urbanization and slums

8/2/2019 Urbanization and Slums

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Urbanization and Slums

Archit Pathak, Kalpak Deshmukh, Rajesh Wani

T.Y.B.Arch


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Conclusions

It is likely to be more important to plan for and adapt to increasingurbanization, which has typically not been done enough, than to attempt toprevent it. The reality is that city planning is not a luxury; it is a necessity.

Investment in infrastructure is vital if cities are to avoid health andenvironmental problems and make the most of the economic opportunities.

The slum is a very complex issue involving decentralization of economicgrowth, releasing pressure on natural resources such as water, land and air.

Profitable commercial market for constructing affordable houses.


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Introduction

For the first time in history, more than 50 percent of the world's people willlive in urban areas.

And the current rate of urbanization is such that, if it holds, the urban shareof the global population could reach 60 percent by 2030, according to UNprojections.

Many view the move from the countryside to cities as a natural result of themodernization and industrialization of societies and point out many upsidesof urban life, which range from increased average income to improvedhealth.

Social critics view urbanization not as a natural process but as one that

results from a bias toward cities in government policies and investment, abias that presses people to migrate from the countryside in search of jobs.

The negative evaluation is bolstered by evidence of the downsides ofurbanization, such as heightened crime and the growth of slums.


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The Dynamics of Urbanization

If the trend of recent decades continues, most of the growth in urban areas will occur indeveloping countries.

In more developed regions, the number of people living in urban areas will rise only slightly inthe next 25 years, while the less developed regions will experience a particularly sharp rate ofincrease in this number.

Governments designate areas as "urban" on the basis of disparate criteriasuch as

administrative benchmarks, population density, or the composition of economicactivityand sometimes do not distinguish urban from rural at all.

The urbanization process has been uneven. Some cities attract more migrants than others.

Still more impressive is the predicted growth over the next decade of a category known as"metacities"agglomerations with more than 20 million inhabitants. The Tokyo metropolitanarea already has more than 35 million inhabitants, and it is likely to be joined in this category by

Mumbai, So Paulo, and Mexico City by 2015

There are a number of economic, social, and political factors that underpin urbanization,particularly migration to cities.

These include, for individual migrants, the search for employment (or higher-payingemployment), a better quality of life in terms of health and education, and a greater diversity ofentertainment and lifestyle options.


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Optimists Many benefits of urbanization accrue to individuals:

Other factors that improve quality of life may also be more prevalent in citiesthan in the country. For example, government programs can be applied moreefficiently in urban areas by realizing economies of scale in deliveringtransportation, communication, water supply, sanitation, and wastemanagement services.

Education systems may be more effective in cities insofar as educatedpeople who can teach in schools and universities are in greater supply.

Urbanization has positive outcomes at the national level: Cities attractbusinesses and jobs, and the concentration of industries and services in turnencourages productivity growth.

Urbanization contributes to rural development: People who migrate tocities often send remittances to their families based in rural areas. Theirmigration reduces the size of the labor pool available to work in rural areas,so wages there may increase.


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Pessimists Impact on the environment and quality of life: Because of the effects of

traffic congestion, concentration of industry, and inadequate waste disposalsystems, environmental contamination is generally higher in cities than in thecountryside and often well in excess of the local environment's inherentcapacity to assimilate wastewhich undercuts human health.

Increases in urban poverty: with the rate of growth of the world's urbanpoor exceeding the rate of growth of the world's urban population. Andinequality within developing world cities is stark. Because quality urbanhousing is so costly, the urban poor often resort to living in slums,where water and sanitation facilities are inadequate and livingconditions are crowded and often unhealthy.

Social problems, such as crime and violent conflict: The growth in urban

populations in developing countries is in large part a growth in the number ofyoung people. The proportion of young people is particularly high in slumareas, where employment opportunities are limited. This combination ofyouth and poverty can make for high crime rates.


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Some of the largest slums in the world sorted by population.(figures in million)


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Slums

A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalorand lacking in tenure security.

According to the United Nations, the proportion of urban dwellers living inslums decreased from 47 percent to 37 percent in the developing world

between 1990 and 2005. However, due to rising population, the number ofslum dwellers is rising. One billion people worldwide live in slums and willlikely grow to 2 billion by 2030.( UN-HABITAT survey 2005)

Under Section-3 of the Slum Area Improvement and Clearance Act,1956, slums have been defined as mainly those residential areaswhere dwellings are in any respect unfit for human habitation by

reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements anddesigns of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement ofstreets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities or anycombination of these factors which are detrimental to safety, healthand morals.


