united states of america v. wells fargo bank, n.a. case 1:12-cv-07527-jmf memorandum of law of the...

7/28/2019 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A. Case 1:12-cv-07527-JMF MEMORANDUM OF LAW OF THE…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/united-states-of-america-v-wells-fargo-bank-na-case-112-cv-07527-jmf-memorandum 1/79

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J. Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t Ztctes c AGTTEC Jicgk Dcsef Upl` ReiisAcrbl‗s Qglictgl`s la 3= U.Z.J. § 3836 ................................................................56

F. Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg t Ztctes c AGTTEC Jicgks Dcsef Upl` ReiisAcrbl‗s Qglictgl`s la 3= U.Z.J. §§ 3883) 3:63) c`f 3:6:....................................55

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Cig v. Kuncsey) 547 A.:f 62= -4f Jgr. 488='.....................................................................31

Csmjrlat v. Gqdci ) 551 U.Z. 114 -4887'..............................................................................45

Cssuref Bucrc`ty Ku`gjgpci Jlrp. v. Aicbstcr Dc`n) AZD) @l. 33 Jgv. 4:25 -OZT') 483: RI 668336 [email protected]. Aed. 5) 483:' ....................4:) :1

DX Ckergjc Xrlf. Jl. v. Durtl`) 567 U.Z. =6 -4881'.......................................................:7

Dcfcrcjjl v. Jlkkgssglèr ) 616 U.Z. :=1 -37=6' .....................................................:7) 68

Deii Ctic`tgj Jlrp. v. Vwlkdiy) 558 U.Z. 566 -4882'.......................................................45

Jcplzzg v. U`gtef Ztctes) 7=8 A.4f =24 -4f Jgr. 3774' .....................................................:7

G` re Jcrfgcj Fevgjes Sug Vck Igtgbctgl`) 443 A.T.F. :3= -F. Jl``. 4886' ..................44

Fei. G`surc`je Bucrc`ty Cssljgctgl` v. Jmrgstgc`c Jcre Mecitm Zervgjes)=74 C.4f 382: -Fei. 4881' ..........................................................................................45

Fesert Xcicje) G`j. v. Jlstc) 5:7 U.Z. 78 -488:'..............................................................5=

G` re Frexei Dur`mck Ickdert Brlup) 775 A.4f 33:= -4f Jgr. 377:' .............................12

G` re E`terprgse Klrtbcbe Cjjeptc`je Jl.) IIJ) Zejurgtges Igtgbctgl`):73 A.:f 683 -4f Jgr. 4886'.........................................................................................62

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MUFCIO 78+356+KT) 3773 RI 3311=545 -M.U.F.C.I.O. Oc`. 31) 3773' ................11

Arcter`gty Au`f Itf. v. Decjl` Mgii Csset Kc`cbeke`t IIJ ):21 A. Zupp. 4f :=5 [email protected]. 4885'..........................................................................15

Mcrrgsl` v. Restg`bmluse Zcvc``cm Tgver Jl.) 321 A.:f 221 -6tm Jgr. 3777'.................:8

Mcrsjl Jlrp. v. Zebug) 73 A.:f ::2 -4f Jgr. 3771'...........................................................3=

Ml Kyu`b Kllisc` Jl. v. Kc`gtlu Kgèrci Rcter) G`j.)115 A. Zupp. 4f 4:7 [email protected]. 4887'..........................................................................15




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G` re Grcq c`f Cabmc`gstc` Fetcgèes Igt.)627 A. Zupp. 4f =5 -F.F.J. 4882') caa"f sud `lk. Cig v. Tuksaeif )167 A.:f 214 -F.J. Jgr. 4833' .....................................................................................6=

Oc`c) G`j. v. U`gtef Ztctes) :6 Aef. Ji. 662 -Aef. Ji. 3775' .............................................64

Ogkeèz v. Sucrterkc`) 555 U.Z. 33: -4887' ...................................................................53

