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Table of Contents

Section I: Country & Region Name of Variable...............................................................................................2Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI)..............................................................................................5

2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions..................................................................................................62.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction.............................................................................................72.3 FGI Scales Item Wording..................................................................................................................9

2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Item.........................................................................................92.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Year........................................................................................13

2.4 FGI Data Process and Final Scores.................................................................................................25Section III: GLOBE Culture Database.............................................................................................................29

3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions...................................................................................................303.2 Data Collection..............................................................................................................................323.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions.........................................................................................33

Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture Database......................................................................................................364.1 Variable Sources and Definitions...................................................................................................374.2 Data collection...............................................................................................................................38

4.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM data bank)..........................384.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program.......................................................................................384.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS).........................................................................384.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS).........................................................38

4.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions.........................................................................................39References....................................................................................................................................................44Appendix A-1: Complete Matrix for 89 Countries & Regions …………………………………………………………………..46Appendix A-2: Modified Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions …………………………………………………………………..47Appendix A-3: Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions (Sorted by Year)………………………………………………………….48Appendix B-1: FGI by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52Appendix B-2: FGI by Year……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….53Appendix B-3: Hofstede’s by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………54Appendix B-4: Hofstede’s by Year…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55Appendix B-5: GLOBE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………56

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Section I: Country & Region Name of Variable

Table 1-1 Country & region name of variableSorted by lable value Sorted by countries & regions' names

Country & Region Names Label Country & Region Names Label

Albania ALB Albania ALB

Arab Countries ARA Arab Countries ARA

Argentina ARG Argentina ARG

Australia AUS Australia AUS

Austria AUT Austria AUT

Belgium BEL Bangladesh BGD

Bangladesh BGD Belgium BEL

Bulgaria BGR Bolivia BOL

Bolivia BOL Brazil BRA

Brazil BRA Bulgaria BGR

Canada CAN Canada CAN

Switzerland CHE Chile CHL

Switzerland (French-speaking) CHE (F) China CHN

Chile CHL Colombia COL

China CHN Costa Rica CRI

Colombia COL Czech Republic CZE

Costa Rica CRI Czechia CZC

Czechia CZC Denmark DNK

Czech Republic CZE East Africa EAF

Germany DEU Ecuador ECU

Germany (former East) DEU (E) Egypt EGY

Germany (former West) DEU (W) El Salvador SAL

Denmark DNK Estonia EST

East Africa EAF Finland FIN

Ecuador ECU France FRA

Egypt EGY Georgia GEO

Spain ESP Germany DEU

Estonia EST Germany (former East) DEU (E)

Finland FIN Germany (former West) DEU (W)

France FRA Greece GRC

United Kingdom GBR Guatemala GTM

Georgia GEO Hong Kong HKG

Greece GRC Hungary HUN

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Guatemala GTM Iceland ISL

Hong Kong HKG India IND

Hungary HUN Indonesia IDN

Indonesia IDN Iran IRN

India IND Ireland IRL

Ireland IRL Israel ISR

Iran IRN Italy ITA

Iceland ISL Jamaica JAM

Israel ISR Japan JPN

Italy ITA Jordan JOR

Jamaica JAM Kazakhstan KAZ

Jordan JOR Kuwait KWT

Japan JPN Luxembourg LUX

Kazakhstan KAZ Malaysia MYS

South Korea KOR Malta MLT

Kuwait KWT Mexico MEX

Luxembourg LUX Morocco MAR

Morocco MAR Namibia NAM

Mexico MEX Netherlands NLD

Malta MLT New Zealand NZL

Malaysia MYS Nigeria NGA

Namibia NAM Norway NOR

Nigeria NGA Pakistan PAK

Netherlands NLD Panama PAN

Norway NOR Peru PER

New Zealand NZL Philippines PHL

Pakistan PAK Poland POL

Panama PAN Portugal PRT

Peru PER Qatar QAT

Philippines PHL Romania ROM

Poland POL Russian RUS

Portugal PRT Singapore SGP

Qatar QAT Slovakia SVK

Romania ROM Slovenia SVN

Russian RUS South Africa ZAF

El Salvador SAL South Africa (black sample) ZAF (b)

Singapore SGP South Africa (white sample) ZAF (w)

Suriname SUR South Korea KOR

Slovakia SVK Spain ESP

Slovenia SVN Suriname SUR

Sweden SWE Sweden SWE

Thailand THA Switzerland CHE

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Trinidad TTO Switzerland (French-speaking) CHE (F)

Turkey TUR Taiwan TWN

Taiwan TWN Thailand THA

Uruguay URY Trinidad TTO

United States USA Turkey TUR

Venezuela, RB VEN United Kingdom GBR

Vietnam VNM United States USA

West Africa WAF Uruguay URY

Yugoslavia YUG Venezuela, RB VEN

South Africa ZAF Vietnam VNM

South Africa (black sample) ZAF (b) West Africa WAF

South Africa (white sample) ZAF (w) Yugoslavia YUG

Zambia ZMB Zambia ZMB

Zimbabwe ZWE Zimbabwe ZWE

Note: 1. Arabic speaking region (ARA): Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and

United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of data for individual countries.

2. East African region (EAF): Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.

3. West African region (WAF): Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 4 countries into one region.

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Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI)

Contents of Section II

2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction2.3 FGI Scale Item Wording

2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Item 2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Year

2.4 FGI Data Process and final scores

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2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions

Table 2.1-1 FGI Variable Sources and DefinitionVariable Name

Full Name Data Source Definition

FGI1995 Facilitative government index in 1995 WEFIMD (1995) FGI: The degree to which government facilitates independent organization. It is a composite measure including the following items: 1. Protectionism; 2. Bureaucracy; 3. Bribing and corruption; 4. Justice; 5. Legal regulation of financial institutions; 6. Intellectual property rights. (This item is n.a. in the year 2005 and 2006.)