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National Census 2001

A total of 42.6 million people livingin 8.2 million households havebeen enumerated in slums of 640cities/towns spread across 26states and union territories in 2001Census.

The slum population constitutes 4per cent of the total population ofthe country.

The slum dwellers in the countryconstitute nearly a seventh of the

total urban population of the statesand union territories reporting slumpopulation and 23.1 per cent of thepopulation of the 640 cities/townsreporting slums.


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Slum Population in Million PlusCities

The large urban cities are centers

of economic growth and contributesignificantly to the GDP of thecountry

Rapid growth of cities in the postindependence period, however,has been associated withemergence and growth of slumand squatter settlements,characterized by overcrowdingand lack of sanitation and basicinfrastructure.

54.1% of population of GreaterMumbai Municipal Corporationlive in slums, which is the highestamong the cities followed byFaridabad (46.5%) and Meerut(44.1%). Patna (0.3%) has thelowest proportion of slumpopulation.

S h d l d C t d S h d l d


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Scheduled Castes and ScheduledTribes

Population in the Slums Out of the total 42.6 million people

enumerated in the slum areas in 2001Census, 7.4 million are ScheduledCastes and one million Scheduled Tribes.They constitute 17.4 per cent and 2.4 percent of the total slum population.

The proportion of Scheduled Castes ishigher in the slum areas if compared to thepopulation of Scheduled Castes in nonslum areas (10.8%), and urban areas ofthe country (11.8%).

In case of Scheduled Tribes, it is at par with

the urban areas (2%) but far lower than thenational average of around 10.9 per cent forrural areas.

Percentage of Scheduled Castes population is notably higher inthe slums when compared with corresponding percentage ofScheduled Tribes and other populations.


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Slums in the 61 towns of Maharashtra account for 11.2 million people, whichis more than one fourth of the total slum population in the country.

Andhra Pradesh (5.2 million)

Uttar Pradesh (4.4 million)

West Bengal (4.1 million)

Tamil Nadu (2.9 million)

Goa (2.2%) of urban population

Among other states/union territories, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan,Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have reported more than 1million slum dwellers each in the cities and towns in 2001.

As percentage of the total urban population, Maharashtra has the highestproportion of slum population (27.3%) followed by Andhra Pradesh (24.9%)and Haryana (23.2%).


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Literacy in Slums

Literacy is an important social indicator, which throws light on the quality oflife. It has long been recognized that social environment cannot improvemuch without attaining higher literacy levels.

The corresponding literacy rates are 73.1 per cent for all slum dwellers, 80.7per cent for males and 64.4 percent for females.

Most of the cities fall in the range of 60 to 80 per cent of the literacy rates ofwhich four cities have registered literacy rate between 75-80 per cent.Jaipur, Agra and Meerut have comparatively low literacy rate among theslum dwellers.

One of the most striking features of the slum population is the

preponderance of main workers in these areas similar to the urban areas ofthe country. The main workers in slum form 90.0 per cent of the totalworkers. In 13 states/ union territories, main workers are above 90 percent and in 12 it is between 80-90 per cent while in only one state (Goa)below 80 per cent.


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Child population in the age group 0-6

More than 6 million children areliving in the slums in the countryand they constitute 16.4 per centof the total child population of theurban areas of the 26 states/ unionterritories reporting slums.

There are over 6 million children(0-6 age group) living in the slumsin the country in unhealthyhygienic conditions and not soconducive environment for theirgrowth and development. Thissituation is grave in Maharashtra,Andhra Pradesh and Haryanawhere every fourth child in urbanarea is a slum dweller.


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Conclusions

To sum up 4 per cent of the country's total population live in slum areas of which onefourth are in Maharashtra. Greater Mumbai, the economic capital of the country,with a slum population of 6.5 million has the highest number of slum dwellers andDelhi Municipal Corporation in the national capital Delhi is a distant second,with 1.9million slum dwellers. The four large metropolises of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata andChennai together have 11 million population living in slums.

