urban league web viewamerican indian and alaska native owned no business as shown in table ......

THE STATE OF BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE MAHONING VALLEY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want to express my appreciation to Jacqueline Taylor, Research Economist and Community Liaison of the Regional Economic Development Initiative (REDI), YSU; for being the principal contact for all requested data used in this study.

I also like to thank Thomas S. Conley, Affiliate CEO, Greater Warren-Youngstown Urban League for initiating the need to conduct this study, and for meeting with us to discuss the outline of issues that they needed us to emphasize in the study.

I would also like to thank Michael Hripko, Associate Vice President for Research, REDI, YSU; for his role in reviewing and making useful suggestions during the draft phase of this report. Last, but not least, I would like to extend my appreciation to Maureen Wilson, Layout Design Supervisor, Office of Marketing and Communications, YSU; for designing the cover page of this report.

Finally, all efforts were made to make this study align with the goals of the local Urban League Chapter, and to dovetail with the overall discourse of the National Urban League -- The State of Black America.

______________________________________

Frank Akpadock, Ph.D.Senior Research Economist and Regional ScientistAuthor: City in Transition….The Case of Youngstown, OhioRegional Economic Development Initiative (REDI)Youngstown State University, One University PlazaYoungstown, OH 44555Phone: (330) 941-3355 Ext. 1406

PS: Special Note of Appreciation from Thomas S. Conley, President and CEO, Greater Warren-Youngstown Urban League

It is my pleasure to present to you, the State of Black/African Americans in the Mahoning Valley. It is my hope that the

information contained in this report, will make you aware of a measurable socio-economic disparity in our communities. As the

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page i

decision makers and stake holders in these communities, it is my sincere belief that you will use your good offices to bring about

change in our communities as suggested in this report that will provide economic growth opportunities to all people in the Valley

irrespective of color or creed, political persuasions or national origin.

The Greater Warren-Youngstown Urban League in the Mahoning Valley will continue to be an organ of advocacy for change

in these communities. Accordingly, my special thanks go to the Youngstown State University’s REDI Department director and staff,

for their willingness to undertake this important study, and also to my Board of Directors and Staff for their thoughtfulness. It is

anticipated that this report will be published annually for information updates, and that appropriate legislative actions will be taken by

our elected local leaders when and where necessary for change.

On behalf of the Greater Warren-Youngstown Urban League organization in the Mahoning Valley, we thank you in advance for your

support and God Bless!

Thomas S. ConleyPresident and CEOGreater Warren Youngstown Urban League

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY FINDINGS

Population Growth Analysis

Population growth trend analysis by race was undertaken for the Mahoning County between 2010 and 2014 with the following

results:

-.004% for the Black/African American population

-1.2% for the White population

13.6% for the Asian population

3.1 for the Hispanic/Latino population

-3.5% for the American Indian and Alaska Native population as shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1

Selected Population* Growth Trend in Mahoning County by Race, 2010-2014Race 2010 2014

(Estimate)2010-2014 % Change

% Change Rank

Black/African American

37,433 37,132 -.004 3

White 190,848 188,634 -1.2 4

Asian 1,682 1,911 13.6 1

Hispanic/Latino

11,136 11,482 3.1 2

American Indian &

Alaska Native

491 474 -3.5 5

Source: Data from the U.S, Census Bureau, 2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File and Ohio Development Services Agency, Office of Research

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page iii

*Five race-based populations were selected for this studyPopulation growth trend analysis by race was undertaken for the Trumbull County between 2010 and 2014 with the following results

shown in Table 2 below.

-.6% for the Black/African American population

.84% for the White population

3.1% for the Asian population

-4.6% for the Hispanic/Latino population

-12.9% for the American Indian and Alaska Native populations

Table 2Selected Population Growth Trend in Trumbull County by Race, 2010-2014Race 2010 2014

(Estimate)2010-2014 %

Change% Change Rank

Black/African

American

17,422 17,317 -.6 3

White 184,529 186,070 .84 2

Asian 997 1,028 3.1 1

Hispanic/Latino 3,128 2,984 -4.6 4

American Indian & Alaska Native

278 242 -12.9 5

Source: Data from the U.S, Census Bureau, 2010 Census Demographic Profile SummaryFile and Ohio Development Services Agency, Office of Research.

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page iv

Economic AnalysisMedian Household Income

Table 3 compares median household income in 2014 between Mahoning and Trumbull Counties by race. The Black/African

American median household income was lower in Mahoning County ($20,095), than in Trumbull County ($24,954), ranking 5th and

4th positions respectively. The Asian population had the highest median household income among the races between the two counties,

scoring 1st positions in both, followed in 2nd position by the White population. The Hispanic/Latino residents ranked 3rd in Mahoning

County and 5th in Trumbull County. The American Indian and Alaska Native residents ranked 4th in Mahoning County and 3rd in

Trumbull County. Mahoning County had a median household income of $41,058 compared to Trumbull County’s median of $42,880

during the same period.

Table 3Mahoning and Trumbull County Median Household Incomes by Race, 2014 **

Mahoning CountyMedian Income Rank Trumbull County

Median Income Rank

Black/ African American $20,095 5

Black/ African American $24,954 4

White $44,585 2 White $44,991 2

Asian $53,301 1 Asian $49,137 1

Hispanic/ Latino $28,860 3 Hispanic/ Latino $22,786 5

American Indian & American Indian &

Alaska Native $27,461 4 Alaska Native $27,612 3Sources: Ohio County Profiles (Prepared by Ohio Development Services Agency,

Office of Research and American Community Survey (ACS)**(In 2013 Inflation -adjusted dollars)

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page v

Poverty Assessment, 2014

Poverty assessment in Mahoning and Trumbull Counties found that the two counties each had 13.4% of their residents who

lived below the poverty level in 2014 as shown respectively in Tables 4 and 5 below.

Table 4Poverty Level Assessment in Mahoning County, 2014

Poverty Level Total PercentNumber of Families 61,683 100%

Number of Families above the poverty level

53,389 86.6%

Number of Families below the poverty level

8,294 13.4%

Source: Data from Ohio Development Services Agency, Office of Research

Table 5Poverty Level Assessment in Trumbull County, 2014

Poverty Level, 2014 Total Percent

Number of Families 55,634 100%

Number of Families above the poverty level

48,161 86.6%

Number of Families below the poverty level

7,473 13.4%

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page vi


Public Assistance/Food Stamp/SNAP, * 2009-2013

Figure 1 below shows that between 2009 and 2013, 54% of Mahoning County residents received Public Assistance compared

to 46% in Trumbull County.

Mahoning County Trumbull County

0.54

0.46

Figure 1. Percent of Households on Public Assistance/Food Stamp/SNAP, 2009-2013 in Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, 2009-2013.

Source: Data from American Community Survey (ACS).*SNAP= Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Households on Public Assistance in Youngstown and Warren by Race, 2009-2013

Table 6 below shows that between 2009 and 2013, 27% of Black/African American residents received Public Assistance in

Youngstown, and ranked in 2nd place; compared to 40% in the City of Warren even when they ranked in 2nd position also. White

residents in Warren had the highest percentage (56%) among the races on public assistance, while they were 14% in Youngstown.

Also, 35% of the Hispanic/Latino residents in Youngstown received Public Assistance, while 3% of the residents in Warren were on

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page vii

Public Assistance. 23% of American Indian and Alaska Native residents in Youngstown, received Public Assistance and ranked 3rd,

while only 1% of American Indian and Alaska Native residents in Warren received Public Assistance and ranked 4th during the same

period.

Table 6

Comparison of Households on Public Assistance in Youngstown to Warren by Race, 2009-2013

YOUNGSTOWN % % Rank WARREN % % RankBlack/African

American 27% 2Black/ African

American 40% 2White 14% 4 White 56% 1Asian 1% 5 Asian 0% 5

Hispanic/ Latino 35% 1 Hispanic/ Latino 3% 3American Indian

&American Indian

&Alaska Native 23% 3 Alaska Native 1% 4

Source: Data from American Community Survey (ACS)

Percentage of Mahoning County Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-2013

In Mahoning County, an assessment of residents who lived below the poverty level between 2009 and 2013 showed that::

29% of Black/African American residents

9% of White residents

27% of Hispanic or Latino residents

22% of American Indian and Alaska Native residents

13% of Asian residents

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page viii

Percentage of Youngstown Residents by Race living below the Poverty level, 2009-2013

In the City of Youngstown, residents who lived below the poverty level between 2009 and 2013 were:

75% of the Black/African American population

17% of the White population

7% of the Hispanics/Latino population

1% of the Asian population

Percent of Trumbull County Residents by Race living below the Poverty level, 2009-2013

In Trumbull County, residents who lived below the poverty level between 2009 and 2013 were:



12% of the Hispanic/Latino population

22% of the Asian populations

21% of the Indian and Alaska Native populations

Percentage of Warren Residents by Race living below the Poverty level, 2009-2013

In the City of Warren, residents who lived below the poverty level between 2009 and 2013 were:





Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page ix

None of the American Indian or Alaska Native residents

Business OwnershipIn 2012, an assessment of business ownership in Mahoning County showed that:

11% were Black/African American residents

84% were White residents

2% were Asian residents

3% were Hispanic/Latino residents

American Indian and Alaska Native owned no business as shown in Table 7 below.

Table 7

Mahoning County: Business Ownership by Race, 2012

Race Percent % Rank

Black/ African American

11% 2

White 84% 1

Asian 2% 4

Hispanic/ Latino 3% 3

American Indian &Alaska Native 0% 5

Source: Data from Assets and Opportunity Scorecard, Census Bureau, 2015

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page x

Business ownership assessment in Trumbull County in 2012 showed that: 5% were Black/African American residents




1% were American Indian and Alaska Native residents as shown in Table 8 below.