Nctt v. Jgty la @ew Wlrn ) 353 A. Zupp. 4f :3: [email protected]. 4883' ......................................68

Ie`teii v. Kerrgii Iy`jm ! Jl.) :71 A.:f 313 -4f Jgr. 4885'............................................63

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Kcrtg` O. Zgknl Jl`strujtgl`) G`j. v. U`gtef Ztctes)=54 A.4f 568 -Aef. Jgr. 37=='..........................................................................................6:

Keitl` v. Jcrlig`c Xlwer ! Igbmt Jl.) @l. 6?33+jv+88428+TDM) 4834 RI 46831:5 -F.Z.J. Ouè 45) 4834'........................12

Lrr v. U`gtef Ztctes) 326 A.4f 522 -4f Jgr. 3767' ............................................................62

Lrtgz v. Jlrèttc) =12 A.4f 361 -4f Jgr. 37=7' .................................................................68

Suciis v. Tuksaeif ) :52 A. Zupp. 4f 426 -F.F.J. 4885' .................................................6=

G` re Zckuei V. Gsccj ! Csslj.) G`j.)MUFDJC @l. =8+654+K4) 37=: RI 3::43 -@lv. 38) 37=:'....................................11

Vcder`c Jcpgtci Kc`cbeke`t) IIJ v. Fu`klre) @l. 8= Jgv. 3=32 -OZT') 4887 RI 4=581=5 [email protected]. Zept. 4) 4887'.......................12

U.Z. ex rei. Dcmrc`g v. Jl`cbrc) G`j.) 615 A.:f 33=7 -38tm Jgr. 4881' ............................:=

U.Z. ex rei. Dcg` v. Belrbgc Buia Jlrp.) :=1 A.:f 16= -5tm Jgr. 4886'.............................:=

U.Z. ex rei. Diefsle v. Jlkku`gty Mecitm Zystek) 583 A.:f 67: -1tm Jgr. 4882'.......44) 4:

U.Z. ex rei. Jc`teng` v. U`gversgty la Xgttsdurbm) 374 A.:f 684 -:f Jgr. 3777'................:6




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U.Z. ex rei. Jergjlic v. Aeferci @ctgl`ci Klrtb. Cssljgcte)547 A. Zupp. 4f 33:7 -J.F. Jci. 4882' .......................................................................46

U.Z. ex rei. Jl`fge v. Dlcrf la Tebe`ts la tme U`gversgty la Jcigalr`gc)

@l. J=7+:558+AKZ) 377: RI 2683=5 [email protected]. Jci. Zept. 2) 377:' ..................6:) 66) 61

U.Z. ex rei. Jl`èr v. Zcig`c Tebgl`ci Mecitm Jtr.)56: A.:f 3433 -38tm Jgr. 488=' ...................................................................................:3

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@l. 8: Jgv. =3:5 -RMX') 4838 RI 5876684 [email protected]. Fej. 7) 4838' .....................::

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U.Z. ex rei. Me`flw v. U`gversgty la Xmle`gx) 613 A.:f 3311 -7tm Jgr. 4881'..................:8

U.Z. ex rei. Ngrn v. Zjmg`fier Eievctlr Jlrp.)183 A.:f 76 -4f Jgr. 4838') rev"f l` ltmer brlu`fs)3:3 Z. Jt. 3==5 -4833'.........................................................................41) 42) 4=) 47) ::

U.Z. ex rei. Nreg`fier ! Nreg`fier v. U`gtef Vejm`lilby Jlrp.)222 A. Zupp. 375 [email protected][email protected]. 3773') caa"f l` ltmer brlu`fs)7=5 A.4f 336= -4f Jgr. 377:'.......................................................................................6:

U.Z. ex rei. Nreg`fier ! Nreg`fier v. U`gtef Vejm`lilby Jlrp)7=5 A.4f 336= -4f Jgr. 377:'.................................................................................:7) 6:

