U.S. History IU.S. History I

Chapter 9 Chapter 9

““An Emerging World Power”An Emerging World Power”

U.S. History IU.S. History I

Chapter 9 Section 1Chapter 9 Section 1

““The Roots of Imperialism”The Roots of Imperialism”

The Causes of ImperialismThe Causes of Imperialism Imperialists Seek Imperialists Seek EconomicEconomic Benefits Benefits

ImperialismImperialism: : the economic and political domination by a the economic and political domination by a strong country over a weaker onestrong country over a weaker one

Extractive EconomiesExtractive Economies: Country who’s raw materials are taken : Country who’s raw materials are taken by imperial country-most benefit is to “home” countryby imperial country-most benefit is to “home” country

Protectorate: Protectorate: a country which is technically independent but a country which is technically independent but is under the control of another is under the control of another

Imperialists Stress Imperialists Stress Military StrengthMilitary Strength Alfred T. MahanAlfred T. Mahan: Wrote: : Wrote: Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryInfluence of Sea Power Upon History

Imperialists Believe in Imperialists Believe in National SuperiorityNational Superiority Anglo-SaxonismAnglo-Saxonism: : the argument that English speaking nations the argument that English speaking nations

were superior to otherswere superior to others Josiah StrongJosiah Strong: Minister who sent missions to “civilize” world: Minister who sent missions to “civilize” world Social-DarwinismSocial-Darwinism: Life is a competition and only “fittest” : Life is a competition and only “fittest”

survivesurvive Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner: Open west was “safety valve” for tension : Open west was “safety valve” for tension

in U.S. Now that west was settled, Americans needed new valvein U.S. Now that west was settled, Americans needed new valve

U.S. Power Grows in the PacificU.S. Power Grows in the Pacific Perry Opens JapanPerry Opens Japan

Matthew C. Perry (1853)Matthew C. Perry (1853) ordered by President Pierce to ordered by President Pierce to force trade between the US and Japanforce trade between the US and Japan

Succeeds when Japanese sees size of fleet as a threatSucceeds when Japanese sees size of fleet as a threat

Seward Purchases Alaska (1867) from Russia for Seward Purchases Alaska (1867) from Russia for $7.2 Million$7.2 Million

U.S. Influence Grows in Latin AmericaU.S. Influence Grows in Latin America James G. BlaineJames G. Blaine

Pan-Americanism: Pan-Americanism: US and Latin America working together US and Latin America working together 1889 Pan-American conference1889 Pan-American conference

Customs unionCustoms union Reduce tariffsReduce tariffs Latin countries refused to do these but agreed to create Latin countries refused to do these but agreed to create

the Commercial Bureau of American Republics (later the Commercial Bureau of American Republics (later called the Organization of American States – OAS)called the Organization of American States – OAS)

Commodore PerryCommodore Perry

““Negotiating” With JapanNegotiating” With Japan

Maps: Latin America (Top)Maps: Latin America (Top) Alaska, Japan, and HawaiiAlaska, Japan, and Hawaii

The United States The United States Acquires HawaiiAcquires Hawaii Why Hawaii?Why Hawaii?

SugarcaneSugarcane PineapplePineapple Hawaii exempt from sugar tariffsHawaii exempt from sugar tariffs Tensions mount between planters and Hawaiians over Tensions mount between planters and Hawaiians over

new constitutionnew constitution McKinley Tariff makes Hawaiian sugar more expensive McKinley Tariff makes Hawaiian sugar more expensive

than American sugarthan American sugar Hawaii’s economy suffersHawaii’s economy suffers Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani takes throne 1891 takes throne 1891

Tries to change constitution in 1892Tries to change constitution in 1892 Planters back movement to overthrow QueenPlanters back movement to overthrow Queen Aided by the Marines, Planters force Queen Liliuokalani Aided by the Marines, Planters force Queen Liliuokalani

to abdicate the throne (1883)to abdicate the throne (1883) President Cleveland tries to restore Queen to thronePresident Cleveland tries to restore Queen to throne Senate refuses to ratify treatySenate refuses to ratify treaty 1898 US annexes Hawaii (After Spanish-American War 1898 US annexes Hawaii (After Spanish-American War

Began)Began)

Sanford Dole and Queen “Lili”Sanford Dole and Queen “Lili”(Map) Hawai’i, Guam, Samoa(Map) Hawai’i, Guam, Samoa

Section 2: The Spanish-American WarSection 2: The Spanish-American War Causes of the WarCauses of the War

The Cuban Rebellion BeginsThe Cuban Rebellion Begins 1895 Cuban rebels declare independence1895 Cuban rebels declare independence

JosJoséé Mart Martíí, Cuban exile who tried to gain support , Cuban exile who tried to gain support while living in NYC (Bottom Left)while living in NYC (Bottom Left)

The “Yellow” Press Inflames OpinionThe “Yellow” Press Inflames Opinion William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst, New York Journal (Left), New York Journal (Left) Enrique Dupuy de LômeEnrique Dupuy de Lôme, , Spanish Ambassador Spanish Ambassador