The data suggests sex selective migration of males to the slum areas of thetowns. Sex ratio of slum population as a whole is very masculine and almost 29points lower than that of the non slum urban population of these towns though theregional variations exist.

Scheduled Castes population is higher in the slum areas as compared to the ruralareas. Significantly, every fourth person in the slum areas of Rajasthan,

Chandigarh, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Punjab belongs to this segment ofpopulation.


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Slums in Mumbai

Housing options for poor inMumbai are: 'Chawls'; Patrachawls (consisting mainly ofsemi-permanent structures, whichcan be both authorised andunauthorized); Zopadpattis

(squatter housing); andpavement dwellings. Althoughpavement dwellings and 'chawls'have poor slum-like conditions,these do not fall under the legaldefinition of slum.

Typical chawls


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Pavement Dwellers Pavement Dwellers are households,

dominated by single male migrants livingin hut ments built on the foot-paths ofMumbais roads close to places of employment.

There were 20,000 pavement dwellers asearly as 1952; the number grew to 62,000

by 1961, whereas the 1981 Censusidentified about 22,600 households and12,50,00 in 1985.

The living conditions of pavementdwellers was worse than those ofsquatters as these were not eligible for

improvement schemes and often facedharassment and demolition.


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Zopadpattis

Zopadpattis are squatters in thelocal terminology. These are the mostpredominant low-income informalsettlements falling under thecategory of slum.

The first official census of slums was

carried out by the StateGovernment in January 1976(Government of Maharashtra, 1995)and 902,015 huts in 2,335pockets were identified.

More than 50 percent of squatting

was on private lands, followed bymunicipal lands.

While 73.6 per cent of employmentwas concentrated in the islandwards they contained only 21.1 percent of slum population.


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Settlements in the suburbs housedalmost 83 per cent of the slumpopulation mostly located on landsnot suitable for development - like

low-lying marshy lands, hillsides andalong railway tracks. The slumcensus did not include pavementdwellers.

Slums had come be built on privatelands earmarked for public facilities in

the Development Plan. There was awide variance in densities ranging from750 huts/ha to 200 huts/ha in isolatedpockets. Generally 10 to 15 per cent ofresidents worked in the settlementsthem-selves.

About 40 per cent of householdsbelonged to the Economically WeakerSections and 39 per cent belonged tothe low income category.

Seventy- nine per cent of familieshad come to Mumbai after 1960 and50 per cent of migrants were from

other states of India.

There were large slum concentrationslike Dharavi which occupied about 175hectares of mixed ownership and had apopulation of 0.35 million.The average area of huts was as smallas 12.5 m2 and only 12.72 per cent of

huts were built of permanent materials.The rental market was significant with48 percent households living as tenants.Sanitation was very poor and watersupply was through highly inadequatecommunity water taps.


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Rental in Slums The rental market in slums is very buoyant, as renting or buying a room in Mumbai

slum is an expensive proposition. Rents vary according to location, level ofinfrastructure and the condition of the house.

According to a recent report in a local daily, rents are as high as US$40 for anaverage room in South Mumbai and as low as US$10 in slums that are morecramped, filthy, have poor access and face acute water shortages.

In all cases an initial deposit has to be paid to the landlord, which can vary fromUS$200 to $1,200. Delay in payment of rents is common and is all right for theowner as long as he has a deposit.

Rent agreements with 11 month contracts are signed on stamp-paper and evenratified by two witnesses and renewal depends entirely on the owner-tenantrelationship. Selling a 25m room in well-located squatter settlement like Santosh

Nagar could earn Rs.6.4 to 7 lacs . In some places prices of shops in a slum on a major road are equivalent to fancy new

building shop prices in the same stretch. Slum shops are more profitable since theydo not pay any taxes . karkhanas (industrial accommodation) is sold for astronomical prices.


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Rehabilitation

The Housing Board, as the successorMHADA (until 1986) had suppliedabout 100,000 fully built ownershipdwellings to various income groups ofwhich 75 per cent were forEconomically Weaker Sections (EWS)and Low Income Groups (LIG).

Housing supply by public agencies hasbeen far below the requirement andthat by the private sector wasbeyond the reach of poor. Housingconditions thus deteriorated as 73 percent of households in 1991

compared to 69 per cent in 1981 livedin one-room tenements.

Slum

redevlopment

urbanization and slums

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