Table 8Trumbull County: Business Ownership by Race, 2012

Race Percent % Rank

Black/African American 5% 2

White 91% 1

Asian 2% 3

Hispanic/Latino 1% 4

American Indian and Alaska Native

1% 4


Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xi

Household Assets, Income Poverty, Asset Poverty, and Liquid Poverty Analysis

Unbanked Households

Those households that do not have accounts in insured financial institutions are referred to as unbanked. In 2015,

Youngstown had 16 % of households characterized as unbanked, compared to about 8% in Mahoning County, and 7% in the state of

Ohio, as shown in Table 9 below. In Trumbull County, it was 7%; in Warren, 14%; and in Ohio, 7% as shown in Table 10 below.

Below banked/Underbanked Households

Households that have financial services and/or receive products from non-bank alternative financial services (AFS) are

referred to as below banked/underbanked. In Youngstown, 23% of households were underbanked in 2015, compared to 18% in

Mahoning County, and 20% in the state of Ohio, as shown in Table 9. In Trumbull County, 17% households were impacted, while

20% were in Warren; and 20% in the state of Ohio as shown in Table 10 below.

Asset Poverty

Asset poverty is a condition in which a household’s inability to get access to sufficient wealth resources makes it very difficult

to provide for basic needs over a period of three months. For the City of Youngstown, 41 % of households experienced asset poverty

in 2015, compared to 22% in Mahoning County and 24 % in the state of Ohio as shown in Table 9. For Trumbull County, Table 10,

20% households were impacted by asset poverty; 37% in Warren; and 24% households in Ohio.

Liquid Asset

Liquid asset is defined as asset that is easy to sell or convert into cash without loss in value, e.g. bank notes and checking

accounts. In Youngstown, Table 9, 62% of households had liquid assets in 2015, compared to 43% in Mahoning County, and

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xii

45% in the state of Ohio. In Trumbull County, 41% of households were impacted; while 57% were in Warren; and 45% in the state of

Ohio as shown in Table 10 below.

Table 9Percentage of Household Wealth in Youngstown, Mahoning County and Ohio, 2015

Place Asset Poverty Liquid Asset Poverty

Below banked/Underbanked

Unbanked

Youngstown 41% 62% 23% 16%

Mahoning County 22% 43% 18% 8%

Ohio 24% 45% 20% 7%


Table 10Percentage of Household Wealth in Trumbull, Warren and Ohio, 2015

Place Asset Poverty Liquid Asset Poverty

Below banked/Underbanked

Unbanked

Warren 37% 57% 20% 14%

Trumbull County

20% 41% 17% 7%

Ohio 24% 45% 20% 7%


Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xiii

Educational Attainment

In general, a higher education level leads to a higher income.

In Mahoning County, of the people age 25 and above with less than high school diplomas between 2009 and 2013:

22% were Black/African Americans

66% were White

1% were Asians

11% were Hispanics or Latinos

None were American Indian and Alaska Natives

In the City of Youngstown, people age 25 and above with less than high school diplomas were assessed between 2009 and

2013. It was found that:


41% were White

16% were Hispanic/Latinos

None were Asians

1% were American Indians and Alaska Natives

In Trumbull County, educational attainment was assessed for people age 25 and above with less than high school diplomas

between 2009 and 2013. It was found that:


88% were White

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xiv


1% were Asians

None were American Indians or Alaska Natives

In the City of Warren, people age 25 and above with less than high school diplomas were assessed between 2009 and 2013:


45% were White

None were Asians


None were American Indians and Alaska Natives

Home Ownership in Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, 2014

There were 52% home owners in Mahoning County compared to 48% in Trumbull County in 2014, as illustrated in Figure 2.

When a five-year homeownership in Mahoning County was assessed by race between 2009 and 2013, it was found that:





No American Indian/Alaska Native residents were home owners as shown in Table 11.

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xv

Mahoning County Trumbull County

0.52

0.48

Figure 2. Home Ownership in Mahoning County and Trumbull County, 2014Source: Data from Ohio County Profiles (Prepared by the Office of Research)

Table 11 Mahoning County: Home Ownership by Race, 2009-2013

Race Percent % Rank

Black/African American 10% 2White 87% 1Asian 1% 4

Hispanic/ Latino 2% 3American Indian &

Alaska Native 0% 5

Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2009-2013 American Community Survey

Between 2009 and 2013, the percentage of homeownership in Trumbull County was as follows:

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xvi




No home owners were Asian residents

No homeowners were American Indian or Alaska Native residents as shown in Table 12.

Table 12Trumbull County: Homeownership by Race, 2009-2013

Race Percent % RankBlack/ African American 5% 2

White 94% 1Asian 0% 4

Hispanic/ Latino 1% 3American Indian &

Alaska Native 0% 4


Renter-Occupied Housing, 2009-2013

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xvii

Between 2009 and 2013 in Mahoning County, the percentage of renter-occupied housing assessment was as follows:

26.8% were Black/African American residents




.2% were American Indian or Alaska Natives residents as shown in Table 13 below.

Table 13Mahoning County: Percent of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013

Mahoning County % % Rank

Black/ African American 26.8% 2

White 66% 1

Asian 2% 4


American Indian &Alaska Native .2% 5

Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2009-2013 American Community Survey.

Between 2009 and 2013 in Trumbull County, the percentage of renter-occupied housing assessment was as follows:


Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xviii




.1% were American Indian and Alaska Native residents

Table 14Trumbull County: Percent of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013

Trumbull County % % RankBlack/ African American 17.9% 2

White 80% 1

Asian 1% 4


American Indian &

Alaska Native .1% 5


Labor Force: Unemployment Assessment

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xix

In Mahoning County, between 2010 and 2014, the American Community Survey estimated that:

25% of Black/African American population were unemployed

8% of White population were unemployed

11% of Asian population were unemployed

15% of Hispanic/Latino population were unemployed

36% of American Indian and Alaska Native populations were unemployed as shown in Table 15.

Table 15Mahoning County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014

Mahoning County % Rate Rank

Black/ African American 25 2

White 8 4

Asian 11 4

Hispanic/ Latino 15 3

American Indian &

Alaska Native 36 1


Youngstown: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xx

Unemployment in the City of Youngstown was assessed between 2010 and 2014 with the following results:

28% of the Black/African American residents were unemployed.

11% of the White residents were unemployed.

29% of the Asian residents were unemployed

21% of the Hispanic/Latino residents were unemployed

70% of American Indian and Alaska Native residents were unemployed

Trumbull County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014

Between 2010 and 2014, unemployment analysis in Trumbull County produced the following results:

11% of the Black/African American population were unemployed

8% of the White population were unemployed

14% of the Asian population were unemployed

13% of the Hispanic/Latino population were unemployed

6% of the American Indian and Alaska Natives population were unemployed as shown in Table 16 below.

Table 16

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxi


Trumbull County % Rate Rank

Black/ African American 11 3

White 8 4

Asian 14 1

Hispanic/ Latino 13 2


6 5


City of Warren—Unemployment Rate, 2010-14In the City of Warren, between 2010 and 2014, unemployment analysis showed that:

14.5% of the Black/African American population were unemployed

10.7% of the White population were unemployed

No Asian resident was unemployed

11.8% of the Hispanic/Latino population were unemployed

No American Indian or Alaska Native resident was unemployed.

Mahoning County: Crime Index, 2009-2014

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxii

Assessment of crime in Mahoning County between 2009 and 2014 showed that:

31% of crimes committed were by Black/African American criminals, while

69 %. of crimes committed were by White American criminals as shown in Figure 3.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

31%

69%

Black White

Figure 3. Mahoning County --Crime Index, 2009-2014

Source: Data from Ohio Department of Public Safety (ODPS) 2009-2014

City of Youngstown Crime Index, 2009-2014

Crime assessment in the City of Youngstown between 2009 and 2014 indicated that:

83% of crimes were committed by Black/African American criminals

17% of crimes were committed by White criminals

Trumbull County—Crime Index, 2009-2014

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxiii

In Trumbull County, crime assessment between 2009 and 2014 indicated that:


75% of crimes were committed by White criminals as shown in Figure 4 below.

Black25%

White75%

Figure 4. Trumbull County—Crime Index, 2009-2014


In the City of Warren, crime assessment between 2009 and 2014 indicated that:


34% of crimes were committed by White criminals

Healthcare Insurance Coverage

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxiv

In the Mahoning County, between 2010 and 2014, population age 18 and below without healthcare insurance

coverage were:





No data were available for the American Indian and Alaska Native populations

In the City of Youngstown, residents age 18 years and below without healthcare insurance coverage were:




No data were available for the Asian population


In the Trumbull County, between 2010 and 2014, population age 18 and below without healthcare insurance

coverage were:





Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxv


In the City of Warren, between 2010 and 2014, population age 18 and below without healthcare insurance coverage were:

29% of the Black/African American residents

54% of the White residents

No data was available for the Asian residents

17% of the Hispanic/Latino residents

No data were available for the American Indian and the Alaska Native residents

Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010- 2014

In the Mahoning County, the percentages of the population 18-64 years without healthcare insurance coverage were:



23% of the Asian residents


34% of the American Indians and Alaska Native residents

In the City of Youngstown, the percentages of population age 18-64 years without healthcare insurance coverage between

2010 and 2014 were:

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxvi





57% of the American Indian and Alaska Native residents

Trumbull County: Population by Race age 18-64 years old without Healthcare Insurance Coverage, 2010-2014

In Trumbull County, the percentages of the population 18-64 years old without healthcare insurance coverage between 2010

and 2014 were:

22% of the Black/African Americans residents




11% of the American Indian and Alaska Native residents

In the City of Warren, the percentages of the population 18-64 years old without healthcare insurance coverage between 2010 and

2014 were:





Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxvii

No data were available for the American Indian and Alaska Native residents.