FGI1996 Facilitative government index in 1996 IMD (1996)FGI1997 Facilitative government index in 1997 IMD (1997)FGI1998 Facilitative government index in 1998 IMD (1998)FGI1999 Facilitative government index in 1999 IMD (1999)FGI2000 Facilitative government index in 2000 IMD (2000)FGI2001 Facilitative government index in 2001 IMD (2001)FGI2002 Facilitative government index in 2002 IMD (2002)FGI2003 Facilitative government index in 2003 IMD (2003)FGI2004 Facilitative government index in 2004 IMD (2004)FGI2005 Facilitative government index in 2005 IMD (2005)FGI2006 Facilitative government index in 2006 IMD (2006)

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2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction1

Due to problems with non-independence of items in the old FGI (World Bank items and the CPI item included data from the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook), we redid the FGI using only the survey data from the World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development 1995 World Competitiveness Report (Geneva: EMF Foundation). We started with the 32 items that Rao (2005) had taken from IMD World Competitiveness yearbook. These items were chosen as items that might be connected to the concept of facilitative government, governance quality, and order in the economy. It is called FGI1995 in all publications. The 32 items are below:

Table 2.2-1 FGI1995 – Original 32 ItemsParallel economy - impairs (1.10) Political risk rating (3.51)

Economic risk taking (1.28) Fair Justice (3.52)

Restructuring needed (1.29) Financial risk (4.25)

Protectionism (2.42) Legal regulation is adequate (4.35)

Foreigner treatment (2.44) Corporate credibility (6.20)

Strategic alliances common (2.46) Organization of the workplace - efficient (6.28)

Cross border venture controls (2.47) Willingness to delegate (6.31)

State interference (3.17) Managerial rewards long-term (6.32)

State control of enterprises (3.18) Employee turnover (6.35)

Investment (3.19) Industrial relations (6.36)

Price controls (3.20) Intellectual property (7.22)

Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25) Women career opportunities (8.13)

Transparency - govt communicates intentions (3.27)

In-company training (8.38)

Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) Retraining willingness (8.50)

Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) Worker motivation (8.51)

Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48) Value competitiveness (8.56)

Note: Numbers in parentheses refer to numbering system used in 1995. Numbers change each year

Factor analysis was performed on these items as follows: 1. Requested all factors with eigenvalues > 1. Got 6 factors. 2. Dropped all items not loading > .40 or cross loaing unless represented a core FGI

concept. Got 5 factors. 3. Dropped items not loading at least .40 on any factor. Got 5 factors. 4. Dropped items that loaded strongly on a factor that additionally had only weak cross

1 This step was done by Kenji Klein.

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loading items. Got 4 factors. 5. Dropped cross loading items (border controls and women’s opportunities). Got 4 factors. 6. Dropped items loading strongly on factor that additionally had only weak cross loadings

(foreigner treatment). Constrained to 2 factors. 7. Dropped item (price controls) loading > 1.0 on a factor8. Got final two factors with clear loadings, getting Facilitative Government Index and

Internal Organizational Effectiveness scales.

Table 2.1-2 FGI1995 Factor Analysis Result – 10 itemsFacilitative Government Index 1995 Component 1 2 Intellectual property (7.22) - 95 0.881 0.045 Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 95 0.842 0.072 State control of enterprises (3.18) - 95 0.837 0.052 Political risk rating (3.51) - 95 0.826 -0.124 Protectionism (2.42) - 95 0.795 -0.181 State interference (3.17) - 95 0.778 0.189 Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 95 0.754 0.175 Fair Justice (3.52) - 95 0.727 0.162 Investment (3.19) - 95 0.716 0.127 Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 95 0.669 0.260 alpha = .829 Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995

Value competitiveness (8.56) – 95 -0.069 0.887 Managerial rewards long-term (6.32) – 95 0.019 0.876 Retraining willingness (8.50) – 95 -0.015 0.859 Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48) – 95 -0.126 0.787 Corporate credibility (6.20) – 95 0.171 0.715 In-company training (8.38) – 95 0.215 0.680 Worker motivation (8.51) – 95 0.263 0.642 Industrial relations (6.36) – 95 0.367 0.622 Parallel economy - impairs (1.10) – 95 0.036 0.621 Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25) – 95 -0.039 0.566 Strategic alliances common (2.46) – 95 0.258 0.454 alpha = .908

Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.The eigenvalues for the two scales are:FGI1995 (Factor 1): 11.72Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995 (Factor 2): 2.04

From 1996 to 1998, the IMD Executive Opinion Survey was slightly modified from the 1995 survey. In the process, 4 items that had been included in 1995 that are part of our FGI were dropped from the IMD Survey. These 4 items are the four below:1. Investment (3.19) - 95

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2. Political risk rating (3.51) - 953. State control of enterprises (3.18) - 954. State interference (3.17) - 95

This leaves only 6 items available to continue from the 1995 FGI. These 6 items are below: Table 2.1-3 FGI1995 item generation – 6 itemsProtectionism (2.42) - 95

Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 95

Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 95

Fair Justice (3.52) - 95

Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 95

Intellectual property (7.22) - 95

2.3 FGI Scales Item Wording

2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Item

Below are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed.

Table 2.3.1-1 Item Wording - ProtectionismYear Item

CodeItem Name Low Score on Scale High Score on Scale

1995199619971998199920002001

P95P96P97P98P99P00P01

Protectionism National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.

National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported

2002 P02 Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.

Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.

20032004

P03P04

Protectionism in your economy negatively affects

Protectionism in your economy does not

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the conduct of your business.

negatively affect the conduct of your business.

20052006

P05P06

Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.

Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.

Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.Table 2.3.1-2 Item Wording - BureaucracyYear Item


1995199619971998199920002001

B95B96B97B98B99B00B01

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy hinders business development.


20022003200420052006

B02B03B04B05B06

Bureaucracy hinders business activity.

Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.

Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.

Table 2.3.1-3 Item Wording – Improper Practices / Bribing and CorruptionYear Item


1995

C95C96

Improper Practices

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption)

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not

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19961997

C97 prevail in the public sphere.

prevail in the public sphere.