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U.Z. ex rei. Xurjeii v. KRG Jlrp.) 456 A. Zupp. 4f 17 -F.F.J. 488:' .............................63

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U`gtef Ztctes v. Dlr`steg`) 64: U.Z. :8: -3721' ...............................................................4=

U`gtef Ztctes v. Dluyec) 354 A.:f 374 -4f Jgr. 377=' ...............................................51) 1:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Jcreii ) 1=3 A. Zupp. 4f =26 -K.F. Ve``. 4887' ...............................68) 63

U`gtef Ztctes v. Jcrekcrn) G`j.) 1:6 A.:f =8= -5tm Jgr. 4833'.........................................:2

U`gtef Ztctes v. Jmrgste`se`) :66 A. Zupp. 4f 3476 -F. Utcm 4886' ................................56

U`gtef Ztctes v. Jliig`s) :13 A.:f :6: -2tm Jgr. 4886'......................................................5=

U`gtef Ztctes v. Fcuberfcs) @l. 87 Jr. 5=3 -RMX') 4833 RI 184833: [email protected]. Cpr. 5) 4833' ...................52) 57

U`gtef Ztctes v. Efujctgl` Kc`cbeke`t Jlrp)=23 A. Zupp. 4f 6:: -R.F. Xc. 4834'..........................................................................:3

U`gtef Ztctes v. Ebmdci ) 56= A.:f 34=3 -7tm Jgr. 488='........................................47) ::) :5

U`gtef Ztctes v. E`tg`) 258 A. Zupp. 534 -Z.F. Aic. 3778' ................................................:1

U`gtef Ztctes v. Agrst @ctgl`ci Dc`n la Jgjerl) 752 A.4f 3:14 -2tm Jgr. 3774' ...............:6

U`gtef Ztctes v. Bmcvckg)

@l. 38 Jr. 3432 -NKR') 4834 RI 4=2=341 [email protected]. Ouiy 3:) 4834' ..51) 52) 13) 16

U`gtef Ztctes v. Brcss) 426 A. Zupp. 4f 16= -K.F. Xc. 488:' ..........................................5=

U`gtef Ztctes v. Mcrtz ) 471 A.:f 575 -2tm Jgr. 4884' ........................................................16

U`gtef Ztctes v. Mess) 376 A.:f 3316 -38tm Jgr. 3777' .....................................................63

U`gtef Ztctes v. Mgdds) 51= A.4f :62 -:f Jgr. 3722'.............................................::) :6) :5

U`gtef Ztctes v. Mlaaejner ) 5:8 A.:f 3:2 -:f Jgr. 488='...................................................5=




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U`gtef Ztctes v. Murl` Jl`suitg`b Brlup) G`j.) @l. 87 Jgv. 3=88 -OZT') 4833 RI 45:457 [email protected]. Oc`. 46) 4833'...................37) 4:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Gsic`f Xcrn ) 273 A. Zupp. :56 [email protected]. 3774' ...............................64) 61

U`gtef Ztctes v. Olm`sl`) 3:8 A.:f 3:54 -7tm Jgr. 3772'..................................................16

U`gtef Ztctes v. Ne`sg`btl` Mlspgtci ) 218 A. Zupp. 3348 -E.F. Xc. 3773'.......................37

U`gtef Ztctes v. Nlisny) 3:2 A. Zupp. :57 -E.F. Xc. 3755'...............................................62

U`gtef Ztctes v. Icmey Jig`gj Mlspgtci) G`j.) :77 A.:f 3 -3st Jgr. 4885' ..........................4:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Kcjlkd Jl`trcjtg`b Jlrp.)21: A. Zupp. 424 -K.F. Ve``. 3778'.....................................................................64) 61

U`gtef Ztctes v. Kcrtg`ez ) @l. 7=+36:=) 3777 RI :==64 -4f Jgr. Oc`. 42) 3777' ...........51

