united states vs brobst.doc

8/14/2019 UNITED STATES vs Brobst.doc

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UNITED STATES vs. JAMES L. BROBST

FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 4935. October 25, 1909.]

THE UNITED STATES,plaintiff-appellee, vs. JAMES L. BROBST,

defendant-appellant.

Kincaid & Hurd for appea!t.

Attorney-General Villamor for appeee.

SYLLABUS

1."O#I$ID%& RIG"T TO %'%$T TR%S()SS%RS& $RI#IN)*

R%S(ONSI+I*IT. - Te r/t to e force or /oe!ce /! te ep/o! of a!

/!trer po! o!e6 pre7/e, 8e! /t e/t, / tr/ct /7/te to te e of c a

eree of force a 7a be !ecear !er a te c/rc7ta!ce, to obta/! te e! /!

/e8& a! te e of ece/e force /f !a8f.

2.ID.& D%)T" R%S:*TING FRO# ) +*O;& R%)SON)+*% DO:+T. -

Held, Tat proof tat a ea bo8 8/t te coe f/t, oer te o8er eft r/b,/!f/cte po! a pero! /! appare!t oo eat, 8a foo8e b te eat of tat

pero! /! e ta! t8o or, ta/! a f/!/! tat eat rete fro7 te /!f/ct/o!

of te bo8, /! te abe!ce of proof of a! /!tere!/! cae, a! te c/rc7ta!ce

be/! c a to affor !o ro! for reao!abe obt tat !o etra!eo cae / /!

fact /!tere!e.

3.ID.& ID.& ID.& %VID%N$%. - Te obt to te be!ef/t of 8/c acce

pero! are e!t/te o! a cr/7/!a tr/a / a reao!abe obt, a! !ot a 7ere 8/7/ca

or fa!c/f obt, bae o! /7a/!e bt 8o /7probabe po/b//t/e, a!

!pporte b e/e!ce.

4.ID.& ID. -Held, Tat eat 7a ret fro7 a bo8 oer or !ear te eart or/! te abo7/!a re/o!, !ot8/tta!/! te fact tat te bo8 eae !o ot8ar

7ar< of /oe!ce.

5.ID.& ID. - ;ere eat ret a te /rect co!e=e!ce of te e of /ea

/oe!ce, te 7ere fact tat te /eae or 8eare pero!


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co!tr/bte to / eat, oe !ot re/ee te /ea areor of cr/7/!a

repo!/b//t .

?.ID.& ID.& INT%NTION& $RI#IN)* R%S(ONSI+I*IT. - O!e / !ot

re/ee, !er te a8 /! tee Ia!, fro7 cr/7/!a /ab//t for te !atra

co!e=e!ce for o!e6 /ea act, 7ere becae o!e oe !ot /!te! to procec co!e=e!ce.

@.ID.& ID.& ID.& ID. - +t /! c cae, te ac< of /!te!t/o!, 8/e /t oe !ot

ee7pt fro7 cr/7/!a /ab//t, ta


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co!tro.C Se!te!ce of /c ear a! o!e a ofprision mayor 8a /7poe, a! fro7

t/ e!te!ce efe!a!t appeae to t/ cort.

$o!e for te appea!t, re/! 7a/! o! appea!t6 ca/7 tat e / !ot

tr/ect te eceae fro7 te 7/!/! propert, e ca! !ot be e

cr/7/!a /abe for !/!te!t/o!a /!>r/e /!f/cte /! te a8f eerc/e of t/ r/t.

T8o 8/t!ee, Daapap a! ot/a, 8o 8ere ta!/! coe b at te t/7e,

8ore po/t/e tat te bo8 8a e/ere 8/t te coe f/t, fro7 te oer

Ede dentro para fuera, a! tat /t 8a a ar bo8& Daapap tet/f/! tat, CAlpegar el puetao, Simeon dio vueltas, y despues se marchoC E8e! te bo8 8a

trc


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or trc< te eceae, te 8/t!e6 ea 8a o tr!e tat e co !ot a! / !ot

ee 8at too< pace.

No e/e!ce 8a /!troce at te tr/a 8/c /! a! 8/e te! to pt /! obt

te trt of te tet/7o! of tee 8/t!ee a to te fact tat te 8ere pree!t at te

t/7e 8e! a! te pace 8ere te /!c/e!t occrre& a! of t/ fact 8e are at/f/etat tere ca! be !o reao!abe obt, ato, a fre=e!t appe! 8e! /!ora!t

8/t!ee are tet/f/! /! te cort /! tee Ia!, te/r e/e!ce / co!f/ct/! ato te prec/e or b te coc< 8e! /t too< pace.

So7e atte7pt / 7ae to /cre/t te tet/7o! of ot/a, becae /t appear

fro7 te recor tat /! a!8er to certa/! =et/o! o! / ea7/!at/o!B/!Bc/ef, e

tate tat 8e! te bo8 8a trc< e 8a o7e !re "raasE200 ar a8a.