1998

C98 Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.

199920002001

C99C00C01

Bribing and corruption

Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.

Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.

20022003200420052006

C02C03C04C05C06

Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.

Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.


Table 2.3.1-4 Item Wording - JusticeYear Item

CodeItem Name

Low Score on Scale High Score on Scale

1995199619971998

J95J96J97J98

Justice There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.

There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.

199920002001200220032004

J99J00J01J02J03J04

Justice is not fairly administered in society.

Justice is fairly administered in society.

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2005 J052006 J06 Justice is not fairly

administered [in society].Justice is fairly administered [in society].


Table 2.3.1-5 Item Wording – Legal Regulation of Financial InstitutionsYear Item


1995199619971998199920002001200220032004

L95L96L97L98L99L00L01L02L03L04

Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions

Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.

Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.

20052006

- - - -

Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.Note: The item “Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions” is not included in the IMD Yearbook 2005 and 2006.

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Table 2.3.1-6 Item Wording – Intellectual Property / Patent and Copyright Protection / Intellectual Property RightsYear Item


1995199619971998

I95I96I97I98

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.

Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.

199920002001

I99I00I01

Patent and copyright protection

Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.

Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.

2002 I02 Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.

20032004

I03I04

Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].

2005 I05 Intellectual property rights.

Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.

2006 I06 Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].


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2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Year

Below are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed.

Table 2.3.2-1 Item Wording – FGI1995Item Code

Item Name Low Score on Scale High Score on Scale

P95 Protectionism (2.42) National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.


B95 Bureaucracy (3.31) Bureaucracy hinders business development.

Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.

C95 Improper practices (3.32)

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.

J95 Justice (3.52) There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.


L95 Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.35)



I95 Intellectual property (7.22)



Source: World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development (1995). The World Competitiveness Report 1995. Geneva, Switzerland: EMF Foundation.

15


















Source: International Institute for Management Development (1996). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1996. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.

16



















17



P98 Protectionism (2.30)

National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.





Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.










Note:The wording of C98 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 & 1997. (See Table 2.3.1-3)

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C99 Bribing and corruption (3.36)



J99 Justice (3.44) Justice is not fairly administered in society.





I99 Patent and copyright protection (7.26)




Note:1. The wording of C99 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999

from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)2. The wording of J99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)3. The wording of I99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)

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C00 Bribing & corruption (3.36)



J00 Justice (3.42) Justice is not fairly administered in society.





I00 Patent & copyright protection (7.25)






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P01 Protectionism (2.4.02)



B01 Bureaucracy (2.3.15)



C01 Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)



J01 Justice (2.3.18) Justice is not fairly administered in society.


L01 Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.14)



I01 Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)






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Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.

Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.













Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.


Note:1. The wording of P02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001.

(See Table 2.3.1-1)2. The wording of B02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001.

(See Table 2.3.1-2)3. The wording of C02 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from

1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)

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4. The wording of J02 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)5. The wording of I02 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in

2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-6)




Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.

Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.













Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].


Note:1. The wording of P03 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001,

and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)2. The wording of B03 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001.

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1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)4. The wording of J03 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)5. The wording of I03 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002

from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Delete “in your country”.




Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.

Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.













Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced.

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced.



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and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)2. The wording of B04 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001.


1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)4. The wording of J04 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)5. The wording of I04 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002

from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)














I05 Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)

Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.



changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)2. The wording of B05 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001.

(See Table 2.3.1-2)

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3. The wording of C05 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)

4. The wording of J05 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)5. The wording of I05 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002

from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-6)

6. IMD 2005 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)










Bribing and corruption exist in your economy.

Bribing and corruption do not exist in your economy.

J06 Justice (2.5.01) Justice is not fairly administered [in society].

Justice is fairly administered [in society].

I06 Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)

Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].



changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)2. The wording of B06 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001.

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1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2006 from 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-3)

4. The wording of J06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in 2006 from 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-4)Delete “in society”.

5. The wording of I06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004, and changed in 2006 from 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Delete “in your economy”.

6. IMD 2006 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)

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2.4 FGI Data Process and Final Scores

1. Values for each of the 6 scale items were first standardized using the data for all available countries.

2. A mean value was calculated by adding these 6 standardized item values together for each country and dividing by 6.

3. These mean values were standardized for the available countries to create the FGI values.

The Table below list FGI scores for 1995-2006:

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Table 2.4-1 FGI Scores for Countries and Regions (1995-2006)Lable Country & Region Name FGI95 FGI96 FGI97 FGI98 FGI99 FGI00 FGI01 FGI02 FGI03 FGI04 FGI05 FGI06ARG Argentina -0.40 -0.91 -0.36 -0.85 -0.77 -0.98 -0.98 -1.96 -1.97 -1.93 -1.62 -1.52

AUS Australia 1.15 0.94 0.87 1.05 1.05 1.11 1.30 1.05 1.12 1.40 1.15 1.14

AUT Austria 0.93 0.85 0.66 0.61 0.61 0.83 1.24 1.17 1.02 1.35 1.08 1.34

BEL Belgium 0.49 0.36 -0.06 -0.09 0.13 0.27 0.32 0.23 0.37 0.20 0.37 0.22

BRA Brazil -1.00 -1.22 -0.68 -0.73 -0.67 -0.70 -0.88 -0.44 -0.67 -0.85 -0.94 -1.18

CAN Canada 0.87 0.95 1.01 1.10 1.06 1.08 1.06 0.99 0.78 1.21 1.00 0.88

CHE Switzerland 1.15 0.76 0.92 1.05 1.01 1.02 1.07 1.10 1.01 0.76 0.99 0.89

CHL Chile 0.41 0.79 -0.11 0.02 0.58 0.43 0.52 0.56 0.53 0.71 0.67 0.49

CHN China -1.49 -1.14 -0.85 -0.93 -0.96 -1.16 -1.23 -0.83 -0.52 -0.65 -0.94 -0.42

COL Colombia -0.50 -0.69 -1.18 -1.19 -1.16 -1.27 -1.18 -0.86 -0.58 -0.33 -0.89 -0.69