One of his letters published in One of his letters published in New York JournalNew York Journal enrages the nationenrages the nation

JingoismJingoism: Aggressive Nationalism: Aggressive Nationalism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer, The World, The World Competition to increase circulation of their Competition to increase circulation of their

newspapersnewspapers Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism: : exaggerated, sensationalist, exaggerated, sensationalist,

often false stories made up to sell more papersoften false stories made up to sell more papers Led to many Americans supporting CubaLed to many Americans supporting Cuba

The Maine Blows Up!The Maine Blows Up!Maine explosion: 1898

266 dead, Many blamed

Spain(USS Maine: Below, Hearst Article Blaming

Spain: Top Right, and “Spanish Misrule” Cartoon)

American Troops Battle the SpanishAmerican Troops Battle the Spanish The United States Takes the PhilippinesThe United States Takes the Philippines

George DeweyGeorge Dewey leads squadron into Manila Bay leads squadron into Manila Bay Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino revolutionary leader starts a , a Filipino revolutionary leader starts a

guerrilla war against Spain after being contacted by guerrilla war against Spain after being contacted by President McKinleyPresident McKinley

Thinks American troops are there to assist himThinks American troops are there to assist him Leads to hostilities been Filipinos and AmericansLeads to hostilities been Filipinos and Americans

American Forces Battle in CubaAmerican Forces Battle in Cuba ““Rough Riders”Rough Riders” land in Cuba led by land in Cuba led by Leonard WoodLeonard Wood and and

second in command second in command Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Kettle Hill, Rough Riders accompanied by all African Kettle Hill, Rough Riders accompanied by all African

American regiment of the 9American regiment of the 9thth and 10 and 10thth calvary (many of calvary (many of which were volunteers)which were volunteers)

Spanish surrender and on August 12, 1898 Spain and the Spanish surrender and on August 12, 1898 Spain and the U.S. agree to a cease-fireU.S. agree to a cease-fire

Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the PhilippinesPhilippines

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

Rough Riders and Buffalo Rough Riders and Buffalo SoldiersSoldiers

Effects of the WarEffects of the War Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Cuba given freedomCuba given freedom U.S. takes control of Guam and Puerto RicoU.S. takes control of Guam and Puerto Rico U.S. trying to determine what to do with the PhilippinesU.S. trying to determine what to do with the Philippines

The Debate Over AnnexationThe Debate Over Annexation Imperialists wanted to annex the PhilippinesImperialists wanted to annex the Philippines

Teach the uncivilized people how to live properly (McKinley)Teach the uncivilized people how to live properly (McKinley) Free the oppressedFree the oppressed

Anti-ImperialistsAnti-Imperialists Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

Imperialism costs would outweigh the economic gainsImperialism costs would outweigh the economic gains Jane AddamsJane Addams

Annexation would be against American principlesAnnexation would be against American principles Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain-Left)Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain-Left)

Annexation would be against American principlesAnnexation would be against American principles Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Worried about competition for jobs and drive down Worried about competition for jobs and drive down wageswages

U.S. History IU.S. History I

Chapter 9 Section 3Chapter 9 Section 3““The U.S. and East Asia”The U.S. and East Asia”3.1, 9.3, 9.43.1, 9.3, 9.4

Filipinos Rebel Against American RuleFilipinos Rebel Against American Rule Emilio Aguinaldo calls for troops to attack Emilio Aguinaldo calls for troops to attack

Americans: Americans: InsurrectionInsurrection: rebellion: rebellion Guerilla WarfareGuerilla Warfare: non-traditional small : non-traditional small

arms combat: Aguinaldo captured 1901arms combat: Aguinaldo captured 1901 *5,000 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos die*5,000 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos die General Arthur MacArthur (Douglas General Arthur MacArthur (Douglas

MacArthur’s father) MacArthur’s father) Sets up re-concentration camps to Sets up re-concentration camps to

separate guerilla warriors from civiliansseparate guerilla warriors from civilians Thousands die from starvation and Thousands die from starvation and

diseasedisease

Reforms lead to promise of Reforms lead to promise of “Self-rule”…eventually“Self-rule”…eventually

William Howard Taft, 1William Howard Taft, 1stst US civilian governor US civilian governor tried to reform education, transportation tried to reform education, transportation

and healthcareand healthcare Building railroads, bridges, telephone Building railroads, bridges, telephone

lines to strengthen the economy lines to strengthen the economy Public schoolsPublic schools

1946 Philippines gain independence from the 1946 Philippines gain independence from the U.S.U.S.

The U.S. Pursues Interests in The U.S. Pursues Interests in ChinaChina

Theodore Roosevelt’sTheodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power Rise to Power President McKinley asked Teddy to run as his Vice President McKinley asked Teddy to run as his Vice

President in 1900President in 1900 The Election of 1900The Election of 1900

McKinley vs. William Jennings BryanMcKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan ““Four More Years of the Full Dinner Pail”Four More Years of the Full Dinner Pail” 9/6/1901 Leon Czogosz, shoots McKinley9/6/1901 Leon Czogosz, shoots McKinley Teddy (age 42) takes officeTeddy (age 42) takes office

