urdpfi 2014 guidelines vol i

January, 2015

Town and Country Planning Organisation

URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

(URDPFI) GUIDELINES

Government of IndiaMinistry of Urban Development

http://moud.gov.in

Volume I

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iii

PREFACE

Planning for development is an envisioning process which requires a soundassessment of the ground realities and providing options for sustainabledevelopment within the bounds of the demographic, physical, socioeconomic,jurisdictionalandfinancialaspects.Itisacontinuousprocessandmustincorporatea regular evaluationof implementation.However,planshavebeencriticised toberigidandstatichaving little regard to investmentplanningeffortsand takingverylongtimeintheprocessofformulationandapproval.

During 1995, a National Workshop on Master Plan Approach: Its Efficacy andAlternatives was held, which examined the entire process of urban developmentplanningandimplementationandasarecommendationofthisWorkshop,thefirstnational level planning guidelines Urban Development Plans Formulation andImplementation(UDPFI)wereframedin1996byInstituteofTownPlanners,India.

UDPFI Guidelines, 1996 provided a framework for plan preparation andimplementation process. Since 1996,many developments have taken place in thefieldofurbanplanning, especially inviewof emergingneedsandrequirementsofurban settlements due to rapid population growth, globalization of economy andphenomenal advances in informationand communication technologies.The townsandcitieshavebecomemoredynamic innatureandaresubject tounprecedentedchanges in terms of requirements of infrastructure and other basic services/amenities. Besides, new emerging aspects like regional development, inclusiveplanning,sustainablehabitat, landuseandtransport integrationatplanningstage,ServiceLevelBenchmarks,disastermanagementconcepts,andgovernancereformshavegivenanewdimensiontotheplanningprocess.

To address these emerging aspects, it was felt that the revision of the UDPFIGuidelines should be taken up. The Urban and Regional Development PlansFormulationand ImplementationGuidelines (URDPFI) were conceptualized asthe outcome of widespread consultations with the planning peers in the variousMinistries,Experts,ProfessionalandAcademicInstitutionsandotherstakeholders.TheURDPFIGuidelines,2014havebeenframedtoincorporatetheprovisionsofthelegalandpolicyguidelinesofthelineMinistries,bestpracticesoftheStatesandtheplanningsystemsinvogue.Aparticipatoryconsultativeapproachhasbeenfollowedinorder torevise theguidelines toholisticallyunderstandandproactively involvethe Government of India Ministries/Agencies and State Governments for guidingUrbanization.

Inlinewiththeapproach,thefollowingkeyactionswereundertaken:

NationalConsultationConsultativeWorkshopheldinNewDelhitodeliberateon the URDPFI Guidelines (1st Draft) to holistically consult with National andStatelevelstakeholders.

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Regional Workshops Six Regional Workshops across country were heldcoveringalltheStates.TheplanningaspectsvaryingacrossStatesandapproachtoplanninginfuturewerediscussed.

TechnicalCoreGroup(TCG)TCGwasformedbyMoUDandinteractionswereheld periodically with the TCG members formally and informally for gettinginputs.

GoogleDiscussionGroupThisportalwassetupbytheTCPOwhichpromotedinterfacewithvariousplannersandpractitioners.

MonthlyReviewMeetingswithStakeholdersMonthlyreviewmeetingswereheldbyMoUDwithstakeholders fordiscussingprogressofwork andreceivingtheirrespectivecomments.

Key Consultations Interaction with more than 50 Organisations, Agencies,Institutions both public and private have provided technical appraisal andrecommendationintheguidelines.

TheURDPFI Guidelines, 2014 comprise twoVolumes: VolumeI contains planningprocess, contents of the plans suggested in the planning system, resourcemobilization for plan implementation including land and finance as the primaryresources for sustainable development, institutional reforms particularly at Statelevel,andapproachesandstrategiesforregionalandurbanplanning.Foraddressingsustainability, various sections focuson land suitability and urban renewalnormsand provide a framework for Crisis/Disaster Management Plans as part ofDevelopmentPlan.Tospeeduptheprocessofplanformulation,simplifiedplanningtechniques,andnormsandstandardsforsocialandphysicalinfrastructureplanningare detailed along with simplified development promotion regulations. Variouscitiesofallclassesacrossthecountryfromdifferentregionshavebeencoveredasbestpracticesforreview.Theoverallrecommendationsforfutureactionshavealsobeenincluded.

Theurbanandregionalplanningsystemhasbeendividedundertwoheads,a)CoreArea Planning and b) Specific and Investment Planning. The Core Area Planningcomprisesofasetof4interdependentplans:(i)alongtermPerspectivePlanwithavision and policy orientation, (ii) a sustainability based long termRegionalPlan(andDistrictPlan)withoptimizationofregionalresources fordevelopment, (iii)acomprehensivelongtermsettlementplanasDevelopmentPlanforurbanandperiurban areas (iv) A short term rolling LocalAreaPlanwithin the framework ofDevelopmentPlan. The Specific and InvestmentPlanning comprises a set of threeplans,(i)ArollingSpecialPurposePlan forspecialareaswithintheframeworkofDevelopment Plan, (ii)AnnualPlans to translate the physical and fiscal resourcerequirementofDevelopment/LocalAreaPlan,and(iii)Project/Researchtofocusonitemsofexecution.

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A separate volume (VolumeII A) on legal aspects covers the implications of 74thCAA,1992;LandAcquisition,Resettlement&RehabilitationAct,2013;a reviewoftheModelTown&CountryPlanningandDevelopmentLaw,ModelMunicipalLaw,legalrequirementsforindustrialdevelopment,StatelevelplanningframeworkandotherNational levelrequirements forheritageandenvironment conservationwiththe relevant Acts/ Law/ Notifications/ Guidelines etc. Volume II B consists ofAppendices.

A Core Team of TCPO and consultants, M/s Mott McDonald, have workedpainstakinglyalongwiththevariousstakeholdersacrossthecountryforformulatingthese Guidelines. The process of preparation of the Guidelines, including theapproach,methodologyandglossaryhasbeendetailedintheAppendixAofVolumeIIB.Thekeycontentofeachvolumeisdetailedinthefollowingtable.

Table:StructureoftheURDPFIGuidelines

Volumes Chapters KeyContents

VolumeI:Urban&RegionalPlanningGuidelines

1 Introduction Need for Revision of UDPFI Guidelines1996, RecommendedplanningsystemforIndia,overallguidingSustainableUrbanandRegionalplanningaspectsoftheguidelines

2 PlanFormulation PlanningProcess,Contentsofvariouslevelofplans

3 ResourceMobilisation Land assembly, fiscal resource mobilisation, good governance,institutionalsetupandkeyinstitutionalreforms

4 RegionalPlanningApproach

Aspects of regional planning and classification of region in theIndian context, regional planning approach and its planimplementation

5 UrbanPlanningApproach

Guidelines for study on location and settlement setting,distributionoflanduse,citytypology,planningfortownships.

6 SustainabilityGuidelines

Sustainability and aspects of urban development includingimpact of climate change, environment policies and statuaryobligation,planningfordisastermanagement

7 SimplifiedPlanningTechniques

Comprehensively covering data collection techniques, types ofsurvey,analyticaltechniques,projectiontechniques,basemap&developmentplanpreparation

8 InfrastructurePlanning Introduces the hierarchy of urban development and norms &standardsforphysicalinfrastructure,socialinfrastructure,safetymanagement, commercial activity. Details for transportationplanningandprovisionsforbarrierfreebuiltenvironment

9 SimplifiedDevelopmentPromotionRegulations

Lists the simplified urban land use classification and zoningregulations, simplified development promotion regulations forspecificlandusezones,specialrequirements

10 GeneralRecommendation

Recommendations to severalMinistries, StateGovernments andOrganisations

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vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Guidelines are the outcome of participatory approach through widespreadconsultations with various Central Government Ministries/ Agencies/ Bodies/NationalInstitutions/StateGovernments.

Ministry of Urban Development acknowledges the work of M/s Mott MacDonald(Consultants)inpreparingURDPFIGuidelines,2014.

TheexerciseofformulationoftheURDPFIGuidelines,2014wasguidedandsteeredbythenSecretary,MinistryofUrbanDevelopment(MoUD),Dr.SudhirKrishna,andSecretary, MoUD Shankar Aggarwal and supported by then Joint Secretary, Dr.AshokSinghvi,Mr.NeerajMandloi, JointSecretary,MoUDandMr.ParmodKumar,Director(LSG),MoUD.MentionalsoneedstobemadeaboutthetirelessworkbytheofficersoftheLSGDivision,MoUD,Mr.SunilKumarPal,UnderSecretaryandMr.C.JeevanRao,ResearchAssistant.

Mr. J.B.Kshirsagar,ChiefPlanner,TownandCountryPlanningOrganization,Mr.R.Srinivas,TownandCountryPlanner,Mr. SudeepRoy, andMs.D. Blessy,AssistantTown and Country Planners, provided technical inputs on various aspects to theconsultantsandcoordinatedtheorganizationofRegionalandNationalWorkshops.The Staffmembers of theMetropolitan andUnion Territories Division, Town andCountryPlanningOrganizationprovidedcompletesupportduringtheprocess.

The Town and Country Planning Departments of Haryana, Karnataka, Goa andOdishaprovidednecessarycollaborationinorganizingtheRegionalWorkshops.Theparticipationof theStatesandUTsofAndhraPradesh,Gujarat,HimachalPradesh,Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Puducherry, Punjab, Rajasthan,Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand in the Regional Workshops provided vitalinputs.

