urbact summer university 2013 - masterclass - catalin berescu "roma ghettos in european cities:...
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Presentation given by Catalin Berescu during the URBACT Summer University 2013 in DublinTRANSCRIPT
Roma Ghettos in European Cities: Who Made Them?
Cătălin Berescu architect, PhD
What is a ghetto?• Who are the Roma?
» Are Romanies migrants? What is a Gadje?
» What is the difference between Romanians and Roma?
• Who did the first ghetto?• Are we still building ghettos?
– What about the illegal camps?
• Who’s in, what and when are we going to do something?
• EU to local – good practices?• Who is discriminating and on what grounds?• Social housing vs. forced evictions
2Roma Ghettos in European Cities:
Ghetto• Venice, Florence
– segregation, political control• Shtetl – The Jewish Pale of settlements
– teritorial segregation, prostitution, estreme poverty• Jadabwne, Dorohoi
– neighbourhood pogrom• Iasi, Odessa
– military pogrom• Budapest
– urban planning operation, Holocaust / Shoah / Samudaripen• Chicago
– hidden violence
» Holocaust City - Tim Cole; Bodies and Souls – Isabel Vincent; Making the Second Ghetto – Arnold Hirsch; Neighbours – Jan Gross;
Ghetto• ghetto / slum / banlieu / barriada / mahala / varos /
bidonville / șatră / țigănie / campo nomadi / platz / kampung
» Urban Outcasts - Loic Wacquant; Planet of Slums – Mike Davis; Shadow Cities – Robert Newirth; Architecture for the Poor – Hassan Fathy
» Global – local – glocal » Multiple determinations, intersectionality» Segregation, self-segregation, gated communities (ghettos chics)
» Les ghettos du Gotha – Michel Pincon; Le ghetto francais – Eric Maurin
slum
New Poverty
Ghetto
Historical GhettoJewish Ghetto in Venice, Warsaw, Budapest, etc.
Rich black ghetto
Ethno-CampNon conflictual Ethnic neighbourghood
(recent migrant areas, war
refugee camps) subsidiarity, diminished ethnical dimension
Residential segregation,
Exposure to improper housing conditions,
Exposure to hazard conditions (Environmental racism),
Forced evictions, rent refusal, acces problems
Ethno Park“Purely” ethnic areas
mahala, țigănie, șatră, sat, new development zones with a strong ethnic dimension
Substandard housing
Discrimination
Poverty
Cultural Difference Ethnicity, Race, sexual orientation etc relative poverty
banlieu
poverty neighborghood
severe poverty
extreme poverty
slum
Rosia Montana
Roma Ghettos in European Cities: SECOND PART: How to make a CV for a Ghetto researcher
Catalin Berescu
CV: recycle / common space
CV: recycle - tradition
Jurilovca – Dolosman Cape ADOBE 2006-2010
Dolosman
Adobe houses, floodings and Roma communities
CV: recycle - stereotypy
Venice Architecture Biannual 2008
CV: recycle - stereotypy
CV: (re)cycle - science
CV: mapping the invisible
Bucharest – Peisajului St. – informal Roma settlement in a flooding area - 2005
Forced evictions + residential segregation
CV: mapping the opinions
CV: mapping the toilets
CV: mapping poverty
CV: mapping the fear
CV: mapping the elections
CV: recycle ghettos
Roma Ghettos in European Cities: THIRD PART: Europe – State of the Art
Catalin Berescu
Roma in Eastern Europe
Who is a Roma? Where? How many?
RomaniaRomania has the largest number of Roma
inhabitants in Europe. The economy of transition produced a decline in their housing condition, leading to an acute social exclusion. The racist attitude that forms the background of urban decisions can be seen today in the alarming development of the shantytowns surrounding the Romanian towns. The post revolution era reversed the process that defined the communist period – after the forced settlement of the nomads, the gypsies were the first to loose their jobs and to be evicted.