ConclusionOverall, there exists a measurable disparity in economic achievements between Black/African American residents and White

residents in the Mahoning Valley. While this disparity cannot be explained entirely or in part by this study due to its complexity, this

study concludes that the decision makers and/or stakeholders in the Valley can do something legislatively to create opportunities for

the present and future generations of Black/African American residents. Although there are many ways of tackling this onerous task,

this study suggests that one of the ways of creating opportunities for Black children, and by extension, other children in the Mahoning

Valley is to provide them access to a quality education from kindergarten through high school irrespective of where they live in the

city so that these students can graduate college-ready to go to a university or learn some skilled trades of their choice that would

support and/or facilitate their economic upward mobility.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxviii

Acknowledgments______________________________________________________________i

Executive Summary and Key Findings_____________________________________________ii

Economic Analysis____________________________________________________________v

Median Household Income________________________________________________v

Poverty Assessment, 2014_______________________________________________________vi

Public Assistance/Food Stamp/SNAP, 2009-2013____________________________________vii

Households on Public Assistance in Youngstown and Warren by Race, 2009-2013_________vii

Percentage of Mahoning County Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-2013_______________________________________________________________________viii

Percentage of Youngstown Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-2013________________________________________________________________________ix

Percentage of Trumbull County Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-2013________________________________________________________________________ix

Percentage of Warren Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-2013________________________________________________________________________ix

Business Ownership____________________________________________________________x

Household Assets, Income Poverty, Asset Poverty, and Poverty Analysis_________________xii

Unbanked Households___________________________________________________xii

Below banked/Underbanked Households_____________________________________xii

Asset Poverty__________________________________________________________xii

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxix

Liquid Asset___________________________________________________________xii

Educational Attainment________________________________________________________xiv

In the Mahoning County_________________________________________________xiv

In the City of Youngstown________________________________________________xiv

In Trumbull County_____________________________________________________xiv

In the City of Warren____________________________________________________xv

Home ownership in Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, 2014__________________________xv

Renter-Occupied Housing, 2009-2013___________________________________________xviii

Labor Force: Unemployment Assessment__________________________________________xx

Youngstown: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014______________________________xxi

Trumbull County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014___________________________xxi

City of Warren: Unemployment Rate, 2010-2014___________________________________xxii

Mahoning County—Crime Index, 2009-2014______________________________________xxiii

City of Youngstown Crime Index, 2009-2014_____________________________________xxiii

Trumbull County—Crime Index, 2009-14________________________________________xxiv

Healthcare Insurance Coverage_________________________________________________xxv

In the Mahoning County_________________________________________________xxv

In the City of Youngstown_______________________________________________xxv

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxx

In Trumbull County____________________________________________________xxv

In the City of Warren___________________________________________________xxvi

Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014________________________________________________________xxvi

In the Mahoning County________________________________________________xxvi

In the City of Youngstown______________________________________________xxvii

Trumbull County: Population by Race age 18-64 years old without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014_____________________________________________________________________xxvii

In Trumbull County___________________________________________________xxvii

In the City of Warren__________________________________________________xxvii

Conclusion________________________________________________________________xxviii

Inntroduction__________________________________________________________________1

History of the Greater Warren-Youngstown Urban League______________________________2

Study Objective________________________________________________________________2

Population____________________________________________________________________2

Median Household Income in Mahoning County by Race, 2014__________________________8

Median Household Income in Trumbull County by Race, 2014_________________________9

Mahoning County: Poverty Level Assessment, 2014_________________________________10

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxi

Trumbull County: Poverty Level Assessment, 2014__________________________________11

Percentage of Mahoning County Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-13_12

Percentage of Youngstown Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-13______13

Percentage of Trumbull County Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-13__14

Percentage of Warren Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-13__________15

Percentage of Mahoning and Trumbull County Residents Receiving Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP, 2009-13________________________________________________________16

Percentage of Youngstown Residents by Race Receiving Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP,

2009-13_____________________________________________________________________17

Percentage of Warren Residents by Race Receiving Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP, 2009-13__________________________________________________________________________18

Household Assets, Income Poverty, Asset Poverty, and Liquid Poverty Analysis____________20

Comparative Household Assets: Unbanked, Below Banked, Asset Poverty, and Liquid Poverty Analysis in Mahoning County, Youngstown and Ohio, 2015_____________________20

Comparative Household Assets: Unbanked, Below Banked, Asset Poverty, and Liquid Poverty Analysis in Mahoning County, Youngstown and Ohio, 2015____________________________22

Educational Attainment_________________________________________________________23

Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by Race with Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013_________________________________________24

City of Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by race with Less

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxii

than High School Diploma, 2009-2013_____________________________________________25

Trumbull County: Percentage of population age 25 years and above by Race with less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013_________________________________________________26

City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by race with Less than

High School Diploma, 2009-2013________________________________________________27

Percentage of Housing Occupancy in Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, 2014_____________29

Mahoning County: Percentage of Homeownership by Race, 2009-13_____________________30

Mahoning County: Percentage of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013___________31

Trumbull County: Percentage of Homeownership by Race, 2009-2013___________________32

Trumbull County: Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013_______________________33

Labor Force__________________________________________________________________35

Mahoning County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014___________________________35

Youngstown: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014_______________________________37

Trumbull County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014___________________________38

City of Warren: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014_____________________________37

Mahoning County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010___________________40

Trumbull County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010____________________41

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxiii

Mahoning County: Percentage Assessment of Business Ownership by Race, 2012__________42

City of Youngstown: Percentage of Business Ownership by Race, 2012__________________43

Trumbull County: Percentage Assessment of Business Ownership by Race, 2012___________44

City of Warren : Percentage of Business Ownership by Race, 2012______________________46

Crime Index_________________________________________________________________47

Mahoning County: Black and White Crime Index, 2009-2014__________________________47

Crime Index by Race in Youngstown, 2009-2014____________________________________48

Crime Index: Trumbull County Black vs White, 2009-2014____________________________49

City of Warren: Crime Index by Race, 2009-2014___________________________________50

Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race without Healthcare Insurance coverage, 2010-2014_________________________________________51

City of Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race, without Healthcare Insurance coverage, 2010-2014_________________________________________53

Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014_________________________________________________54

Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014__________________________________________________________55

Trumbull County: Percentage of Residents age 18 years and below without Healthcare Insurance Coverage, 2010-2014__________________________________________________56

City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race without

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxiv

Healthcare Insurance, 2010-14___________________________________________________58

Trumbull County: Population 18-64 Years of Age by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014________________________________________________________________________59

City of Warren: Percentage Population 18-64 Years old by Race with no Healthcare Insurance Coverage, 2010-2014__________________________________________________________60

Summary and Conclusions___________________________________________________ ___61

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1—Population Growth Profile, 2010-2014______________________________________3

Table 2__Selected Population Growth Trends in Mahoning County by Race, 2010-2014______4

Table 3__Selected Population Growth Trends in Trumbull County_______________________6

Table 4__ Mahoning County Median Household Income by Race, 2014___________________8

Table 5__ Trumbull County Median Household Income by Race, 2014____________________9

Table 6__Poverty Assessment in Mahoning County, 2014__________________________ ___10

Table 7__ Poverty Level Assessment in Trumbull County, 2014_______________________ _11

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxv

Table 8__ Percentage Estimates of Household Wealth in Youngstown, Mahoning County and

Ohio________________________________________________________________________21

Table 9__ Percentage Comparative Household Wealth in Trumbull, Warren and Ohio, 2015__22

Table 10__ Mahoning County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010_________41

Table 11__ Trumbull County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010_______42

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1__ Selected Population Growth Trends in Mahoning County by Race, 2010-2014_____5

Figure 2__ Selected Population Growth Trends in Trumbull County by Race, 2010-2014______7

Figure 3__ Percentage of Mahoning County Residents by Race living below thePoverty Level, 2009-2013_________________________________________________12

Figure 4__ Percentage of Youngstown Population by Race Living below the PovertyLevel, 2009-2013________________________________________________________13

Figure 5__ Percentage of Trumbull County Residents by Race living belowthe Poverty Level, 2009-2013______________________________________________14

Figure 6__ City of Warren: Percentage Population by Race with Income

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxvi

below the poverty level, 2009-2013._________________________________________15

Figure 7__ Percent of Mahoning and Trumbull County Residents on PublicAssistance/Food Stamps/SNAP1, 2009-2013__________________________________16

Figure 8__ Percentage of Residents of Youngstown Residents by Race on PublicAssistance/Food Stamps/SNAP, 2009-2013___________________________________17

Figure 9__ Percentage of Population in the City of Warren who received Public Assistance by Race__________________________________________________________________19

Figure 10__Estimates of Household Wealth in Youngstown, Mahoning County, and Ohio, 2015_______________________________________________________________21

Figure 11__ Estimates of Household Wealth in Warren, Trumbull County, and Ohio, 2015___23

Figure 12__ Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by Racewith Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013______________________________24

Figure 13__ City of Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 25 years andabove by race with Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013___________________25

Figure 14__ Trumbull County: Percentage of Population age 25 years and aboveby Race with less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013________________________27

Figure 15__ City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by Race with less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013___________________________________28

Figure 16__ Percentage of Housing Unit Occupancy in Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, 2014__________________________________________________________________29

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxvii

Figure17__ Mahoning County: Percentage of Homeownership by Race, 2009-2013_________30

Figure 18__ Mahoning County: Percentage of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013_31

Figure 19__ Trumbull County: Percentage of Homeownership by Race, 2009-2013_________33

Figure 20__ Trumbull County: Percentage of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013_34

Figure 21__ Mahoning County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014________________36

Figure 22__ Youngstown: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014_____________________37

Figure 23__ Trumbull County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014_________________38

Figure 24__ City of Warren: Unemployment rate among the races, 2010-2014_____________39

Figure 25__ Percentage of firm ownership by Race in Mahoning County, 2012____________44

Figure 26__ Percentage Assessment of Firm Ownership by Race

in Youngstown, 2012____________________________________________________45

Figure 27__ Percentage of firm ownership by Race in Trumbull County, 2012_____________46

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxviii

Figure 28__Comparative Assessment of Firm Ownership in Warren, 2012________________47

Figure 29__ Mahoning County: Black and White Crime Index, 2009-2014________________48

Figure 30__ Crime Index: Youngstown--Black vs. White, 2009-2014____________________49

Figure 31__ Trumbull County: Percentage of Black vs White Crime Index,

2009-2014_____________________________________________________________50

Figure 32__ City of Warren: Crime Index by Race, 2009-2014_________________________51