CZE Czech Republic -0.89 -0.69 -0.88 -0.69 -1.04 -1.08 -0.71 -0.33 -0.38 -0.51 -0.35 -0.17

DEU Germany 0.87 0.80 0.76 0.84 0.81 0.86 0.97 0.66 0.60 0.57 0.71 0.60

DNK Denmark 1.44 1.48 1.63 1.51 1.58 1.58 1.43 1.50 1.53 1.68 1.71 1.71

EGY Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.14 　　　　　　　　　　　ESP Spain -0.15 -0.30 0.12 0.04 0.50 0.15 -0.01 0.05 0.01 0.24 0.00 -0.20

EST Estonia 　　　　　　 0.39 0.38 0.60 0.62 0.55 0.64

FIN Finland 1.13 1.15 1.42 1.42 1.59 1.64 1.77 1.83 1.91 1.65 1.76 1.71

FRA France 0.08 0.24 0.19 0.09 0.17 0.12 -0.09 0.00 0.34 0.40 0.30 0.28

GBR United Kingdom 0.90 0.50 0.93 0.74 0.57 0.85 0.61 0.45 0.57 0.24 0.30 0.30

GRC Greece -0.59 -0.64 -0.40 -0.61 -0.39 -0.55 -0.14 -0.44 -0.28 -0.54 -0.71 -0.51

HKG Hong Kong 1.23 1.23 1.10 1.05 1.07 0.81 0.98 0.85 0.94 0.96 1.28 1.31

HUN Hungary -0.61 -0.53 -0.50 -0.30 -0.08 0.02 -0.20 -0.26 -0.17 -0.20 0.10 0.05

IDN Indonesia -1.02 -1.27 -1.01 -1.42 -1.82 -1.67 -1.87 -1.70 -1.93 -1.83 -1.60 -1.47

IND India -0.91 -0.88 -1.06 -1.00 -1.03 -1.11 -1.03 -1.12 -1.00 -0.61 -0.68 -0.55

IRL Ireland 0.95 0.92 1.06 1.15 0.89 1.02 1.04 0.85 0.68 0.53 0.73 0.98

29

ISL Iceland 0.30 0.45 0.37 0.67 0.55 0.68 0.94 0.81 1.38 1.11 1.43 1.55

Lable Country & Region Name FGI95 FGI96 FGI97 FGI98 FGI99 FGI00 FGI01 FGI02 FGI03 FGI04 FGI05 FGI06ISR Israel 0.53 0.62 0.33 0.40 0.50 0.36 0.62 0.45 0.16 -0.01 0.20 0.07

ITA Italy -0.91 -0.91 -1.03 -0.70 -0.66 -0.86 -0.64 -0.57 -0.52 -0.91 -0.69 -0.72

JOR Jordan -0.41 　　　　　　　 -0.06 0.09 0.20 0.06

JPN Japan -0.32 -0.57 -0.63 -1.04 -0.50 -0.38 -0.56 -0.49 -0.28 -0.21 0.15 0.35

KOR Korea, Rep. -0.76 -0.88 -1.30 -1.68 -1.47 -0.97 -0.82 -0.53 -0.83 -0.57 -0.03 -0.57

LUX Luxembourg 0.49 1.08 1.05 0.92 1.19 1.04 0.98 1.18 1.10 0.88 0.53 0.41

MEX Mexico -1.08 -0.97 -1.06 -0.99 -1.02 -0.87 -0.76 -0.95 -0.99 -1.24 -1.03 -1.20

MYS Malaysia 0.25 0.35 0.32 0.01 -0.29 -0.44 -0.77 0.13 0.44 0.36 -0.28 0.32

NLD Netherlands 1.00 0.99 1.12 1.22 1.09 1.43 1.31 1.17 0.84 0.90 1.04 0.89

NOR Norway 0.85 1.27 1.10 1.12 0.80 0.79 0.24 0.70 0.95 0.87 0.72 1.11

NZL New Zealand 1.69 1.44 1.70 1.56 1.40 1.33 1.28 1.15 1.26 1.10 1.20 1.13

PER Peru -0.30 　　　　　　　　　　　PHL Philippines -1.17 -0.88 -0.86 -0.60 -0.63 -0.88 -1.04 -1.35 -1.10 -1.23 -1.34 -1.37

POL Poland -1.63 -1.37 -1.31 -1.66 -1.16 -0.80 -1.20 -1.71 -1.53 -1.69 -1.61 -1.92

PRT Portugal -0.01 -0.21 -0.15 0.03 0.07 -0.28 -0.34 -0.43 -0.30 -0.22 -0.54 -0.65

ROM Romania 　　　　　　　　 -1.40 -1.40 -1.60 -1.52

RUS Russian -2.27 -2.31 -2.49 -1.45 -2.30 -2.07 -1.72 -1.48 -1.79 -1.31 -1.75 -1.69

SCO Scotland 　　　　　　　　　　 -0.13 0.01

SGP Singapore 1.72 1.52 1.50 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.41 1.49 1.43 1.40 1.48 1.36

SVK Slovak Republic 　　　　　　 -1.22 -1.15 -0.85 -0.63 -0.58 -0.48

SVN Slovenia 　　　　 -1.25 -1.15 -1.02 -0.87 -0.64 -0.84 -1.11 -0.87

SWE Sweden 1.24 1.18 0.75 1.07 1.11 1.18 1.40 1.35 1.19 1.16 0.99 1.06

THA Thailand -0.44 -0.66 -0.62 -1.18 -0.87 -0.89 -0.65 -0.47 -0.25 -0.24 -0.29 -0.52

TUR Turkey -1.12 -0.76 -0.61 -0.77 -0.62 -0.66 -1.00 -1.05 -0.95 -1.03 -0.45 -0.70

TWN Taiwan 0.03 -0.29 -0.51 0.05 0.01 -0.33 -0.24 -0.10 -0.12 0.16 0.38 -0.11

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USA United States 0.74 0.51 0.80 0.70 0.55 0.71 0.74 0.81 0.47 0.66 0.61 0.56

