U.S. DEPARTMENT-OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE

NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTER

OFFICE NOTE 287

A COMPARISON OF SOUNDINGS RETRIEVED FROM POLAR ORBITER RADIANCES

BY TWO VERY DIFFERENT RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS

EDWARD A. O'LENIC

DEVELOPMENT DIVISON

MAY 1984

THIS IS AN UNREVIEWED MANUSCRIPT, PRIMARILY INTENDED

FOR INFORMAL EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AMONG NMC STAFF MEMBERS.

This paper compares two sets of atmospheric vertical temperature profiles

produced from NOAA-7 radiance measurements using two different methods.

The first retrieval technique (here after referred to as R1) uses eigenvectors

of covariance matrices of radiance, temperature, and water vapor mixing

ratio to estimate cloud-free infrared sounding 'radiances and vertical tem-

perature profiles from infrared and microwave spectrometer observations

(Smith and Woolf, 1976). This technique is currently used by NESDIS to

produce a global set of atmospheric temperature profiles twice daily on an

operational basis. The other retrieval technique (henceforth called R2)

employs an iterative inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation.

This technique requires an initial estimate of the temperature and moisture

profiles, usually obtained from an NMC forecast (Smith, 1970; Smith and

Woolf, 1981). One potential advantage of this latter method, is that the

individual soundings chosen for processing may be selected by a human being

through the use of a McIDAS terminal. An operator of such a terminal can

carefully edit the infrared and microwave data to be processed by viewing

the data on a television console. The operator can also cause geographically

proximate soundings of his choice to be spatially averaged before they are

processed into temperature profiles. It should be noted that, while a con-

siderable amount of man-machine interaction was used in order to produce the

edited sounding sets reported on here, CIMSS has, in the past year, sub-

stantially automated the entire editing process. Such a spatially averaged

sounding, called a sounding field of view, or SFOV, should be free of unre-

presentative radiance information caused by soundings through low clouds, or

over snow cover, or unusual terrain, etc. since the operator can exclude

these from the average (Smith, et al., 1978). Of course, such spatial averag-

ing reduces the horizontal resolution of the data. The set of soundings

2

described in this paper, on the other hand, was edited not by averaging, but

by allowing many more soundings to be included over the same geographical

area than are permitted in the operationally processed data with method R1

(Figure 1). Might this greater density of polar orbiter data be an improvement

over the current data density, especially over the oceans? This study was

undertaken to at least begin to address this question.

PROCEDURE

In order to simulate oceanic conditions, central Canada in the autumn

was chosen as the study area. This region not only contains some radiosonde

stations to provide "truth" data against which to compare both types of

soundings, but also, the analyses and therefore the 12-hour forecasts used

for the initial estimate in processing the test soundings, are less likely

to be affected by NOAA-7 data from previous data assimilation cycles. Thus,

comparisons between operationally processed NOAA-7 soundings and NOAA-7 test

soundings stand a better chance of being unbiased than they might be if this

study were conducted over, say, the U.S. Soundings for three cases were

evaluated. The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies

(CIMSS) prepared the experimental sounding sets. For each case, NOAA-7

radiances over Canada were available for two consecutive orbits over Canada

occurring roughly between 0800 GMT and 1100 GMT. NESDIS' operational process-

ing not only used method RIl to retrieve temperature profiles, but also,

operational constraints require that the data be thinned to a resolution of

about 300 km (Figures 1-3). The same complete set of original radiance data

was also available to CIMSS at the University of Wisconsin. While they used

retrieval method R2, they also applied human editing of the entire set of

unthinned soundings over Canada. Shelter temperatures were used in the

retrieval process to simulate sea surface temperatures. The resulting set

L + 2 4 + 5 + o + t + a + 9 +O10 +11 +12 +13 +14 +i5 +16 +17+ 14 + ~ N+POLE + 14~~\13 '+ 13

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Ej of soundings has two-to-three times the density of the operationally processedsounding set (Figures 4-6). Approximately 100 soundings of each type (test

and operational) were available for each case. These soundings were compared

with each other by collocating both sets of satellite soundings with radiosondes

having low ground heights and intercomparing satellite-minus-raob differences

for both sets of soundings. The collocation method involved interpolating

nearby satellite soundings to the locations of radiosonde stations using an

inverse distance weighting scheme. The interpolation procedure requires

that satellite observations be distributed reasonably uniformly in four

quadrants around the raob site rather than to one side or the other. The

maximum distance from a RAOB that data were sought for collocation (scan

radius) was 300 km.