It eeope, o8eer, o! ea7/!at/o! b te tr/a >e, tat t/ a!8er 8a /e!

!er te /7pre/o! tat te =et/o! a


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Eme(illa 8/t te ope! a!,C a! /! te atter / Ca bo8 /e! te ope! a!, o! te

/e of te face Ecarrillo or cee< Eme(illa of a!oter.C

It a ao bee! ete tat te tet/7o! of te 8/t!ee for teproect/o! / /!ere!t /7probabe, becae, a /t / a/, /f te bo8 a bee!

trc< a ecr/be b te7, te /!>re pero! 8o !ecear/ ae Cobe p or

oer,C a! !ot, a appear fro7 te/r tet/7o!, tro8! p / a! a! taere

a8a. No epert tet/7o! 8a /!troce at te tr/a po! t/ po/!t, a! 8/e /t

7a, perap, be a7/tte tat /f te bo8 too< effect /! te abo7/!a re/o!,

co77o! eper/e!ce 8o >t/f /! epect/! a a ret of te bo8, tat te

/!>re pero! 8o Cobe p or oer,C /t 7t !ot be forotte! tat te bo8

a/! bee! e/ere oer te r/b o! te eft /e, /t 7a a 8e ae tare pero! tre8 p / a! a! taere a8a /!ecear/ /! co!f/ct te e/e!ce of te 8/t!ee for te proect/o! a to te

8e/t of te bo8 a! te pace 8ere /t 8a /!f/cte.

;e are at/f/e tat te e/e!ce of recor eae !o roo7 for reao!abeobt 8/t / coe f/rt& a! tat 8ateer ator/t te efe!a!t 7a ae a to

e>ect te eceae fro7 te 7/!/! propert a! to e p/ca force to tat e! /!

cae of !ee, te bo8 t trc< 8a far /! ece of c ator/t, a! 8a,

terefore, !a8f, a! ca! !ot be ece or >t/f/e a a! eerc/e of !ecear

force /! te eerc/e of a r/t. Te efe!a!t6 o8! tet/7o! oe !ot /!/cate tat

tere 8a a! a!er to be appree!e fro7 Sa/ar, a! tere / !ot/! /! terecor 8/c 8o /!/cate tat e 8o offer a /oe!t or ee! a bta!t/a to a!

atte7pt to epe /7 fro7 te 7/!/! propert.

;e are at/f/e ao tat te eceae ca7e to / eat a ret of te bo8

/!f/cte b te efe!a!t. T8o or tree a pr/or to / eat e 8a e7poe a aaborer /! efe!a!t6 7/!e& / /ter tet/f/e tat o! te 7or!/! of te a e /e,

e eft er oe /! appare!t oo eat a! 8e!t to te 7/!e to oo< for 8or/!tere!/! bet8ee! te t/7e 8e! te acce 8a at ee! tart/! p te 200Bar

tra/ to / /ter6 oe, a! te t/7e 8e!, a e tet/f/e, e /e >t a e reace


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er oor, o! / 8a bac< fro7 te 7/!e& a! tat te acce /! e!t/te to te

be!ef/t of te obt. +t te obt 8/c 7t be ec/e /! faor of a! acce

pero! /! a cr/7/!a tr/a / a reao!abe obt, a! !ot a 7ere 8/7/ca a! fa!c/f

obt, bae po! /7a/!e bt 8o /7probabe po/b//t/e, !pporte b

e/e!ce& a! 8/e 8e o !ot o tat /t / abote a! 7ora /7po/be tat

o7e oter cae co ae /!tere!e to br/! abot te eat of Sa/ar, 8e oo tat tere ca! be !o reao!abe obt /! te 7/! of a reao!abe 7a! tat eat

8a /! fact brot abot b te bo8 /!f/cte b te acce, a! 8a !ot te ret

of o7e /!epe!e!t cae /!tere!/! r/! te er ort per/o of t/7e pr/or to

/ eat, r/! 8/c e 8a !ot !er oberat/o! b 8/t!ee cae at te tr/a.

$o!e for te appea!t e!are o! te fact tat accept/! efe!a!t6

tate7e!t tat e e!t te eceae a8a fro7 te 7/!e abot a =arter pat /, /t

8o appear fro7 te tet/7o! of te /ter of te eceae tat abot t8o or7a ae eape bet8ee! tat t/7e a! te t/7e 8e! e arr/e at er oe. Te

/ter f/e te t/7e of te arr/a of er broter at fro7 @ to H o6coc< or po/b a/tte ater& bt e appear to ae bee! a! /!ora!t 8o7a! 8o / !ot

rea te face of a coc


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before, e 8a abe to 8or< /! te 7/!e, a! tat e ca7e to te 7/!e tat a /!

earc of 8ora! >t ec/e tat 8ere eat ret a a /rect co!e=e!ce of te e of /ea

/oe!ce, te 7ere fact tat te /eae or 8eare pero!

co!tr/bte to / eat, oe !ot re/ee te /ea areor of cr/7/!arepo!/b//t. E:. S. vs. *c/a!o, 2 (/. Rep., 9?& :. S. vs. #o!te, ? (/. Rep., 443&

ee ao ec//o! of pre7e cort of Spa/!, #arc 10, 1H@1, a! '!e 2?, 1HH0.