Ministries of Government of India i.e, Department of Land Resources, JnNURMDirectorate,PlanningCommission(fortheircontributionsinResourceMobilizationsection), Directorate General of Defence Estates and EMBARQ, India(for theircontributioninUrbanPlanningApproach),NationalDisasterManagementAuthority(for theircontribution inDisasterManagementandSustainability issues),NationalRemote Sensing Centre (for their contributions in GIS based planning), Bureau ofIndianStandards,CentralPublicHealth&EnvironmentalEngineeringOrganization,Institute of Urban Transport (for their contributions in Physical Infrastructureaspects), Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority, Ahmedabad UrbanDevelopmentAuthority,MumbaiMetropolitanDevelopmentAuthority, InstituteofTownPlanners,IndiaandSchoolofPlanningandArchitecture,Delhifacilitatedtheexchangeofdataandinformationcollation.Besides,commentsreceivedfromawidevarietyofpeopleintheirofficialandpersonalcapacitiesarealsodulyacknowledged.

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TableofContents1. Introduction 11.1. UrbanisationTrends 11.2. FrameworkforaRenewedPlanningSystem 21.3. ClassificationofUrbanSettlements 31.4. RecommendedPlanningSystem 51.5. Scopeandpurposeofvariousplans 7

1.5.1. PerspectivePlan 71.5.2. RegionalPlan 71.5.3. DevelopmentPlan 91.5.4. LocalAreaPlan 101.5.5. SpecialPurposePlan 111.5.6. AnnualPlan 111.5.7. Project/Research 121.5.8. Interrelationshipamongvariousplans 12

1.6. SustainableUrbanandRegionalDevelopment 141.7. StateLandUtilisationPolicy 14

1.7.1. LandTransportIntegration 151.7.2. TransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD) 161.7.3. FlexibilityinPlans 181.7.4. LandtogeneratefundforInfrastructureDevelopment 191.7.5. SustainableWasteManagement 191.7.6. Inclusiveplanning 201.7.7. DisasterRiskManagement 201.7.8. Speedingtheprocessofplanning&implementation 21

2. PlanFormulation 23

2.1. PlanningProcess 232.1.1. AimsandObjectives 232.1.2. IdentificationofSiteNeeds 242.1.3. IdentificationofProjectedNeeds 252.1.4. PlanFormulation 262.1.5. InclusivePlanning(furthertotheSection1.10.8) 302.1.6. StatutoryObligations 312.1.7. DecentralisationofPlanApprovalProcess 322.1.8. PeoplesParticipation 322.1.9. PlanModification 342.1.10. ReviewandMonitoringofPlans 352.1.11. PlanMonitoringParameters 362.1.12. Evaluation&RevisionofPlans 37

2.2. ContentsofPlans 372.2.1. PerspectivePlan 382.2.2. ContentsofRegionalPlan 392.2.3. ContentsofDevelopmentPlan 422.2.4. ContentsofLocalAreaPlan 482.2.5. ContentsofSpecificPurposePlan(e.g.CityDevelopmentPlansformulatedfor

accessingfundsunderJNNURM) 502.2.6. ContentsofAnnualPlan 642.2.7. ContentsofProjects/Schemes 66

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3 ResourceMobilizationforPlanImplementation 69

3.1. Introduction 693.2. Land 69

3.2.1. LandasaResource 693.2.2. LandEconomics 703.2.3. LandAssembly 703.2.4. InclusiveLandDevelopment 75

3.3. FiscalResourceMobilisation 763.3.1. TraditionalandInnovativeapproachesforFiscalResourceMobilisation 783.3.2. AlternativeFinancialAvenuesbyPrivateSectorParticipation 883.3.3. ExistingTrendofExpenditurePattern 943.3.4. EffectiveFinanceManagement 953.3.5. CityInfrastructureFund 97

3.4. Governance 983.4.1. CharacteristicsofGoodGovernance 993.4.2. EGovernanceReforms 101

3.5. InstitutionalSetUp 1033.5.1. TownandCountryPlanningDepartmentsatStateLevels 1033.5.2. DistrictPlanningCommittee 1043.5.3. UrbanLocalBodies(Municipality,DevelopmentAuthority,MPC) 1043.5.4. TeamRequirementforPlanFormulation 105

3.6. InstitutionalReforms 1073.6.1. RegulatoryBodyatStateLevel 1073.6.2. GrievanceRedressSystem 108

4 RegionalPlanningApproach 109

4.1. NeedofRegionasPlanningUnit 1094.2. AspectsofRegionalPlanning 1094.3. PlanningRegionsinIndia 110

4.3.1. DistrictasaPlanningRegion 1124.3.2. VarioussettlementsinRegion 117

4.4. MetropolitanPlanningRegion 1194.4.1. MetropolitanAdministrativesetups 1194.4.2. TransitOriented(Urban)Development(TOD) 1204.4.3. Planningforperiurbanarea 1224.4.4. VillagePlanning 123

4.5. InvestmentPlanningRegions 1254.5.1. ApproachofPlanPreparation 1254.5.2. CriteriaforDelineationofRegion 126

4.6. SpecialAreaPlanningRegions 1284.6.1. Ecosensitiveareas 1294.6.2. Socioeconomicsensitiveareas 129

4.7. LanduseclassificationforRegionalPlanning 1304.8. CompositionofthePlanningCommittees 132

5 UrbanPlanningApproach 135

5.1. Introduction 1355.2. GuidelinesforStudyonLocation,SiteandsituationofSettlement 135

5.2.1. Location 135

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5.2.2. Site 1365.2.3. Situation 1365.2.4. Hinterland 1365.2.5. Accessibility 1395.2.6. SocioEconomicProfile 139

5.3. DistributionofLandUse 1405.3.1. DevelopedAreaAverageDensities 1405.3.2. ProposedLanduseStructureofUrbanCentres 141

5.4. UrbanPlanningApproach 1425.4.1. GreenCity 1435.4.2. Compactcity 1475.4.3. SmartCity 152

5.5. CityTypology 1575.5.1. Hillcity 1585.5.2. PlanningforInnercity 1635.5.3. Industrialcity 1655.5.4. Heritage/Religious/Tourismcity 1695.5.5. Portcity 1745.5.6. IntegratedTownship 1805.5.7. PlanningforAffordableHousing 1865.5.8. MediCity 1875.5.9. Sportscity 1895.5.10. DevelopmentbythePrivateSector 192

5.6. SpecialAreaPlanning(cantonmentarea,restrictedareaetc.) 1935.6.1. CantonmentArea 193

6. SustainabilityGuidelines 199

6.1. SustainableDevelopment 1996.1.1. SustainablePlanning 1996.1.2. EnergyEfficiency 2006.1.3. UrbanTransport 2006.1.4. UrbanInfrastructure 201

6.2. ClimateChangeMitigationandAdaptation 2026.2.1. GreenBuilding 2036.2.2. ClimateProofingGuwahati,Assam:CityResilienceStrategyandMainstreamingPlan203

6.3. CityBioDiversityIndex 2046.4. EnvironmentPoliciesandStatutoryObligation 205

6.4.1. NationalEnvironmentalPolicy(NEP),2006 2056.4.2. EIANotification,2006 2076.4.3. EnvironmentProtectionAct,1986 2076.4.4. ForestConservationAct,1980 2086.4.5. Strategicplanfornewandrenewableenergysectorfortheperiod201117,

MinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy 2096.5. EnvironmentalGuidelines 209

6.5.1. EnvironmentalGuidelinesforIndustries 2096.5.2. GuidelinesforRainWaterHarvesting 2106.5.3. GuidelinesforBufferZones 211

6.6. EnvironmentalGuidelinesforPlanningEcofragilezones 2136.6.1. CoastalArea 2136.6.2. EcoSensitivezones 213

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6.6.3. WaterbodiesinUrbanAreas 2146.6.4. Desertareas 2166.6.5. Wetlands 2166.6.6. Hillyareas(furthertosection5.5.1) 217

6.7. DisasterManagement 2186.7.1. Institutionalsetup 2196.7.2. NationalDisasterManagementGuidelines 2206.7.3. StateDisasterManagementPlan 2256.7.4. DistrictDisasterManagementPlan(DDMP) 227

7. SimplifiedPlanningTechniques 229

7.1. IdentifyingDataNeedsandDataCollectionList 2297.1.1. DataChecklist 229

7.2. DataCollectionTechniques 2307.2.1. PrimaryDataCollectiontechniques 2307.2.2. SecondaryDataCollectiontechniques 234

7.3. TypesofSurveys 2357.3.1. SocioEconomicSurvey 2357.3.2. Landuse/utilisationSurveys 2357.3.3. DensitySurveys 2357.3.4. InfrastructureSurveys 2377.3.5. TransportationSurveys 239

7.4. AnalyticalTechniques 2437.4.1. CarryingCapacity 2457.4.2. ApplyingCarryingCapacityforUrbanandRegionalplanning: 2467.4.3. ThresholdAnalysis 249

7.5. ProjectionTechniques 2567.5.1. PopulationProjection 2577.5.2. EconomicProjection 2587.5.3. AssessmentofRequirementofHousing 262

7.6. Mapping 2637.6.1. ScaleofMap 2637.6.2. MapInformationChecklist 2637.6.3. ProcedureofCollectingData 272

7.7. BaseMap&DevelopmentPlanPreparation 2747.7.1. Basemapfeatures 2747.7.2. PlanformulationthroughRemoteSensing&GeographicInformationSystem 2747.7.3. BhuvanGeoPortalforPlanning 280

8. InfrastructurePlanning 283

8.1. HierarchyofUrbanDevelopment 2838.2. TransportationPlanning 284

8.2.1. ClassificationofUrbanroad 2848.2.2. DesignConsiderationofUrbanRoads 2858.2.3. Footpath 2868.2.4. CycleTracks 2878.2.5. ForHillyAreas 2888.2.6. PassengerCarUnits(PCU) 2888.2.7. DesignServiceVolume 289

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8.2.8. Parking 2898.2.9. BusTerminals 2938.2.10. TruckTerminal 2958.2.11. IntegratedFreightComplex 2968.2.12. TravelDemandModellingProcess 2988.2.13. MRToptionsfortheCity 2998.2.14. UrbanBusesandcharacteristics 3038.2.15. TODNorms 3038.2.16. NonMotorisedVehicles(NMV) 3098.2.17. RoadSafety 3108.2.18. SpecialRequirementsforBarrierFreeBuiltEnvironmentforDisabledandElderly

