urban block typology a s urban generator · 1) urban block typology, 2) urban forces shaping urban...

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMME 2007-2008 DESIGN REPORT

URBAN BLOCK TYPOLOGY AS URBAN GENERATOR

CHOW Chun Man May 2008

CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860

Urban Block Typology as Urban Generator

Thesis Abstract

Considering the emergence of ''modern architecture" serving to fulfill new

programmatic needs of the rapidly growing city as background, this thesis starts by

critiquing the actions of the Urban Renewal Authority (LIRA) in Hong Kong, which

tend to replace traditional urban block types by blocks dominated by monotonous

and large scale buildings. Arguably, this sudden change would destroy existing sub-

cultures, spatial characters and communal networks, in other words spatial practices

that have evolved over decades which are highly dependent on the traditional urban

block type. In response to this type of insensitive wholesale development, this thesis

explores possibilities of incremental urban renewal processes that seek to reconcile

the conflicts between the new programmatic needs and traditional type of urban

block.

By studying the logic and mechanism of different types of existing urban blocks in

Central, this thesis aims at creating a new block typology which on one hand

preserves existing sub-cultures, spatial characters and communal networks; and on

the other hand fulfill the emergent programmatic needs. Eventually, this thesis will

propose an alternative urban model which reinterprets urban block typology as an

urban renewal generator, in the context of historical and high dense city as central.

P.1


Background

Central, as the first developed area of Hong

Kong, experienced rapid urban growth from

1841 to now. The long history of Central

makes it a place containing rich context of

urban block typologies, as a result, the rich

context of urban block typologies give rise to

the rich context of sub-cultures, spatial

characters and communal networks of Central,

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figure & ground map of Central in 1843 drawn by Chow Chun Man

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diagram showing the importance of urbari block typology drawn by Chow Chun Man

The different urban forces, such as

reclamation, URA projects, emergence of new

infrastructure and new building technology,

would lead to the evolution of the urban

blocks, at the same time, affecting the sub-

cultures, spatial characters, communal

networks of the city.


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p.2


Purpose

As criticized by Leon Krier, the current situation of Central, Hong Kong, which is a mixture of new and traditional, is identified as "False Pluralism" causing no possibility of choice^. In response to his criticism, this thesis explores possibilities to reconcile the conflicts between the new programmatic needs and traditional type of urban block.

In the 60s, Japanese Metabolism Group and Archigram suggested new urban model like Helix City and Plug-in City as means to fulfill new programmatic needs out of the reconstructing modern cities in the post-war period. However, their proposal highly inclined to the using of mega-structure and new technology, the vision remained futurist drawings in their books.

This thesis aims at creating a new practical urban model which uses urban block typology as a generator, on one hand preserving existing sub-cultures, spatial characters and communal networks, and on the other hand fulfilling the new programmatic needs.

T^Co^ PLURALISM WSSi&iLiTr OF CflOiCE

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Tfv-c PL UfiAilJY

False Pluralism vs. True Plurality^ images from "Architecture Choice or Fate", Leon Krier

Helix City Plan for Tokyo, Kisho Kurokawa^ images from "Kisho Kurokawa, From the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life", Dennis Sharp

Plug-in City, Peter Cook^ images from http://www.archigrann.net

P-3

http://www.archigrann.net

r"e 运一a—n—tf th..白Tr印-咨 tia r 卞否 q DTf白Ttf —iifs done by Chow Chun Man

P.4

Site Contextual Study, 1:3,000 done by Chow Chun Man

Study of urban Forces Shaping Urban Blocks done by Chow Chun Man


& Result

The research is divided into four parts,

which are the studies of

1) urban block typology,

2) urban forces shaping urban blocks,

3) sub-cultures and their spatial

requirements, and the

4) site contextual study in the scale of

1 to 3,000 study of Urban Block Typology done by Chow Chun Man

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first 3 columns of the study of Urban Block Typology done by Chow Chun Man

6

隱VIDED

i PUBLIC ACCESSIBLE

PUBLIC BUILDING

隱-OWNER

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OWNER im-

8 PRIVATE BUILDING

隱-OWNER

9

OWNER iim-

P.5


1) Study of Urban Block Typology

The study of urban block typology was

started by classifying all urban blocks

existing in Central, based on different

characters like,

sub-divided or single-owner,

number of side with shop-front,

with or without courtyard,

public or private,

public accessibility and

with or without shopping mall.

