universiti teknikal malaysia melakaeprints.utem.edu.my/21910/1/design of a corner chair to ease the...

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

DESIGN OF A CORNER CHAIR TO EASE THE DAILY

ROUTINE OF CEREBRAL PALSY KIDS

This report is submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Universiti

Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor’s Degree in Manufacturing

Engineering Technology (Process and Technology) with Honours

by

NURUL AMIRAH BINTI JALLIL

B071410095

920610145912

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

2017

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: DESIGN OF A CORNER CHAIR TO EASE THE DAILY ROUTINE OF CEREBRAL PALSY KIDS

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2017/18 Semester 1 Saya NURUL AMIRAH BINTI JALLIL mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( )

SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Alamat Tetap:

Lot 494 A, Segambut Bahagia

51200 Kuala Lumpur,

Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Tarikh: ________________________

Disahkan oleh:

Cop Rasmi: Tarikh: _______________________

** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled “Design of a Corner Chair to Ease the Daily

Routine of Cerebral Palsy Kids” is the results of my own research except as cited in

references.

Signature : …………………………………………

Author’s Name : …………………………………………

Date : …………………………………………

APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Degree in Manufacturing

Engineering Technology (Process and Technology) with Honours. The member of the

supervisory is as follow:

………………………………

(Mr. Mohd Azlan bin Mohamed)

i

ABSTRAK

Tujuan projek ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengenal pasti masalah yang dihadapi oleh

kanak-kanak cerebral palsy yang kurang upaya untuk duduk atau berdiri dengan

sendirinya sehingga mereka remaja dan menghadkan aktiviti seharian mereka. Projek

ini bertujuan untuk mereka bentuk dan mengubah suai kerusi sedia ada untuk kanak-

kanak cerebral palsy yang berumur tiga hingga enam tahun. Terdapat beberapa kaedah

yang telah digunakan untuk mengatasi kekurangan kerusi yang sedia ada. Kajian kes

telah dijalankan di Kampung Permatang Pasir, Alai iaitu di rumah Encik Mohd Hamizi

dan Puan Norliza. Encik Hamizi dan Puan Norliza adalah ibu bapa kepada Nur Damia

Darwisyah dan Damia adalah salah seorang pesakit cerebral palsy yang menggunakan

kerusi. Pemerhatian dan temu bual telah dijalankan di Hospital Melaka bersama Puan

Mazitah untuk mengetahui kekurangan kerusi yang sedia ada. Berdasarkan sesi

pemerhatian dan temu bual, idea-idea untuk mereka bentuk kerusi terhasil melalui

konsep proses reka bentuk. Selain itu, pemerhatian dan temu bual juga dijalankan di

Pusat Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti bersama Puan Aspadila binti Paiman. Kriteria

utama adalah untuk mereka bentuk kerusi baru yang boleh membantu kanak-kanak

cerebral palsy ketika duduk dan ketika melakukan aktiviti seharian tanpa jagaan

sepenuhnya dari orang dewasa. Reka bentuk terperinci dihasilkan dengan

menggunakan perisian SolidWorks untuk membina reka bentuk yang lengkap. Projek

ini membuktikan bahawa reka bentuk yang di pilih dapat membantu kanak-kanak

cerebral palsy untuk berjaya seperti kanak-kanak normal yang lain.

ii

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to identify the problem that encountered by cerebral

palsy kids that has less ability to sit nor to stand on their own until adolescence thus

limit their day to day activity. This project aims is to design and innovate the current

corner chair for cerebral palsy kids aged three to six years old. There are several

method that been used to counter the limitation of current corner chair. The case study

had performed at Kampung Permatang Pasir, Alai which is Mr Mohd Hamizi and Mrs

Norliza house. Mr Mohd Hamizi and Mrs Norliza are Nur Damia Darwisyah parent

and Damia is one of the cerebral palsy kid’s that using the corner chair. The

observation and interview session had done at Hospital Melaka with Mrs Mazitah to

know the limitation of current corner chair. Based on the observation and interview

session, the idea on how to redesign the corner chair is come out through conceptual

design process. In addition, observation and interview are also conducted at Pusat

Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti with Puan Aspadila binti Paiman. The main criteria is to

develop a new design of corner chair that can aid them in sitting and perform their

activity under minimum care of adult. Detailed design is develop by using SolidWorks

software to build the complete design. This project proves that the selected design can

help cerebral palsy kids to success similar like another normal kid’s.

iii

DEDICATION

To my beloved parents, sibling and family

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thanks UTeM for accepting me as one of your student in Faculty of

Engineering Technology. To my supervisor, Mr Mohd Azlan bin Mohamed thank you

for always guiding me throughout the project. Also to all my lecturers that had teach

me since in the first year of degree until this final year.