Persons 3108.2.19. InlandWaterTransportation 3118.2.20. AirportPlanning 313

8.3. PhysicalInfrastructure 3148.3.1. WaterSupply 3148.3.2. Sewerage&Sanitation 3248.3.3. Drainage 3358.3.4. RainWaterHarvesting 3368.3.5. Electricity 3408.3.6. SolidWasteManagement 3418.3.7. DomesticGasSupplyPipelines 3538.3.8. TelecomServices 3548.3.9. ServiceLevelBenchmarkingforInfrastructure 354

8.4. SocialInfrastructure 3568.4.1. ProvisionofInfrastructure 3568.4.2. EducationFacilities 3578.4.3. HealthcareFacilities 3598.4.4. Sociocultural 3618.4.5. OpenSpaces 3628.4.6. SportsFacilities 3648.4.7. Distributionservices 3658.4.8. Police,CivilDefenceandHomeGuards 3668.4.9. SafetyManagement 3668.4.10. SpecialRequirementsforGenderSensitivePlanning 367

8.5. CommercialActivities 3698.5.1. HierarchyofCommercialCentres 3698.5.2. NormsforCommercialCentres 3698.5.3. DistributionofActivities 3708.5.4. UrbanStreetVendors 371

8.6. MiscellaneousFacilities 3758.6.1. Cremation/BurialGround 3758.6.2. DhobiGhat 3758.6.3. Mandisandwholesaleagriculturalproducemarkets 3768.6.4. ProvisionsforLivestockManagement/AnimalManagementCentre 3768.6.5. NormsforTelephone,PostalandBankingfacilities 377

8.7. ProvisionsforHillyAreas 3778.8. AccessProvisionsfortheDifferentlyabled 379

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9. SimplifiedDevelopmentPromotionRegulations 381

9.1. SimplifiedUrbanLanduseClassification 3829.2. SimplifiedUrbanLanduseZoningRegulations 3849.3. PlotRequirementRegulationsinLandusezones 392

9.3.1. MeansofAccess 3929.3.2. AreaandHeightLimitations 3939.3.3. MinimumSetbacks 3989.3.4. Activitiespermissibleinopenarea 4009.3.5. DistancefromElectricLines 400

9.4. SimplifiedDevelopmentPromotionRegulationsforSpecificlandUseZones 4019.4.1. ResidentialUseZone 4019.4.2. Commercial 4049.4.3. PublicandSemipublic 4049.4.4. IndustrialuseZone 4079.4.5. Transportation&CommunicationUseZone 4089.4.6. PrimaryActivity 409

9.5. SpecialRequirement 4099.5.1. BuildingNormsforNaturalHabitat 4099.5.2. HistoricalorArchaeologicalareas 4099.5.3. IndustrialRegions 4109.5.4. IntroduceUseofFormBasedCodes 410

10. GeneralRecommendations 411

10.1. AdoptionofURDPFIGuidelines,2014 41110.2. KeyRecommendationsintheGuidelines 41110.3. KeyaspectsofGuidelinesforlocalarea/sitespecificdevelopment 41310.4. SuggestionsforfutureDevelopmentinPlanning 413

10.4.1. RecommendationsfortheNationalOrganisation(s) 41410.4.2. RecommendationstoStateGovernments/StateTownandCountryPlanning

Departments/LocalBodies/DevelopmentAuthorities 417

xv

Figure1.1:RelationshipofthePlanningSystem__________________________________________________________13Figure2.1: GeneralProcessofPlanning__________________________________________________________________23Figure2.2: IdentificationofProjectedRequirements___________________________________________________26Figure2.3: PlanFormulationProcess____________________________________________________________________28Figure2.4PlanModificationProcess_______________________________________________________________________35Figure2.5: ProcessofPreparingCityDevelopmentPlan_______________________________________________54Figure2.6: CityMobilisationPlanningProcess__________________________________________________________57Figure2.7: CitySanitationPlanningProcess_____________________________________________________________61Figure2.8: SlumFreeCityPlanofActionProcess_______________________________________________________63Figure3.1: ProjectLifeCycle _____________________________________________________________________________77Figure3.2: FundingSources_______________________________________________________________________________78Figure3.3: Revenuesources ______________________________________________________________________________78Figure3.4: SourcesforFundGeneration_________________________________________________________________82Figure3.5: PPPModels____________________________________________________________________________________90Figure3.6: CharacteristicsofGoodGovernance_________________________________________________________99Figure4.1: CategorisationofRegionsinIndianContext______________________________________________112Figure4.2: PlanPreparationProcessofKerala________________________________________________________114Figure4.3: PlanPreparationProcessintheStateofGoa______________________________________________115Figure4.4: ProposedDistrictPlanningProcess________________________________________________________117Figure4.5: FrameworkforKolkataMetropolitanPlanningCommittee _____________________________120Figure4.6: PlanningBoardforInterStateRegions____________________________________________________134Figure5.1: WaytowardsGreenRedevelopment ______________________________________________________147Figure5.2: CompactCitysConceptandApproach____________________________________________________148Figure5.3: TypesofIntenseLandUse__________________________________________________________________150Figure5.4: CaseStudyofChinaSkyCity________________________________________________________________151Figure5.5: ImportantinsightsofSMARTcityapplicationglobally___________________________________153Figure5.6: TheUniversalTargets_______________________________________________________________________154Figure5.7: Malta:WorldsfirstSmartIsland___________________________________________________________155Figure5.8: IntegratedapproachtoTourismCity/RegionPlanning__________________________________171Figure5.9: MumbaiPortCityAnalysis _________________________________________________________________176Figure5.10:SuggestedPortcityPlanningStrategy_____________________________________________________176Figure6.1: SchematiccrosssectionofArterialRoads ________________________________________________201Figure6.2: ComponentsofGuwahatiClimateResilienceStrategy___________________________________204Figure6.3: DisasterManagementCycle________________________________________________________________218Figure6.4: SuggestedBroadFrameworkfordevelopingSDMPandDDMP_________________________227Figure7.1: StagesofconductingPrimarySurvey______________________________________________________230Figure7.2: TechniquesofDataRepresentation:DevelopmentRadar _______________________________244Figure7.3: TabularpresentationofSmileyface_______________________________________________________244Figure7.4: ComponentsofCarryingCapacityofUrban&RegionalAreas___________________________247Figure7.5: PlanningofUrbanandRegionalareasbasedoncarryingcapacity______________________247Figure7.6: MethodologyformeasuringTourismCarryingCapacity_________________________________249Figure7.7: LandsuitabilityprocessinPlanning_______________________________________________________252Figure7.8: Factorstakenintoconsiderationtoassessthemostsuitablelanduse _________________253Figure7.9: WeightedOverlayofLandSuitability______________________________________________________255Figure7.10:ProcessofDevelopmentPlanPreparationthroughGIS(A)______________________________277Figure7.11:ProcessofDevelopmentPlanPreparationthroughGIS(B)______________________________278Figure7.12:ProcessofDevelopmentPlanPreparationthroughGIS(C)______________________________279Figure8.1: ProposedKarkardoomaTODProject______________________________________________________304Figure8.2: ProposedKarkardoomaTODProject______________________________________________________307

ListofFigures

xvi

Figure8.3: DecisionTree:Selectingthewastewatermanagementsystem(Onsite,DecentralizedorConventional) ________________________________________________________________________________327

Figure8.4: FlowchartshowingthevariousArtificialRechargePractices____________________________339Figure8.5: DitchandFurrowMethod___________________________________________________________________340Figure8.6: RechargePit: _________________________________________________________________________________340Figure8.7: ContourPattern______________________________________________________________________________340Figure8.8: Injectionwell:________________________________________________________________________________340Figure8.9: SchematicSolidWasteManagementProcess______________________________________________343Figure8.10:BBMPmodelofSWM________________________________________________________________________350Figure8.11:ProcessingofConstructionWasteatMallasandra,Bangalore____________________________351Figure8.12:CompoundwallsRestrictingStreetVisibility______________________________________________367

xvii

Table1.1: TrendsinUrbanisation20012011___________________________________________________________1Table1.2: ClassificationofUrbanSettlements___________________________________________________________4Table1.3: PlanningSystemFramework__________________________________________________________________6Table2.1: SiteSpecificNeedsofFewCityTypes________________________________________________________24Table2.2: DecentralisedPlanApprovalProcess________________________________________________________32Table2.3: ParticipatoryPlanningApproach____________________________________________________________33Table2.4: ParametersfortheEvaluationofPlans______________________________________________________36Table3.1: ListofvariousTaxes,Surcharges,Charges,FeesandTollsasmaybeleviedforUrban&

InfrastructureDevelopment__________________________________________________________________81Table3.2: AlternateSourcesofFundingforProjects___________________________________________________88Table3.3: PossiblerolesofPrivateandPublicsectorsintheurbandevelopmentprocess_________92Table3.4: CategorisationofMunicipalExpenditure ___________________________________________________94Table3.5: CompositionandTrendsofMunicipalExpenditure(Rs.inLakh)_________________________95Table3.6: SelectiveeGovernmentfunctionsandOnlineServicesinIndia_________________________102Table3.7: RequiredmanpowerofStateTownPlanningDepartment_______________________________103Table3.8: NumberofTownPlannersrequiredatDistrictLevel____________________________________104Table3.9: NumberofTownPlannersinMetropolitanPlanningArea______________________________104Table3.10: NumberofTownPlannersrequiredfornonmillionpluscities(small&mediumcities)105Table4.1:Institutionalresponsibilities________________________________________________________________116Table4.2: RoadHierarchyforperiurbanareasinlinewithlowincomehabitatplanningnorms123Table4.3: CriteriaforDelineationofRegion__________________________________________________________127Table4.4: SimplifiedRegionalLanduseClassification_______________________________________________132Table5.1: DevelopedAreaAverageDensities ________________________________________________________140Table5.2: LanduseStructureforDevelopableAreainUrbanCentres_____________________________141Table5.3: TransitOrientedDevelopmentMatrix_____________________________________________________149Table5.4: eServicesofaSmartcity___________________________________________________________________156Table5.5: Landusestructureforhilltowns__________________________________________________________161Table5.6: LandusestructureforIndustrialtowns___________________________________________________167Table5.7: LandusestructureforHeritage/Religious/TourismCity_______________________________173Table5.8: LandusestructureforPortCity____________________________________________________________179Table5.9: RajasthanTownshipPolicy:TypesofTownships_________________________________________182Table5.10: SpaceAllocation/LandUseMix:PermittedunderGujaratIntegratedTownshipPolicy,

