U.S. Wind power since 1995

020406080

100120140160

1994 1999 2004

Series1

Series2

From EIA website Annual Energy Report: 2005

18% annual growth

DATA

FIT

Hubbert Curve

H&K fig. 1.11

Exponential extrapolation

World Coal Production Curve

Data

Finite resource ->Final answer is 0

Exponential growth CANNOT be sustained in a World of FINITE resources!!

Energy Conversions (Table 2.2)

AutomaticallyHappens!

digestion

thermal

A key question to consider is with what EFFICIENCY can each of theseConversions be accomplished (Useful energy output/ total energy input)

Inside a Nuclear Power Plant

http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power.htm

Seoinchon (?) Power plant: 57%

i.e. for every 1000J ofenergy that comes into the plant (as naturalgas), only 570 J, or onlya bit more than half, goesout as useful electricity.In the next chapter, wewill see that conversionson down the line are alsoless than 100% efficient. Conventional power plantsmay be closer to only 35%-40% efficient!

Energy Losses in a Carhttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml

NOTE: only 13% gets to the wheelsand ALL of that goes to thermalenergy (eventually)

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_sbs_cars.shtml

See also:

H&K Car Energy Losses

CAFE standards(Corporate Average

Fuel Economy)From the D.O.T.

http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/CAFE/docs/Summary-Fuel-Economy-Pref-2004.pdf

CAFE performance

http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/pdf102/480389_web.pdf

standard

ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay)

http://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.html

ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay)

18 turbines, each producing roughly 715 MW12.9 GW total output!

(700 m3/s, effective height ~110m for each turbine)

http://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.html

LA Water&Power 2006 IR-plan

http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp008065.pdf

LA Water&Power 2006 IR-plan

http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp008065.pdf

Residential Electric Power Bill

$145.6/1948 kWh = $0.0747/kWh

Commercial Power Costs

Energy cost estimates for a project out at IUCF: use (i.e. energy) charge: $3105/(360hr*575kW)=$0.0147/kWh peak use (i.e. maximum power demand) charge: $13.11/kW Why is this different from the residential calculation?

Not all hybrids are created equal!

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_sbs.shtml

Car Weight vs. Time

Gas taxes in different countries