Figure 33__ Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18 yearsand below by race without Healthcare coverage, 2010-2014______________________53

Figure 34__ Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race with without Healthcare Insurance coverage, 2010-14____________________54

Figure 35__ Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old by Racewithout Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014____________________________________55

Figure 36__ Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old byRace without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014________________________________56

Figure 37__ Trumbull County: Percentage of Residents age 18 years and below by Racewithout Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014____________________________________57

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xxxix

Figure 38__ City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Racewithout Healthcare Insurance, 2010-14______________________________________58

Figure 39__ Trumbull County: Population 18-64 years of age by Race withoutHealthcare Insurance, 2010-2014___________________________________________59

Figure 40__ City of Warren: Percentage Population 18-64 years old without Health Insurance, 2010-14______________________________________________________60

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xl

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page xli

THE STATE OF BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE MAHONING VALLEY

Introduction

The National Urban League grew out of the grassroots movement “to enable African Americans secure economic self-

reliance, parity, power and civil rights” in the face of increased discrimination and racism against African American settlers in the

North in the 1800s. Overtime, this organization has transformed into an organic institutional voice of African Americans on socio-

economic issues with branches at all county levels throughout all 50 states in the nation. It is on this platform that this organization is

able to publish what it refers to as the “State of Urban Black America,” an annual publication analytics that statistically bring to

public awareness the socio-economic gap existing in all communities of color in the nation. It does so by comparing Black and White

socio-economic performances side-by-side with other racial minorities, using such socio-economic benchmarks as social justice,

entrepreneurship, employment, income, education, housing, crime and healthcare. The goal is to uncover the root cause of the

widening gap and prevalence of inequality in the Black population on these socio-economic indexes. Where there is prevalence of

these inequalities on the basis of systemic/institutional racism, the organizational leaders are supposed to address the existence and

prevalence of the alleged disparity through a meeting with local government decision makers in the hope that action will be taken

legislatively to ameliorate the status quo.

Following the 2015 National publication of State of Black America, that pointed out the low performances of Black/African

Americans when compared with their White counterparts and other minority groups in nearly all socio-economic indexes, a decision

was made by the local Urban League Chapter of Greater Warren-Youngstown Urban League to gauge into the socio-economic status

of African Americans in the Mahoning Valley.

Urban League, Mahoning Valley Page 1

History of the Greater Warren Youngstown Urban League

The local Urban League was established in Warren in 1930 as the Warren Urban League, and later, as the Warren Trumbull

Urban League. The Youngstown Area Urban League was established later in 1966. Currently, we are known as the Greater

Warren-Youngstown Urban League, with the goal of providing better programmatic and coordinated solutions to such socio-

economic problems as education, employment, housing, homelessness and business development that impact our communities in the

Mahoning Valley.

Study Objective

This study will compare the performances of Black/African American residents vis-à-vis White residents and other racial

minorities living in the Mahoning Valley using such socio-economic variables as demographics, housing, household income,

employment, poverty, welfare, access to capital, crime and overall equality index. Mahoning and Trumbull counties will be analyzed

separately and comparatively to identify any unique set of socio-economic problems facing individuals in these counties.

Population

Mahoning and Trumbull Counties’ populations were compared to their capital cities and the state of Ohio to measure

population growth/decline from 2010 to 2014. In Table 1, Mahoning and Trumbull counties experienced population decline of 2.35%

and 2.44%, respectively. The Cities of Youngstown and Warren encountered the same populations’ decline of 2.88% and 2.22%,

respectively. The state of Ohio showed a slight increase of .5% over this period.

Table 2 shows a selected racial population profile in Mahoning County from 2010 to 2014. It was found that while the

Black/African American population declined by .004% and ranked 3rd in population change, the White population declined by 1.2%


and ranked 4th in population change in the County. The American Indian and Alaska Natives population also experienced a decline of

3.5% and ranked 5th in population change, but the Hispanic/Latino and the Asian populations experienced growth rates of 3.1% and

13.6% respectively, and ranked 2nd and 1st in population change respectively, over the study period as shown in Table 2 and Figure 1

respectively.

Table 1 Population Growth Profile, 2010-2014

2010 2014(Estimate)

2010-14% Change

PlaceMahoning County 238,823 233,204 -2.35

City of Youngstown 66,982 65,051 -2.88

Trumbull County 210,307 205,175 -2.44

City of Warren 41,557 40,633 -2.22

Ohio 11,536,725 11,594,163 0.50

Source: Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File, and Ohio County Profiles prepared by the Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency


Table 2

Selected Population* Growth Trends in Mahoning County by Race, 2010-2014

Race 2010 2014 (Estimate) 2010-2014 %Change

% Change Rank


37,433 37,132 -.004 3

White 190,848 188,634 -1.2 4

Asian 1,682 1,911 13.6 1

Hispanic/Latino 11,136 11,482 3.1 2

American Indian and Alaska Native

491 474 -3.5 5

Source: Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File, and OhioCounty Profiles prepared by the Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency

*Five racially-based populations were selected for this study.



White Hispanic/Latino Amer.Ind.& Alas. Natives

Asian

-5.00%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

-0.40%-1.20%

3.10%

-3.50%

13.60%

Figure 1. Selected Population Growth Trends in Mahoning County by Race, 2010-2014

Sources: Data from the U.S, Census Bureau, 2010 Census Demographic Profile SummaryFile and Ohio Development Services Agency, Office of Research

As shown in Table 3 below, the Black/African American population in Trumbull County experienced .6% population decline

and ranked 3rd in percentage change, while the White population had a minor increase of .84% and ranked 2nd in percentage change for

the same period. The Asian population ranked 1st in percentage change in the County with an increase of 3.1%, while the


Hispanic/Latino population and American Indian and Alaska Natives population experienced a population decline of 4.6% and 12.9%

respectively as illustrated in Figure 2.

Table 3Selected Population Growth Trends in Trumbull County by Race, 2010-2014

Race 2010 2014 (Estimate)

2010-2014 % Change

% Change Rank

Black/African American 17,422 17,317 -0.6 3

White 184,529 186,070 0.84 2

Asian 997 1,028 3.1 1

Hispanic/Latino 3,128 2,984 -4.6 4

American Indian & Alaska Native 278 242 -12.9 5

Source: Data from the U.S, Census Bureau, 2010 Census Demographic Profile SummaryFile and Ohio Development Services Agency, Office of Research


Black/ African

American

White Asian Hispanic/Latino

Amer. Indian

and Alas. Native

-0.14

-0.12

-0.1

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

-0.6%

0.0084

3.1%

-0.046

-12.9%

Figure 2. Selected Population Growth Trends in Trumbull County by Race, 2010-2014

Source: Data from the U.S, Census Bureau, 2010 Census Demographic Profile SummaryFile and Ohio Development Services Agency, Office of Research


Median Household Income in Mahoning County by Race, 2014

Generally, household income is an indicator of the well-being of an individual, family, or community. Historically,

Black/African American households experience persistent lower median household income at the state and national levels when

compared to other racial groups. This trend persists in the Mahoning Valley. In 2014, the average median household income of Ohio

residents was estimated at $48,308, compared to $41,058 for the Mahoning County, $24,012 for the City of Youngstown, and $53,046

for the U.S. As shown in Table 4 below, Black/African American median household income of $20,095 was half that of Mahoning

County, and over two times less than that of Ohio and the U.S. in 2014 shown above. On the other hand, the White median household

income of $44,585 was higher than the County’s median income, but lower than that of Ohio or the U.S. Asian median household

income of $53,301 was slightly higher than the U.S., and much higher than Ohio and the Mahoning County respectively.

Table 4Mahoning County Median Household Income by Race, 2014**

Race Median Household Income Rank

Black/African American $20,095 5

White $44,585 2

Hispanic/Latino $28,860 3


$27,461 4

Asian $53,301 1

Sources: Ohio County Profiles (Prepared by Ohio Development Services Agency,Office of Research), and American Community Survey (ACS).

**(In 2013 Inflation-adjusted dollars)


Median Household Income in Trumbull County by Race, 2014

Trumbull County had a median household income of $42,880 in 2014. Table 5 shows that Asian residents had the highest

median household income of $49,137 among all racial groups in the county. White residents had the second highest median household

income of $44,991, while Black/African American residents’ median household income of $24,954 was the third highest of the five

selected races studied. However, Black/African American household income was half that of the Asian household income, and

considerably lower than the White household income as well as that of the American Indian and Alaska Natives ($27,612) in the

county as shown in Table 5.

Table 5Trumbull County Median Household Income by Race, 2014**

Race Median Household Income Rank

Black or African American

$24,954 4

White $44,991 2

Hispanic or Latino $22,786 5


$27,612 3

Asian $49,137 1

Sources: Ohio County Profiles (Prepared by Ohio Development Services Agency,Office of Research), and American Community Survey

**(In 2013 Inflation -adjusted dollars)


Mahoning County: Poverty Level Assessment, 2014

General Poverty Guidelines:

Income Poverty is defined as the percentage of households with income below the federal poverty threshold. Accordingly, in 2014,

A household of one person making below $11,670 in a year, was considered to be living below the poverty level.

A household of four with annual income below $23,850 was considered to be living below the poverty level.

A household of 8 persons with annual income below $40,090; was considered to be living below the poverty level.

In 2014, Mahoning County was home to 61,683 families, of which 53,389 families or approximately 87% were above the

poverty levels. In 2014, an estimated 15.8% of Ohioans lived below the poverty level which was at a higher rate than in Mahoning

County at 13.4% as shown in Table 6 below.

Table 6Poverty Assessment in Mahoning County, 2014

Poverty Level Total Percent

Number of Families 61,683 100%


Number of Families above poverty level

53,389 86.6%

Number of Families below

poverty level

8,294 13.4%


Trumbull County: Poverty Level Assessment, 2014

In Trumbull County, there were 55,634 families in 2014, of which 7,473 or 13% lived below the poverty level. Table 7 below

shows that both Trumbull and Mahoning Counties had equal percentages of families who lived above and below the poverty level.