2008__________________________________________________________________________________________184Table5.11: ProportionofPlots/Houses/FlatsinTownships/GroupHousingSchemes____________186Table5.12: CantonmentCategories_____________________________________________________________________194Table6.1: AccessibilityofPublicTransportatNeighbourhoodLevel_______________________________201Table6.2 DisasterManagementstrategiesfordifferentsectors____________________________________204Table6.3 StrategicActionssuggested ________________________________________________________________207Table6.4 StatutoryObligationsofEnvironmentClearances________________________________________208Table6.5 Thrustareasofsolarthermalsector_______________________________________________________209Table6.6 DistanceofDifferentAreasfromIndustrialSite _________________________________________210Table6.7: ListofBuffersforvariousactivities________________________________________________________211Table6.8:SalientFeaturesofNDMAguidelinesforManagementofFloods,Earthquakes&other

NaturalHazards_____________________________________________________________________________220Table7.1: PossibleProxyIndicators___________________________________________________________________232Table7.2: Fieldsheetfornonresidentialsurvey_____________________________________________________237Table7.3: Infrastructureindicatorsandbenchmarkprovidingagencies___________________________237Table7.4: ComprehensiveTableofTransportationSurveys(TransportSurveyformsRefer

AppendixFofVolumeIIB)_________________________________________________________________239Table7.5: Levelsofevaluatingcarryingcapacityfortheurbanareas______________________________246

ListofTables

xviii

Table7.6: ItemsforconsiderationintheinventoryforCityGDPcalculation_______________________261Table7.7: ScaleofMapsforPlanning___________________________________________________________________263Table7.8: MapDataChecklist___________________________________________________________________________264Table7.9: IRSSatelliteDataProductsrelevantforUrbanApplications_____________________________273Table7.10: BhuvanSatellitedataandthematicGISdataresourcesavailable________________________276Table8.1: HierarchyofInfrastructureDevelopment__________________________________________________283Table8.2: Designconsiderationofurbanroads_______________________________________________________285Table8.3: CarriagewayWidthforeachtypeofroad__________________________________________________286Table8.4: CapacityofFootpath&Design_______________________________________________________________287Table8.5: Requiredwidthoffootpathasperadjacentlanduse _____________________________________287Table8.6: Cycle/NMTtrack____________________________________________________________________________288Table8.7: CarriagewaywidthinHillyareas___________________________________________________________288Table8.8: PCUstandards________________________________________________________________________________288Table8.9: DesignServiceVolumeStandards__________________________________________________________289Table8.10: RecommendedECSforvarioustypesofvehicles__________________________________________289Table8.11: ParkingStandards____________________________________________________________________________290Table8.12: PermissibleECSfordifferentlanduses____________________________________________________292Table8.13: SpacestandardsforParking________________________________________________________________292Table8.14: BusBaysParkingStandards_______________________________________________________________295Table8.15: BroadLandUsebreakup ___________________________________________________________________296Table8.16: SpaceNorms__________________________________________________________________________________297Table8.17: BroadLandUseBreakUp___________________________________________________________________298Table8.18: RecommendedderivedModalSplit_________________________________________________________299Table8.19: MRToptionsfortheCity_____________________________________________________________________300Table8.20: TechnicalParametersofPublicTransportOptions_______________________________________301Table8.21: Typesofurbanbusesandtheircharacteristics____________________________________________303Table8.22: TODInfluenceZones_________________________________________________________________________305Table8.23: WaterwaysClassification____________________________________________________________________312Table8.24: ApproximateLandRequirementforAirportinfrastructure______________________________313Table8.25: NormsforAirportTerminals________________________________________________________________314Table8.26: WaterSupplyStandards_____________________________________________________________________315Table8.27: WaterrequirementsforInstitutionalBuildingsCPHEEO,1999________________________316Table8.28: WaterrequirementforIndustrialUnits____________________________________________________316Table8.29: OrganolepticandPhysicalParametersofDrinkingWater________________________________319Table8.30: GeneralParametersConcerningSubstancesUndesirableinExcessiveAmountsin

drinkingwater________________________________________________________________________________320Table8.31: PermissiblelimitsofToxicSubstances_____________________________________________________321Table8.32: PermissibleLimitsofRadioactiveSubstances_____________________________________________322Table8.33: PesticideResiduesLimitsofDrinkingWater______________________________________________322Table8.34: BacteriologicalQualityofDrinkingWater _________________________________________________323Table8.35: RecommendedlandRequirementbasedoncapacities ___________________________________323Table8.36: DesignPeriodforWaterSupplyComponents _____________________________________________323Table8.37: RecommendedDesignPeriodforSewerageSystemsComponents______________________325Table8.38: GeneralEffluentStandardsforDischarge__________________________________________________327Table8.39:RecommendedupperlimitsoftreatedSewagequalityforspecifiedactivitiesatpointof

use_____________________________________________________________________________________________330Table8.40: FactSheetforVariousTreatmentProcess_________________________________________________331Table8.41: GuidelinesfortheselectionofSeptagedisposalsystem__________________________________333Table8.42: NormsforPublicToiletsinPublicArea____________________________________________________334Table8.43: Runoffcoefficientsforstatedsurfaces______________________________________________________336Table8.44: WasteGenerationPerCapitaperDay______________________________________________________341

xix

Table8.45: ComparisonofDifferentSolidWasteTreatmentTechnologies__________________________345Table8.46: DisposalandProcessingSite_______________________________________________________________350Table8.47: ServiceLevelBenchmarks____________________________________________________________________355Table8.48: NormsforPrePrimarytoSecondaryEducation__________________________________________357Table8.49: NormsforHigherEducationFacilities_____________________________________________________358Table8.50: HealthCareFacilities________________________________________________________________________360Table8.51: NormsforSocioCulturalFacilities_______________________________________________________361Table8.52: HierarchyofOrganisedGreen______________________________________________________________362Table8.53: NormsforOrganisedGreenforPlainAreas_______________________________________________363Table8.54: NormsforOrganisedGreenforHillyAreas_______________________________________________363Table8.55: NormsforMultipurposegrounds__________________________________________________________364Table8.56: NormsforSportsFacilities_________________________________________________________________364Table8.57: NormsforDistributionServices ___________________________________________________________365Table8.58: NormsforPoliceFacilities__________________________________________________________________366Table8.59: NormsforSafetyFacilities__________________________________________________________________366Table8.60: HierarchyofCommercialCentres(NBC)__________________________________________________369Table8.61: NormsforCommercialCentres____________________________________________________________369Table8.62: AreaofCommercialCentres________________________________________________________________370Table8.63: DistributiononActivities___________________________________________________________________370Table8.64: NormsforInformalUnitsforUrbanStreetVendors______________________________________372Table8.65: NormsforCremation/BurialGround_____________________________________________________375Table8.66: NormsforDhobiGhat_______________________________________________________________________375Table8.67: NormsforCommunicationfacilities_______________________________________________________377Table8.68: NormsforHillyAreas_______________________________________________________________________377Table8.69: MinimumAccessprovisionsforBarrierFreeBuiltEnvironment_______________________379Table9.1: SimplifiedUrbanLanduseClassification__________________________________________________382Table9.2: WidthandLengthofMeansofAccessforResidentialPlots______________________________392Table9.3: WidthandLengthofMeansofAccessforplotsotherthanresidential _________________392Table9.4: MinimumSetbacks__________________________________________________________________________398Table9.5: FrontSetbackswithrespecttoAbuttingRoadWidth____________________________________399Table9.6: Rearandsidesetbackwithrespecttoabuttingroadwidth______________________________399Table9.7: DistancesfromElectricLines_______________________________________________________________400Table9.8: IndicativeMinimumDwellingUnitSizes__________________________________________________401Table9.9: PlottedHousing _____________________________________________________________________________402Table9.10: Densitynormsforlowincomehousing____________________________________________________402Table9.11: GroupHousing_______________________________________________________________________________403Table9.12: FARandGroundCoverageforGroupHousing____________________________________________403Table9.13: NormsforCommercialCentres____________________________________________________________404Table9.14: NormsforPublicandSemiPublicuses____________________________________________________404Table9.15: SocioCulturalUseZone_____________________________________________________________________406Table9.16: SecurityandSafetyFacilitiesUseZone____________________________________________________406Table9.17: IndustrialUseZone _________________________________________________________________________407Table9.18: NormsforTransportationZone____________________________________________________________408Table9.19: NormsforFarmHouses ____________________________________________________________________409Table9.20: NormsforPrimaryActivity_________________________________________________________________409Table10.1: KeyAspectsoftheGuidelines______________________________________________________________412Table10.2: RelevantStateLevelActstobeconsideredforrevision__________________________________418

URDPFIGuidelines,2014.MinistryofUrbanDevelopment 1

Introduction

1 Introduction1.1. UrbanisationTrends

Globally, themoreurbanisedcountrieshavehigher levelsof incomeandprosperity.Indian States also exhibit the same trend. At the same time, urbanisation is alsoperceivedtobecorrelatedwithpollution,congestionandinferiorqualityoflife.Thiswould call for developing a paradigm of urban development that would bring inhigherlevelsofprosperity,butwithouttheconcomitantnegativeeffects.TheURDPFIhasattemptedtodevelopsuchaframework.