U`gtef Ztctes v. Kcvcsmev) @l. 8=+JT+784 -FIG' -KFB') 4887 RI 6261:83 [email protected]. Fej. 2) 4887' .............1:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Kgiier ) 165 A.4f 62: -5tm Jgr. 37=3' .......................................................:5

U`gtef Ztctes v. Kuiig`s) 13: A.:f 342: -38tm Jgr. 4838'.................................................13

U`gtef Ztctes v. Lmie) 12= A. Zupp. 4f 435 [email protected]. 4838' .....................................52) 1:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Xeiuiil) 716 A.4f 37: -:f Jgr. 3774'.......................................................1:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Xaiuber ) 1=5 A.:f 6=3 -5tm Jgr. 4834' .....................................................6=

U`gtef Ztctes v. Xrlsperg) 52: A. Zupp. 4f 6:1 -F. Kcss. 488='......................................62

U`gtef Ztctes v. S G`ter`ctgl`ci Jlurger) G`j.) 3:3 A.:f 228 -=tm Jgr. 3772' ..................:=

U`gtef Ztctes v. Tcykl`f ! Rmgtjlkd Jl.) 5: A. Zupp. 4f 6:1 [email protected]. 3777' ..........:2

U`gtef Ztctes v. Tlbc`) 532 A.:f 667 -2tm Jgr. 488='.......................................................4:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Tudg`,Jmckders) Fu`mgii G`surc`je Zervs.)27= A. Zupp. 4f 532 [email protected]. 4833'....................................................................54) 5:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Tudg`,Jmckders) Fu`mgii G`surc`je Zervs.)=:3 A. Zupp. 4f 227 [email protected]. 4833'..................................................52) 5=) 57) 1:) 16

U`gtef Ztctes v. Zjmg``eii ) =8 A.:f 3816 -5tm Jgr. 3771' ..................................................16

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U`gtef Ztctes v. Zerpgjl) :48 A.:f 173 -2tm Jgr. 488:' ...................................51) 52) 13) 14

U`gtef Ztctes v. Zicey) @l. 81+67:8) 4882 RI 4364:13 -E.F. Xc. Ouiy 46) 4882'...........63

U`gtef Ztctes v. Zpgjer ) 52 A.:f 3354 -F.J. Jgr. 3775'.....................................................:5

U`gtef Ztctes v. Vejm`lilby Teargberctgl`)36: A. Zupp. 4f 3881 [email protected]. Gii. 4883' .................................................64) 6:) 66) 61) 15

U`gtef Ztctes v. Qc` Drljnig`) 335 A.:f 5=2 -=tm Jgr. 3772'............................................5:

U`gtef Ztctes v. Rgc`t ) :36 A.:f =41 -1tm Jgr. 488:'........................................................1:

G` re U.Z. Allfservgje G`j. Xrgjg`b Igtgbctgl`) @l. :?82 KF 3=76 -JAF') 4887 RI 581661= -F. Jl``. Fej. 35) 4887' ..................37

Qc`je v. Tuksaeif ) 15: A.:f 573 -2tm Jgr. 4833'..............................................................6=

Qer`l` v. Jcsscfcbc Qciiey Je`trci Zjm. Fgstrgjt ) 67 A.:f ==1 -4f Jgr. 3775'...............62

G` re Reiis Acrbl Klrtbcbe+Dcjnef Jertgagjctes Igtgbctgl`)234 A. Zupp. 4f 75= [email protected]. Jci. 4838' .........................................................................16

Ztctutes

3 U.Z.J. § 3........................................................................................................................53

34 U.Z.J. § 328=-j'-:'-E'-v'.......................................................................................:3) :=

34 U.Z.J. § 3232z+43-j'-3' -4881'..............................................................................:3) :=

34 U.Z.J. § 3=::c...................................................................................................... pcssgk

35 U.Z.J. § 165-c' .............................................................................................................18

3= U.Z.J. § 3883..........................................................................................................58) 55