$o!e for appea!t ao co!te! tat ee! /f /t be ra!te tat /! !a8f

eerc//! force po! te pero! of te eceae, te appea!t cae or co!tr/bte

to / eat, !eertee e o at 7ot be co!/cte of homicidio por

imprudencia temeraria Eo7/c/e a a ret of rec


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;at a bee! a/ ff/c/e!t /poe of a error a/!e b co!e for

appea!t, ecept certa/! aee error of procere /! te cort beo8 8/c 8e o

!ot t/!< /t !ecear to /c, becae ee! /f /t be a7/tte tat c error 8ere

co77/tte, te o !ot appear to ae /! a! 8/e pre>/ce te bta!t/a r/t of

te efe!a!t.

Te >7e!t of co!/ct/o! a! te e!te!ce /7poe b te tr/a cort o

be a! are ereb aff/r7e, 8/t te cot of t/ /!ta!ce aa/!t te appea!t. Soorere.

Arellano, 'J, )orresa!*apa, JJ,co!cr.

Separate Opinions

MORELAND,J, ith hom concurs Johnson, J, dissentingA

Te fact /! t/ cae, a ca/7e b te Goer!7e!t, are a foo8A

Te efe!a!t, 'a7e *. +robt, a! a!oter )7er/ca!, !a7e #a!!, 8ere

e!ae /! 8orecte /7 forc/b fro7 te pre7/e a!

8ar!e /7 !o to co7e bac


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Te tr/a cort fo! te efe!a!t /t of te cr/7e of o7/c/e, 7arr a

tat 8/c e /!f/cte a! tat e trc< te bo8 !er c po8erf ec/te7e!t a

8o !atra proce e!t/re o of reao! a! efBco!tro. Se!te!ce of / ear

a! o!e a of prision mayor8a /7poe, a! fro7 t/ e!te!ce te efe!a!tappeae to t/ cort.

Te ca/7 of te efe!a!t / tat e 8a !ot e!rae, tat e / !ot tr/r.

I! t/ cae te eat / a7/tte. Te cae of eat / /! /pte. Te

Goer!7e!t eere pero!, te pre7pt/o! ar/e tat te

/!>r 8a te cae of eat, a!, /f !o oter cae / ete b te e/e!ce, te

co!c/o! beco7e pract/ca /rre/t/be a! !ee !ot be corroborate b epert

tet/7o!. It o be !ote ere, o8eer, /! orer to ao/ co!f/o!, tat /f tere/ !o /!>rsufficient to produce death, te! tat pre7pt/o! oe !ot ar/e a! !o

co!c/o! a to te cae of eat ca! be /!e 8/tot a/t/o!a proof.

Te f/rt =et/o! to be ec/e /! t/ cae /, ;a te bo8 o!e 8/c, /! te

or/!ar acceptat/o! of te ter7, 8asufficient to produce death If /t 8a, a! tat

fact / etab/e b te e/e!ce beo! a reao!abe obt, te! te co!/ct/o! of


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te efe!a!t 7/t po/b be ta/!e - a propo/t/o! !ot !ecear to ec/e

!er 7 /e8 of te cae. If /t 8a !ot, te!, tere be/! a! abote fa/re of proof

a to te cae of eat, te >7e!t of co!/ct/o! 7t be reere.

Te reot/o! of t/ =et/o! epe!, /! t/ part/car cae, 8o po! te

!atre a! caracter of te bo8 e/ere.

)fter a er caref a! toro ea7/!at/o! of te proof ace at te tr/a,

I ca! !ot br/! 7ef to be/ee tat te proect/o! a etab/e at/factor/ tat

te bo8 co7pa/!e of 8a ff/c/e!t to proce eat.