VEN Venezuela, RB -2.22 -2.01 -1.76 -1.61 -1.30 -1.39 -1.16 -1.64 -2.04 -2.20 -2.20 -2.19

Lable Country & Region Name FGI95 FGI96 FGI97 FGI98 FGI99 FGI00 FGI01 FGI02 FGI03 FGI04 FGI05 FGI06ZAF South Africa -0.37 -0.27 -0.27 -0.38 -0.36 -0.28 -0.16 -0.17 -0.09 -0.03 -0.24 -0.18

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Section III: GLOBE Culture Database

Contents of Section III

3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions 3.2 Data collection 3.3 Index scores for countries and regions

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3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions

Table 3.1 GLOBE Culture Value Variable Sources and DefinitionsVariable Name

Full Name Data Source

Author Definitions

UA_P Uncertainty Avoidance Practices

House, et al. (2004)

The extent to which a society actually engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”

FO_P Future Orientation Practices


“The extent to which an a society actually engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”

PD_P Power Distance Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”

IC_P Institutional Collectivism Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.

PO_P Performance Orientation Practices


“The extent to which a society engages in Performance Orientation practices.” Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”

HO_P Humane Orientation Practices


“The extent to which an organization engages in Humane Orientation practices.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”

IGC_P In-Group Collectivism Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.

GE_P Gender Egalitarianism Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”

A_P Assertiveness Practices


“The extent to which a society engages in Assertiveness practices” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”

UA_V Uncertainty House, et The extent to which a society should engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty

34

Avoidance Values al. (2004) Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”

FO_V Future Orientation Values


“The extent to which a society should engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”

PD_V Power Distance Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”

IC_V Institutional Collectivism Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.

PO_V Performance Orientation Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Performance Orientation practices. Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”

HO_V Humane Orientation Values


“The values of respondents regarding how humane-orientated they would like their organizations to be.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”

IGC_V In-Group Collectivism Values


The extent to which a society should engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.

GE_V Gender Egalitarianism Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”

A_V Assertiveness Values


“The extent to which a society exhibits Assertiveness values.” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”

35

3.2 Data Collection

“Data were collected from 62 countries during the interval between 1994 and 1997.” (House, 2004, p.xxii)

The GLOBE culture index contains 9 core dimensions: Uncertainty Avoidance, Future Orientation, Power Distance, Institutional Collectivism, Performance Orientation, Humane Orientation, In-Group Collectivism and Gender Egalitarian. Each of them is measured from two aspects: a) the practices (“As Is”); b) the values (“Should Be”).

36

3.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions

Table 3.3 GLOBE Index Scores for Countries and RegionsCountry & Region

1994-1997PO_P PO_V FO_P FO_V GE_P GE_V AS_P AS_V ICL_P IC_V IGC_P IGC_V PD_P PD_V HO_P HO_V UA_P UA_V

ALB 4.81 5.63 3.86 5.42 3.71 4.19 4.89 4.41 4.54 4.44 5.74 5.22 4.62 3.52 4.64 5.34 4.57 5.37 ARG 3.65 6.35 3.08 5.78 3.49 4.98 4.22 3.25 3.66 5.32 5.51 6.15 5.64 2.33 3.99 5.58 3.65 4.66 AUS 4.36 5.89 4.09 5.15 3.40 5.02 4.28 3.81 4.29 4.40 4.17 5.75 4.74 2.78 4.28 5.58 4.39 3.98 AUT 4.44 6.10 4.46 5.11 3.09 4.83 4.62 2.81 4.30 4.73 4.85 5.27 4.95 2.44 3.72 5.76 5.16 3.66 BOL 3.61 6.05 3.61 5.63 3.55 4.75 3.79 3.73 4.04 5.10 5.47 6.00 4.51 3.41 4.05 5.07 3.35 4.70 BRA 4.04 6.13 3.81 5.69 3.31 4.99 4.20 2.91 3.83 5.62 5.18 5.15 5.33 2.35 3.66 5.68 3.60 4.99 CAN* 4.49 6.15 4.44 5.35 3.70 5.11 4.05 4.15 4.38 4.17 4.26 5.97 4.82 2.70 4.49 5.64 4.58 3.75 CHE 4.94 5.82 4.73 4.80 2.97 4.92 4.51 3.21 4.06 4.69 3.97 4.94 4.90 2.44 3.60 5.54 5.37 3.16 CHE (F) 4.25 5.98 4.27 4.79 3.42 4.69 3.47 3.78 4.22 4.31 3.85 5.35 4.86 2.80 3.93 5.62 4.98 3.83 CHN 4.45 5.67 3.75 4.73 3.05 3.68 3.76 5.44 4.77 4.56 5.80 5.09 5.04 3.10 4.36 5.32 4.94 5.28 COL 3.94 6.42 3.27 5.68 3.67 5.00 4.20 3.43 3.81 5.38 5.73 6.25 5.56 2.04 3.72 5.61 3.57 4.98 CRI 4.12 5.90 3.60 5.20 3.56 4.64 3.75 4.05 3.93 5.18 5.32 6.08 4.74 2.58 4.39 4.99 3.82 4.58 DEU (E) 4.09 6.09 3.95 5.23 3.06 4.90 4.73 3.23 3.56 4.68 4.52 5.22 5.54 2.69 3.40 5.44 5.16 3.94 DEU (W) 4.25 6.01 4.27 4.85 3.10 4.89 4.55 3.09 3.79 4.82 4.02 5.18 5.25 2.54 3.18 5.46 5.22 3.32 DNK 4.22 5.61 4.44 4.33 3.93 5.08 3.80 3.39 4.80 4.19 3.53 5.50 3.89 2.76 4.44 5.45 5.22 3.82 ECU 4.20 6.32 3.74 5.94 3.07 4.59 4.09 3.65 3.90 5.41 5.81 6.17 5.60 2.30 4.65 5.26 3.68 5.16 EGY 4.27 5.90 3.86 5.80 2.81 3.18 3.91 3.28 4.50 4.85 5.64 5.56 4.92 3.24 4.73 5.17 4.06 5.36 ESP 4.01 5.80 3.51 5.63 3.01 4.82 4.42 4.00 3.85 5.20 5.45 5.79 5.52 2.26 3.32 5.69 3.97 4.76 FIN 3.81 6.11 4.24 5.07 3.35 4.24 3.81 3.68 4.63 4.11 4.07 5.42 4.89 2.19 3.96 5.81 5.02 3.85 FRA 4.11 5.65 3.48 4.96 3.64 4.40 4.13 3.38 3.93 4.86 4.37 5.42 5.28 2.76 3.40 5.67 4.43 4.26 GBR 4.08 5.90 4.28 5.06 3.67 5.17 4.15 3.70 4.27 4.31 4.08 5.55 5.15 2.80 3.72 5.43 4.65 4.11 GEO 3.88 5.69 3.41 5.55 3.55 3.73 4.18 4.35 4.03 3.83 6.19 5.66 5.22 2.84 4.18 5.60 3.50 5.24 GRC 3.20 5.81 3.40 5.19 3.48 4.89 4.58 2.96 3.25 5.40 5.27 5.46 5.40 2.39 3.34 5.23 3.39 5.09 GTM 3.81 6.14 3.24 5.91 3.02 4.53 3.89 3.64 3.70 5.23 5.63 6.14 5.60 2.35 3.89 5.26 3.30 4.88 HKG 4.80 5.64 4.03 5.50 3.47 4.35 4.67 4.81 4.13 4.43 5.32 5.11 4.96 3.24 3.90 5.32 4.32 4.63 HUN 3.43 5.96 3.21 5.70 4.08 4.63 4.79 3.35 3.53 4.50 5.25 5.54 5.56 2.49 3.35 5.48 3.12 4.66 Country & 1994-1997