Table 7Poverty Level Assessment in Trumbull County, 2014

Poverty Level Total Percent

Number of Families

55,634 100%

Number of Families above poverty level

48,161 86.6%

Number of Families below poverty level

7,473 13.4%



Percentage of Mahoning County Residents by Race living below the Poverty level, 2009-2013

In Figure 3, racial populations living below the poverty level in Mahoning County were analyzed over a five year period (2009-2013) with the following results:



27% were Hispanic or Latino residents

22% were American Indian and Alaska Native residents



Black/African Amer-icans 29%

White9%

Hispanic/Latino27%

Asian13%

American Indian/ Alaska Native

22%

Figure 3. Percentage of Mahoning County Residents by Race living below thePoverty Level, 2009-2013

Source: Data from U.S Census Bureau, 2009-2013 5-Year American Community Survey (ACS).

Percentage of Youngstown Residents by Race living below the Poverty level, 2009-2013.

As shown in Figure 4 below, Youngstown’s population was analyzed by race for the percentage of residents who lived below

the poverty level between 2009 and 2013 with the following results:



7% were Hispanics/Latino residents


0% were American Indian and Alaska Natives



75%

White17%

Asian0%

Hispanic/Latino7%

American Indian & Alaska Native0%

Figure 4. Percentage of Youngstown Population by Race Living below the PovertyLevel, 2009-2013

Source: Data from American Community Survey (ACS).

Percent of Trumbull County Residents by Race living below the Poverty level, 2009-2013

As illustrated in Figure 5 below, Trumbull County residents were analyzed between 2009 and 2013 for the percentage of

residents by race who lived below the poverty level. It was found that:




22% were Asian residents.




34%

White12%Asian

22%

Hispanic/Latino 12%


21%

Figure 5. Percentage of Trumbull County Residents by Race living below the Poverty Level, 2009-2013


Percentage of Warren Residents by Race living below the Poverty level, 2009-2013.

As depicted in Figure 6 below, Warren residents were analyzed by race, for the percentage of people living below the poverty

level between 2009 and 2013 with the following results:








42%

White54%

Asian0%

Hispanic/Latino

4%American Indian & Alaska Native

0%

Figure 6. City of Warren: Percentage Population by Race with income below the Poverty level, 2009-2013.


Percent of Mahoning and Trumbull County Residents Receiving Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP 1 , 2009-2013

Figure 7 shows that between 2009 and 2013, 54% of Mahoning County residents, and 46% of Trumbull County residents

received Public Assistance.


Mahoning County

Trumbull County

0.42

0.44

0.46

0.48

0.5

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.54

0.46

Figure 7. Percent of Mahoning and Trumbull County Residents on PublicAssistance/Food Stamps/SNAP1, 2009-2013


1 SNAP is Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Percentage of Youngstown Residents by Race Receiving Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP, 2009-2013

Figure 8 shows the percentage of residents in the City of Youngstown by race on Public Assistance between 2009 and 2013:

27% were from Black/African American households

14% were from White households


35% were from Hispanic/Latino households

23% were from American Indian and Alaska Native households

1% were from Asian households


27%

White14%

Asian1%

Hispanic/Latino34%

American In-dian &Alaska

Native23%

Figure 8. Percentage of Residents of Youngstown Residents by Race on PublicAssistance/Food Stamps/SNAP, 2009-2013


Percentage of Warren Residents by Race Receiving Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP, 2009-2013

Figure 9 shows the percentage of households by race in the City of Warren who received Public Assistance between 2009 and

2013:

40% were from Black/African American households


56% were from White households

3% were from Hispanics/Latino households

1% were from American Indians and Alaska Native households


White Asian Hispanic/Latino Amer. Ind. & Alas. Native

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

40%

56%

0%3%

1%

Figure 9. Percentage of Population in the City of Warren who received Public Assistance by Race, 2009-2013.



Comparative Household Assets: Unbanked, Below Banked, Asset Poverty, and Liquid Poverty Analysis in Mahoning County, Youngstown and Ohio, 2015

Unbanked Households: Those households that do not have accounts in insured financial institutions are referred to as

unbanked. In Youngstown, 16 % of households were characterized as unbanked, compared to about 8% in Mahoning County and 7%

in the state of Ohio, as shown in Table 8 below.

Below banked/Underbanked Households: Households /individuals that carry out financial transactions from non-bank

alternative financial services (AFS). In other words, individuals who rely heavily on checks and/or cash as a means of financial

transactions rather than bank-related methods associated with credit cards or loans. In Youngstown, 23% of households were

underbanked in 2015, as compared to 18% in Mahoning County, and 20% in the state of Ohio, as shown in Table 8.

Asset Poverty: An Asset poverty is a condition in which a household’s inability to get access to sufficient wealth resources,

making it very difficult to provide for basic needs over a period of three months. For the City of Youngstown, 41 % of households

experienced asset poverty in 2015, compared to 22% in Mahoning County and 24 % in the state of Ohio as shown in Table 8 below.

Liquid Asset: A Liquid asset is defined as asset that is easy to sell or convert into cash without loss in value, e.g. bank notes

and checking accounts. In Youngstown, 62% of households had liquid assets in 2015, compared to 43% in Mahoning County, and

45% in the state of Ohio as shown in Table 8 and illustrated in Figure 10.


Table 8Percentage Estimates of Household Wealth in Youngstown, Mahoning County and Ohio

PlaceAsset

Poverty

Liquid Asset

PovertyBelow

bankedUnbanke

dYoungstow

n: 41% 62% 23%16%

Mahoning County 22% 43% 18%

8%

Ohio 24% 45% 20% 7%


Comparative Estimates of Household Wealth


Asset Poverty Liquid Asset Underbanked Unbanked0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Youngstown:

Mahoning County

Ohio

Figure 10. Estimates of Household Wealth in Youngstown, Mahoning County, and Ohio, 2015


Comparative Household Assets: Unbanked, Below Banked, Asset Poverty, and Liquid Poverty Analysis in Trumbull County, Warren and Ohio, 2015

A comparative household wealth assessment in connection with Asset Poverty, Liquid Assets, and Unbanked and Below

banked issues was conducted for Trumbull, Warren, and Ohio with the results as shown in Table 9 below.

Table 9Percentage Comparative Household Wealth in Trumbull, Warren and Ohio, 2015


Place Asset Poverty Liquid Asset Poverty Unbanked Below Banked

Warren 37% 57% 14% 20%

Trumbull 20% 41% 7% 17%

Ohio 24% 45% 7% 20%

Source: Assets and Opportunity Scorecard, Census Bureau, 2015

Asset Poverty: In Trumbull County, 20 % of households experienced asset poverty in 2015, compared to 37% in Warren, and

24% in the state of Ohio, as shown in Table 9 above.

Liquid Asset Poverty: In the City of Warren, 57% of households experienced liquid asset poverty, compared to 41% in the

county, and 45% in the state of Ohio.

Unbanked: In Trumbull County, 7% of households were considered unbanked, compared to 14% in Warren, and 7% in the

state of Ohio.

Below banked/Underbanked: In Warren, 20% of households were considered below banked/underbanked, compared to

about 17% in the county, and 20% in Ohio, as illustrated in Figure 11 below.


Warren Trumbull County

Ohio0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Asset PovertyLiquid AssetUnbanked

Figure 11. Estimates of Household Wealth in Warren, Trumbull County, and Ohio, 2015Source: Data from Assets and Opportunity Scorecard, Census Bureau, 2015

Educational Attainment

Though education is viewed as an opportunity equalizer, not everyone has access to a quality education. This is especially true

for those born into poverty, and attends a poorly equipped school system. Quality education allows one to not only secure a good

paying job, but more importantly, it enables individuals to make informed decisions. Between 2009 and 2013, people aged 25 years

and above with less than high school diplomas in Ohio were estimated to be 8.3%, with men at 8.6% and women at 7.9%.

Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by Race with Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013

In general, a higher education level leads to a higher income. In Mahoning County, of the people age 25 and above with less

than high school diplomas between 2009 and 2013:



66% were White

1% were Asians

None were American Indian and Alaska Natives

11% were Hispanics/Latinos as illustrated in Figure 12 below.

Black or African American

22%

White66%

Asian0%

Hispanic/Latino11%


Figure 12. Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by Race with Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013


City of Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by race with Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013

The City of Youngstown was analyzed for population with less than a high school diploma. The study found that between

2009 and 2013:



41% were White


0% were Asians

1% were American Indians and Alaska Natives as illustrated in Figure 13 below.

Black/African Americans

42%

White41%

Asian0%

Hispanic/Latino16%


Figure 13. City of Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 25 years andabove by race with Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013


Trumbull County: Percentage of population age 25 and above by Race with less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013

When Trumbull County was assessed for the percentage of the population age 25 and above with less than high school

diplomas between 2009 and 2013:



88% were White


1% were Asians

None were American Indian or Alaska Natives as illustrated in Figure 14 below.

SIDE BAR:

By comparison, there were a higher percentage of White residents in Trumbull County with less than high school diplomas (88%) than

in Mahoning County (66%) between 2009 and 2013.

Black/African American9%

White88%

Asian1%

Spanish/Latino2%

American Indian & Alaska Na-tives0%

Figure 14. Trumbull County: Percentage of Population age 25 years and aboveby Race with less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013Source: Data from American Community Survey (ACS).


City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by Race with Less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013

In the City of Warren, analysis of population age 25 years and above by race with less than high school diplomas was carried

out from 2009 to 2013 with the following results:




None were American Indian or Alaska Native residents

None were Asian residents as illustrated in Figure 15 below.

Black/American53%

White45%

Hispanic2%


Figure 15. City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 25 years and above by Race with less than High School Diploma, 2009-2013


Percentage of Housing Occupancy in Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, 2014

It was found that 88% of Mahoning County were occupied, compared to 90% in Trumbull County as shown in Figure 16

below.