I a7 !ot co!/!ce tat te ca/7 of te Goer!7e!t tat te aee bo8 8a

e/ere 8/t te ce!ce a!, or f/t, a bee! ta/!e. Tree 8/t!ee 8ere

8or! o! beaf of te Goer!7e!t to te =et/o! of te bo8 aee to ae bee!e/ere b te efe!a!t to te ecee!t. O!e of te7, (ero *eoca7po, tet/f/e

fat a! /rect tat te p or bo8 Ee oe !ot e/!ate b epre 8or8/c /t 8a 8a a7/!/tere 8/t te ope! a!. )t pae 19 a! foo8/! pae

of te e/e!ce e ecare tat, at te be/!!/! of te /!c/e!t /! =et/o! bet8ee!

te efe!a!t a! te ecee!t, e a / bac< to8ar te part/c/pa!t, eat/! /

breae, e a/ e 8a !ot

=/te re 8eter te ope! a! of efe!a!t acta toce ecee!t6 bo or

!ot. It / !=et/o!abe, o8eer, tat te 7oe7e!t of te efe!a!t6 a! 8/c

e a8 8a te bo8 or p 8/c /t / ca/7e cae te fata /!>r& becae /t /a7/tte b a, a! te e/e!ce ao o! tat po/!t / !/pte, tat 8at te

8/t!e a8 8a at eat te cr/t/ca part of te /!c/e!t - te e/er of te aee

bo8. #oreoer, /t / co!cee tat te aee bo8 8a !ot e/ere !t/ after te

efe!a!t a ttere te 8or referre to a! a teppe for8ar at eat o!e

peace& a! /t / !o8ere aerte or ca/7e b a!bo tat te efe!a!t ete!e

/ a! to8ar te ecee!t 7ore ta! o!ce or tat 7ore ta! o!e bo8 8a /e!. It

/ e/e!t, terefore, tat 8at te 8/t!e a8 8a te e/er of te er bo8 or

p 8/c te proect/o! ca/7 8a te cae of eat. If ca! !ot 8e be

/7a/!e, /! /e8 of te tet/7o! /e! b t/ 8/t!e, o8 te Goer!7e!t co

fa/r ca/7 oter8/e. Tee co!c/o! a /t / fo! /! te recor. I! a!8er to a

=et/o! pt b te f/ca o! /rect ea7/!at/o! e a/A

CT.Je ete e epaa co! eo e a7er/ca!o !o a /co !aa 7o7e!to epe e>oA 6fera,6 6go ahead,6 e / =e te!/a a 7a!o

ab/erta eta 7a!o toco e cerpo e S/7eo!, pero !o e /to co7o

etabe.C


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)fter croBea7/!at/o! te cort =et/o!e te 8/t!e a foo8A

C'.Oo V. r/o e a! ope ca!o e acao +robt />o 6fera e a=/6

- T. No e o/o e ope.

C'.%! e 7o7e!to e ec/r 6fera e a=/,6 a =e /ta!c/a etabe S/7eo! eacao T. ) /ta!c/a e 7a e !a ara.

C'. /o V. a acao e7p>ar a occ/o S/7eo! - T. No peo ec/r / e

acao e7p>o a S/7eo!.

C'.V/o V. a S/7eo! Sa/ar retroceer e! e 7o7e!to e ec/r e acao6fera e a=/ - T. "e /to retroceer ar a epaa.

C'.'uando hio el ademan de empu(arle, como tenia el puno / cerrado o

a"ierto - T. )enia la mano a"ierta.

C'.%n +ue forma - T. )enia a"ierta la mano.C

Te tet/7o! of t/ 8/t!e cear /coe te fact tat e a8 te cr/t/ca

part of te ee!t, tat /, te part 8ere/! te a! of te efe!a!t toce te boof te ecee!t /! te aee bo8. At that moment the hand of the defendant as

open.

Te 8/t!e #/e ot/a, a!oter 8/t!e cae b te Goer!7e!t,

tet/f/e o! pae 2,3, a! 4 of te recor tat r/! te 7o!t of ', 190@, e 8a

at te pace =et/o! a! a!8er, a7o! oterA

CF.Sabe V. e ra!te e 7e e '/o e 190@ =e eto V. traba>a!o a/a occrr/o a!a coa etraor//!ar/a - T. Se, e!or.

CF.Je e - T. % aber a"ofeteadoe a7er/ca!o a !tao.

CF.%taba V. pree!te - T. Se, eKor.

CF.Reate Ve. f/e7e!te e! ete >ao too o =e V. a pree!c/ao ee e

pr/!c/p/o ata e f/!. - T. o e /o aaar/ao por e para acarreararro. $a!o ee e! a 7/!7a era a e !oce, a re=er/r

!etro aar/o !o />o $r/toba =e !o or7/r/a7o a/ por=e ea7er/ca!o etabe a r7/e!o =e V. pee! a/r 7 te7pra!o

por a 7a!a!a. Se !o /o e aar/o per e acarreo e arro, epee ar!o e aar/o e !o />o =e =eara7o para ea!ar. Depe

e ea!ar earo! ta7b/e! 4 o7bre& e coc/!ero 7e />oA 6#/e,

pree!te V. a eto 4 o7bre por / e Sr. +robt o =/ere e7p/ar e!e traba>o.6 +robt o a/7 pee! traba>ar eo 4 o7bre. % Sr. +robt

e ea!to para er a a=eo 4 o7bre, a t/7o e o cae e peo


12/21

!a "ofetada, o ab/a /to a "ofetada=e e /o e! a c/!tra e! e

boo coocao e! a c/!tra, e /!7e/ata7e!te e o7bre e /r//o a a

caa e er7a!a.