Special thanks to my beloved parent Mr Jallil bin Pagi and Mrs Hasnah binti Isahak,

also my sibling Nurul Afiqah binti Jallil and Farah Aqilah binti Jallil, all my friend for

all the spirit word, love and helping me during all this study journey that give me the

strength to finish my study. Lastly, thank you to Puan Mazitah binti Tahir, Puan

Aspadila binti Paiman, Encik Rifai bin Kumar and others who had been involved in

this project. Thank you everyone.

v

TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstrak i

Abstract ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Content v

List of Tables viii

List of Figures ix

List Abbreviations and Symbols xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Objective 3

1.4 Scope 3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction 4

2.1 Definition of Cerebral Palsy 4

2.1.1 Caused of Cerebral Palsy 6

2.1.2 Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy 7

2.1.3 Classification of Cerebral Palsy 9

2.1.4 Types of Cerebral Palsy 11

2.1.5 Effects of Cerebral Palsy 17

2.1.6 Statistic Cases of Cerebral Palsy 17

2.2 Corner Chair 18

2.3 Product Survey 19

2.4 Other Device Aid for Cerebral Palsy Patient 20

2.4.1 Robotic Platform 19

2.4.2 Exergaming Station 21

vi

2.4.3 Game System 22

2.4.4 Robot-Assisted Therapy 24

2.4.5 Robotic-Assisted Gait Training (RAGT) 25

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction 27

3.1 Project Planning 27

3.1.1 Duration of the Project 29

3.2 Literature Study 29

3.3 Data Collection 30

3.3.1 Field Observation 30

3.3.2 Case Study 31

3.3.3 Interview 32

3.3.4 Questionnaire 35

3.3.5 Journal / Articles 44

3.3.6 Books 45

3.4 Product Design Specification 45

3.4.1 House of Quality (HOQ) 46

3.4.2 Conceptual Design 48

3.4.3 Concept Selection 50

3.4.4 Weighted Rating Evaluation Method 50

3.4.5 Detailed Design 52

3.4.6 3D Modelling 52

3.4.7 3D Drawing 53

3.4.8 3D Assembly 55

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction 56

4.1 Observation 56

4.2 House of Quality 57

4.3 Mechanism of the Product 58

4.3.1 Tree Structure of Design Product 58

4.3.2 Bill of Material (Design Product) 59

vii

4.4 Product Drawing 60

4.4.1 Concept Selection 1 60







4.5 Detail Drawing 67

4.5.1 Detail Drawing Part 67

4.5.2 3D Assembly 78

4.5.3 3D Exploded View 81

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction 82

5.1 Conclusion 82

5.2 Future Work 83

REFERENCES 84

APPENDICES

A Questionnaire Survey

B Gantt Chart

viii

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 List Case Inability 18

2.2 Type of Game System 23

3.1 House of Quality 47

3.2 Scoring classification 50

3.3 Weighted rating evaluation method 51

4.1 Bill of Material (Design Product) 59

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Meaning of Cerebral Palsy 2

1.2 Cerebral Palsy Patient 2

2.1 Definition of Cerebral Palsy 5

2.2 Classification of Cerebral Palsy 11

2.3 Types of spasticity 13

2.4 Types of Cerebral Palsy 16

2.5 CP Walker robotic platform 20

2.6 User wearing the exoskeleton of CP Walker 20

2.7 Child with CP holding Xbox 360 controller 21

2.8 PC Gamer Bike mini and Xbox 360 controller 22

2.9 Robot-Assisted Therapy Video Games 25

2.10 Robot-assisted gait training 26

3.1 Flow Chart 28

3.2 Observation / Case Study 32

3.3 Lower extremity splinting 34

3.4 Wheelchair 35

3.5 Interview session with Mrs Mazitah binti Mohd Tahir 35

3.6 Pie chart for Sex, Race and Age of the Respondents 36

3.7 Percentages of Relations with patient and Income salary 37

3.8 Percentages of respondent that using a corner chair 38

3.9 Percentage of needed a corner chair at home 39

3.10 Percentage of satisfied characteristics of existing corner chair 40

3.11 Percentages of characteristics on existing corner chair not satisfactory 41

3.12 Percentages of characteristics of new design on corner chair 42

3.13 Percentage of help the life process 41

3.14 Article Kosmo 15 February 2017 44

3.15 Conceptual design 1 49


x


3.18 3D Modelling 1 52