Roosevelt Becomes PresidentRoosevelt Becomes President Believed the US had a duty to shape the less civilized Believed the US had a duty to shape the less civilized

corners of the worldcorners of the world Wanted the US to be a world powerWanted the US to be a world power

America Declares Equal Trade in America Declares Equal Trade in ChinaChina

Exports to China increased 4xExports to China increased 4x The Open Door Policy: John HayThe Open Door Policy: John Hay

““Sphere of Influence”: Sphere of Influence”: a section of a country a section of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powersand powers

Open Door Policy: Open Door Policy: a policy that allows each a policy that allows each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influenceother nations’ spheres of influence

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion Chinese movement to rid themselves of foreign Chinese movement to rid themselves of foreign

controlcontrol Group members attacked foreign embassies in Group members attacked foreign embassies in

BeijingBeijing U.S. retains access to Chinese exports due to U.S. retains access to Chinese exports due to

Secretary of State John Hay’s urging of foreign Secretary of State John Hay’s urging of foreign powers to accept compensation for damages powers to accept compensation for damages rather than attack China and break it into rather than attack China and break it into coloniescolonies

Tensions Rise Between Tensions Rise Between America and JapanAmerica and Japan Negotiating peace Negotiating peace

between Japan and between Japan and Russia, aided by Russia, aided by outcome of Boxer outcome of Boxer Rebellion Rebellion Russo-Russo-Japanese WarJapanese War

Roosevelt won Nobel Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize 1906Peace Prize 1906

Japan and US relations Japan and US relations witherwither

Anti-Asian Protests Anti-Asian Protests in U.S. (Gentleman’s in U.S. (Gentleman’s Agreement)Agreement)

Great White Fleet Great White Fleet voyagevoyage

Increased tensions Increased tensions rather than elevating rather than elevating themthem

The Great White FleetThe Great White Fleet

U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and CubaU.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba Foraker ActForaker Act

Puerto Rico becomes an unincorporated Puerto Rico becomes an unincorporated territoryterritory Puerto Ricans not US citizensPuerto Ricans not US citizens Puerto Ricans did not have Puerto Ricans did not have

constitutional rightsconstitutional rights Congress could pass any laws they Congress could pass any laws they

wanted in regards to Puerto Ricowanted in regards to Puerto Rico Slowly gain “self governance”Slowly gain “self governance” 1917 Puerto Ricans become US citizens1917 Puerto Ricans become US citizens 1947 hold elections for governor1947 hold elections for governor

Debate on statehood, commonwealth, or Debate on statehood, commonwealth, or independence still a heated topic todayindependence still a heated topic today

U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and CubaU.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba McKinley makes promisesMcKinley makes promises

Eventual independence for CubaEventual independence for Cuba Own constitutionOwn constitution

McKinley puts stipulationsMcKinley puts stipulations Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment

StipulationsStipulations Cuba cannot make treaties with other countries Cuba cannot make treaties with other countries

which would weaken its independencewhich would weaken its independence Cuba must allow the US to buy or lease naval Cuba must allow the US to buy or lease naval

stations in Cubastations in Cuba Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to stop possible Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to stop possible

foreign collectors from landing on the islandforeign collectors from landing on the island US had the right to intervene to protect Cuba’s US had the right to intervene to protect Cuba’s

independence and to keep orderindependence and to keep order Cubans rejected it at first, later change their mindsCubans rejected it at first, later change their minds Repealed in 1934Repealed in 1934

Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” DiplomacyRoosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy A Growing Presence in A Growing Presence in

the Caribbeanthe Caribbean ““Speak softly and carry a Speak softly and carry a

big stick” Policybig stick” Policy

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote TreatyHay-Pauncefote Treaty

Revolt in PanamaRevolt in Panama Rid of Columbian Rid of Columbian

influenceinfluence Panama becomes Panama becomes

independentindependent Signs treaty with US to Signs treaty with US to

build canalbuild canal

The The Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary: To Monroe Doctrine: To Monroe Doctrine The U.S. should and would intervene in Latin American The U.S. should and would intervene in Latin American

affairs when needed to maintain economic and affairs when needed to maintain economic and politicapolitical l stability--------------------------------------stability--------------------------------------

11stst applied in the Dominican Republic applied in the Dominican Republic Latin American countries resent involvementLatin American countries resent involvement

Dollar Diplomacy: William Howard TaftDollar Diplomacy: William Howard Taft Taft’s policy, which follows T. Roosevelt’sTaft’s policy, which follows T. Roosevelt’s Substituted dollars for bullets Substituted dollars for bullets Nicaragua got both bullets and moneyNicaragua got both bullets and money

Moral diplomacy: Woodrow WilsonMoral diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson U.S. Should promote human rights and opportunityU.S. Should promote human rights and opportunity “…“…never again seek one additional foot of territory by never again seek one additional foot of territory by

conquest”conquest” Francisco “Poncho” VillaFrancisco “Poncho” Villa: Pursued by U.S. troops for an : Pursued by U.S. troops for an attackattack

on Americans that left 18 dead (SEE Page 274)on Americans that left 18 dead (SEE Page 274)