Through this classification, all blocks are

generalized into nine types.

CLASSIFICATION OF BLOCK

BLOCK TYPE

PLAN

DIAGRAM

ISOMETRIC

OPEN SPACE

2 猶晓丨,

• V I D E D

BUILDING BLOCK

ALL SIDES COMMERCIAL

W/ SHOP

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4 绍丨 COMMERCIAL-

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DISTRIBUTION The characters of different block types are

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Stud ied in terms of their distribution and

massing scale. These studies aim at

figuring out the physical inter-relationship

between different block types.

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Study of distribution and massing scale done by Chow Chun Man

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Typical individual blocks of each type are

selected and their sub-division pattern

and programmatic spatial arrangement

are studied.

p.7

SELECTD EXAMPLES

IMAGE SUB-DIVISION PROGRAM

study of sub-division pattern and program done by Chow Chun Man

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ON THE COAST SIDE, MOST BLOCKS ARE OF THE TYPE 6,7,8,9, WHICH IS OF SINGLE OWNER. THIS LEADS TO MONO-PROGRAM ALONG THE COASTLINE.

BLOCKS ALONG THE COASTLINE CAN BE MODIFIED TO SUB-DIVIDED BLOCKS INTENTIONALLY IN ORDER TO BRING NEW STREETSCAPE TO THE

Study of urban forces done by Chow Chun Man

% REClAMAIlDNJflflSJ^。丨

RECLAMATION

RECLAMATION 丨撒 $ R.ODT

X Seven urban forces are studied, which are

1) Reclamation & Barracks,

2) LDC & URA Projects,

3) New Infrastructure,

4) New Building Technology,

5) Heritage Preservation,

6) Government Hill Axis, and

7) Building Ordinance

1) Reclamation & Barracks

Central experienced several reclamation

projects since the colonization. Every time

the aim is to gain land for new

development. Therefore, generally, from

the hillside to the coastline, the history of

land becomes younger and younger. Block

type also show a generally change from

the hillside to the coastline. This leads to

change of streetscape from the hillside to

the coastline.

The removal of barracks since the 1970s

gave land for the new block types, and led

to the emergence of new commercial zone

in Admiralty.

P.8

REMOVAL OF BARRACKS

BARRACK 1964


2) Study of Urban Forces RECLAMATION & BARRACKS

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2) LDC & URA Projects

The LDC & URA projects led to the

emergence of new block types, it serves

to renew the old structures and fulfill the

new programmatic needs. However, it

leads to rupture and decline of old type

blocks, also the rupture and decline of the

existing sub-cultures, spatial characters

and communal networks.

3) New Infrastructure

The stringent spatial needs of the railway

station lead to the emergence of gigantic

new block types.

The scale and flow rate of the new roads

and highways encourage the growth of

the new blocks types, which provide

internalized street and podium to resist

the polluted and noisy roads.

LDC& URA PROJECTS

jRA PROJECTS

OVERLAY W； TYPE 2 &3、〜议, Trf^ EWER rpov THE

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NEW INFRA-

STRUCTURE

frIRPQRT EXPRESS & STATIC

URA PROJECT IS THE BRUTAL URBAN FORCE CAUSING RUPTURE OF BUILDINGS. COMMUNAL NETWORKS. SPATIAL CHARACTERS AND SUB-CULTURE.

THE URBAN SHOULD BE RENEWED WITHOUT LOSING THE ORIGINAL CHARACTERS. URA PROJECTS MUST BE STOPPED AND A NEW RENEWAL APPROACH SHOULD BE DESIGNED

THE SCALE OF STREET MUST BE CAREFULLY DESIGNED NEW BUILDINGS ARE RESISTANT TO HEAVY STREET BY INTERNALISATION OF STREET, BUT OLD STREETS IS SENSITIVE TO VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

IN SOME PLACES, PEDESTRIANIZATION OF STREETS CAN HELP ENCOURAGING STREET LIFE AND NEW STREET PROGRAM


P.9

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GROWING TYPES

The new building technology allows the

construction of skyscrapers, which require

blocks with large size in order to have

efficient development. This leads to the

growth of new type blocks.