3.21 3D Drawing 1 54



4.1 Tree Structure of Design Product 58

4.2 Concept Selection 1 60







4.9 Detail Drawing Seat 67

4.10 Detail Drawing Seat Cover 68

4.11 Detail Drawing Backrest 69

4.12 Detail Drawing Backrest Cover 70

4.13 Detail Drawing Table 71

4.14 Detail Drawing Belt 72

4.15 Detail Drawing Holder 73

4.16 Detail Drawing Stopper 74

4.17 Detail Drawing Lock Hook 75

4.18 Detail Drawing Hinge 76

4.19 Detail Drawing Assembly 77

4.20 Complete Assembly Design 78

4.21 Complete Corner Chair 79

4.22 Method for using corner chair 80

4.23 3D Exploded View 81

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

ART - Assisted Reproductive Technology

BSCP - Bilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy

CBR - Community-Based Rehabilitation

CMV - Cytomegalovirus Virus

CAD - Computer Aided Design

CP - Cerebral Palsy

ER - Event Recognition

FYP - Final Year Project

HOQ - House of Quality

MHRI - Multimodal Human– Robot Interface

OKU - Orang Kurang Upaya

PDK - Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti

PWDs - People with Disabilities

RAGT - Robotic-Assisted Gait Training

RAT - Robot-assisted therapy

SCPE - Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy European Network

WHO - World Health Organization

3D - Three Dimensional

ºC - Celcius

cm - centimeter

kg - kilogram

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter was concentrating on how this project is chosen. It begins with

background study and proceeded with the problem statement that will look on problem

surrounding of the product. Then proceeded with one strongly objective, it is to

identify the aim of this product. Next is the scope of the project, which describe the

most suitable method for use on this project.

1.1 Background

Cerebral palsy (CP) kid has less ability to sit nor to stand on their own until

adolescence thus limit their day to day activity. CP is caused by unusual growth or

injury to the part of the brain that control the motion, balance and posture of body. The

most often CP happen during the pregnancy process known as Assisted Reproductive

Technology (ART), they might also occur during the birthing process known as birth

complication, yellow babies that known as jaundice and kernicterus or kids late to get

medicine when fever. Statistics CP cases is about 2.1 per 1000 live birth.

The transition from kids to adulthood, the change in age and responsibilities,

can be identified as a challenging time for adolescents and young adults with cerebral

palsy. Health care, education and independent living to become same with another kids

sometime give them more sensitive feeling. The sensitive feeling not only felt by kids,

but also felt by their parent. For CP cases, there is no cure, but there may have

supportive treatments, medications, and surgery may help them to survive their life.

This treatments may include the physical therapy, speech therapy and occupational

2

therapy. The best example that can give motivation to cerebral palsy kids is Paralympic

athlete that already success in Olympic Rio like Mohamad Ridzuan bin Mohamad

Puzi, Muhammad Ziyad bin Zolkefli and Abdul Latif bin Romly.

This project aims to design and innovate current corner chair for cerebral palsy

kids aged three to six years old to aid them in sitting and perform their activity under

minimum care of adults. This project involves product design and fabrication.

Figure 1.1: Meaning of Cerebral Palsy

(Source: <http://www.islamtoday.co.za/article/1599 > n.d.)

Figure 1.2: Cerebral Palsy Patient (Nur Damia Darwisyah binti Mohd Hamizi)

http://www.islamtoday.co.za/article/1599/

3

1.2 Problem Statement

The term CP is a part of neurological disorders that appear in earliest stages of

infancy or early childhood and forever affect body movement and muscle

coordination. CP also could be defined as a disorder that appears in infancy and

permanently affect posture and body movement but does not worsen over time.