Populationtrends:TheCensus2011and2001giveusefulindicatorsforthetrendsinurbanisationinIndia.Thethreeurbanagglomerations,viz.GreaterMumbai,DelhiandKolkata,havecrossedthe10millionmarkinpopulation,butwithmuchreducedtherateofgrowth.TheMillionPluspopulationcitieshaveshownagrowthofover48percent,butthenumberofsuchcitieshasgoneupfrom35to53andfivecitiesviz.Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune have attainedmore than 50lakhpopulation.ThetotalpopulationinClassIcities(1lakh+)constitutes70%ofthetotal urban population, while the total population of million plus cities constitute42.6%ofthetotalurbanpopulation.What ismore interesting isthatthecitieswithlower orders of population have exhibited higher rates of growth of population.Table1.1givesthedetails:

Table1.1:TrendsinUrbanisation20012011

Class Definition(Population) Census2001 Census2011

DecadeGrowthRate

20012011

No.of

Towns

Popu

lation

%ofU

rban

Po

pulation

No.of

Towns

Popu

lation

%ofU

rban

Po

pulation

No.of

Towns

Popu

lation

ClassI >1lakh 394 196.3 68.7 468 264.9 70.2 18.8 34.9Ofwhich, BelowMn+ 1to10lakh 359 88.0 30.8 415 104.2 27.6 15.6 18.4MillionPluscities >10lakh 35 108.3 37.9 53 160.7 42.6 51.4 48.4Ofwhich, Megacities@ >1crore 3 42.5 14.9 3 48.8 12.9 0.0 14.8ClassII 50kto

2 URDPFIGuidelines,2014.MinistryofUrbanDevelopment

Introduction

The decadal population growth rate has, however, shown a decline from 21.5%during19912001to17.6%during20012011.Thegrowthrateofurbanpopulationalsoseemstobeheading forstabilizationas thedecadalvariationremainedaround31.5%duringthelasttwodecades.

Nonstatutorytowns:Thetrendofurbanisationisreflectedremarkablyinthesizeoftownsthatcarrythegrowingurbanpopulation.AsperCensus2011,thereare7933townsincluding4041Statutorytownsand3892Censustowns.However,itisnotablethat the number of statutory towns has increasedmarginally, by 6.4 per cent only,whereasthenumberofnonstatutorytownshasgoneupby186percent.Obviously,newtownsaredevelopingveryfast,but,beingnotnotifiedasatown,thesearekeptoutof thepurviewofplannedspatialdevelopmentandbecomepronetohaphazardgrowth.ThiswouldcallforaseriousefforttointroducetheprinciplesoftheURDPFIGuidelinestoevennonstatutorytowns,preferablyinaregionalsetup,whereinthespatialplansforsuchtownsarepreparedinconjunctionwiththatofthemaincities,towhichthesearegenerallythesatellitetowns.

1.2. FrameworkforaRenewedPlanningSystem

The framework for effective Spatial Planning needs to incorporate certain majorissues,which,subjecttolocalvariations,canbelistedandcategorisedasfollows:

Current principles, practises and issues in preparation and implementation ofplansatNational,RegionalandLocallevelssoastoharmonisethesamedrawingonthebestpractices.

AnalysisofthelatesttrendintheUrbanDevelopmentscenario. Addressrelevantissuesrelatedtoperiurbanareasandurbanplanningregions. Compilation and analysis of the relevant data available from Census and other

sources.

Urbandevelopmentissues,especiallyinnewlyformedstatesandbackwardareas. Needforuniformityinplanningsysteminthecountry. Streamliningofplanningpractices. RequirementofcoordinatedeffortsbetweenDepartments/Authorities. Legal, funding and decision making aspects in implementation of plans and

projects.

Promotingrapidurbanisationandrespondingtotheimpactofclimatechange. Economicaspectsofplan implementationwhilepreparing landusedevelopment

plans.

Promotion of sustainable development with focus on planning for People,EnvironmentandFinancialviabilityprinciples.


Introduction

Inclusive planning, peoples participation and specific issues relating to theelderly,women,thedifferentlyabledandtheweakersectionsofthesociety.

AttentiontoTransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD). PlanningforandintegrationofPeriurbanareasintheplanningprocess. Influenceofindustrialareas,suchasSEZs,onspatialandurbandevelopment. CRZpolicyandCoastalmanagementincaseofcoastalcities. Specialissuesofurbandevelopmentinhillareas. ProvisionsforAffordablehousing. Safedisposal,mainlybywayofrecyclingandreuse,ofsolidandotherwastes. Adoptionofgeospatialdataandtechnologyintheplanningprocess. Definingmeasureablebenchmarksandmilestonesfortheplan. Arrangementsforperiodicmonitoringandevaluationoftheimplementationofthe

Plan.

Integration of sector specific plans among each other and in overall spatialplanning.

The last mentioned issue has become particularly significant over the years, asdifferentMinistries advocatepreparationofplans for specific sectors, suchas SlumRedevelopment Plan, City Development Plan, City Investment Plan, ComprehensiveMobility Plan, City Sanitation Plan, District Credit Plan, Coastal Zone ManagementPlan, Environmental Conservation Plan, Riverfront Development Plan, WaterResourceManagementPlan,HeritageConservationPlan,TourismMasterPlan,etc.Itwouldbeofgreathelptoall if theMasterPlanof theCity/Regionincorporatestherelevantfeaturesofallsuchsectorspecificplan.Also,thesectorspecificplansneedtoalignwiththeframeworkoftheoverallMasterPlan.

1.3. ClassificationofUrbanSettlements

The classification of urban settlements adopted by the Census of India 2011 is asfollows:

1. AllplaceswithaMunicipality,Corporation,CantonmentBoardornotifiedtownareacommittee,etc.

2. Allotherplaceswhichsatisfiesthefollowingcriteria:a. Aminimumpopulationof5,000;b. Atleast75percentofthemalemainworkingpopulationengagedinnon

agriculturalpursuits;andc. Adensityofpopulationofatleast400personspersq.km.

The first category of urban units is known as StatutoryTowns. These towns arenotifiedunderlawbytheconcernedState/UTGovernmentandhavelocalbodieslike


Introduction

Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Municipal Committees, etc., irrespective oftheir demographic characteristics as reckoned on 31st December 2009. The secondcategory of Towns is known as Census Town. Population trends in respect ofstatutorytownsandcensustownsareindicatedinTable1.1.

The human settlement classification for planning purposes, its nomenclature andpopulationrangeisredefinedintheURDPFIguidelinesbasedon: Census2011andreferencetocensustowns. Masterplanformulationinthestates. EmergingagglomerationsinIndia. TheclassificationofurbansettlementsadoptedforURDPFIisindicatedinTable1.2Table1.2:ClassificationofUrbanSettlements

S.No. Classification Subcategory PopulationRangeGoverning

LocalAuthority

NumberofCitiesasperCensusofIndia,2011

1 SmallTown* SmallTownI 5,00020,000 NagarPanchayat

7467SmallTownII 20,00050,000 NagarPanchayat/

MunicipalCouncil

2 MediumTown

MediumTownI 50,000to1,00,000 MunicipalCouncil

MediumTownII 1lakhto5lakh MunicipalCouncil 372

3 LargeCity 5lakhto10lakh MunicipalCorporation 43

4 MetropolitanCity

MetropolitanCityI 10lakhto50lakh MunicipalCorporation/MetropolitanPlanning

Committee45

MetropolitanCityII 50lakhto1Crore Same 5

5 Megapolis Morethan1Crore Same 3

Note:NamesofLocalAuthoritiesmayvaryasperStatestraditionsandlaws.Source:ModificationsfortheUDPFIGuidelinesbasedoncensusclassificationandStateexperiences.*Anyurbancentresevenhaving lessthan5,000populationmaybegivenastatutorystatusandbecalledasaStatutoryTownandCensusofIndiafollows6foldclassificationasperthepopulationsize

Smalltownscanbereferredastransitionaltownsmentionedinthe74thCAAwhereaNagarPanchayat(asamunicipality) istobeformedforanareaintransitionfromaruralareatoanurbanarea.

Agglomerationofurbannodesalongwithitsperiurbanandruralareasarecurrentlyobserved in the Metropolitan cities II (like in Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad,Ahmedabad) and in Megapolis. However, Conurbation of settlements is on muchlarger scale, whichmay develop accounting for populationmore than 5 Crore andwithadjoiningseverallargecitiesandfewmetropolitancities.

TheURDPFIGuidelinesfocusonthestatutorytowns.However,theconceptsstatedinthese Guidelines can be easily made applicable to all human settlements, whethernotifiedasaMunicipality,Cantonment,SpecialEconomicZone,Porttrustareaorevenavillage.


Introduction

1.4. RecommendedPlanningSystemLiterature review on the planning systems in India and abroad indicates that eachcountry/territory has evolved its own system suiting specific needs, traditions andlegal arrangements.The recommendedurbandevelopmentplanning systems in theguidelineshave,therefore,takenintoaccountsuchvariations.

Therecommendedplanningsystem is toconsidervariousplans,bothstatutoryandnonstatutory, to be a part of the system. These various plans such as urbanrevitalisation plan, city development plan, comprehensive mobility plan, citysanitationplan,coastalzonemanagementplanetc.haveemergedduetotheplanningneeds and/or funding schemes/ programmes. Similarly, regional plan, which is tocoveralargerlandarea,isincludedinthesystemacrossthescaleofplanning.

TheTable1.3below,whichhasbeendesignedbasedonstakeholderconsultations,suggeststheplanningsystemframeworkonthebasisof

Hierarchy Spatialextent Scaleofplanning Detailsprovidedintheplan Functionandtheirspeciality


Introduction

Table1.3:PlanningSystemFrameworkPlanningsystem

ScopeandpurposeoftheplanTimeframe*

Variousplans;indicativelist

Coreareaofplanning PerspectivePlan

To develop vision and provide a policyframeworkforurban&regionaldevelopmentandfurtherdetailing

2030years LongTermPerspectiveVisiondocument

Conceptplan Missionstatement

RegionalPlan To identify the regionand regional resourcesfor development within which settlement(urban and rural) plan to be prepared andregulatedbyDPC.