CF.) =e /ta!c/a etaba V. e #r. +robt ca!o /o e puetao a a=e

/!//o - T. :! /ta!c/a e 10 7etro.

CF.Sabe V. por =e e acao ab/a aopuetao a a+uel - T. Je o e e

/to pear co! e "ofeton, pero =e !o e e 7ot/o.

CF.$raro! e!tre eo a!a /pta o r/!a a!te =e e acao aa ao e

golpe - T. No e !aa, !/ca7e!te e /to =e ca!o eaba #r.

+robt /o epuetao.C

*ater o! te 8/t!e a, /! rep to ea/! =et/o!, tat te bo8 8atrc< 8/t te coe a! a! 8a a ea o!e.

It 8/ be obere fro7 t/ tet/7o! tat te 8/t!e, /! 7a


13/21

It / bt repeat/! te e!era eper/e!ce of toe fa7//ar 8/t te tr/a of

cae to a tat et/o! to a 8/t!e b te for7 a! pec/f/c 8or/! of a

=et/o! are of er fre=e!t occrre!ce. Te et/o! proce te a7e ret

8eter 8/f 7ae a! rece/e or /!!oce!t /!e, a 8a !obte te

cae ere o! te part of te f/ca. I! te cae of a! /!ora!t or /7pe7/!e 8/t!e,

/ ocabar be/! /7/te, e catce er rea/, a a re, te 8or e b te/!terroator a!, /! / a!8er, e te eact 8or /! 8/c te =et/o! /

propo!e, 8/tot, perap, be/! /! te eat co!c/o tat te 8or e a7e

o !ot eact, o7et/7e !ot a coe, repree!t 8at e rea 8a!t to epre.

Tee et/o! /pa o!e of te /ce fo! b te cort /! 8at are ter7e

Cea/! =et/o!,C a! fr!/ a reao! for te re !/for7 e!force /! tr/a

cort tat te 8/ !ot be per7/tte.

Te =et/o! a! a!8er area =ote /trate t/ /ce forc/b a to tee b te 8/t!e ot/a of te 8or "ofetada a! puetao. O! pae 5 of te

e/e!ce occr a!oter /trat/o!. Tere te fact ot to be e/c/te 8a 8eterte bo8 8a e!te or eere. CF. Hio despacio o fuerte - T..uerte.C O! pae 12,

19, a! 24 te foo8/! occrA

CF.Do!e toco - /recta7e!te e! e cerpo o e! e boo - T. D/o e! e boo.

CF.%! =e parte e boo - e! a a/!a o e! e p!o - T. %! e p!o e boo.

CF.%ra ferte e pKetao of fo>o - T. Ferte.

CF.$a!o e acao peo a S/7eo! Sa/ar, etaba r/e!oe o etaba fr/oo

- T. Fr/oo.

CF.Te!/a cerrao e p!o o ab/erto a 7a!o - T. $errao a 7a!o.C

I! tee /trat/o!, /t 8/ be obere, te 8/t!e / pree!te b te

=et/o! 8/t o! t8o 8or to 7a


14/21

puetao. T/ 8/t!e, o8eer, tate tat e 8a at te t/7e of te occrre!ce

abot 100 "raasE?00 feet fro7 te part/c/pa!t. *ater /! / tet/7o! e atte7pt

to ca/7 tat e ae 100 "raasa te /ta!ce 8/c te ecee!t 8a fro7 /

broter6 oe at te t/7e of te occrre!ce. T/, o8eer, / er /ff/ct to

be/ee /! /e8 of te e/e!ce 8/c e ae, a o8! o! pae 25, 8/c foo8A

CF.) =e /ta!c/a etaba V. e o o ca!o /o e pKetao - T. :!a100 braa.

CF.V. etaba a 100 braa e /ta!c/a - T. Se, e!or.

CF.I!/=e V. a=/ a /ta!c/a aproe7aa7e!te e a 100 braa =e V.

/ce. - T. )=ea caa e teco e /erro.

CF.%a e a /ta!c/a o!e V. etaba ca!o /o e p!etao a S/7eo!Sa/ar - T. S/, eKor.C

If, after a tat =et/o!/! a to te /ta!ce e 8a a8a fro7 te ce!e of

te occrre!ce, a! /f, after a te effort 8/c te f/ca e/e!t 7ae to /!ce /!

/7 a proper co7pree!/o! of te !atre of te =et/o!, te 8/t!e / !ot te!