People with CP may experiences to uncontrolled movement to sitting and

walking. Some of them only can rolling over and crawling their body, it will cause

their muscle become stiff. The unbalance to control body because of injury at the brain.

They may also have difficulties with speaking, swallowing, feeding, chewing and

drooling to move saliva back to the mouth. Cerebral Palsy can be traceable during

pregnancy or birth. However it always happens when kids in seizures condition.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this project is to design and innovate current corner chair for cerebral

palsy kids aged three to six years old to help them in sitting and perform their activity

under minimum care of adults.

1.4 Scope

To achieve the objective of this study, several scopes have been determined:

i. Design and innovate current corner chair using SolidWorks software.

ii. Data collection (Case study and interview)

iii. Fabrication the corner chair.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter introduces the background and to obtain the prior work related to

the project. There are several research found, which was discussed in literature review

that can be related to this project. Besides that journal, books, newspaper, etc. are the

source used as a guide to be provided in this chapter.

2.1 Definition of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is as a group of syndromes of the development of motion

and posture, affecting activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive troubles

that happened in the developing fetal or infant brain. Bilateral spastic CP (BSCP) is a

sub-sort of spastic CP, in which limbs on two sides of the body are involved. Even

though some individuals with BSCP can stand and walk independently with or without

helper devices, these individuals have difficulties to control body while standing.

(Tomita et al., 2016)

According to Bethoux et al., (2017) said that cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder

causing from a non-progressive lesion or damage to the developing brain. CP is

typically categorized according to the predominant type of movement disorder as

spastic, dyskinetic, or ataxic. Spastic CP is associated with white matter damage and

is the most common type, occurring in 80% of CP cases. Patients with spastic CP

exhibit increased muscle stretch reflexes and muscular hypertonicity in their affected

limbs. Dyskinetic CP includes individuals with findings of dystonia and/or

choreoathetosis and occurs in 14% of cases. Ataxic CP, the rarest form, occurs in 4%

5

of cases and predominantly affects balance and coordination. Some patients with CP

exhibit mixed movement patterns. Although CP is caused by a non-progressive lesion

or injury, functional decline may occur with aging. A number of studies have described

progressive walking impairment in adults with CP. Based on survey response, one

study reported that 35% of adults with CP experienced deterioration in walking, and

in most cases, this deterioration occurred before the age of 35 years. Another

longitudinal study showed that walking impairment worsened with time, as the

proportion of adults who had reported walking impairment increased from 39% at

baseline to 52% over a 7-year period. Deterioration of walking function in this study

population was significantly associated with reduced balance and higher levels of pain

and fatigue.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group disorders affected by non-progressive insults to

the brain during early development. The resulting neuronal damage leads to various

types and severity of motor involvement, and a range of primary symptoms such as

spasticity, paresis, and poor motor control along with other secondary symptoms.

(Galey et al., 2017)

Figure 2.1: Definition of Cerebral Palsy

(Source: <http://tsukinegradprogram.blogspot.my/2016/04/rehabilitation-cerebral-

palsy.html> 25/04/16)

http://tsukinegradprogram.blogspot.my/2016/04/rehabilitation-cerebral-palsy.html

http://tsukinegradprogram.blogspot.my/2016/04/rehabilitation-cerebral-palsy.html

6

2.1.1 Causes of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is affected by abnormal brain development (congenital

cerebral palsy) or injury to the developing brain (acquired cerebral palsy) that

effects a child’s skill to control his or her muscles. (Anon n.d.)

1. Congenital Cerebral Palsy: Cerebral palsy linked to brain injury that

happened before or at birth involves 85-90% of CP cases. In many cases,

the causes for congenital cerebral palsy are unidentified. Some risk

influences for congenital CP may include:

a) Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Also identified as infertility

treatments have a more risk for CP, likely due to multiples during pregnant

time and the premature deliveries.

b) Birth Complications: Complications through the birthing process including

uterine rupture, umbilical cord complications, or detachment of the

placenta can effected the oxygen supply to the fetus and caused to get CP.

c) Jaundice and Kernicterus: Often called “yellow babies,” jaundice is the

gathering of bilirubin in the blood of the baby after birth. Untreated severe

jaundice effects kernicterus, which can caused the cerebral palsy.

d) Low Birth Weight: Children especially who weigh less than 3 pounds, five

ounces, have a more risk for developing CP but who weighing less than

five and a half pounds also have potential to get cerebral palsy.

e) Maternal Conditions: Maternal thyroid sickness, intellectual incapacity, or

seizures have a more increased risk for mother for birthing a child who has

Cerebral Palsy.