20years RegionalPlan(Mobility1)

Subregionalplan

DevelopmentPlan

To prepare a comprehensive DevelopmentPlan for urban areas, Periurban areas undercontrol of Development authority/MetropolitanPlanningCommittee.

2030years(Reviewevery5years)

DistrictDevelopmentPlan(Mobility1)

City/MetropolitanDevelopmentPlan(Mobility2)

MasterPlanCityUtility(30years)

RevisedDevelopmentPlan

LocalAreaPlan

To detail the subcity landuse plan andintegration with urban infrastructure,mobilityandservices.

520year(Reviewevery5yrs)

TownPlanningSchemes

ZonalPlan/Subcityplan

WardCommitteePlan

CoastalZoneMgmtPlan

UrbanRedevelopmentPlan

Specificandinvestmentplanning 1.4.1. 1.4.2. 1.4.3. SpecialPurposePlan

To identify the needs of the special areaswhich require special plan within theframeworkofthedevelopmentplan.

520year(withincityutilities30yearplan)

CityDevelopmentPlan(asperJnNURM)

ComprehensiveMobilityPlan(asperJnNURM)

CitySanitationPlan(asperJnNURM)

DisasterManagementPlan(asperNDMA)

SlumRedevelopmentPlan(asperRAY)

TourismMasterPlan

EnvironmentalConservationPlan

HeritageConservationPlan

Annualplan To translateDevelopment Plan in the contextof annual physical & fiscal resourcerequirement.Tomonitorplanimplementationwithperformancemilestones.

1year Investmentplan

Auditandmonitoringplan

Project/Research

To focus on project related investments,costingandreturns&forthestudiesrequiredpriortoorpostplanformulation.This should be a continuous process tosupport planning and implementation at allstagesandpromotesinnovationinpractice.

520year Prefeasibility&feasibilitystudy

DetailedProjectReport

Schemes&Subprojects

Surveys&Studies

Projectsuchas:Riverfrontdevelopmentprojects

Note:ConsultativemeetingsandtheregionalworkshopsduringURDFIformulationhavepointedouttheneedtoreviewtheplanperiodof20yearsandextendthesameto30years.Howevergeneralconsensuswasinthefavourof20years.Intermittentreviewin5yeargapwouldberequired.


Introduction

1.5. Scopeandpurposeofvariousplans

Theneedandrolesforthespecificplancategory,namely,PerspectivePlan,RegionalPlan, Development Plan, Master Plan, Local Area Plan, Special Purpose Plan andAnnual Plan, thereby resolving gaps in the planning system is detailed in thefollowingsection.

1.5.1. PerspectivePlanDeveloping a vision for region is essential for policy framework. The visionstipulates direction of growth and identification of resource potential andinnovations tobeadopted for thethrustareasofdevelopment. It integratesbroadlevel plan with the regional or development plan. A realistic vision helps policyformulationandpreparationofPerspectiveplan.

Perspectiveplandefinesthevisionandfocusesonthespatioeconomicdevelopmentpolicies,strategiesandprogrammestowardstheintendeddevelopmentoftheState.ThePerspectivePlanofaStatecould include StateUrbanisationPolicyandStateLandUtilisationPolicy. Theplan is basedon state resourcemapping and analysisandassessmentofpotentialresources.Itaddressesthelongtermpoliciesregardingdevelopment of infrastructure and resource mobilisation. The scope of this plancovers thesocial,economic,environmentalandspatialdevelopmentgoals,policiesandprioritiesrelatingtotheactivitiesthathavespatialandfinancialimplications.

The purpose of a perspective plan is to provide an overall framework forpreparation of detailed plans. Therefore it serves as a guide for urban localauthoritiesandregionaldevelopmentauthoritiesinpreparationoftheregionalanddevelopmentplans.

1.5.2. RegionalPlanFor planned and sustainable development of the human settlements, the regionalplanningapproachneedstobepromoted.Theplanningregionscouldbeclassifiedunderthreeheads:(a)AdministrativeRegions,whichcanbeDistrictRegionsorMetropolitanRegionsaspertherecommendationsofthe73rd&74thConstitutionalAmendmentAct,(b) Investment Regions, which can be new investment manufacturing zones,industrial and freight corridors, special investment regions etc. They could beidentifiedunderNationalActs/policies,(c)Specialregions,whicharesensitiveintermsofenvironment/socioeconomicorpoliticalaspects.StatesundertakeUrbanandRegionalPlanningunder a varietyof statutes suchastheTownandCountryPlanningAct,MunicipalLaws,Urban/MetropolitanPlanning/DevelopmentAct,ImprovementTrustAct,IndustrialDevelopmentAct,CantonmentBoardAct,MajorPortsActetc.Oftentheselawsaremutuallyexclusive.Forinstance,


Introduction

a Master Plan for a city would exclude the lands covered under the IndustrialDevelopmentAct,eventhoughthelandswouldbeadjacentandthemovementofthepeople and of the economic activitiesmay be seamless. This leads to suboptimalplanningforlanduseaswellasforinfrastructure.Itis,therefore,suggestedthattheprinciplesforspatialplanningrecommendedbytheseguidelinesareextendedtoallareas, whether administered by the regular administrative system of the StateGovernment or by special laws such as for the ports, cantonments, railways,industrial zonesetc.Furthermore, the conceptsof regionalplanningenunciated inthese guidelines should be extended to all contiguous areas that are socially,economicallyor functionally interdependent.For instance,aciviliantownandtheadjoiningport/cantonment/railwayareashouldbecoveredbyanumbrellaregionalplan,eventhoughtheactualauthority foradministrationofthe individualpieceoflandwouldcontinuetovestwiththerespectiveorganisation,suchasthePortTrust,Cantonment Board, Railway Administration, etc. At times, even certaininfrastructurecouldbeplannedanddevelopedinaregionalsetup.Forinstance,theroadnetwork/mobilityplan,orthedrainageplancouldmoreefficientlybeexecutedin a regional set up, rather than limiting to the jurisdiction of the statutoryauthoritiesadministeringtheirrespectivelands.

Thiswouldalsocallfornotificationofregionalplanningauthorities,forregionsthathave contoursdefinedby seamless connectivityofpeopleandeconomicactivities.Typically, a town in the vicinity of a industrial zone (SEZ etc.) should become thenode for notification of a Regional Planning Authority (RPA), wherein the regionwould be defined to include the town, the nearby SEZ and the adjoining villages.Similarly, a Port Area and it adjoining city and villages should put together benotified as a Region, with a RPA duly notified to prepare a regional plan andcoordinate/ oversee the implementation of the regional plan. Such RPA may bechairedbyaseniorofficer,suchas theDistrictCollectoror couldevenhavea fulltime officer. Senior representatives of the various authorities administering theconstituent areas (ports, villages, cantonment, SEZ etc.) should be represented ontheexecutivebodyoftheRPA.

Similar RPAsmay be notified for tourist areas, religious places and the influencezones of the transit corridors such as national/ state highways, expressways, andwaterways. Areas including and surrounding the airports may also be similarlynotified for planned regional development. Itwould also be desirable to regularlymonitor the contours of such RPAs and expand the same, as per need. The StateTown&CountryPlanningActsmaybesuitablymodifiedtoenableformationofsuchauthorities. Till such time such statutory arrangements are put in place, the StateGovernmentcouldissueexecutiveordersconstitutingsuchauthoritiesandMinistryofUrbanDevelopmentcouldextendnecessarysupportforthepurpose,asrequired.

Regionalplanistobeacomprehensiveplanatanappropriatescale(district/interdistrict, investmentregionorspecialarea) forthe integrationofurbannodeswith


Introduction

the semiurban and rural areas. The plan is based on understanding of thecharacteristicsoftheregionsuchasflowofpeople,goods,knowledgeandmoney.

Some states have comprehensive town and country planning legislation, whichprovidesforurbanplanninganddevelopmentinaregionalperspectivebeyondthecity limits and coordinatedwith the overall framework of economic development,priorities and resource availabilities. Regions, identified in the States, are to beplannedholisticallyorassubregionsfortheholisticapproachofplanning.

The detailed planning of the urban nodes will be addressed by the developmentplans at the next stage of planning, while the requirements of the regionwill beaddressedbytheregionalplantobringoutpoliciesfordevelopmentandbringinginharmonybetween thedifferent typesofhumansettlements.Regionalplan focuseson balanced development and plan for hierarchy of settlements, both urban andrural(intermsofitsgeographicalareacoverage),hierarchyofconnectivitynetwork,road, rail, sea and airports and intermodal transport hubs, focuses on landutilisation, resource mobilisation, environmental protection and disaster riskmanagement.

1.5.3. DevelopmentPlanDevelopment plan is a statutory plan prepared (under relevant Act) within theframeworkofanapprovedperspectiveplan.Theobjectiveofadevelopmentplanistoprovide furthernecessarydetailsand intendedactions in the formofstrategiesand physical proposals for various policies given in the perspective plan andregionalplandependingupontheeconomicandsocialneedsandaspirationofthepeople,availableresourcesandpriorities.

Proposals of a development plan should be definite, supported by animplementation strategy and evaluation criteria. It makes known publicly theintention of the local authority regarding physical, social and economicdevelopment,thefacilitiesandtheservicesthatareproposedtobeprovidedinthenearfuture.Theapproveddevelopmentplanallowsthelocalauthoritytoimplementdevelopment of the land area specifiedunder theplanwith the help of local areaplansandprojects.

ThetimeframeoftheexistingDevelopmentPlansisforaperiodof20yearsbymostoftheUrbanDevelopmentAuthorities/ULBs.Forgreenfieldcities,alongerplanningperiodcanbeconsidered,alignedwiththeinfrastructurelifeof30years.