!erta!, e /pae =a/t/e, or te ac< of te7, 8/c >t ea to teco!c/o! tat / tet/7o! ot !ot to be /e! a! 8e/t 8ateer, epec/a

8ere /t / /! co!f/ct 8/t te tet/7o! of a! 8/t!e 7ore re/abe. #oreoer, /

7a!/fet ea/o! o! croBea7/!at/o! 7ater/a 8ea


15/21

e/ere aa/!t te bo of te ecee!t 8a !ot bo8 at a /! te rea e!e of te

8or a! 8a 8o /!ff/c/e!t or/!ar/ pear 8ateerA

Te ecee!t at te t/7e o8e abote !o /! of a/! bee! /!>re /!

te /tet eree.

EaTe tree 8/t!ee for te proect/o! aboe referre to, ot/a, Daapap

a! *eoca7po, /f te/r tet/7o! / to be be/ee, !/te /! ecar/! tat te 8ere

oo

CF.%! =e po/c/o! e =eo a=e /!//o e! e 7/7o 7o7e!to e rec/b/r eope - T. Je inmediatamente de ha"er reci"ido el puetao se

marcho.


16/21

CF.o e pre!to a V. e! e 7/7o 7o7e!to e aber ao e pKetao. - T.

Je epe e ar e ope e retroce/o ea!to o brao e!e/a e 7arco.C

It 8/ be obere, fro7 te e/e!ce =ote, tat te 8/t!e tet/f/e at f/rtte ecee!t / !ot/! o! rece//! te bo8 ecept to tr! a! 8a< a8a. T/

tet/7o! te 8/t!e repeat /! repo!e to a eco! =et/o! of te f/ca. Te t/r

=et/o! a to te a7e po/!t 8a e/e!t er arp pt b te f/ca, a! tat

effort re8 fro7 te 8/t!e te a/t/o!a tate7e!t, =/te /!co!/te!t 8/t / t8o

pre/o o!e, tat te ecee!t teppe bac< a! thre up his arms. Ne/ter of te

oter t8o 8/t!ee for te Goer!7e!t a8 t/ atter 7a!/fetat/o! o! te part of teecee!t. O!e of te7, *eoca7po, tet/f/e /rect tat !o c t/! appe!e, a!

te oter, Daapap, ato o!e of toe 8o ca/7e to ae bee! a ee8/t!e of

te 8oe affa/r a! 8o a7e to ecr/be te 8oe /!c/e!t /! eta/, fa/ to

7e!t/o! te er /7porta!t fact, /f /t / a fact, tat te ecee!t thre up his arms. "e

tet/f/e tat te ecee!t /7p 8/re aro! a! 8a


17/21

po8erf bo8 /! / abo7e! 8/tot a! effort to oe or ecape a! 8/tot te

/tet effort to 8ar off te bo8 b 7oe7e!t of bo, a!, or ar7. Te

tro8/! of te ar7 o8! to protect te abo7e! /! c a cae / /!o!tar a!

a7ot /!e/tabe& a! te fact tat e / !ot o o po/!t tro! to te co!c/o!

tat e 8a !ot trc< a ca/7e.

EfTe bo of ecee!t e/b/te !o eter!a /! of /!>r after eat.

T8o 8/t!ee 8ere 8or! b te proect/o! a to /! of /!>r po! te

bo of te ecee!t. O!e, te fater of ecee!t, aborer, tet/f/e tat at 4 o6coc< of

te after!oo! of te a after te aee /!>r Ete aee /!>r occrre at abot ?

a. 7. e ea7/!e te bo of ecee!t a! fo! a bac< pot abot te /e of a

peo o! te eft /e. Te oter 8/t!e, )e>a!ro Sa!t/ao, @0 ear, far7er a!

erba/t, ecare tat e ea7/!e te bo, e oe !ot re7e7ber 8e!, a! fo!

a bac< pot o! te r/b Ee oe !ot re7e7ber o! 8/c /e of te bo a! a!oter

o!e o! te !ae. Te cae of tee pot, /f te rea e/te, / pre pecat/o!.$erta/! o!e bo8 co !ot 7a

p/c/a! tet/f/e, abote !o eter!a /! or e/e!ce of /!>r. ;/e te

abe!ce of eter!a /! of /!>r / !ot co!c/e tat tere 8a !o /!>r, t/ c

/! are a /! cae of t/ caracter a! te/r abe!ce / /!/f/ca!t a!

/7porta!t.

Te 8e/t of te tet/7o! proce ee7, terefore, to be tat tere 8ere!o eter!a /! of /!>r po! te bo of ecee!t - certa/! !o!e tat 8ere

fa/r traceabe to te bo8, ee! /f e/ere /! te 7a!!er a! 8/t te force

ca/7e b te Goer!7e!t.