7

f) Multiples Pregnancy: Mothers who birth twins, triplets, and other different

births have a higher danger for Cerebral Palsy, most notably when one of

the infants is stillborn. A few, however not all of this danger is related to

preterm birth experienced by many pregnancies.

g) Prenatal Infections: Cytokines can lead to inflammation and brain damage

to the fetus. Cytokines (which cause inflammation) begin to circulate

throughout the mother and baby during the pregnant mother has certain

categories of the rubella, cytomegalovirus virus (CMV), chicken pox,

fevers, infections, fetal membranes, bacterial infections of the placenta, or

pelvic infections of the mother,

2. Acquired Cerebral Palsy Causes: Some cases of cerebral palsy with a small

percent of cerebral palsy is affected by brain damage happening 28 or more

days after birth process. These effects may include:

a) Disrupted blood flow to the brain: Cerebrovascular mischances which is in

a mind brain or stroke, coagulation problem, disgracefully shaped vein,

heart imperfections, or sickle cell ailment.

b) Infections: Some infection, most especially infections of the brain such as

encephalitis or meningitis during infancy time.

c) Injury: Injuries to the brain, for example auto collisions, shaken infant

disorder, or child abuse.

2.1.2 Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy

The symptoms of CP will differ based on the type of CP, generally

appear before a child reaches three years of age based on the injury done to the

brain or any treatments performed if late to get a treatment. (Anon n.d.).

Symptoms of CP may include:

8

1. Symptoms in a baby younger than half years:

(a) Baby feels stiff

(b) Baby feels floppy

(c) Head lag when he or she is grabbed from lying on his or her back

(d) When head is not supported in arms, he or she overextends his or her back

and neck, behaving as though he’s pulling without end

(e) When he or she is grabbed, his legs get stiff and they cross or scissor

2. Symptoms in baby older than half year:

a) Baby can’t unite hands

b) Baby doesn’t move over in either track

c) Has trouble bringing hands to mouth during eating process

d) Reaches for objects with one hand while keeping the other fisted

3. Symptoms in baby older than 10 months:

a) Crawling in lopsided way, leg while dragging the opposite arm and leg and

pushing off with one hand

b) Scoots on buttocks or hops on knees however doesn’t crawl on all fours

muscle

4. Symptoms in children more one year of age:

a) Ataxia – lack of muscle coordination while performing voluntary

movements

b) Cognitive impairments

c) Crouched gait

d) Delayed milestones

e) Dental issues

f) Developing most favourite hands previously the age of 18 months

g) Hearing and vision loss

9

h) Joint contractures

i) Muscle tone that is too floppy or too stiff

j) Primitive reflexes that normally disappear between 3 and 6 months after

birth

k) Problems with inside / bladder control

l) Seizures

m) Skeletal deformities on one side of the body

n) Spasticity – exaggerated reflexes

o) Speech issues

p) Stiff, tighten up muscles

q) Swallowing problems

r) Walk on toes

s) Walk with one leg dragging

2.1.3 Classification of Cerebral Palsy

The term, cerebral palsy, can be creates into five main classes of

syndrome children, of which the past term, cerebral spastic paralysis, is only

one of the groups. It is frequently a grouping of both motor and sensory

participation. It was formerly considered as including only a motor handicap,

and on this origin confusion arose among those treating such cases, since the

other associated handicaps were not familiar and problems arising from

treating these children were recognized to their being mentally defective.

However, it is extremely hard to clarify how mental deficiency can be

associated with pure athetosis on ataxia. CP gives rise to unusual disturbances

of function, both along the line of motor control and sensation because brain is

a very difficult organ and any damage or lack of development in it. This term

cerebral palsy in a set by itself, being made up of more than one entity based

on the area injured, diseased, or defective.” (Minear, 2012)

universiti teknikal malaysia melakaeprints.utem.edu.my/21910/1/design of a corner chair to ease the...

Documents