These plans should be in phases of 5 years, to make it convenient for periodicreviews and revision. This 5year cycle could also be usefully coincided with theState Five Year plans and State Finance Commissions recommendations, thoughsuchanalignmentneednotbemademandatory.Thetargetssetforeachphasecanbe assessed as themidterm review against the achievements at the end of each


Introduction

phase. For Greenfield area, phasing could include a Zero period for approvals,institutionalsetup,initiallandpollingandrevisitinganystrategy.

1.5.3.1. MasterPlantobereferredasDevelopmentPlanThetermDevelopmentPlanisuseddifferentlyinStates.SomeStatesuseitforanintegratedmultisectorplan,suchas theDistrictDevelopmentPlan. InsomeotherStates, it isastatutory landuseplan,approvedandadoptedbythe localauthorityanditsproposalsarepreciseanddefinite,notifyingthepropertyownersthemannerinwhich their propertieswill be affected. The examples of the later type are theDelhi Master Plan, Chennai Master Plan, Guwahati Master Plan, AhmedabadDevelopment Plan, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Plan and BhopalDevelopmentPlan.Here,boththeplans,DevelopmentplansandMasterplanshavethe same functions and impose similar controls, with variation in the use ofnomenclatures by States.Many states prefer and there is a growing consensus toreplacetheterminologyofMasterPlanwithDevelopmentPlan.

InareasundertheSchedule6oftheConstitution, landisnotdirectlyStatesubjectsuch as in theNorthEastern (NE) States,where land title is based on communityownership.TheapproachtolandaspectsoftheDevelopmentPlanmaybedifferentin such cases. Therefore, aStructurePlan approach to landmanagementmaybeappropriateinordertoallocatelandfordifferentlandusesinurbaninfrastructureetc.

In such cases or otherwise, StructurePlan is to serve as a planning tool whichdirectsthegrowthandzonesofplanning,but isnotaspreciseasthedevelopmentplan(suchastheStructurePlanforBangaloreMetropolitanRegion).StructurePlansmaybeconsideredasanoverarchingDevelopmentplan forMetropolitanRegions,allowingbroadframeworkandflexibility.

1.5.4. LocalAreaPlanThethrustofmicroplanningshouldshifttolocalareaplans,whichcouldencouragedecentralisationandimproveimplementationofDevelopmentPlans.Inviewofthe73rd and 74th CAA, planning decision and implementation of plans should bedisaggregated in order to bring theprocess closer to the local people. ThiswouldenhancethesignificanceofLocalAreaPlans.

Localareaplansaretobepreparedtoguidethedevelopmentorredevelopmentofland,conservationofbuildingsandphysicalfeatures,providingimprovementsinthephysical layout, making infrastructure and amenities available and managing theareatoenhancehealthandsafetyoftheresidentstosupporteconomicdevelopmentas well as to enhance the quality of living, environment, and for area specificregulatoryparametersiii(seeendnote)fortheareacovered.


Introduction

Local area plans need to specify the implementation details to comply with theGovernment Policies, such as housing, hitech townships, rainwater harvesting,energy,disastermanagement,industrialandservicesectorinvestment,barrierfreeenvironmentfortheelderlyandthephysicallydisabled,eGovernance,tourismandotherpoliciesandfacilitateformulationofspecificprojects.

Theplanshoulddelineatereservationof landforroadsandotherpublicpurposes,forconstruction,reclamationetc.Theplanshouldprovideaframeworkforrecoveryof the associated costs for public projects, bymechanisms like levy of bettermentcharges,chargesonadditionaldevelopmentrights,andappropriateusercharges.

1.5.5. SpecialPurposePlanSpecialPurposePlancanbepreparedforspecificdevelopmentsectorsdependingonitseconomicandenvironmentalimportance.Dependingontheurgencyoftheneedand priority of the sector requiring special treatment and covering special aerialextent,SpecialPurposePlansforspecificsubjectscanbeprepared.However,theseplans are to bewithin the framework of the Regional Plan, Development Plan orLocalAreaPlaninthejurisdictionofthelocalauthority.

Theseplansmayalsoemergetoservethepurposeofurbanplanningneedsunderdifferent Central and State Government grants, funding schemesiii(see endnote) /programmeswithanaimto:

Encourage reforms and fast track planned development of cities, periurbanareas,outgrowths,urbancorridors,andothers,

Scaleupdeliveryof civic amenitiesandprovisionofutilitieswithemphasisonuniversalaccesstotheurbanpoor,

Specialfocusonurbanrenewalprogramme, SupplementtobudgetdocumentsonULBs, Sustainability,Environmentalandheritageprotection, Themebaseddevelopmentsuchastourism,ITetc.

1.5.6. AnnualPlanAnAnnualPlanwouldcontainthedetailsofthenewandongoingprojectsthatthelocal authority intends to implement during each financial year for necessaryfinancialresourcemobilisationandmonitoringitsperformance.

The annual plan is to be prepared by the local authority in each financial year toidentify the new projects, which the authority will undertake for implementationduring the year, taking into account the physical and fiscal performance of theprecedingyear,thepriorities,thepoliciesandproposalscontainedintheapprovedRegionalPlan,DevelopmentPlanorLocalAreaPlan.


Introduction

The annual plan is intended to provide the resource requirement during the yearand sourcesof funds including thosemobilisedby the local authority, grants, aidsandproject/schemefundsbytheStateandCentralGovernments.

It is thus an important document for the resourcemobilisation as on the basis ofthis, the plan funds are to be allocated by the funding body. This plan, therefore,servesasanimportantlinkwiththebudgetaryprocess.Annualplansalsoprovideamechanismtomonitorprogressofdevelopmentplanandvariousprojects.

1.5.7. Project/ResearchProjects are derived targets of the sequences of plans, which focus on items ofexecution,investments,costingandreturns.ConceivedwithintheframeworkofthePerspective plan, Development plan or any of the plans in the planning system,projectsaretheworking layoutswithallsupporting infrastructureanddocumentsincluding cost, source of fund and recovery providing all necessary details forexecutionincludingfinance,development,administrativeandmanagement.

These projects could be for any area, old or new, any activity or land use likeresidential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational or health related, orinfrastructuredevelopment,separatelyorinanintegratedmanner;forresearchanddevelopment in the field of planning, key surveys to determine statistics, by anyagency such as government, semigovernment, private or even individual; or anyagency prepared by town planners, architects, engineers as the case may be,enjoyingmaximumfreedomofexpressionintheirdesignwithinthestipulationsofdevelopment promotion rules and other regulations as applicable. Research,specifically for background studies preceding Perspective Plan, Regional Plan,Development Plan or even Local Area Plan formulation may be undertaken asrequiredbytheStateGovernmentandlocalauthorities.Specifically,trafficsurveys&relatedstudiestocollectcurrentstatisticsarecrucialformakingdecisionsinplanformulation.

(DetailsonthecontentsoftheplanssuggestedaboveintheplanningsystemaregivensubsequentlyinChapter2PlanFormulation.)

1.5.8. InterrelationshipamongvariousplansTaking into account the entire planning process and also incorporating thesuggestedplanningsystem,Figure1.1showstheinterrelationshipofthedifferentplans, directly or indirectly related to the land development, at various levelsrangingfromnationaltoatransitionalurbanarea.

A Perspective Plan is formulation of development strategy generally at the Statelevelorattheregionallevel.ThisisdetailedfurtherinRegionalPlanorSubRegionalPlan as the case may be and in Development Plan. Perspective Plan should be aguiding document for planning. It could also specify the regional planning


Introduction

authorities,urban/localareaplanningauthorities,regulatoryauthoritiesintheStateand those responsible forpreparingplanatvarious levels.TheStateUrbanisationPlanshallgiveastockoftheurbanisation,planningstatusandespeciallyofthelandsuitability.

Regional Plans are to be prepared at district and metropolitan region level, andwhereeconomicregionsareformulated.ThisisthelinkageforaggregationofplanproposalsforconsolidationandintegrationofphysicalandfiscalplanningeffortsatDistrict, Metropolitan area, State and also at National level (in case of interstateregions).AsFigure1.1depicts,integrationanddisaggregationofpolicies,resourcesintheplanningsystemoccursatthelevelofRegionalandDevelopmentPlan.

Figure1.1:RelationshipofthePlanningSystem

DevelopmentPlanandMobilityPlanneedtobeintegratedtoensuretransportationorientedspatialplanning. Itneeds tobeemphasisedhere that urbanplansshouldnot be considered in isolation from its region as each urban centre is part of aregional system of the settlementwhich in turn play their respective roles in theprocess of development of the region as a whole. The Development Plan shallprovide policies and development proposals, which are detailed in the local areaplantoagreaterscale.Thisinterrelationshipbetweenplanningsystemisthekeytoimplementation;henceDevelopmentPlanandLocalAreaPlanshouldbepreparedinclosecoordination.

However,areasthatrequirespecialplanwithintheframeworkofthedevelopmentplan or planning for specific purpose should be prepared only when the needarrives.Thefundingschemes,suchasJnNURM,RAY,havesignificantroleinthenewplanningsystem,whereCityDevelopmentPlan,ComprehensiveMobilityPlan,CitySanitation Plan, Slum Redevelopment Plan, Disaster Management Plan are to beformulated.Amongall,ComprehensiveMobilityPlanshouldbepreparedalongwiththeDevelopmentPlan,whileCitySanitationPlan,CityDevelopmentPlanshouldbepreparedinlinewiththeDevelopmentplan.


Introduction

Project reports and Annual plans are necessary requirements of the planningsystem. These are directly interrelated with each other and are vertical with theentire planning system. Implementation of all intended developments is linked tothis stageandhence these canbeprepared followinganyof theabovementionedstages.