It ee7 to 7e, terefore, tat tere / a! ee!t/a a! fata co!f/ct /! tee/e!ce of te proect/o!. Te proect/o! ca/7 Ea! port/o! of te /rect

tet/7o! of o7e of /t 8/t!ee te! to proe tat te efe!a!t ae te ecee!t

a po8erf bo8 8/t / f/t, f /! te eft /e& o! te oter a!, oter po/t/o! of

tat tet/7o! are tter a! etrct/e co!tra/ctor to tat ca/7. It / co!trar to

te !/era eper/e!ce of /fe to aert tat a 7a!, rece//! /! / o8er eft /e a

po8erf bo8 8/t te f/t, a bo8 8/c, /t / ca/7e, 8a ff/c/e!t forc/be tocae eat 8/t/! a ort t/7e, ca! 7a/!ta/! a! erect a! !atra potre a! e/b/t

abote !o /! of pa/!. %per/e!ce ao e7o!trate tat /t / /tte ort of te

/7po/be tat o!e rece//! c a bo8 8o thro his arms up. I o !ot be/ee a

cae ca! be c/te 8ere tat a occrre. It / te eper/e!ce of 7a!


18/21

c a co!tract/o! of a te 7ce tereabot, /!ce c a /ff/ct of

rep/rat/o!, a! c reat pa/!, tat te pero! o trc< / !ot o! 8o !abe to

tro8 / ar7 p bt e / abote /!capabe of 7a/!ta/!/! te bo /! a! erect

po/t/o!. "e /!o!tar/ a! /!e/tab tro8 te ar7 o8! te abo7e! a!

be! te bo for8ar at te /p. I! oter 8or, /! 8/c a7ot !/era

eper/e!ce a tat accrate ecr/be te po/t/o! !ecear/ a7e b teo!e rece//! c a bo8, e 8o Cobe p /acbo8 8a a po8erf o!e e/ere 8/t te f/t / o tter /!co!/te!t 8/t te

appeara!ce a! co!ct of te ecee!t at te t/7e of te aat be=e!t tereto

a to ea a7ot !ecear/ to te co!c/o! tat !o c bo8 8a trc7e!t, of teer raet /7porta!ce. It peare at that

time.

O! te oter a!, te teor a! ca/7 of te efe!a!t, tat e /7p

teppe for8ar a! pe te ecee!t bacr. It

epa/! 8 e / !ot at o!ce rop to te ro!, a e !atra a! a7ot

/!e/tab 8o o! rece//! a bo8 c a / ot to be etab/e b te

proect/o!. Tere 8a !o /oe!ce or force to cae a! of tee t/!.

E3It epa/! 8 ecee!t 8a abe to 8a< a8a pro7pt at / a a/t

a! 8/t / cto7ar carr/ae.

E4It epa/! 8 tere 8a !o at/factor proof of 7arr o! te bo of te ecee!t.


19/21

E5It epa/! 8 !obo of a 8o 8ere pree!t ear te o! of a bo8,

!ot ee! te 8/t!ee for te proect/o!.

E?It epa/! 8, a7o! te t8e!t pero! tere pree!t, o! a er 7a

per ce!t

E@It epa/! 8 te 8/t!e ot/a f/rt e te 8or C"ofetadaC /!tea of

CpuetaoC or CgolpeC.

EHIt epa/! 8 te 8/t!e *eoca7po tet/f/e tat te efe!a!t6 a!

8a ope! at te er t/7e of /t co!tact 8/t ecee!t6 pero!.

E9It epa/! te e!t/re ac< of reao! or 7ot/e o! te part of efe!a!t

/!c/! /7 to /!f/ct o! te ecee!t p!/7e!t a eere a 8o foo8 c a

bo8.

It ee7, terefore, to be e7o!trate fro7 te e/e!ce tat te proect/o!

a !ot o! !ot ff/c/e!t bta!t/ate /t ca/7 tat te bo8 8a e/ere 8/t

te f/t, bt a fa/e a 8e to o8 tat a! bo8, /! te rea e!e of tat ter7,

8a trcre pero!, tepre7pt/o! ar/e tat te /!>r 8a te cae of eat, a!, /f !o oter cae /

ete b te e/e!ce, te co!c/o! beco7e pract/ca /rre/t/be a! !ee

!ot be corroborate b epert tet/7o!. +t /t 7t a8a be re7e7bere tat te

ba/ of a! te reao! for tat pre7pt/o! / te /!>r sufficient to produce death.If te /!>r / !ot o!e capabe of proc/! eat, or/!ar/ pear a! te eat, 7ar / o!e capabe of proc/! eat tat co!!ect/o!

of cae a! effect / etab/e bet8ee! te /!>r a! eat b te inherent nature

of the act- /t ff/c/e!c to proce eat. +t 8ere te act / o!e !ot ff/c/e!t toproce eat, te! te reat/o! of cae a! effect / !ot etab/e for te reao!

tat te act fa/ of te er =a/t fro7 8/c te pre7pt/o! of cae a! effect

pr/!, !a7e, /t capab//t of proc/! eat. I! c a cae, 8e! te

Goer!7e!t a proe /7p te /!>r a! eat, /t a o!e !ot/!. Te

co!!ect/o! bet8ee! te t8o / 8o ac


20/21

proe /! a/t/o! to te fact of /!>r. T/ te Goer!7e!t a 8o fa/e to o.