Mahoning County

Trumbull County

0.87

0.875

0.88

0.885

0.89

0.895

0.9

0.905

0.88

0.9

Figure 16. Percentage of Housing Unit Occupancy in Mahoning And Trumbull Counties, 2014

Source: Data from Ohio County Profiles (Prepared by the Office of Research)

Mahoning County: Percentage of Homeownership by Race, 2009-2013

Homeownership in Mahoning County was assessed by race from 2009-2013 with the following results:






No American Indian or Alaska Native residents were home owners as illustrated in Figure 17 below.


White Asian Hispanic/latino Amer. Ind.& Alas. Native

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

10%

87%

1% 2% 0%

Figure 17. Mahoning County: Percentage of Homeownership by Race, 2009-2013


Mahoning County: Percentage of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013

Renter-occupied housing by race in Mahoning County was assessed between 2009 and 2013 with the following results:






.2% were American Indians and Alaska Native residents as illustrated in Figure 18 below.

Black /African American

26.8%

White66%

Asian2%

Hispanic or Latino5%

American Indian & Alaska Native .2%

Figure 18. Mahoning County: Percentage of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013


Trumbull County: Percentage of Homeownership by Race, 2009-2013

An assessment of the percentage of home ownership by race in Trumbull County was conducted between 2009 and 2013

with the following results





No home owners in Trumbull County were Asian residents

.1% home owners in Trumbull County were American Indian or Alaskan residents as illustrated in Figure 19 below

African Amer-ican


Amer.Ind. & Alas. Native

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

4.9%

94%

1% 0%

Figure 19. Trumbull County: Percentage of Homeownership


by Race, 2009-2013Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2009-2013 American Community Survey

Trumbull County: Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013.

Figure 20 shows renter-occupied housing in Trumbull County between 2009 and 2013 as follows:



1% were Asians residents


0% were American Indian or Alaska Natives.



White Asian Hispanic or Latinos

American Indian & Alaska Natives

18%

80%

1% 1% 0%

Figure 20. Trumbull County: Percentage of Renter-Occupied Housing by Race, 2009-2013Source: Data from American Community Survey

Labor Force


The Civilian Labor Force is defined by the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics as “a subset of population who has jobs or is

seeking a job, are at least 16 years old, are not serving in the military and are not institutionalized.” In this study, the emphasis is on

the unemployment rate among the races in the Mahoning and Trumbull Counties.

Mahoning County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014

Between 2010 and 2014, the American Community Survey estimated that:




15% of Hispanics/Latino population were unemployed

36% of American Indian and Alaska Native populations were unemployed as illustrated in Figure 21 below.


B/African Am...

WhiteAsia

n

Hispani

c/ La...

American

India

n ...

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.25

0.080.11

0.15

36%

Figure 21. Mahoning County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014

Source: Data from American Community Survey


Youngstown: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014

Figure 22 depicts unemployment rate in the City of Youngstown between 2010 and 2014 as follows:





70% of American Indian and Alaska Native populations were unemployed.

Black

/Afr

ica.

..

Whi

te

Asian

Hisp

anic

/La.

..

Amer

ican

Indi

an...

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

28%

11%

29%

21

70%

Figure 22. Youngstown: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014




The American Community Survey between 2010 and 2014 estimated that in Trumbull County





6% of American Indian and Alaska Native populations were unemployed as illustrated in Figure 23 below.

B/African American


Amer. Indian & Alaska Native

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

11%

8%

0.140.13

0.06

Figure 23. Trumbull County: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014Source: Data from American Community Survey


City of Warren: Unemployment Rate by Race, 2010-2014In the City of Warren, the American Community Survey (ACS) estimated that between 2010 and 2014

14.5% of the Black/African American population were unemployed

10.7% of the White population were unemployed

No Asian was unemployed

11.8% of the Hispanic/Latino population were unemployed

No American Indian or Alaska Native resident was unemployed as illustrated in Figure 24 below.


White Asian Hispanic/Latino American Indian &Alaska Native

14.5%

10.7%

0.00%

11.8%

0.00%

Figure 24. City of Warren: Unemployment rate among the races, 2010-2014



Mahoning County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010

In Mahoning County, household income was assessed by race between 2006 and 2010.

For the Lowest Income bracket of ($1-$14,999):

3,765 of the Black/African American households were identified

24,355 of the White households were identified

180 of the Asian households were identified

755 of the Hispanic/Latino households were identified

80 of the American Indian and Alaska Native households were identified as shown in Table 10.

For the Highest Income bracket of ($125,000+):

65 of the Black/African American households were identified

2,150 White households were identified


No data was available for the Hispanic/Latino households

No data was available for the American Indian and Alaska Native households as shown in Table 10 below.


Table 10

Mahoning County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010

Race $1-

14,999

$25,000-

$34,999

$35,000-

$49,999

$50,000-

$74,999

$75,000-

$99,999

$100,999-

125,999

$125,000+

Black/African

American

3,765 1520 985 830 125 70 65

White 24,355 12,955 15,580 13,165 2,930 1,410 2,150

Asian 180 25 130 15 10 15 90

Hispanic/Latino

755 355 180 165 35 35 0

American Indian/Alaska

Native

80 30 75 15 20 0 0


Trumbull County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010

In Trumbull County, household income assessment by race was conducted between 2006 and 2010.

For the Lowest Income bracket of ($1-$14,999):

1,985 of the Black/African American households were identified





15 of the American Indian and Alaska Native households were identified as shown in Table 11 below.

For the Highest Income bracket of ($125,000+):

15 of the Black/African American households were identified




No data was available for the American Indian and Alaska Native households as shown in Table 11.

Table 11

Trumbull County: Assessing Household Income by Race, 2006-2010Race $1-

14,999

$25,000-

$34,999

$35,000-

$49,999

$50,000-

$74,999

$75,000-

$99,999

$100,999

-125,999

$125,000

+


1,985 1,085 710 740 220 90 15

White 18,480 10,475 11,895 11,200 3,985 1,225 1,415

Asian 130 40 20 15 110 25 30

Hispanic/Latino

245 200 135 80 30 30 30

American Indian/Alaska

Native

15 30 10 25 0 0 0


Mahoning County: Percentage Assessment of Business Ownership by Race, 2012


As a source of income generation and self-sufficiency, this study conducted an assessment of business ownership in Mahoning

County. In 2012, this study found that:

11% were owned by Black/African American residents

84% were owned by White residents

2% were owned by Asian residents

3% were by Hispanic/Latino residents

No business/firm was owned by American Indian and Alaska Native residents as illustrated in Figure 25 below.


Black/ African American11%

White84%

Asian2%

Amarican Indian & Alaska Native0%

Hispanic/ Latino3%

Figure 25. Percentage of firm ownership by Race in Mahoning County, 2012

Source: American Community Survey: Statistics for all U.S. firms by Industry,Gender, Ethnicity and Race, 2012.

City of Youngstown: Percentage of Business Ownership by Race, 2012 In the City of Youngstown in 2012, the percentage of business ownership by race was distributed as follows:





3% were owned by Hispanic/Latino residents

None of the businesses in Youngstown was owned by American Indian or Alaska Native residents

31% were owned by All Minorities (includes women of all races) as illustrated in Figure 26 below.


27%

White38%Asian

1%

Amarican Indian & Alaska Native

0%

Hispanic/ Latino3%

All Minority firms31%

Figure 26. Percentage Assessment of Firm Ownership by Race in Youngstown, 2012

Source: Data from American Community Survey: Statistics for all U.S. firms by Industry, Gender, Ethnicity and Race, 2012.

Trumbull County: Percentage Assessment of Business Ownership by Race, 2012

When Trumbull County was assessed for the percentage of business ownership by race, it was found that:






1% were owned by American Indian and Alaska Natives residents.

B/African American


A.Indian and Alas.

Native

0.05

0.89

0.02 0.01 0.01

Figure 27. Trumbull County: Percentage of Business Ownership by Race, 2012

Source: American Community Survey: Statistics for all U.S. firms by Industry,Gender, Ethnicity and Race, 2012.


City of Warren: Percentage of Business Ownership by Race, 2012In assessing the City of Warren for business ownership by race in 2012, it was found that:



3% were by Asian residents


1% were owned by American Indian and Alaska Native residents, and

18% were owned by All Minorities (includes women of all races) as shown in Figure 27 below

Black/ African Amer-ican14%

White64%

Asian3%

American Indian & Alaska Native 1%

Hispanic/ Latino1%

AllMinority firms

18%

Figure 28. Comparative Assessment of Firm Ownership in Warren, 2012

Source: Data from American Community Survey (Statistics for all U.S. firms byIndustry, Gender, ethnicity and Race, 2012.


Crime IndexMahoning County: Black and White Crime Index, 2009-2014

This section of the study analyzes only Black vs. White crime percentages in the Mahoning County between 2009 and 2014

since the Ohio Department of Public Safety (ODPS), reports on these two races. Figure 28 depicts that:

31% of crimes committed were by Black/African American criminals

69 %. of crimes committed were by White American criminals.

Black White0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

31%

69%

Figure 29. Mahoning County: Black and White Crime Index, 2009-2014



Crime Index by Race in Youngstown, 2009-2014Crime index was assessed for the City of Youngstown between 2009 and 2014. It was found that

83% were committed by Black/African American criminals

17% of crimes were by White criminals as illustrated in Figure 29 below.

Black White0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%83%

17%

Figure 30: Crime Index: Youngstown--Black Vs. White, 2009-2014



Crime Index: Trumbull County Black vs White, 2009-2014

Between 2009 and 2014 in Trumbull County:

25% of crimes committed were by Black/African American criminals

75% of crimes committed were by White criminals as illustrated in Figure 30 below.

Black White 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

25%

75%

Figure 31. Trumbull County: Percentage of Black vs White Crime Index,2009-2014



City of Warren: Crime Index by Race, 2009-2014

In the City of Warren, between 2009 and 2014:

66% of the crimes were committed by Black/African American criminals

34% of the crimes were committed by White criminals as illustrated in Figure 31below.

Black White0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70% 66%

34%

Figure 32. City of Warren: Crime Index by Race, 2009-2014

Source: Data from Ohio Department of Public Safety (ODPS) 2009-2014.