The change of building construction

method also leads to the decline of the old

type blocks which were sub-divided into

very 门arrow lots.

5) Heritage Preservation

The heritage preservation helps the old

building blocks survive in the rapid urban

renewal process. Some old blocks are

transformed into other type by changing

of program, but the structures and skins

of the old buildings are kept unchanged.

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PRESERVED TYPES • #


4) New Building Technology NEW BUILDING HERITAGE TECHNOLOGY PRESERVATION

DECLINING TYPES

TRANSFORMING TYPES

THE SCALE OF STREET MUST BE CAREFULLY DESIGNED. NEW BUILDINGS ARE RESISTANT TO HEAVY STREET BY INTERNALISATION OF STREET, BUT OLD STREETS IS SENSITIVE TO VEHICULAR TRAFFIC.

IN SOME PLACE, PEDESTRIANI2ATI0N OF STREET CAN HELP ENCOURAGING STREET LIFE AND NEW STREET PROGRAM


THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS ARE ALL TIME POSITIVE TO THE CITY.

INSTEAD OF KEEPING STRUCTURE AND CHANGING PROGRAM INSIDE. ORIGINAL LANDSCAPE AND STRUCTURE OF THOSE BUILDINGS CAN BE MODIFIED TO CREATE NEW PUBLIC SPACE AND PROGRAM.

P.10

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6) Government Hill Axis

The government hill axis leads to the

concentration of single-owner blocks along

the axis. And the inter-block relationship

along the axis can be kept through the

several reclamations in the recent 100

years.

7) Building Ordinance

New building ordinance such as needs for

accessible street creates some 门on-

developable lots in the center of some old

type blocks, and leads to the emergence

of the ''courtyard" block, which is type 2.

GOVERNMENT HILL AXIS

BUILDING ORDINANCE

Also, new building ordinance such as

needs for prescribe windows, limitation on

site coverage, means of escape, leads to

more complex building types which

requires much larger site. This leads to

the combination of small lots into larger

lots, subsequently leads to transformation

of block type.

S

THE INTER-BLOCK ARRANGEMENT ON THE GOVERNMENT HILLAXIS IS NOT RETAINED IN THE LATEST RECLAMATION ZONE.

INTER-BLOCK ARRANGEMENT IN THOSE NEW LAND SHOULD BE REDESIGNED SO THAT THE CHARACTERS OF THE AXIS WILL NOT BE CONTAMINATED.

CURRENT BUILDING ORDINANCE TREATS ALL BUILDINGS EQUALLY, BUT WITHOUT SPECIFIC CARE REGARDING DIFFERENT SITUATIONS OF DIFFERENT BLOCKS.

NEW CONCEPTS MUST BE INTRODUCED TO THE ORDINANCE TO PROTECT THE CHARACTERS OF URBAN BLOCK.

P.11


CHANGS QF LOT SCALE IN BLQgK


3) sub-cultures

This is the study of sub-cultures in terms

of the distribution, block type, program,

spatial sequence and temporal spatial

requirement along the Peel Street in

Central. The sub-cultures are

1) white-collar workers who work in

the office,

2) local resident,

3) upper class local resident,

4) creative industry and

5) SoHo (western pubs and

restaurants)

In the column of distribution, we can see

that all sub-cultures are concentrated and

have clear boundaries.

SUB-CULTURE DISTRIBUTION BLOCK TYPE

111

Q D t: D 0 I [fi ] (/)

WHITE-COLLAR WORKER (WORKING GROUPS IN OFFICE BUILDINGS)

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LOCAL RESIDENT A (GLASS ROOT AND MIDDLE CLASS)

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LOCAL RESIDENT B (UPPER CLASS LIVING IN LUXURIOUS APARTMENTS)

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CREATIVE INDUSTRY (STUDIOS AND GALLERIES USERS)

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SOHO (WESTERN PUBS AND RESTAURANTS) - • … % / .