3= U.Z.J. § 3885..............................................................................................58) 53) 54) 5:

3= U.Z.J. § 3882..........................................................................................................5:) 18

3= U.Z.J. § 3836..............................................................................................58) 56) 55) 18

3= U.Z.J. § 3:63....................................................................................................58) 5:) 55




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3= U.Z.J. § 3:6:....................................................................................................58) 5:) 55

3= U.Z.J. § 3:66..........................................................................................................5:) 13

3= U.Z.J. § :4=2..........................................................................................................61) 62

3= U.Z.J. § :47:........................................................................................5:) 51) 52) 57) 13

4= U.Z.J. § 4635................................................................................................................15

4= U.Z.J. § 4631................................................................................................................15

:3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3' -4881'.....................................................................................45) 41

:3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3'-C' ...........................................................................................45) 41

:3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3'-D' ...........................................................................................45) 41

:3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3'-B' ...........................................................................................45) :1

:3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-4' -4881'...........................................................................................45

:3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-2' -4881'...............................................................................45) :1) :=

:3 U.Z.J. § :2:8................................................................................................................6:

:3 U.Z.J. § :2:3....................................................................................................68) 64) 6:

Ag`c`jgci G`stgtutgl`s Tejlvery c`f Teg`vestke`t Cjt la 37=7)Xud. I. @l. 383+2:) 38: Ztct. 3=: -37=7'..................................................6=) 58) 5:) 57

Arcuf E`alrjeke`t c`f Tejlvery Cjt la 4887)Z. Tep. 333+38) 333tm Jl`b.) 3st Zess. 4887) 4887 U.Z.J.J.C.@. 6:8) 663...............:=

Olg`t Tesliutgl` tl Cutmlrgze Use la Kgigtcry Alrje) Xud. I. 382+68) 335 Ztct.446 -4883'....................................................................................................................62

Olg`t Tesliutgl` tl Cutmlrgze Use la Kgigtcry Alrje) Xud. I. 382+46:) 331 Ztct.367= -4884'..................................................................................................................62

Tuies ! Tebuictgl`s

34 J.A.T. § 5.::-b'-6'-v'...................................................................................................45

46 J.A.T. § 48:.5.....................................................................................................6) :8) :3




x

46 J.A.T. § 48:.455-b' ................................................................................................:3) :=

4= J.A.T. § 8.65-f' ............................................................................................................64

Aef. T. Jgv. X. 7-d' .................................................................................................... pcssgk

Aef. T. Jgv. X. 34-d'-1'.............................................................................................. pcssgk

Aef. T. Jgv. X. 35...............................................................................................................45

Ltmer Cutmlrgty

M.T. Tep. @l. 383+56-G' -37=7') 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. =1 ............................................67) 57

M.T. Tep. 383+56-Q' -37=7') 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. :72................................................57) 18




Xicg`tgaa tme U`gtef Ztctes la Ckergjc -tme ’Blver`ke`t‛' respejtauiiy sudkgts tmgs

keklrc`fuk la icw g` lpplsgtgl` tl tme kltgl` dy feae`fc`t Reiis Acrbl Dc`n) @.C. -’Reiis

Acrbl‛ lr ’tme dc`n‛' tl fgskgss tme Agrst Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t -’Cke`fef Jlkpicg t‛ lr

’ACJ‛'.

XTEIGKG@CTW ZVCVEKE@V

Vmrlubm gts kltgl` tl fgskgss) Reiis Acrbl seens tl pcg`t gtseia cs c vgjtgk. G` tme dc`n‗s

versgl`) Reiis Acrbl gs MUF‗s pcrtèr) c deèvlie`t prlvgfer la klrtbcbe ilc`s tmct gs `lw

deg`b uàcgriy dickef alr ilc` feacuits tmct cre tme prlfujt la tme reje`t mlusg`b kcrnet

jliicpse. Vme recigty gs kujm fgaaere`t. Reiis Acrbl wcs tme deèagjgcry la c aeferci klrtbcbe