SIDE BAR:

Between 2009 and 2014, crimes committed at the county levels (Mahoning and Trumbull) were committed by White criminals.

Also, between 2009 and 2014, crimes committed at the city levels (Youngstown and Warren) were committed by Black criminals.


Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race without Healthcare Insurance coverage, 2010-2014

This study analyzes healthcare coverage for people age 18years and below by race between 2010 and 2014 in the Mahoning

County. It was found that:

2% of Black/African American residents had no health care insurance

4% of White residents had no health care insurance

34% of Asian residents had no health care insurance

2% of Hispanic/Latino residents had no health care insurance

American Indian or Alaska Native populations had no health care insurance coverage as illustrated in Figure 32

below.


Black/ African

American


Amer. Ind & Alas. Native

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

2%4%

34%

2%0%

Figure 33. Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18 yearsand below by race without Healthcare coverage, 2010-2014

Source: Data from the American Community Survey, 2010-2014.

City of Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race, without Healthcare Insurance coverage, 2010-2014.

In the City of Youngstown, residents age 18 years and below were assessed for health care insurance coverage with

these results:

2% of Black/African American residents had no healthcare insurance

3% of White residents had no healthcare insurance


2% of Hispanic/Latino residents had no healthcare insurance

No data was available for Asian residents

No data was available for American Indian and Alaska Native residents related to healthcare insurance coverage as

illustrated in Figure 33 below.


White Asian Hispanic/Latino Amer. Indian & Alaska Native

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

2%

3%

0%

2%

0%

Figure 34. Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race with without Healthcare Insurance coverage, 2010-14

Source: Data from American Community Survey, 2014-2014

Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014

In Mahoning County, the population between ages 18 and 64 were analyzed for healthcare insurance coverage from

2010 to 2014. It was found that:

23% of Black/African American residents had no healthcare insurance coverage

14% of White residents had no healthcare insurance coverage

23% of Asian residents had no healthcare insurance coverage


22% of Hispanic/Latino residents had no healthcare insurance coverage

34% of American Indians and Alaska Native residents had no healthcare insurance coverage as illustrated in Figure 34

below.



Amer. Indian & Alas. Native

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

23%

14%

23% 22%

34%

Figure 35. Mahoning County: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old by Racewithout Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014


Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014

In Youngstown, Figure 35 illustrates the percent of population age 18-64 years old without healthcare insurance coverage

between 2010 and 2014 as follows:.

25% of Black/African American residents

21% of White residents


28% of Asian residents

18% of Hispanic/Latino residents

57% of American Indian and Alaska Native residents


White Asian Hispanic/Latino Amer. Indian & Alas. Native

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

25%21%

28%

18%

57%

Figure 36. Youngstown: Percentage of Population age 18-64 years old byRace without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014

Source: Data from American Community Survey, 2010-2014.


Trumbull County: Percentage of Residents age 18 years and below without Healthcare Insurance Coverage, 2010-2014

Trumbull County was assessed for residents age 18 and below without healthcare insurance between 2010 and 2014 with these results:

4% of Black/African Americans residents had no healthcare insurance coverage


33% of Asian residents had no healthcare insurance coverage


No healthcare insurance coverage data was available for American Indian and Alaska Native residents as illustrated in

Figure 36 below.

.




0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

4%

7%

33%

5%

0%

Figure 37. Trumbull County: Percentage of Residents age 18 years and below by Racewithout Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014



City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-14

For the City of Warren, population age 18 and below was assessed for healthcare insurance coverage between 2010 and 2014.

Based on American Community Survey,

29% of Black/African American residents had no healthcare insurance coverage


All Asian residents had healthcare insurance coverage


All American Indian and Alaska Native residents had healthcare insurance, as illustrated in Figure 37 below.

B/African Amer-ican

White Asian Hispanic/Latino Amer. Indian. & Alas. Native

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

29%

54%

0%

17%

0%

Figure 38. City of Warren: Percentage of Population age 18 years and below by Racewithout Healthcare Insurance, 2010-14



Trumbull County: Population 18-64 Years of Age by Race without Healthcare Insurance, 2010-2014

For the cohort 18-64 years old in Trumbull County between 2010 and 2014, the study showed that:

22% of Black/African Americans residents had no healthcare insurance coverage


29% of Asians had no healthcare insurance coverage

20% Hispanic/Latino residents had no healthcare insurance coverage

11% American Indian and Alaska Native residents had no healthcare insurance coverage as shown in Figure 38.


White Asian Hispanic/Latino Amer. Indian & Alas. Native

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

22%

18%

29%

22%

11%

Figure 39. Trumbull County: Population 18-64 years of age by Race withoutHealthcare Insurance, 2010-2014

Source: Data from American Community Survey, 2010-2014.


City of Warren: Percentage Population 18-64 Years old by Race with no Healthcare Insurance Coverage, 2010-2014

An assessment of Warren population cohort aged 18-64 years old was below taken to find out the percentage without

healthcare insurance coverage between 2010 and 2014. The analysis showed that:

30% Black/African American residents had no healthcare insurance coverage

64% White residents had no healthcare insurance coverage

2% Asian residents had no healthcare insurance coverage

4% Hispanic/Latinos had no healthcare insurance coverage

American Indian and Alaska Natives had healthcare insurance coverage as illustrated in Figure 39.

B/African American



0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

30%

64%

2% 4%0%

Figure 40. City of Warren: Percentage Population 18-64 Years old without Health Insurance, 2010-14



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This study sought to use economic mobility along with social justice, to assess how Black/African American residents in the

Mahoning Valley compared to other racial groups, as a basis for evaluating the so-called Equality Index. Accordingly, this study used

such variables as Median Household Income, Income below poverty level, Households on Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP,

(Household Assets, Income Poverty, Asset Poverty and Liquid Poverty: County and city level comparison only), Educational

attainments with respect to Population with less than High School Diplomas; Household Income; Home ownership and Affordable

Housing Problems, Labor Force with reference to unemployment rates; Business Ownership; Crime Index, and finally Healthcare

Insurance coverage.

Both Mahoning and Trumbull Counties, and where appropriate, their central cities, were included in the discussions to show

comparative performances of individual racial groups or the lack thereof. We found that in nearly all measurements, the

Black/African American residents in both county and city levels were economically outperformed by other racial groups.

Median Household Income

In 2014, Mahoning County’s median household income was $41,058, the City of Youngstown’s median household income

was $24,012, and Ohio’s median household income was $48,308. Black/African American residents had the lowest median

household income ($20,095), while Asian residents’ ($53,301) was the highest.

In Trumbull County, the median household income was $42,880, while the City of Warren had $27,612. The Black/African

American median household income ($24,954) while being higher than that of Youngstown ($20,095), was outperformed by both

Asian ($49,137) and White ($44, 991) residents.


Income below the Poverty Level, 2009 -2013

In Mahoning County, at 29%, Black/African American residents were the highest percentage of people with income below the

poverty level. By comparison, 27% of the Hispanic population, 22% of the American Indian/Alaska Native population, 13% of the

Asian population, and 9% of the White population had household income below the poverty level.

In the City of Youngstown, at 75%, Black/African American residents were the highest percentage of people with incomes

below the poverty level. 7% of the Hispanic/Latino population, 1% of the Asian population, and 17% of the White population had

household income below the poverty level.

In Trumbull County, at 33%, Black/African American residents were the highest percentage of people with income below the

poverty level. Also, 12% of the Hispanic population, 21% of the American Indian/Alaska Native population, 22% of the Asian

population, and 12% of the White population, had household income below the poverty level. Also, Black/African American

residents in Trumbull County were 4% more in the percentage of people below the poverty level than in Mahoning County.

In the City of Warren, at 54%, White residents had the highest percentage of people with income below the poverty level.

Also, 42% of Black/African American residents, 4% of the Hispanic/Latinos residents, 0% of the Asian population, and 0% of the

American Indian and Alaska Native population had household income below the poverty level.

Households on Public Assistance/Food Stamps/SNAP, 2009-2013

In Mahoning County, 54% of its residents were on public assistance. In the City of Youngstown, 27% of Black/African

American residents, 14% of White residents, 1% of Asian residents, 35% of Hispanic/Latino residents, and 23% of American Indians

and Alaska Native residents received Public Assistance.

In Trumbull County, 46% of its residents were on Public Assistance. In the City of Warren, at 56%, White residents were the

highest percentage of people on Public Assistance. There were 40% of the Black/African American residents, 3% of the


Hispanic/Latino residents, 0% of the Asian residents, and 1% of the American Indian and Alaska Native residents that received some

types of aid from the government.

Educational Attainment, 2009-2013

An assessment of educational attainment in Mahoning County, found that 22% of Black/African American residents age 25

years and above, 11% of the Hispanic/Latino residents, 1% of the Asian residents, 0% of the American Indian and Alaska Native

residents, and 66% of the White residents had less than a high school diploma.

In the City of Youngstown, the percentage of the population with less than high school diploma was nearly equal between the

Black/African American (42%) and the White (41%) residents. Next, were the Hispanic/Latino (16%) residents with less than high

school diploma, followed by the Asian (0%) residents, and the American Indian and Alaska Native (1%) residents had less than high

school diploma.

In Trumbull County, 88% of White residents age 25 years and above, had less than a high school diploma, compared to 9% of

Black/African American residents, 1% of Asian residents, 2% of the Hispanic/Latino residents, and 0% of American Indian and

Alaska Native residents.

In the City of Warren, 53% of Black/African American residents, 45% of White residents, and 2% of Hispanic/Latino residents

had less than high school diploma compared to 0% of Asian residents or American Indian and Alaska Native resident.

Housing, 2009-2013

Home ownership is a measure of one’s economic achievement. Hence, the percentage of home ownership of members of these

racial groups was a measure of their economic well-being. In Mahoning County, it was found that 10% of Black/African American

residents were home owners, compared to about 87% of White residents. For the Asian residents in the county, about 1% owned their

homes, while 2% of the Hispanic/Latino residents and 0% of the American Indian and Alaska Native residents owned their homes.