No effort 8a 7ae to o o. Te Goer!7e!t rete /t cae e!t/re po! te

pre7pt/o!, 8/c /t a7e aroe b reao! of te /!>r a! eat, to etab/

te reat/o! of cae a! effect bet8ee! te7. No atop 8a e. No o!e

te cae of eat. Te /!c/e!t occrre at abot ? o6coc< a.7. Te ecee!t /e at

abot H o6coc< te a7e 7or!/!. "e eft te ce!e of te ee!t /!ta!t. "e 8a !otee! aa/! b a!bo, o far a te e/e!ce o8, !t/ te er 7o7e!t of /

eat. ;ere e 8a, 8at e /, a! 8at appe!e to /7 r/! te t8o or

/!tere!/! te e/e!ce oe !ot /coe.

It be/! fa/r etab/e b te e/e!ce tat te efe!a!t /7p pe te

ecee!t, te re7a/!/! =et/o! / /7pe. Te a! a! pre7/e 8ere te ee!t

tra!p/re beo!e to te efe!a!t. Te ecee!t, accor/! to te e/e!ce, 8a

te ecee!t forc/b e>ecte fro7 tee a7e pre7/e b o!e #a!!, a part!er of

efe!a!t& a! te efe!a!t 8a at tat t/7e a/e b #a!! tat te ecee!t 8aa 7/c/efB7aect /7 terefro7 /! !o

7ore force ta! 8a !ecear to tat e!. E$ooe, Tort, 1t %., 1?@& #c$art vs.

Fre7o!t, 23 $a., 19?& ;oo7a! vs. "o8e, 45 I., 3?@& +cer vs. (ar7eee, 9 Vt.,

352& (eope vs. (a!e, H $a., 341& (eope vs. +atceer, 2@ $a., ?9.

Tat e / !ot e 7ore force ta! 8a !ecear / etab/e b te

e/e!ce a o8! b te prece/! /c/o!.

;/, o! $/rc7ta!t/a %/e!ce, a o! pae 291A

CE3I! te proof of cr/7/!a o7/c/e te tre cae of eat 7t be

cear etab/e& a! te po/b//t of acco!t/! for te ee!t b efB/!f/cte /oe!ce, acc/e!t or !atra cae, ece& a! o! 8e! /t a

bee! proe! tat !o oter pote/ 8/ epa/! a te co!/t/o! of te cae

ca! /t be afe a! >t co!ce tat /t a bee! cae b /!te!t/o!a/!>r. +t, /! accora!ce 8/t te pr/!c/pe 8/c oer! te proof of eer

oter ee7e!t of te corpus delicti, /t / !ot !ecear tat te cae of eat

o be er/f/e b /rect a! po/t/e e/e!ce& /t / ff/c/e!t /f /t be proe!

b c/rc7ta!t/a e/e!ce, 8/c proce a 7ora co!/ct/o! /! te 7/! ofte >r, e=/ae!t to tat 8/c / te ret of po/t/e a! /rect e/e!ce.C

I! te (eope vs. +e!!et E49 N. ., 144 te cort a/A


21/21

CI! eter7/!/! a =et/o! of fact fro7 c/rc7ta!t/a e/e!ce, tere

are t8o e!era re to be obereA E1 Te pote/ of e/!=e!c or /t

o fo8 !atra fro7 te fact proe, a! be co!/te!t 8/t te7 a. E2Te e/e!ce 7t be c a to ece, to a 7ora certa/!t, eer pote/

bt tat of / /t of te offe!e /7pte to /7& or, /! oter 8or, te fact

proe 7t a be co!/te!t 8/t a! po/!t to / /t !ot o!, bt te 7tbe /!co!/te!t 8/t / /!!oce!ce.C

CO! a! /!/ct7e!t for 7rer, te proector 7t proe tat te bo8

cae te eat& bt, /f e proe tat te bo8 8ere /e! b dangerous

eapon - 8ere foo8e b insensi"ility or other alarming symptoms, a!oo! after8ar b eat& t/ / ff/c/e!t to /7poe /t o! te acce, to o8

tat te eat 8a occa/o!e b o7e oter cae.C E:.S. vs. ;/tberer, Fe,

$a. No. 1?@3H

CO! tr/a for 7rer, te State6 fa/re to proe b 8at 7ea! te

eceae ca7e to / eat / fata to /t cae.C E$oe vs. Te State, 5? )r

united states vs brobst.doc

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