RESULTS

.The collocation method described earlier produced from 10 to 16 distance-

weighted mean soundings or collocated soundings, at radiosonde sites on the 3

dates. The results of this procedure are contained in Appendix 1, which

contains tables of both the collocation-sounding thicknesses and the satellite-

raob differences. These latter differences were also plotted on polar stereo-

graphic maps along with thickness contours from the appropriate LFM analysis

(Appendix 2). In order to summarize the overall results for the three cases,

all the satelliteraob differences were averaged, and plotted, alongAthe rrms amd

standard deviation for the sample, as shown in Figure 7.

In Figures 7a, the September 5 case, thickness, relative to 1000 mb,

from the operational soundings compare well with radiosonde thicknesses,

though the standard deviation reaches 60 meters at 300 mb, equivalent to a

difference of -1.5K over the 1000-300 mb layer. The test soundings produce

thicknesses which are colder than those from the radiosondes by 10 meters at

+ 14

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+~~~~~

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44

low levels and up to 40-50 meters at 300mb (equivalent to about -1.0K bias

over the 1000-300 mb layer),pattern is also seen in the next two cases,

Figures 7b and 7c. In Figure 7b, however, the University of Wisconsin test

sounding thicknesses improve upon those from the operational retrievals, but

only above 500 mb, while in Figure 7c, the test thicknesses are much too

cold at middle levels, and produce degraded results in comparison with the

competition.

While the three cases examined encompass a wide variety of flow patterns,

the small number of cases limits the value of

relating these flow pattern differences to the results of Figure 7 and Appendix

1. Some similarities and differences among all three cases are worth noting

though. The test soundings all bear a cold bias, especially between 500 and

200 mb. The operational cases on the other hand, show no preference for warm

* or cold bias in low to middle levels, but are biased above about 250 mb by

about +0.5K. The profiles of standard deviation of the samples are similar

in both the test and operational soundings but the test soundings show a

generally lower standard deviation, implying that they possess slightly

greater consistency than the operational sounding sets.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A technique for acquiring vertical temperature profiles from polar-

orbiter radiances based on the iterative inversion of the radiative transfer

equation (Smith, 1970; Smith and Woolf, 1981) has been examined as a possible

tool for producing high density soundings sets over the oceans. Three sets

of such soundings over Canada along with soundings produced operationally

were each transformed into sets of composite soundings at radiosonde sites,

making direct comparison of both sounding methods with radiosonde observations

possible. The test soundings bear an overall bias of -1.0K to -1.5K over the

5

1000-250 mb layer. The operational soundings show only a small bias of about

+0.5K above 200 mb. The accuracy of the test soundings, as measured by

comparisons with raobs, exceeded that of the operational soundings in one

case (September 13, 1981) above 500 mb. The remaining two sets of test sound-

ings were less accurate than the operational soundings.

It is not possible, based upon such a small sample of cases, to judge

whether the sounding technique tested would improve upon the method now used

in those regions. This experiment implies that the new technique would

consistently produce cold-biased soundings, which would not be desirable.

O~~~~~f :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author acknowledges the support and guidance provided during thiswork by Dr. Norman A. Phillips. Dr. Christopher Hayden of NESDIS exertedgenerous efforts in preparing the specially processed sets of NOAA-7 soundings.The manuscript was typed by Ms. Pamela Allen.

6

REFERENCES

Smith, W., 1970: Iterative Solution of the radiative Transfer Equation for

the Temperature and Absorbing Gas Profile of an Atmosphere. Appl. Opt.,

9, 1993-1999.

Smith, W., and H. Woolf, 1981a: Algorithms used to Retrieve Surface-skin

Temperature and Vertical Temperature and Moisture Profiles from VISSR

Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Radiance Observations. Reprint from Preprint

Volume: Fourth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation. June 16-19, 1981,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Published by the American Meteorological

Society, 12-17.

Smith, W., C. Hayden, H. Woolf, H. Howell, and F. Nagle, 1978: Interative

Processing of TIROS-N Sounding Data. Preprints: Conference on Weather

Forecasting and Analysis and Aviation Meteorology, October 16-19, 1978,

Silver Spring, Maryland. Published by the American Meteorological

Society.

Smith, W., and H. Woolf, 1976: The Use of Eigenvectors of Statistical Covariance

Matrices for Interpreting Satellite Sounding Radiometer Observations.

J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1127-1140.