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study of sub-cultures done by Chow Chun Man

In the column of types, we can see that

the sub-divided block types such as

2,3,4,5 are good container of all sub-

cultures, in contrary, new block types

such as 8,9 can only contain the office

buildings for the white-collar worker.

P.12


Different sub-cultures have different

spatial requirement. For example, office

buildings need lifts and car parks and

attachment to wide roads. Luxurious

resident buildings also need lifts and car

parks but the lower class resident

buildings don't.

DIAGRAM SPATIAL SEQUENCE

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I N D O O R

APARTMEMT

APARTMEfJT

APARTMENT

APARTMENT

LOBBY U FT; STAIR

SHOP "i STREET

T • i MARKET ！

I N D O O R

APARTMEMT

APARTMEfJT

APARTMENT

APARTMENT

LOBBY U FT; STAIR

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APARTMENT APARTMENT APARTMENT CI.IJB HCMJSir

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study of sub-cultures

done by Chow Chun Man

P.13


Different sub-cultures also have different

special requirement in different time. For

example, the creative industry and SoHo

people need to operate at night but the

upper class need to live in quiet

environment at all time. The street market

need to be high dense, crowded, noisy

and wet while the white-collar like to be

quiet, clean and dry.

The study of sub-culture shows the

typology of urban block has a close

relationship with the existence of sub-

cultural groups.

TEMPORAL SPATIAL REQUIREMENT 3 6 12 18 24

time

working

transport

catering

OUiETAND CLE/kN AND BRIGHT

CROWDED AND NOISY

3 12 15 18 21

time

living food buying

OUIET ANO DARK

QUIET AND CLEAN AND f

9 12 15 18 21 24

l i v ing

「park

club house

Q JIETANO CLEAN AND ISOLATED OlIIETAND DARK

ISOLATED

3 6 9 12 15 18 21

time -

working

displaying

selling QUIEl AND CLEAN ANO CLOSf； TO STREET

C'UIFTAND CLEAN

3 6 9 12 15 18 21

time

street life drink food

CROWDED AND NOISY

CROWDED AND NOISY AND DARK

Study of sub-cultures done by Chow Chun Man

P.14

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ACCESSIBLE BY PEDESTRIANS

S AND ESCALATORS

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LUXURY APARTMENT ( > H K S 7 . C ) 0 3 @ n s . q )

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Site Contextual Study, 1:3000 done by Chow Chun Man

P.15


4) site contextual study in the scale of 1 to 3,000

Site mapping regarding different parameters such as distribution of office building�

residential apartment, street market, creative industry, pub, and also ages of

building and pattern of pedestrian, open space and roads.

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Proposed Site and Conclusion

The area around the street market in Graham Street and Peel Street is selected for

site in the next stage of this thesis, for it is border line of the new type blocks and

old type blocks, also its rich context of sub-cultures. Conflicts arise when old type

blocks cannot survive the new programmatic needs of the city. As a result, old type

blocks are replaced by new type blocks, at the same time, existing sub-cultures,

spatial characters and communal networks are destroyed.

A LIRA projects is now being undertaken to so-called��renew� the area. Numbers of

old buildings will be demolished and the street market will be destroyed.

This thesis tries to give alternative proposal by creating new type blocks, which on

one hand, fulfilling the new programmatic needs, and on the other hand maintaining

the spatial environment of the existing sub-culture groups, eventually maintaining

the special and diversified characters of Central.

NEW BUILDINGS OF URA PROJECTS INTRODUCE NEW USERS TO THE SITE

BUILDINGS TO BE DEMOLISHED DESTORY OF LOCAL NETWORK AND SUB-CULTURE

BUILDINGS ALONG THE STREET MARKET AS CONTAINER OF THE LOCAL NETWORK AND SUB-CULTURE

APARTMENT BUILDINGS FOR POLICEMEN (UNOCCUPIED)

CENTRAL"^ MID-tEVEL

‘ESCALATORS

DEVELOPED BY LDC, BUILT IN 19S8

ALL OLD BUILDINGS WERE DEMOLISHED IN THE BLOCK FOR THE NEW DEVELOPEMENT

CENTRAL / MARKET

‘(UNOCCUPIED)

