U.S. History I U.S. History I Chapter 15 Immigration & Chapter 15 Immigration &

Urbanization Section 2 The Problems Urbanization Section 2 The Problems of Urbanizationof Urbanization

Urban ExpansionUrban Expansion OpportunitiesOpportunities: work, escape : work, escape

poverty, better life.poverty, better life. Industrial Revolution-Industrial Revolution- new mills, new mills,

factories, mines & transportation factories, mines & transportation systems. Need workers who live systems. Need workers who live close to workplaces.close to workplaces.

Settlers drawn to Settlers drawn to Northeast & Northeast & MidwestMidwest. Urbanization resulted.. Urbanization resulted.

Why Immigrants Settled in CitiesWhy Immigrants Settled in Cities Cities- Cities- cheap/convenientcheap/convenient place to live. Most place to live. Most

settled not far from the ports where they settled not far from the ports where they arrived.arrived.

Unskilled laborersUnskilled laborers had steady jobs in mills & had steady jobs in mills & factories.factories.

Cities provided Cities provided social supportsocial support of other of other immigrant families.immigrant families.

1890: 1890: twicetwice as many Irish residents in as many Irish residents in New New York CityYork City as in Dublin, Ireland. Largest Polish as in Dublin, Ireland. Largest Polish population in Chicago.population in Chicago.

1910- immigrant families made up more than 1910- immigrant families made up more than half the total population of half the total population of 18 major18 major American American cities.cities.

Lived in Lived in ethnic neighborhoodsethnic neighborhoods with others with others from same country. Speak own language, from same country. Speak own language, practice their customs/religion while learning practice their customs/religion while learning about new home from prior arrivals.about new home from prior arrivals.

Migration: Rural to CityMigration: Rural to City Innovations/Inventions in farming- Innovations/Inventions in farming-

McCormick McCormick reaperreaper / steel-bladed plow./ steel-bladed plow. Need fewer Need fewer farm laborers-farm laborers- went to went to

cities to find work.cities to find work. Many southern farmers who lost Many southern farmers who lost

farming jobs- African Americans.farming jobs- African Americans. 1890-1910: 200,000 African 1890-1910: 200,000 African

Americans move to cities (Chicago, Americans move to cities (Chicago, Detroit). Moved to escape Detroit). Moved to escape racial racial violenceviolence, , economic hardshipeconomic hardship & & political oppressionpolitical oppression. Conditions only . Conditions only somewhat better in the cities.somewhat better in the cities.

Migration: Rural to City con’tMigration: Rural to City con’t African AmericansAfrican Americans took low paying took low paying

factory jobs or work as domestic factory jobs or work as domestic servants due to racial prejudice servants due to racial prejudice & inadequate education.& inadequate education. Cities/Cultural Attractions-Cities/Cultural Attractions- slow slow

pace in immigrant’s native village & pace in immigrant’s native village & rural America. Cities exciting. NYC- rural America. Cities exciting. NYC- first moving pictures, Chicago- first moving pictures, Chicago- Buffalo Bill Wild West Show & Buffalo Bill Wild West Show & Boston- baseball.Boston- baseball.

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems HousingHousing Row houses. Immigrants had 2 or 3 Row houses. Immigrants had 2 or 3

families in single-family residences.families in single-family residences. Multifamily dwellings also called Multifamily dwellings also called

tenementstenements were were overcrowdedovercrowded and and unsanitaryunsanitary..

1879- NYC passed law for minimum 1879- NYC passed law for minimum standards for standards for plumbingplumbing & & ventilationventilation. . Dumbbell tenementsDumbbell tenements built to meet built to meet standards. Long, narrow, 5 or 6 story standards. Long, narrow, 5 or 6 story buildings shaped like barbells. buildings shaped like barbells. Central part was indented on either Central part was indented on either side to allow for an air shaft & an side to allow for an air shaft & an outside window for each room.outside window for each room.

TransportationTransportation

1873- San Francisco, 1873- San Francisco, cable carscable cars introduced.introduced.

1888- 1888- RichmondRichmond, VA electric , VA electric streetcars.streetcars.

1897- Boston, 1897- Boston, electric subwayselectric subways..

WaterWater

1840s & 1850s, NY & Cleveland 1840s & 1850s, NY & Cleveland built built public waterworkspublic waterworks..

1893- chlorination introduced & 1893- chlorination introduced & filtration in 1908.filtration in 1908.

SanitationSanitation

Challenge to keep cities clean.Challenge to keep cities clean. ScavengersScavengers, private contractors, , private contractors,

hired to sweep streets, collect hired to sweep streets, collect garbage & clean outhouses. Did garbage & clean outhouses. Did not do their job adequately.not do their job adequately.

1900, cities instituted 1900, cities instituted sewer sewer lineslines and and sanitation sanitation departmentsdepartments..

FireFire Limited water supplyLimited water supply contributes to contributes to

fires- a major problem.fires- a major problem. Cities had Cities had woodenwooden dwellings. Candles dwellings. Candles

& kerosene heaters fire hazards.& kerosene heaters fire hazards. Firefighters generally Firefighters generally volunteersvolunteers. .

CincinnatiCincinnati, Ohio established first paid , Ohio established first paid fire department in 1853.fire department in 1853.

1874, automatic fire sprinkler 1874, automatic fire sprinkler invented.invented.

Brick, stone & concrete buildings Brick, stone & concrete buildings made cities safer.made cities safer.

1871- Great 1871- Great ChicagoChicago Fire. Fire.

CrimeCrime

Pickpockets, thieves & con men.Pickpockets, thieves & con men. Murderers’ AlleysMurderers’ Alleys or or Robbers’ Robbers’

RoostsRoosts, gangs of young toughs, , gangs of young toughs, controlled crime-ridden areas of controlled crime-ridden areas of certain cities.certain cities.

1844-, NYC organized first 1844-, NYC organized first salaried police force.salaried police force.

ReformersReformers Social welfare reformersSocial welfare reformers helped helped

relieve poverty of immigrants & relieve poverty of immigrants & others.others.

The The Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to preached salvation through service to the poor. Ministers inspired followers the poor. Ministers inspired followers to erect churches in poor to erect churches in poor communities & persuaded business communities & persuaded business leaders to treat workers more fairly.leaders to treat workers more fairly.

1800s, reformers establish 1800s, reformers establish settlement housessettlement houses, community , community centers in slum neighborhoods that centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance & friendship. provided assistance & friendship. These promoted education, culture & These promoted education, culture & social services.social services.

Reformers con’tReformers con’t 1886- NYC, settlement houses 1886- NYC, settlement houses

founded by Charles Stover & founded by Charles Stover & Stanton Colt.Stanton Colt.

1889- Jane Addams & Ellen Gates 1889- Jane Addams & Ellen Gates founded Chicago’s founded Chicago’s Hull HouseHull House..

1890- Janie Porter Barrett 1890- Janie Porter Barrett founded Locus Street Social founded Locus Street Social Settlement in Hampton, VA, first Settlement in Hampton, VA, first settlement house for African settlement house for African Americans.Americans.

Reformers con’tReformers con’t 1893- Lillian D. Wald established 1893- Lillian D. Wald established

NYC’s Henry Street Settlement NYC’s Henry Street Settlement House.House.

1910- 400 settlement houses 1910- 400 settlement houses across the country.across the country.