Appendix 1

Soundings at locations of RAOBS formed by collation and weightedaveraging of surrounding operational or test soundings

05 .sE= iQ

CASE 0ATEJLAB:L)= liKuS-14 F8FlFOF9 FUF5FIF2 FOFOFOFO WASHINGTON-D NUMBER REPORTS= 16

SNDGR 1 68.8 N/ 31.3 SN0Go 2 :3.5 N/1i4.1 SNGG# 3 53.2 N/ 70.9 SN0G# 4 51.3 N/ 80.6

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1000. 0.GC .: 1ku0. 0.-(0 _CC 1I-C.- 0.0 0 . 000-1 0.0 0'.0:850:. 1-36 1.7 1+ .-7 d50u. i30-4,5- - 6.;55 -85-0. 13-87 T.L - 17,9 850'.. '1375:.5 -32.5-700. 2963.3 4.3 100. 2z'i9;. L -39.,9 -0C0. 3002. 9 -24.1 700. .2974.6 -37.4500. .5617.4 14.4 5.00. 5bbS.6 --- ,.4-- 50:0 5663-.'4 - 23.6 500. :561 3.6 -34..4400. 7'286.3 -13.3 'OO,, 13:39,0 -5d.0 - 4-400. 7332. 1 -24.9 400. 7269:.6 -38,4-30:0-. 9322.8 19.8 h30U. 9-i7:.:9 -59.1 30C. 9363.7 -43.3 301Y. - :9287.4 -40.6250. tU552.3 39.3 50.- .Uo:,0.7 -52.-3 250. 10586. 7 -40.3 250. 1-050'8. =7 -39.3-200. 1-201I.; 5u.9 .00. L'U.,b.7 -28.-3 ZCc. 12038.4 -18.6 200. 11' -6 4.:0 -4.0I5u. 13854.0 -1.6U 150. · /)7.-5 1i:.-5 -150. 138'82 4 15.4 150-. 13I7-.9 9.9lLl0. io408.0 55. o IU00. Lo%-t3.3 26. 3- I-CC. 16453.4 6.4 1`00. 16405.9' 27.8

CASE DATE(LABEL)= TIROS-N F8FlFUF9 FOF5FOF6 00000000 WASHINGTONUW NUMBER REPORTS= 14

SNDG# 1 50.2 N/119.3 SNDG# 2 53.5 N/114.1 SNDG# 3 53.2 N/ 70.9 SNDGN 4 51.3 N/ 80.6

P(MB) THICKNESS(M) SAT-RAOB P(MB) THI-CKNESS{M) SAT-RAUB P(MB) THrCKNESS(M) SAT-RA]B P(MBI THICKNESS(M) SAT-RAD-B

1000. 0.0 0.0 1000. 0.0 0. 0 1000. 0.0 0.0 1000.- 0.0 0.0850.. 1338.5 -17.5 85w . 1338.7 -13.3 -850. 1356.5 -0. 5: 850. - 5- 1. L 8.1700-. 2891.2 -29.8 7.00. 2-89[.4 -31.6 700. 2940.0 -3.0- 700. -2921.8 3.8500. 5470.0 -48.0 500. 5464.7 -40.3 500.- . 5569.6 -1.6 500. 53334.8 --18.2Z-400. 7091.7 -66.3 400. 7080. 3 -54.7 400. 7222.7 -5.3 400. 7T180.6 -42.4-300. 9077.5 -70.5 300. 9r052.9 -62.[ 300-. 9245.0 -23.0 300-. 9196-.6 -56. 4-250.- 10285.4 -62.6 250. 102490-a -56.-- 250-. 10471.4 -26.-6 250. 1042:2. 3 -60-. Y'200D. 11738.9 -39.1 200. 11-69L.4 -43.6 200.- 11933.0 -5.0 200;. .1U8-89.2 -33. B150. 13604.6 -23.4 150. 13557.3 -47.7 150. 13782.7 24.7 L50. 13749 7 --13.'3-

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113 SEP 151

aOeC-_pi--JP.cL CASE DATE[LABELi= TIROS-N FBF/FOF9 FIF3FIF2 FOFOFOFO IiASHINGTCN-0 NUMBER REPORTS= 12

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tJ. w)lc._ CASE DATE(LABEL)= TIROS-N FBF1FOF9 FlF3FOF6 00000000 WASHINGTGNUW NUMBER REPORTS= 10

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CASE DATEILABELJ= TIRCS-N F8FIF1FO FOFIFOF6 00000000 WASHINGTONUW NUMBER REPORTS= 12

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