This study also found that 27% of Black/African American residents and 66% of White residents rented their living space. For the


Asian community, 1% rented, while 5% of the Hispanic/Latino residents and .2% of the American Indian and Alaska Native residents

did the same.

In Trumbull County, 5% of Black/African American residents owned their homes, while 94% White residents also owned their

homes. While 1% of the Hispanic/Latino residents owned their homes, no Asian residents and American Indian and Alaska Native

owned their place of residence. The renter-occupied housing in the county included 18% of Black/African American residents; 80% of

Whites residents; 1% of Asian residents; 1% of Hispanic/Latino residents; and 0% of American Indian and Alaska Native residents.

Labor Force

Unemployment rates at the county and city levels were assessed. From 2010 to 2014, Mahoning County had the following

unemployment rates by race: 25% for Black/African American residents; 8% for White residents; 11% for Asian residents; 15% for

Hispanic/Latino residents; and 31% for American Indian and Alaska Native residents.

In the City of Youngstown, 28% of Black/African Americans were unemployed, followed by 11% of White residents. The

Asian population had 29% unemployment rate, followed by 21% of Hispanic/Latino residents, while American Indian and Alaska

Native residents, had the highest unemployment rate of 70% for the 5-year period analyzed.

In Trumbull County, Black/African American population unemployment rate was 11% between 2010 and 2014, followed by

8% for the White population, and 14% for the Asian residents. The Hispanic/Latino residents experienced 13% unemployment rate,

while the American Indian and Alaska Native residents recorded 6% during the period.

In the City of Warren for the same period, Black/African American unemployment rate was 14.5%, while White residents had

10.7%. Neither the Asian nor the American and Alaska Native residents had any unemployment rates, but the Hispanic/Latino

residents had 11.8%.


Business Ownership

Business assessment’s goal in this study was to see what percentages of businesses in each of the two counties were owned by

which racial group. Accordingly, in Mahoning County, 84% of the businesses assessed in 2012 were owned by White residents,

compared to 11% by Black/African American residents; 2% by Asian residents; 3% by Hispanic/Latino residents; and none by

American Indian and Alaska Native residents.

In Youngstown, 27% of the businesses in the city were owned by Black/African American residents, while 38% were owned

by White residents. The Asian community owned 1% of the businesses, while the Hispanic/Latino residents owned 3%, and the

American Indian and Alaska Native residents owned none of the businesses. Altogether, 31% of all the businesses in the City of

Youngstown were owned by Minorities (which included women of all races).

In Trumbull County, 91% of the businesses were owned by White residents, 5% by the Black/African American residents; 2%

by the Asian residents; 1% by the Hispanic/Latino residents; and 1% by the American Indian and Alaska Native residents.

In the City of Warren, 64% of the businesses were owned by White residents; 13% by Black/African American residents; 3%

by the Asian residents; 1% by the Hispanic/Latino residents; 1% by the American Indian and Alaska Native residents; and 18% by All

Minority groups.

Crime Index, 2009-2014

When the crime index was assessed in Mahoning County, it was found that crime in the county as a whole was predominately

committed by White criminals at 68.5%, while Black/African Americans committed 31.5% of the crime. In the City of Youngstown,

crime was predominately committed by Black/African Americans at 83%, while White criminals committed 17%.

In Trumbull County, White criminals committed 75%, while Black/African American criminals were responsible for 25%. In

Warren, 66% were committed by Black/African American criminals, while 34% were committed by White criminals.


Healthcare Insurance Coverage, 2010-2014

For healthcare insurance coverage for the population age 18 and below in Mahoning County, 2% of Black/African American

residents had no coverage, as were 4% of the White residents; 34% of the Asian residents; and 2% of the Hispanic/Latino residents.

There were no data for American Indian and Alaska Native residents. For this age cohort in Youngstown, 2% of Black/African

American residents had no coverage, as were 3% of the White residents, and 2% of the Hispanic/Latino residents. There were no data

for the Asian and the American Indian and Alaska Native residents.

For the population cohort 18-64 years old in Mahoning County, 23% of Black/African American residents had no healthcare

insurance coverage; as were 14% of the White residents; 23% of the Asian residents; 22% of the Hispanic/Latino residents; and 34%

of the American Indians and Alaska Native residents. In the City of Youngstown for the same cohort, 25% of the Black/African

American residents; 21% of the White residents; 28% of the Asian residents; 18% of the Hispanic/Latino residents; and 57% of

American Indian and Alaska Native residents had no insurance coverage.

In Trumbull County, for the population age 18 and below, 4% of the Black/African American residents had no healthcare

insurance coverage as were 7% of White residents. Also, 33% of the Asian and 5% of the Hispanic/Latino residents had no healthcare

insurance coverage. There were no data for the American Indian and Alaska Native.

In Warren for the same age group, 29% of the Black/African American residents had no healthcare coverage, including 54%

of White residents, and 17% of Hispanic/Latino residents. No data were available for either the Asian or the American Indian and

Alaska Native residents.

For the population cohort 18-64 years old in Trumbull County, 22% of the Black/African American residents; 18% of the

White residents; 29% of the Asian residents; 20% of the Hispanic/Latino residents; and 11% of the American Indian and Alaska

Native residents, had no healthcare coverage between 2010 and 2014.


In the City of Warren for the same cohort, 30% of the Black/African American residents; 64% of the White residents; 2% of

the Asian residents; and 4% of the Hispanic/Latino residents had no healthcare coverage. There were no data for the American Indian

and Alaska Native residents.

Recommendations Based on this study, a significant socio-economic equality gap exists between Black/African American and White residents in

the Mahoning Valley. It would require heavy lifting among all stake holders in the Valley to come up with innovative and strategic

action plans and mandates to narrow the gap and/or change the status quo for the following reasons:

Income Inequality: There is this persistent phenomenon called household income inequality, which the 2006-2010 data showed to be

completely dominated by the White residents per capita.

Household Wealth/Assets: This study found that a significant percentage of Black/African American households in both counties and

cities were characterized as unbanked. In other words, they are households that do not have accounts in insured financial institutions.

These households carry out their financial transactions of daily living in non-banking institutions which are inherently predatory in

nature.

In order to reduce the percentage of unbanked households in the Valley, bank managers in the Mahoning Valley would have

to come up with some affordable threshold amount for opening a checking/saving account in order to lure members of these unbanked

households. This threshold policy change would help those families save on high, and revolving door interest loans charged by

predatory lending institutions. The cumulative savings by these households, would be used for other necessary domestic

equipment/tools that these families would otherwise have borrowed from these predatory lending institutions with high annual

percentage rates (APR) that would take years to pay off.

Unemployment: A one-year unemployment rates (2015-2016) analysis, stratified by race, sex, and age, was published by the

Bureau of Labor Statistics, to show the existence of unemployment rate disparities between Black/African American population and

their White counterparts nationally. It was shown that while Whites’ civilian noninstitutionalized population unemployment rates were


4.5% and 4.4% respectively, Black/African American unemployment rates were double at 9.9% and 8.1%. For White men 20 years

and above, unemployment rates were 3.8% and 4.1% respectively; and for Black/African American age 20 and above, unemployment

rates were 9.1% and 7.6% respectively for the same period. Again, for White women 20 years old and above, unemployment rates

were 4.4% and 3.9% respectively; and for Black/African American women age 20 and above for the same period, unemployment rates

were 8.9% and 7.1% respectively.

Prospectively in the Mahoning Valley, unemployment rate between the two races mimics the national trends. For an example, data

from the American Community Survey (2010- 2014) showed that in Mahoning County, unemployment rate of the Black/African

American population was 25% compared to 8% for their White counterparts. In the City of Youngstown, Black/African American

unemployment was 28% compared to 11 % for the White population.

In Trumbull County, for the same period (2010-2014), when the Black/African American population unemployment rate was

11%, the White population had an unemployment rate of 8%. In the City of Warren, both Black/African American and White

unemployment rates were 14.5% and 10.7% respectively.

Poverty: The high unemployment rates among Black/African Americans mirror the high percentage rate of households below the

poverty level and/or that receiving government assistance. In this circumstance, this study’s viewpoint is that unemployment and

poverty are two sides of the same coin for those impacted.

Educational Attainment: Even when Black/African Americans posted lower percentage of people age 25 years and above without a

high school diploma than their White counterparts, unemployment is still higher among Black/African Americans than among their

White counterparts comparatively.

This study affirms that one solution to high Black /African American resident unemployment in the Valley may lie in giving

children a quality educational foundation in a properly equipped school system from kindergarten up through high school. Students

from such schools must graduate with rudimentary knowledge of English, Mathematics, Arts, and General Science that would enable


them to go to college or learn trades following their high school graduation. Access to a good educational foundation, would enable

them to secure literacy skills that would open doors of opportunities for good paying jobs in which they would contribute to society.

This study’s emphasis on quality educational foundation is supported by the YSU’s JAMBAR editorial publication of October

6, 2016 titled “No Justice No Pease” with the following statement: “The students attending Youngstown City Schools are not

receiving the same quality education as their suburban counterparts in Poland and Canfield.”

The study also concludes that although Black/African American residents in the Mahoning Valley may be competitive with

White residents on very few economic metrics, there is a measurable socio-economic gap and/or disparity in economic achievements

between the two largest races in the Mahoning Valley at nearly all levels of analysis. This gap may be caused by a plethora of reasons

too complicated for this study to even begin to engage into any form of analytics.

However, this study strongly recommends access to quality educational opportunities for the present and future generations of

Black students in the Mahoning Valley, and by extension, to all children in the region through a well-equipped and disciplined school

system if the Valley is to reduce the existing generational socio-economic gap and/or economic disparity between Black/African

American residents and their White counterparts.


References

Fellows, Gabrielle, 2016. The YAMBAR, Youngstown State University, Editorial: “No Justice, No peace,” October 6, 2016.


urban league web viewamerican indian and alaska native owned no business as shown in table ......

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