3D Model of the Proposed Site done by Chow Chun Man

P.16

Central, Hong Kong, figure and ground, 2007 the area bounded by red line is the study area of thesis the red coloured blocks are the proposed site done by Chow Chun Man

site plan done by Chow Chun Man

.17


Site Conditions

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Design Strategy

Front Street and Urban Courtyard/ Backlane form the two surfaces of traditional urban block. Traditionally, Front Street serves as main circulation network of urban block, and it forms a delicate ecology of sub-cultures with stringent spatial requirements, which is incompatible with other programs and sub-cultures.

existing relationship between front street and

urban courtyard/ backlane

non-courtyard blocks combined to form courtyard

block

connected urban courtyard serve as an alternative circulation network and

space for new constructions

As a design strategy, this thesis intends to make use of Urban Courtyard/ Backlane to serve as an alternative circulation network which provide individual lots/ buildings with the possibilities to develop new programs, while the existing spatial practices in Front Street can be preserved.

P.18


Urban Transformation Process 1960s

In the 60s, the blocks were sub-divided into narrow lots with width of 4-5m.

The buildings had 3 to 4 storeys.

Mf,

existing

Small and narrow lots were combined into bigger lots and developed into highrise with modern building technologies.

Street food market is developed in the front streets.

c： c e c.

URA

Bunch of old buildings will be demolished and redeveloped into giant towers of residential apartments, offices and hotel.

Street market will be destroyed.

an alternative Urban courtyards and backlanes are used to initiate a new urban transformation process.

Non-courtyard blocks are combined to form courtyard blocks, with demolition of selected buildings.

P.19


existing buildings

connected courtyards

streets and shops

new buildings

parks

o

Instead of demolition of all old buildings to gain a clear site, over 70% of existing buildings are preserved to minimize the impact on the existing spatial practices.

Urban courtyards are connected to form a new circulation network for new programs. Also, it offers basic infrastructures to the blocks, such as open space and private communal space.

Between the front streets and the courtyards are thresholds which serve to signify the spatial change.

Shops along the streets are preserved so that the existing spatial practices ar maintained.

New-built shops are managed by a governmental body to control the program and rental price of the shops, so that effect of gentrification is minimized.

Corner sites are selected to redeveloped Hqto new middle-rise buildings for finamqlal return of the initial coastriTctions.

^AffcTrdable housing is provided in these "iDuildings to act against gentrification.

Flat-to-flat compensation is also provided for the local residents by using these buildings.

Shared car parks are offered to the blocks to enhance infrastructure of the blocks.

P.20


Building Envelope

Development of the individual lots are subject to a virtual building envelope to ensure spatial qualities of the blocks, such as ventilation, viewing, natural lighting and development density.

Catalytic Buildings

New buildings with modern building technologies are built in the courtyards as an urban renewal catalyst. It can colonize the surrounding buildings for space expansion, by constructing linking bridges.

Exiting old buildings can be adaptively reused in this process, demolition of old structures can be avoided.

•、：^

P.21


Programmatic Transformation

Program (existing)

Program (LIRA)

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Program (proposed)

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retail shop

office

hotel

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P.22


Final Design

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student: Chow Chun-man 06426860

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Bibliography

1. image from "Hong Kong - City of Vision", chapter 3 by Peter Cookson-Smith.

2. Leon, Krier. Architecture Choice or Fate. Andreas Papadakis Publisher, 1998,

p.16.

3. Dennis, Sharp. Kisho Kurokawa, From the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life.

Book Art Ltd, 1998, pp. 40-41.

p.28

ARCHITECTURE LIBRARY 建築學圖書餘

THESIS畢業論文 Overdue Fines on Thesis

HKSl.OO per hour

4 hrs, Time Due

還書時間

2 0 DEC “ F9

‘ 2 ''JG 2D!I 1

3 r. J i•.山 1 .牛O

1 2 SEP 2011 -

2 8 ^ 2 0 : 1

-D i-viif

1 ？ ” J T]!2

CUHK

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urban block typology a s urban generator · 1) urban block typology, 2) urban forces shaping urban...

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