urbanization

MDCs - urbanization is maxed out

rural to urban

percentage of people living in urban areas increases

process

Compared to the United States, where are poor families in European cities more likely to live.

Suburbs – many immigrants in Europe

Maintain the medieval charm in CBDs

In Europe – wealthier people tend to live in the inner city.

Clustered in suburbs

Build structures vertically to preserve rural areas.

Elements of urbanization

LDCs - higher total numbers, MDCs – higher percentage

Percentage of people

Number of people living in urban areas

Land area occupied by urban areas (worldwide one percent)

What event promoted urbanization?

More opportunities in factories

Less opportunities on farms because of improved technology

Industrial revolution

How many of the world’s largest urban areas are in MDCs?

2

Large Cities

Fig. 13-2: Cities with 3 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.

The process of legally adding land to cities in the United States

Suburbs do not allow central cities to annex additional land today.

annexation

Lack of annexation leads to economic problems for major cities.

Growth of Chicago

Fig. 13-19: Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport. The city of Chicago covers only a portion of the Chicago metropolitan statistical area (inset).

The city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs is an urbanized area.

In the U.S., what definition of a city covers the largest land area?

has a central city with at least 50,000 people

cannot be accurately measured

metropolitan statistical area

St. Louis Metropolitan

Area

Fig. 13-3: The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states. It is also a diversified trade center, due to its position on the Mississippi River.

Why would a person feel lonely and isolated in a crowd in an urban area?

a higher social heterogeneity in urban settlements

According to Louis Wirth, urban areas are more likely than rural areas to have

higher density.

larger size.

more heterogeneity.

What is an adjacent, overlapping MSA? megalopolis

filtering

it can lead to abandonment

waves of lower-income people

houses are subdivided

major problem of inner cities

The process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to

lend money for improvements is

The Community Reinvestment Act has essentially made this illegal.

redlining.

blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince owners to sell their homes.

Public housing is

Rent – 30% of income

housing.

low-income government-owned

The process converting a neighborhood from low-income to middle-class is

This process can price them out of the neighborhood.

This is not popular with advocates for low-income people

gentrification.

The zone of transition in U.S. cities typically contain the following.

warehouses

public housing

gentrified buildings

According to U.S. law, when a family is forced to move by a city to relocate

This may happen if a city claims property through imminent domain.

moving expenses and rent increases are paid by the government.

Underclass

Culture of poverty leads to various crimes such as drug use and gangs.

trapped in a cycle of economic and social problems

concentrated in the inner city

lack job skills for basic jobs

Compared to whites, African Americans are more likely to be clustered in the inner city.

Why would American city governments reduce services?

These reductions could be in services such as police and fire departments as well as garbage

collection.

to deal with financial problems

The recent trend in density gradients in urban areas.

a reduction in the differences in densities found in urban areas

Cleveland, OhioDensity Gradient, 1900

Fig. 13-21a: In 1900 population was highly clustered in and near the central business district.

Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1930

Fig. 13-21b: By 1930, population had begun to spread outward, leaving the core less dense.

Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1960

Fig. 13-21c: Outward movement had accelerated by 1960, leaving the original CBD core as the least densely populated area of the city.

Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1990

Fig. 13-21d: By 1990. population was spread over a much larger area, there was less variation among rings, and the lowest densities were near the CBD.

The development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area is referred to as

greater.

Compared to the United Kingdom, the amount of sprawl in the U.S. is

sprawl.

Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.

Fig. 13-22: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

British cities are surrounded by open space known as greenbelts.

Northampton, United Kingdom

There is usually a sharp boundary between an urban area in the U.K., such as Northampton, and the surrounding rural area.

What was the purpose of busing in American cities?

promote racially integrated school

A legal form of segregation in U.S. cities is achieved through zoning.

Where children live determine their access to schools….

People are attracted to suburbs in part because suburbs are characterized by private landsurrounding the house.

Where does the largest percentage of the U.S.

population live?

suburbs

The largest numbers of trips are made in the suburbs for the purpose of going to work.

How did the United States government encourage the

use of cars?

building interstate highways

What advantage does public transportation offer

over the private automobile?

energy efficiency

rapid transit

Is the major exception to the decline of public transportation in the U.S.

Why is public transit more expensive in Europe?

The government subsidizes it.

Tram Line in Brussels

A Line 92 tram on the Rue Royale in Brussels.

In recent years urban residents are more likely to shop in suburban malls.

frequent concerts and exhibitions generous parking

place to meet friends

Attraction of malls

sheltered environments

Suburban residents without cars may suffer a hardship

Concentric Zone Model

Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

Sector Model

Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

Best housing – corridor from downtown to edge of city

Multiple Nuclei Model

Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

Airport likely to attract nearby industry

The distribution of different types of people in an urban area is explained by a social area

analysis.

North America is the exception

Higher income people around the world tend to live close to the CBD.

The multiple nuclei theory best explains why people with different educational experiences

are attracted to different neighborhoods.

When urban models developed in Chicago are applied to other countries around the world,

one conclusion is the poorer people are located in different areas.

Squatter settlements are on the periphery of cities and are made up of ramshackle houses.

The design of roads in LDCs are more than likely built during the colonial era.

Fès (Fez), Morocco