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Region PO_P PO_V FO_P FO_V GE_P GE_V AS_P AS_V ICL_P IC_V IGC_P IGC_V PD_P PD_V HO_P HO_V UA_P UA_VIDN 4.41 5.73 3.86 5.70 3.26 3.89 3.86 4.72 4.54 5.18 5.68 5.67 5.18 2.69 4.69 5.16 4.17 5.23 IND 4.25 6.05 4.19 5.60 2.90 4.51 3.73 4.76 4.38 4.71 5.92 5.32 5.47 2.64 4.57 5.28 4.15 4.73 IRL 4.36 5.98 3.98 5.22 3.21 5.14 3.92 3.99 4.63 4.59 5.14 5.74 5.15 2.71 4.96 5.47 4.30 4.02 IRN 4.58 6.08 3.70 5.84 2.99 3.75 4.04 4.99 3.88 5.54 6.03 5.86 5.43 2.80 4.23 5.61 3.67 5.36 ISR 4.08 5.75 3.85 5.25 3.19 4.71 4.23 3.76 4.46 4.27 4.70 5.75 4.73 2.72 4.10 5.62 4.01 4.38 ITA 3.58 6.07 3.25 5.91 3.24 4.88 4.07 3.82 3.68 5.13 4.94 5.72 5.43 2.47 3.63 5.58 3.79 4.47 JPN 4.22 5.17 4.29 5.25 3.19 4.33 3.59 5.56 5.19 3.99 4.63 5.26 5.11 2.86 4.30 5.41 4.07 4.33 KAZ 3.57 5.41 3.57 5.05 3.84 4.75 4.46 3.84 4.29 4.04 5.26 5.44 5.31 3.15 3.99 5.62 3.66 4.42 KOR 4.55 5.25 3.97 5.69 2.50 4.22 4.40 3.75 5.20 3.90 5.54 5.41 5.61 2.55 3.81 5.60 3.55 4.67 KWT 3.95 6.03 3.26 5.74 2.58 3.45 3.63 3.76 4.49 5.15 5.80 5.43 5.12 3.17 4.52 5.06 4.21 4.77 MAR 3.99 5.76 3.26 5.85 2.84 3.74 4.52 3.44 3.87 5.00 5.87 5.68 5.80 3.11 4.19 5.51 3.65 5.32 MEX 4.10 6.16 3.87 5.86 3.64 4.73 4.45 3.79 4.06 4.92 5.71 5.95 5.22 2.85 3.98 5.10 4.18 5.26 MYS 4.34 6.04 4.58 5.89 3.51 3.78 3.87 4.81 4.61 4.87 5.51 5.85 5.17 2.97 4.87 5.51 4.78 4.88 NAM 3.67 6.40 3.49 6.12 3.88 4.25 3.91 3.91 4.13 4.38 4.52 6.07 5.29 2.86 3.96 5.40 4.20 5.13 NGA 3.92 6.27 4.09 6.04 3.01 4.24 4.79 3.23 4.14 5.03 5.55 5.48 5.80 2.69 4.10 6.09 4.29 5.60 NLD 4.32 5.49 4.61 5.07 3.50 4.99 4.32 3.02 4.46 4.55 3.70 5.17 4.11 2.45 3.86 5.20 4.70 3.24 NZL 4.72 5.90 3.47 5.54 3.22 4.23 3.42 3.54 4.81 4.20 3.67 6.21 4.89 3.53 4.32 4.49 4.75 4.10 PHL 4.47 6.31 4.15 5.93 3.64 4.58 4.01 5.14 4.65 4.78 6.36 6.18 5.44 2.72 5.12 5.36 3.89 5.14 POL 3.89 6.12 3.11 5.20 4.02 4.52 4.06 3.90 4.53 4.22 5.52 5.74 5.10 3.12 3.61 5.30 3.62 4.71 PRT 3.60 6.40 3.71 5.43 3.66 5.13 3.65 3.58 3.92 5.30 5.51 5.94 5.44 2.38 3.91 5.31 3.91 4.43 QAT 3.45 5.96 3.78 5.92 3.63 3.38 4.11 3.80 4.50 5.13 4.71 5.60 4.73 3.23 4.42 5.30 3.99 4.82 RUS 3.39 5.54 2.88 5.48 4.07 4.18 3.68 2.83 4.50 3.89 5.63 5.79 5.52 2.62 3.94 5.59 2.88 5.07 SAL 3.72 6.58 3.80 5.98 3.16 4.66 4.62 3.62 3.71 5.65 5.35 6.52 5.68 2.68 3.71 5.46 3.62 5.32 SGP 4.90 5.72 5.07 5.51 3.70 4.51 4.17 4.41 4.90 4.55 5.64 5.50 4.99 3.04 3.49 5.79 5.31 4.22 SVN 3.66 6.41 3.59 5.42 3.96 4.83 4.00 4.59 4.13 4.38 5.43 5.71 5.33 2.57 3.79 5.25 3.78 4.99 SWE 3.72 5.80 4.39 4.89 3.84 5.15 3.38 3.61 5.22 3.94 3.66 6.04 4.85 2.70 4.10 5.65 5.32 3.60 THA 3.93 5.74 3.43 6.20 3.35 4.16 3.64 3.48 4.03 5.10 5.70 5.76 5.63 2.86 4.81 5.01 3.93 5.61 TUR 3.83 5.39 3.74 5.83 2.89 4.50 4.53 2.66 4.03 5.26 5.88 5.77 5.57 2.41 3.94 5.52 3.63 4.67 TWN 4.56 5.74 3.96 5.20 3.18 4.06 3.92 3.28 4.59 5.15 5.59 5.45 5.18 3.09 4.11 5.26 4.34 5.31 USA 4.49 6.14 4.15 5.31 3.34 5.06 4.55 4.32 4.20 4.17 4.25 5.77 4.88 2.85 4.17 5.53 4.15 4.00 VEN 3.32 6.35 3.35 5.79 3.62 4.82 4.33 3.33 3.96 5.39 5.53 6.17 5.40 2.29 4.25 5.31 3.44 5.26 ZAF (b) 4.66 4.92 4.64 5.20 3.66 4.26 4.36 3.82 4.39 4.30 5.09 4.99 4.11 3.65 4.34 5.07 4.59 4.79 Country & Region