1.6. SustainableUrbanandRegionalDevelopmentThe urban and regional plans, in all its forms and dimensions, should focus onsustainability, from financial, social, governance/ managerial and environmental.Financialsustainabilityistobeachievedbyworkingoutthedetailsofthecapitaland operational costs and the options to recover the same adequately. Eachdevelopment project enhances the economic stature of the influence zone and,accordingly, thedevelopmentactivities insuchinfluencezone shouldbesubjecttodevelopment charges, computed to recover the capex over the project lifecycle.Similarly,theuserchargesshouldpayfortheoperationalexpenses.Indeterminingsuchcharges,crosssubsidiescouldbeprovidedfor.

Socialsustainabilityrelatestoinclusion, i.e.,theprojectshouldprovidebenefittoallresidentsintheinfluencezoneequitably.Itshouldalsobebasedonidentificationofthegainersandlosersfromtheprojectandtoensurethatthegainersaresubjecttodevelopmentandotherchargesthatcouldbepassedoninanappropriateformtothelosers.

Governance/managerialsustainabilitywouldrequiretheprojecttomeetallthestatutory and regulatory requirements and also to have adequate capacitiesdeveloped with the local authorities concerned for maintaining the projecteffectivelyandefficientlythroughouttheprojectlifecycleatreasonablecosts.

Environmentalsustainabilitywould require, for instance, zero landfill for solidwastemanagementprojects.Infact,eachprojectshouldaimatimprovementintheenvironment,ratherthanonminimisingthedamage.

The sustainability issues have been highlighted in numerous policy documentsincludingtheTwelfthFiveYearPlan,whichrecommendsforstrengtheningurbangovernance structure/ Local Bodies, augmenting the soft infrastructure includingsystemcapacities,inclusivegovernance,environmentalsustainabilityandenhancedattention to urban renewal as well as to regional approach to planning. Theseframeworks have been further detailed in theNationalMission forSustainableHabitat.

1.7. StateLandUtilisationPolicyStateLandUtilisationPolicywouldneedtobedefinedatthePerspectivePlanLevel,whichshouldbeasper theguiding frameworkofNationalLandUtilisationPolicy,2013 (draft version is currently inplace),broughtoutby theDepartmentofLand


Introduction

Resources,MinistryofRuralDevelopment,fordifferentstateskeepingincontextthestatespecificneeds,potential,prioritiesandlegalprovisions.

The (draft) National Land Utilisation Policy, 2013 takes into consideration thepredominant (existing or scientifically established) functions of land serving theneeds of people, environment as well as different sectors of economy anddevelopment. Also, the Policy takes into consideration the existing laws andapproachesthatgovernlanduses.Itsuggeststhatthelandinthecountrybedividedinto LandUtilisation Zones1 (LUZs) based on thepredominant use of those lands.Here, each state should formulate the strategy of land development in a spatialconceptplan.ThefollowingsixtypesofLUZsareindicated:

1. PredominantlyRuralandAgriculturalAreas;

2. AreasUnderTransformation;

3. PredominantlyUrbanAreas;

4. PredominantlyIndustrialAreas;

5. PredominantlyEcologicalAreas,LandscapeConservation&TourismAreas,HeritageAreas1;

6. MajorHazardVulnerableAreas.

ItmaybedesirabletofurtherclassifyareasunderthePredominantlyUrbanAreasLUZ,whereurbandevelopmentistobepromoted,toberestricted/controlledortobeprohibited,asperthesituation.

The perspective of the State, the state resourcemapping and LUZswould set thefoundation of the longterm policies regarding development of infrastructure andresourcemobilisationforthelanduseplan.

1.7.1. LanduseTransportIntegrationInthepastdecades,urbansprawlhasresultedintolossofhighqualityagriculturalland and open space, fragmentation of ecosystems, spatially segregated usesinducing high dependency on private vehicle use and unfavourable conditions forpublictransport.NationalUrbanTransportPolicy(NUTP),2006hashighlightedtheneed for integrating land use and transport planning. Land transport integrationbenefits in making investment decisions in transport infrastructure and services,which in turn are linked to economic, social and environmental outcomes. It alsohelps in determining the optimal use of land in the influence zones of the transitcorridors. Land transport integration would involve two mutually supportiveprocesses:

1 LUZ to be considered for eco-tourism, sea and river front natural vegetation areas and protected forests.


Introduction

Organizing the physical form and land use pattern of a city such that thetraveldemands,triplengthsandtraveltimesareminimized,whileaccessibility,comfortandefficiencyaremaximized.

Organizing all systems of transportation from pedestrian pathways to masstransit systems such that they integratewellwitheachother and enable theharmoniousestablishmentoflandusearoundthem,intheprocessgeneratingacityformthatissustainable2.

Conventional development plans for Indian cities have a statutory requirement toplan land uses and channelize growth, whereas transportation plans are notstatutoryandworkwiththemandateofarrivingatregionalandlocallevelprojectsfor improving mobility. Thus, URDPFI Guideline suggests the shift from such anapproach to explicitly regarding interactions between various land uses/ activitysubsystems and transportation. Therefore, ComprehensiveMobility Plans (CMPs),first mooted under the JnNURM, are to be integratedwith all development plansbridgingthetransportationprojectsandstatutorylanduseplanning.3

Transportnetworksareamongthemostpermanentelementofcities,whichchangevery slowly over decades or centuries. While, buildings are the second mostpermanentelementofcities,withlifetimeofhundredsofyears,butcanbeadaptedtochangesthroughrefurbishmentbut the integrationofthetwoshapestheurbanformofasettlement.

1.7.2. TransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD)The integration of land use with transport systems is called Transit OrientedDevelopment, which is essentially any development, macro or micro that isfocusedaroundatransitnode,andfacilitatescompleteeaseofaccesstothetransitfacilitytherebyinducingpeopletoprefertowalkandusepublictransportationoverpersonalmodesoftransport4.Thisentailsplanningforcompactcitiesandreducingurban sprawl and dependency on the large scale developments in the peripherywhich induceshift fromnonmotorizedtomotorizedmodesof travel.ApproachtoTOD highly depends on establishing mixed landuse zone as part of strategicdensification.Thepolicyincludes:

Network&Connectivity: Disperse high traffic volumes overmultiple parallelstreetsratherthanconcentratingtrafficonfewmajorarterialroads.Createafinenetwork of streets through urban design that provides choice of routes for allmodes,reducingdistancesbetweenplacesaswellasjourneytimes.

Lastmileconnectivity:Providefast,convenientinterchangeoptionsandspatialprovision for various modes of Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) at

2A framework for this purpose is provided in the Toolkit for Land Use Transport Integration and Density of Urban Growth

brought out by the Ministry of Urban Development under the Sustainable Urban Transport Project (2013).

3 Ibid.

4Draft UTTIPEC Guidelines, 2012


Introduction

Multimodal Transit Station for seamless travel. Providemultiplemode choicesfor lastmile connectivity at variousprices and comfort levels.Also, if possible,eliminatetheneedofIPTbydesignandengineering5.

Pedestrianaccess: Provide the shortest direct route to pedestrians and nonmotorisedmodestostationaswellasbetweenbuildingblocks.

High Density, MixedIncome Development: Compact neighborhoods forshortercommutesandequityforallsectionsofsociety.Mixofcompatibleusetopromote24houractivity.

StreetscapeDesign:Urbanplacesshouldbedesignedforenjoyment,relaxationand equity. Pedestrian and bicycle friendly designated space for all activities.Keepinginviewthepreventionofheatislandeffectsfromwideandopenstreets,byproperstreetandlandscaping.

Promote Place Making to Create a Sense of Place: Focus on promotingliveability,qualityanduniquenessofeachspace

Direct Business to TOD Locations: Create transit services to regional jobcenters,focusjobcreationinvestmentsintransitservicedlocations.

Publicfacilitiesatnodesofpublictransport:Planforpublicfacilitiessuchasschools,universities,sportfacilities,stadiums,theatresandconcerthallsaroundnodesofpublictransport.

Function/Activities at nodes of public transport: Promote multifunctionaldevelopments around nodes that are otherwise deserted in the evening or atnight.Planamixofdifferenttypesofusersandinhabitantstocreatealivelyandsafeplace.

Application of TOD is in context of scales in planning i.e. Regional context, Subregionalcontext,citycontextandareacontext.Itshallrequirearobustmethodologyforintervention6andwouldneedtobeplannedat(a)RegionalorSubregionalleveland(b)CityorLocalAreaplanninglevel.

The context of TOD varies in respect to City Core areas, Peripheral areas andGreenfield areas which are equally important and mutually dependent ondensification, redevelopment (in context of City Core areas), mode of publictransport and intermediate public transport and therefore uses of land in theinfluencezone.However,inthesettingofbrownfieldcitieswheretransformationoflanduse and built form has experienced continuous change, the DevelopmentOriented Transport (DOT) may be used. DOT incorporates redevelopment orreadjustmentoftransitnetworkmediumsaspertransformationtakingplaceorhastaken place in development. Detailed approach of identifying TOD influence zone

5In case of China and Japan

6Working paper on Transit Oriented Development, Embarq, India


Introduction

anditsplanning iscovered inChapter8andZonewiseTODmatrix isprovided inTable5.3

Besides, integratedurbandevelopment,TODcanbenefitasanalternativerevenuegenerationsourcefrom:

FinancingofUrbanTransportprojectsbyUnlockingLandValuesasHigherFSIininfluencezoneofTransitcorridorswithintheframeworkoftheoverallplanningguidelinestobepreparedbyrespectivestates.

Transit Corridors (Metro/ Mono Rail, BRTS, Ring Road) attracting economicactivitiesandleadingtoinducedurbandevelopmentwithlessefforts.

Landuse based financing sources along Transport Corridors. For example,periodic revision of property guidance value, higher property tax along transitcorridors,impactfees,developmentcharges,conversionchargesandbettermentcharges.

If properly planned and implemented, TOD invariably promotes value addedactivitiesincludingcommercialandservices.

1.7.3. FlexibilityinPlansStatutorylanduseplanshaveimplicationsonthelanduseanddevelopmentcontrolmechanism. Despite statutory backing, due to the controlled conventional (rigid)approach, Development plans are not implemented fully and meaningfully. Planproposalestim

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