

TURPENTINE B B B A B B B A A A D C A A A

UREA C B C B B A A A C

UREA/FORMALDEHYDE GLUES B A A A

URINE A A A B

VANADYL SULPHATE A A

VARNISH C B C A A A C A A A A

VASELINE C C B B A A B

VEGETABLE OIL, EDIBLE B D B A B A A A A A A A B

VINEGAR D D D A B A D D A A D A C A A A

VINYL ACETATE MONOMER A A

VINYL ACETATE PAINTS A B A

VINYL CHLORIDE A A A

VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE A A A

VODKA A

WATER DE-MINERALISED A A A A

WATER DISTILLED C C D A A A A A A A A B A A

WATER DISTILLED (CONDENSATE RETURN) A A A A A

WATER FRESH B B C A A A A A A A A A A A A A

WATER HEAVY A A

WATER OILY B A

WATER, SEA C C D C B A A A A A A A

WAX EMULSIONS A B B A A A A A A B B

WAXES A A A A A A A A A B

WHEY B A A

WHISKEY & WINE D D D A A A A A A A A

WHITE SPIRIT B B B A A

WOOD OIL B B B A A A B

WOOD PULP B B A A

WORT B B A A

XYLENE B A B A A A D A B A D D

YEAST A A

ZINC ACETATE A A

ZINC CHLORIDE D D C D D B B A A A A A B B B B

ZINC HYDROSULPHITE A B B C A A A A A A C

ZINC PLATING SOLUTIONS A A

ZINC SULPHATE D D D A B B A A A A A A C A B B

ZINC SULPHIDE B A A

Page No : 109 M Sheet No: Tech 109M/0511



SEVEN REASONS WHY PRESSURE GAUGES FAIL

Preventing Pressure Gauge failure is of critical importance in the field. Many times there is no way of knowing why a Gauge has failed. However, many times it is preventable. Here are seven reasons why Pressure Gauges fail.

1 MECHANICAL VIBRATION

The oscillating, reciprocating or other periodic motion of a rigid or elastic body or medium forced from a position or state of equilibrium.

2 PULSATION

Rhythmical throbbing or vibrating; a periodically recurring alternate increase and decrease of a quantity (i.e. pressure, volume or voltage).

3 TEMPERATURE

Degree of hotness or coldness measured on a definite scale

4 SPIKES / OVERPRESSURE

The maximum pressure that can be applied to a pressure instrument without significantly affecting its reading accuracy; pressure significantly above what is usual or normal.

Gauges are capable of withstanding up to 20% overload without permanent damage.

5 CORROSION

Wearing away gradually, usually be chemical action

6 CLOGGING

Becoming filled with extraneous matter

7 MISHANDLING / IMPROPER USE

Handling badly, misusing, or using wrongly or improperly




WAYS TO PREVENT PRESSURE GAUGE FAILURE

There are many products and services that can prevent Pressure Gauges from failing. Gauge audits and Best Practice Instrument Reviews are the best first line of defence. These reviews and audits will tell you which instruments are properly functioning and which ones should be replaced. There is a review of the Gauges currently installed, Gauges installed demonstrating unwanted conditions and of Gauges installed demonstrating best practice. This review is provided by the team at the end of the review. Gauge audits and instrument reviews can be conducted to show and prevent mishandling and improper use of Gauges. A second line of defence could be to add a product or accessory to the configuration to alleviate the pressure or temperature. There are many products and services that can prevent Pressure Gauges from failing:

1 Mechanical vibration can be avoided by choosing the correct Pressure Gauge for the application.

Depending on the application a liquid filled Gauge might be needed over a dry Gauge.

2 Pressure Gauge Snubbers avoid pulsation by absorbing pressure shocks and average out pressure

fluctuations.

3 Cooling elements prevent temperature spikes by protecting the pressure instrument from high or low

process temperature.

4 Air flow across heat exchanging fins reduces or increases the temperature of the system fill fluid to

protect the pressure measuring instrument.

5 Overpressure protectors are designed to avert spikes and overpressure damage. These protectors

provide protection for Pressure Gauges against the effect of pressures exceeding their maximum pressure rating.

6 Syphons can stop corrosion by eliminating Gauge whip and vibration as well as, protects the Pressure

Gauge from harmful steam, hot vapours and liquids.

7 Diaphragm Seals protect the Gauge from slurry or viscous service and prevents corrosive and

noxious process materials from reaching the Gauge.


useful technical tables and information...

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