1994-1997PO_P PO_V FO_P FO_V GE_P GE_V AS_P AS_V ICL_P IC_V IGC_P IGC_V PD_P PD_V HO_P HO_V UA_P UA_V

38

ZAF (w) 4.11 6.23 4.13 5.66 3.27 4.60 4.60 3.69 4.62 4.38 4.50 5.91 5.16 2.64 3.49 5.65 4.09 4.67 ZMB 4.16 6.24 3.62 5.90 2.86 4.30 4.07 4.38 4.61 4.74 5.84 5.77 5.31 2.43 5.23 5.53 4.10 4.67 ZWE 4.24 6.45 3.77 6.07 3.04 4.46 4.06 4.60 4.12 4.87 5.57 5.85 5.67 2.67 4.45 5.19 4.15 4.73 Data source: House, Robert J., et al. (Ed.) (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Part IV: Empirical Findings.Note: Canada (CAN): Data are collected in English-speaking areas in Canada.

House et al. (2004) also provides the response bias corrected GLOBE index scores for 60 countries and regions. (Table B.2 in Hofstede (2004)) This index removes the culturally based response bias through a statistical standardization correction procedure. However, we use the original data set instead of the corrected one for the following reasons:1. The corrected values are impossible to interpret.2. The corrected values are ipsative, and thus it is difficult to make between-group comparisons.3. The corrected index is based on the assumption that the cultural response bias is attributable to the entire sample.

39

Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture Database

Contents of Section IV

4.1 Variable Sources and Definitions 4.2 Data Collection

4.2.1 1962-1973 IBM data bank4.2.2 1971 Yugoslavia survey program4.2.3 Around 1985 Chinese Value Survey4.2.4 1997 European Media and Marketing Survey


40

4.1 Variable Sources and Definitions

Table 4.1 Hofstede Culture Value Variable Sources and DefinitionsVariable Name

Full Name Data Source

Author Definitions

PDI Power Distance Hofstede (1980, 2001)

The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

UAI Uncertainty Avoidance Hofstede (1980, 2001)

The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situation.

IDV Individualism/Collectivism

Hofstede (1980, 2001)

Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: Everyone is expected to look after him/herself and her/his immediate family only. Collectivism stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. Which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.

MAS Masculinity/Feminity

Hofstede (1980, 2001)

Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Feminity stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap: Both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.

LTO Long Term Orientation Hofstede (2001)

Long term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, short term orientation, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling social obligation.

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4.2 Data collection

4.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM

data bank)

“The company’s international employee attitude survey program between 1967 and 1973 in two survey rounds produced answers to more than 116,000 questionnaires from 72 countries in 20 languages.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41)

Initial analysis of the IBM data: “The initial analysis was limited to 40 countries with more than 50 respondents each.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41) “For reason of stability of data, ecological correlations and factor analyses were limited to 40 countries.” (Hofstede, 1980, p. 54)

Reanalysis of the IBM data in 1982 adds 10 more countries (Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Panama, Salvador, South Korea, and Uruguay) and 3 regions (Arab countries, East Africa, and West Africa). (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41, p. 44)

4.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program

“In 1971 an opportunity arose to include data from Yugoslavia… It is thus possible to add the Yugoslav data to our list...” (Hofstede, 1980, pp. 62-63)

“When Yugoslavia disintegrated in 1991, I reanalyzed the Yugoslav data on file and was able to split them into Croatia (Zagreb branch office), Serbia (Beograd branch office), and Slovenia (Ljubljana head office).”