g`surc`je prlbrck tmct ciilwef gt tl lrgbg`cte mu`frefs la dgiigl`s la fliicrs g` mlke klrtbcbes

wgtmlut aecr la ilss. C`f cater deg`b replsef wgtm tme Blver`ke`t‗s trust tl lrgbg cte ilc`s

bucrc teef g` auii dy tme U`gtef Ztctes la Ckergjc) Reiis Acrbl drecjmef tmct trust dy aciseiy

jertgayg`b tmlusc`fs la dcf ilc`s alr g`surc`je) jl`jecig`b gts kgsjl`fujt) c`f fearcufg`b tme

Blver`ke`t lut la mu`frefs la kgiigl`s la fliicrs. @ltmg b g` Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgl` prlvgfes gt

c` esjcpe arlk igcdgigty alr tme yecrs la kgsjl`fujt fetcgief g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t.

Reiis Acrbl‗s kgsjl`fujt picyef lut g` twl reictef arcufuie`t sjmekes g` jl`èjtgl`

wgtm gts lrgbg`ctgl` c`f u`ferwrgtg`b la mlke klrtbcbe ilc`s u`fer tme Aeferci Mlusg`b

Cfkg`gstrctgl` -’AMC‛' Fgrejt E`flrseke`t Ie`fer prlbrck ‚ ilc`s tmct cre g`suref g` auii

cbcg`st feacuit dy tme Blver`ke`t. Zpejgagjciiy) arlk Kcy 4883 tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) Reiis

Acrbl e`bcbef g` c rebuicr prcjtgje la rejniess lrgbg`ctgl` c`f g`cfequcte u`ferwrgtg`b la gts

retcgi AMC ilc`s. Furg`b tmgs perglf) Reiis Acrbl jertgagef tl tme U`gtef Ztctes Fepcrtke`t la

Mlusg`b c`f Urdc` Feveilpke`t -’MUF‛' tmct te`s la tmlusc`fs la tme dc`n‗s retcgi AMC ilc`s

ket MUF‗s requgreke`ts alr prlper lrgbg`ctgl` c`f u`ferwrgtg`b c`f tmerealre were eigbgdie alr




4

AMC g`surc`je) wme` tme dc`n nèw tmct c very sudstc`tgci perje`tcbe la tmese ilc`s ‚ ècriy

58% g` jertcg` kl`tms ‚ mcf `lt dee` prlperiy u`ferwrgtte`) jl`tcgèf u`cjjeptcdie rgsn) c`f

were gèigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je. Rme` tmese dcf ilc`s feacuitef) Reiis Acrbl sudkgttef acise

jicgks alr AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts c`f jcusef tmgrf pcrtges tl wmlk Reiis Acrbl slif tmese

dcf ilc`s tl sudkgt acise jicgks) jcusg`b MUF tl suaaer mu`frefs la kgiigl`s la fliicrs g` ilsses.

Vl jlkplu`f kctters) arlk Ocùcry 4884 tmrlubm Fejekder 4838) Reiis Acrbl ailutef

MUF‗s seia+replrtg`b requgreke`t tl jl`jeci gts dcf ilc`s arlk tme Blver`ke`t. U`fer tme

Fgrejt E`flrseke`t prlbrck) Reiis Acrbl wcs requgref tl peralrk qucigty jl`trli revgews la tme

AMC ilc`s tmct gt wcs lrgbg`ctg`b c`f prlkptiy replrt tl MUF ilc`s tmct jl`tcgèf kctergci

vglictgl`s la MUF‗s requgreke`ts. Vmgs seia+replrtg`b requgreke`t ciilws MUF tme lpplrtu`gty

tl g`vestgbcte tme replrtef ilc`s c`f request regkdurseke`t lr g fek`gagjctgl`) cs cpprlprgcte.

