PREPARED BY-

ASHISH KUMAR YADAV

AMIT KUMAR

ANKIT RAJPUT

CHANDRASHEKHAR

SHARMA

YOGESH PACHAURI

GUIDED BY-

RAJIV GARG

Dr. PRATAP SINGH

Bitumen is defined as “A viscous liquid, or a

solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons

and their derivatives, softens gradually when

heated. It is black or brown in colour &

possesses waterproofing and adhesive

properties. It is obtained by refinery processes

from petroleum, and is also found as a natural

deposit or as a component of naturally

occurring asphalt”.

Molecular weight wise, bitumen is a mixture

of about 300 - 2000 chemical components,

with an average of around 500 - 700.

Elementally, it is around 95% carbon and

hydrogen (± 87% carbon and ± 8%

hydrogen), and up to 5% sulphur, 1%

nitrogen, 1% oxygen and 2000ppm metals.

also contain several elements, a number of

which are toxic.

Adhesion: Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a solid surface

in a fluid state depending on the nature of the surface. The

presence of water on the surface will prevent adhesion.

Resistance to Water: Bitumen is water resistant. Under some

conditions water may be absorbed by minute quantities of

inorganic salts in the bitumen or filler in it.

Hardness: To measure the hardness of bitumen, the

penetration test is conducted, which measures the depth of

penetration in tenths of mm. of a weighted needle in bitumen

after a given time, at a known temperature.

Commonly a weight of 100 gm is applied for 5 sec at a

temperature of 77 °F. The penetration is a measure of

hardness. Typical results are 10 for hard coating asphalt, 15 to

40 for roofing asphalt and up to 100 or more for water proofing

bitumen.

Viscosity and Flow: The viscous or flow properties of bitumen are of importance both at high temperature during processing and application and at low temperature to which bitumen is subjected during service. The flow properties of bitumen vary considerably with temperature and stress conditions. Deterioration, or loss of the desirable properties of bitumen, takes the form of hardening.

Produced by fractional distillation of crude oil.

Crude oil heated at 300-350°c in distillation

column .lighter fraction separated at different

column ht. Bottom product called long residue

long residue heated upto 450°c in vacuum

distillation column .bottom residue used for

manufacturing bitumen

20°c

70°c

120°c

170°c

270°c

300-370°c

250-300°c

TYPE-

Penetration Grade

Bitumen 80/100

Bitumen 60/70

Bitumen 30/40

Industrial grade bitumen

Cutback

Bitumen Emulsion

Modified Bitumen

Viscosity grade Bitumen

USE-

In construction of roads , runways & platforms .

In water proofing.

In canal lining to prevent erosion.

Damp proof courses for masonry.

Mastic flooring for factories & godowns .

In tank foundation.

As a joint filling material for mason.

Penetration Grade

Bitumen 80/100: The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 90

grade of IS-73-1992. This is the softest of all grades available in India. This is

suitable for low volume roads and is still widely used in the country.

Bitumen 60/70: This grade is harder than 80/100 and can withstand higher

traffic loads. The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 65 grade of IS-

73-1992. It is presently used mainly in construction of National Highways & State

Highways.

Bitumen 30/40: This is the hardest of all the grades and can withstand

very heavy traffic loads. The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 35

grade of IS-73-1992. Bitumen 30/40 is used in specialized applications like

airport runways and also in very heavy traffic volume roads in coastal cities in the

country.

Industrial grade bitumen.

Industrial grade bitumen is also known as blown bitumen. This is obtained by

blowing air into hot bitumen at high temperatures (normally beyond 1800°C).

Blowing hot air into bitumen at high temperatures results in structural changes in

bitumen.

Cutback

Cutback is a free flowing liquid at normal temperatures and is obtained by

fluxing bitumen with suitable solvents. The viscosity of bitumen is reduced

substantially by adding kerosene or any other solvent.

Bitumen Emulsion

Bitumen emulsions are products in which tiny droplets (the dispersed

phase) of bitumen or bituminous binder are dispersed in an aqueous

medium (the continuous phase). The bitumen particle charge can be

positive (cationic), negative (anionic), or uncharged (non-ionic) depending

on the emulsifier employed. The binder can be either a bitumen, cutback, or

modified bitumen.

Modified Bitumen

Modified Bitumen are bitumen with additives. These additives help in further

enhancing the properties of bituminous pavements. Pavements constructed with

Modified Bitumen last longer which automatically translates into reduced

overlays.

Viscosity grade Bitumen

The new method of grading the product has now rested on the viscosity of the

Bitumen (at 600°C and 1350°C).

Use of Bitumen in Tank Foundation-A smooth Bitumen-sand mix of minimum 50 mm thickness shall be hot laid over the foundations for weather proofing/weather protection and to provide a sufficiently firm layer. This surfacing shall also be required to retard corrosion of the tank bottom.

The Bitumen-sand mix shall be such as for the bitumen to just wet the sand. A suitable bitumen-sand can be produced by hot-mixing in the following proportions by mass:

9 ± 0.5% (m/m) non-toxic cut back bitumen (i.e. fluxed with kerosine )

10 ± 1.0% (m/m) filler: either limestone dust passing a sieve of nominal aperture size 75 μm complying with ordinary Portland cement .

Use of Bitumen as a Joint filling material-

Bitumen used as a joint filling material for masonry work which is capable of expansion and contraction, generally placed between two slabs. In the construction of runways, roads and buildings, involving the casting of concrete in slab form, provision must be made to accommodate the expansion and contraction which occurs with seasonal variation in temperature.

It permits free movement of the concrete slab in expansion and contraction. It also resist entry of foreign matter into the joint space thereby avoiding interference with the free movement of the slabs under expansion and thus preventing damage to the slab. It is useful in all types of concrete construction in both interior and exterior applications.

Bitumen processing and Bitumen manufacturing

facilities are major sources of hazardous air

pollutants. Areas surrounding the refineries -

where a higher proportion of society's vulnerable

minority, aging and poor communities live - exhibit

intense levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) as a result

of the high sulphur content of bitumen feed stocks

used in the process. Sulphur dioxide pollution is

associated with asthma and heart disease.

According to one health agency, Bituminous fumes

contain substances known to cause cancer, can

cause coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath,

severe irritation of the skin, headaches, dizziness,

and nausea.

To study the environmental impact of bitumen

when used in tank foundation and as a joint

filling material in masonry work.

Identification of pollutants and determination of

distribution pattern of contaminates in premises

of petro-chemical areas.

Develop & design a system and

recommendation for the minimization of

pollutants in petro-chemical areas.

We have chosen 4 sites ; dolphin waterworld, runakta , Mathura refinery and Fatehpursikri.

We have taken air sample , water sample and plant sample at all of four sites.

Analyze these samples.

Study the presence of bitumen on these sites.

DOLPHIN

RUNAKTA

REFINERY

FATEH PUR SIKRI

To reduce these

impacts………. And

introduce some

alternatives………..

Wikipedia

iocl.com

www.bituchem.com

IS :73-1992

www.google.co.in