4.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS)

“The new dimension, long- versus short-term orientation, was found in the answers of student samples from 23 countries around 1985 to the Chinese Value Survey (CVS)…” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 351)

42

4.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS)

“The EMS 97 covered…16 European countries, of which 15 were part of the IBM set, but only 4 of CVS set. The EMS 97 represented the first larger-scale use of the LTO questions on new respondents.” (Hofstede, 2001, p355)

43


Table 4.3-1 Hofstede’s Culture Index Scores for Countries and Regions over the Years

Country & Region1967-1973 Around 1985 1989 1993 1994 1997 Year N. A.

PDI UAI IDV MAS LTO1 MAS MAS MAS LTO2 PDI UAI IDV MAS LTOARA3 80 68 38 53

ARG 49 86 46 56

AUS 36 51 90 61 31

AUT 11 70 55 79 31

BGD4 40 80 60 20 55

BEL 65 94 75 54 38

BLG5 70 85 30 40

BRA 69 76 38 49 65

CAN 39 48 80 52 23

CHE 34 58 68 70 40

CHE (F) 70 70 64 58

CHL 63 86 23 28

CHN6 118 66 80 30 20

COL 67 80 13 64

CRI 35 86 15 21

CZC7 57 74 58 57 13

DEU (W) 35 65 67 66 31 31

DNK 18 23 74 16 46

EAF8 64 52 27 41 25

44

ECU 78 67 8 63

ESP 57 86 51 42 19


PDI UAI IDV MAS LTO1 MAS MAS MAS LTO2 PDI UAI IDV MAS LTOEST9 30 40 60 60

FIN 33 59 63 26 41

FRA 68 86 71 43 39

GBR 35 35 89 66 25

GRC 60 112 35 57

GUA 95 101 6 37

HKG 68 29 25 57 96

HUN10 46 82 80 88 50

IDN 78 48 14 46

IND 77 40 48 56 61

IRN 58 59 41 43

IRL 28 35 70 68 43

ISR 13 81 54 47

ITA 50 75 76 70 34

JAM 45 13 39 68

JPN 54 92 46 93 80

KOR11 60 85 18 39 75

LUX12 40 70 60 50

MEX 81 82 30 69

MLT13 56 96 59 47

MAR14 68 53 70 46

MYS 104 36 26 50

NGA 16

45

NLD 38 53 80 14 44

NOR 31 50 69 8 44

NZL 22 49 79 58 30


PDI UAI IDV MAS LTO1 MAS MAS MAS LTO2 PDI UAI IDV MAS LTOPAK 55 70 14 50 0

PAN 95 86 11 44

PER 64 87 16 42

PHL 94 44 32 64 19

POL15 32 68 93 60 64

PRT 63 104 27 31 30

ROM16 42 90 90 30

RUS17 36 93 95 39

SAL 66 94 19 40

SGP 74 8 20 48 48

SUR18 85 92 47 37

SVK19 104 51 52 110 38

SVN20 71 88 27 19

SWE 31 29 71 5 33

THA 64 64 20 34 56

TTO21 47 55 16 58

TUR 66 85 37 45

TWN 58 69 17 45 87

URY 61 100 36 38

USA 40 46 91 62 29

VEN 81 76 12 73

VNM22 70 30 20 40 80

46

WAF23 77 54 20 46 16

YUG 76 88 27 21

ZAF 49 49 65 66

ZWE 25

Source: Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Exhibit A5.1 (p. 500), Exhibit A5.2 (p. 501), Exhibit A5.3 (p. 502), Exhibit 7.1 (p. 356) and Exhibit 7.3 (p. 357).

Notes:1. LTO scores in this column are based on Chinese Value Survey (CVS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.1, p. 356.2. LTO scores in this column are based on European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.3, p. 357.3. Arabic-speaking region (ARA): include Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced

to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of individual country data.4. Bangladesh (BGD): Data collection time is not available. Scores are “based on descriptive information” (Hofstede , 2001, p. 502).5. Bulgaria (BLG): Data collection time is not available. Scores are based on descriptive information and observation. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)6. China (CHN): MAS score based on the Wacoal survey in which 50 subjects in Beijing were interviewed in 1993. (Hofstede, 1996).

The PDI, UAI, IND data collection time is not available. These dimensions are “based on observation and an extensive literature” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502).

7. Czechia (CZC): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).8. East African Region (EAF): include Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in

these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.9. Estonia (EST): MAS score based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on observation (Hofstede,

2001, p. 502) and data collection time is not available.10. Hungary (HUN): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).11. South Korea (KOR): The LTO data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).12. Lunxembourg (LUX): Scores are based on “observation and clustering in European Union data” and the data collection time is not available

in Hofstede (2001).

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13. Malta (MLT): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).14. Morocco (MAR): UAI and MAS scores are Arabic-speaking region (ARA) scores. The IDV and PDI data collection time is not available in

Hofstede (2001).15. Poland (POL): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).16. Romania (ROM): MAS score is based on data collected in 1994 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “observation, and

descriptive data,” and the data collection time is not available. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)17. Russia (RUS): MAS score is based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “raw data from

unpublished studies by Bollinger(1988) and Bradley (1998), observation and descriptive data” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not available.

18. Surinam (SUR): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001). 19. Slovakia (SVK): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).20. Slovenia (SVN): Scores are based on reanalysis of IBM data after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 501).21. Trinidad (TTO): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).22. Vietnam (VNM): Scores are based on “observation and descriptive information” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not

available.23. West African Region (WAF): include Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

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References

Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills & London: Sage Publications.

Hofstede, G. H. (1996). Gender stereotypes and partner preferences of Asian women in masculine and feminine cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 533-546.

Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Hofstede, G. H., Kolman, L., Nicolescu, O., & Pajumaa, I. (1996). Characteristics of the ideal job among students in eight countries. In H. Grad, A. Blanco, & J. Georgas (Eds.), Key issues in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 199-216). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: An introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3.

House, Robert J., et al. (Ed.) (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

Rao, A., Pearce, J., & Xin, K. (2005). Governments, reciprocal exchange and trust among business associates. Journal of International Business, 36, 104-118.

World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development (1995). The World Competitiveness Report 1995. Geneva, Switzerland: EMF Foundation.

International Institute for Management Development (1996). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1996. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.




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