Romania
Tirgu Mures – Cold Valley
Serbia
• Gazela Bridge» Municipality relocation plan, Vladimir Macura - Holcim Awards,
UNHABITAT, Roma Decade, Belville, Orlovsko Naselje
Slovakia“Some 14 walls segregating predominantly Roma
neighbourhoods have popped up across the country since 2008, the latest erected in the country’s second largest city earlier this month. The walls differ in size and scope, but all are designed to segregate the poorer Roma communities from their neighbours. While such walls exist elsewhere in Europe the Slovak trend is exponentially stronger than anything underway elsewhere, said Dezideriu Gergely, executive director of the Budapest-based European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC). “This reflects and ‘us and them’ rhetoric that says there needs to be a clear distinction,” he said.” (The Economist, 25.07.2013)
Nalepkovo (photo Marek Hojsik)
Hungary
Bulgaria
Greece
Greece
Roma in Western Europe
• Italy – Rome / Castel Romano
Roma in Western Europe
Italy
Castel Romano – Villagio della Solidarita (Walter Veltroni) 6 mil Euro
Napoli
Via del Reposo
Napoli
Scampia Casa Rosa
Napoli
France
• Paris St. Denis / Aubervilliers / Bobigny• National Action Plan against Substandard Housing
– Substandard, indecent (logement indigne), insalubrious, dangerous– Political vs. Technical vocabulary
Paris• St Denis
Paris
Paris
UK
http
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UK
Roma Ghettos in European Cities: FOURTH PART: Roma by Gadje
Catalin Berescu
Nomad / settled• Are Roma
nomads?• Are nomads
Roma?• Roma vs.
Gipsy
Rudari/baiesi
Lehliu - Romania
Roma PalacesBuzescu
Fot
o: Io
if K
iraly
Roma Palaces
Fot
o: Io
if K
iraly
Fot
o: Io
if K
iraly
Ciurea, Iasi
Photo Serban Bonciocat Photo Peter Velciov
Soroca, Moldova
Cluj – Pata Rat - Dallas
Cluj – Pata Rat – Garbage Pit
Roma Ghettos in European Cities: FINAL PART: The making-of a Ghetto
Catalin Berescu
The Making of a Ghetto• Housing discrimination
– Water» The European Roma Rights Centre is concerned by reports that municipal
authorities in Torino, Italy, have cut the water supply of a public fountain providing water for approximately 300 Roma, including children and women. The Roma live in a nearby semiformal camp, Corso Tazzoli. The public fountain, the closest source of safe drinking water for the Roma, has been out of use since 29 July 2013. The ERRC is calling for the tap to be reconnected immediately.
» Last week a Hungarian local authority cut public water supplies, affecting thousands of Roma. We are deeply concerned by these repeated incidents, and urge public authorities to allow Roma access to safe drinking water and to develop positive, proactive solutions for Roma communities and their inclusion. (http://www.errc.org/article/italy-torino-municipality-shuts-off-water-supply-near-roma-camp/4183 )
59Title of Your Presentation
Orăştie – Mecanica StadiumSorinel shows us the well proudly. It is the
only water source for the 20 families that live here. They have been moved in the lockers under the Mecanica Stadium tribunes, from a delapidated block of flats with no utilities. Even if water is pouring from the ceilings whenever it rains, they succeeded in keeping the place clean. Medicinal plants grow here and there on the former football pitch; people look after a garden near the entrance, and there were several attempts to breed a swine, but the town hall denied it because they would "damage the pitch". Dampness and mould, chilliness and the garbage produced by "the dirty ones” lead to a high level of morbidity.
Orăştie – Mecanica Stadium
Orăştie – Mecanica Stadium
Orăştie – Mecanica Stadium
Miercurea Ciuc (Csikszereda)• Social housing for Roma
Municipality Ghetto
No intervention ghetto
No intervention ghetto
No intervention ghetto
NGO intervention
Dorohoi
DorohoiMinimal apartment
5-6 people3 rooms 13.500 Euro
Dorohoi
Roma Ghettos in European Cities: Who Made Them?
Cătălin Berescu architect, PhD
Thank you!