Mlwever) fespgte g`ter ciiy gfe`tgayg b tmlusc`fs la kctergciiy feagjge`t ilc`s tmct tme dc`n mcf

aciseiy jertgagef tl MUF were eigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je) Reiis Acrbl fejgfef tl neep gts dcf

ilc`s c sejret. Xrglr tl Ljtlder 4885) tme dc`n fgf `lt seia+replrt c sg bie ilc` tl MUF.

Vmerecater) Reiis Acrbl kcfe c tlne` eaalrt ct seia+replrtg`b) gàlrkg`b MUF g` tltci la iess

tmc` 6% la tme 1)55= dcf ilc`s tmct tme dc`n mcf g`ter`ciiy gfe`tgagef. Feacuits arlk oust tme

ilc`s tmct Reiis Acrbl acgief tl seia+replrt) cs requgref) mcve jlst MUF ècriy &378 kgiigl`.

Reiis Acrbl laaers c siew la tejm`gjci feae`ses g` gts kltgl` wmgjm tme dc`n csserts

reigeves gt la deg`b meif tl cjjlu`t alr tmgs kgsjl`fujt) dut `lè mcs kergt. Agrst) Reiis Acrbl

jl`te`fs tmct tme Blver`ke`t‗s jicgks were reiecsef cs pcrt la c settieke`t la c sepcrcte cjtgl`

g` tme Fgstrgjt la Jliukdgc. Vmct crbuke`t `lw gs prejiufef) cs l` Aedrucry 34) 483:) tme

fgstrgjt jlurt g` tme Fgstrgjt la Jliukdgc reoejtef Reiis Acrbl‗s g`terpretctgl` la tme reiecse.

Jcse 3?34+jv+82542+OKA Fljuke`t :8 Agief 84,3:,3: Xcbe 3: la 27



:

Zejl`f) Reiis Acrbl g`sgsts tmct tme Blver`ke`t‗s Acise Jicgks Cjt jicgks cre tgke dcrref

dejcuse cs pcrt la c rlutgè cufgt g` 4886) MUF gfe`tgagef c skcii ùkder la AMC ilc`s tmct

Reiis Acrbl mcf `lt prlperiy u`ferwrgtte`. Vmgs acjt+dcsef crbuke`t gs g`cpprlprgcte l` c

kltgl` fgskgss c`f) g` c`y eve`t) wmliiy icjns kergt. Vmgrf) Reiis Acrbl csserts tmct tme

Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t gs g`suaagjge`tiy pief u`fer Tuies 7-d' c`f 34-d'-1' la tme Aeferci Tuies la

Jgvgi Xrljefure. Dut tme fetcgief ciiebctgl`s g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t fedu`n tme dc`n‗s Tuie

7-d' crbuke`t) c`f tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t stctes weii+pief jicgks u`fer tme Acise Jicgks Cjt

-’AJC‛') tme Ag`c`jgci G`stgtutgl`s Tealrk) Tejlvery) c`f Eàlrjeke`t Cjt -’AGTTEC‛') c`f

tme jlkkl` icw. Cjjlrfg`biy) Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgl` smluif de fe`gef.

ZVCVEKE@V LA ACJVZ

G. MUF‗Z AMC FGTEJV E@FLTZEKE@V IE@FG@B XTLBTCK

Vme Aeferci Mlusg`b Cfkg`gstrctgl` -’AMC‛') c pcrt la MUF) gs tme icrbest klrtbcbe

g`surer g` tme wlrif) g`surg`b cpprlxgkcteiy lè tmgrf la cii èw resgfe`tgci klrtbcbes g` tme

U`gtef Ztctes. ACJ ± 3:. AMC e`jlurcbes ie`fers tl kcne ilc`s tl kgiigl`s la jrefgtwlrtmy

Ckergjc`s wml kgbmt `lt ltmerwgse sctgsay jl`ve`tgl`ci u`ferwrgtg`b jrgtergc) dy prlkgsg`b tl

pcy tme klrtbcbe mlifer tme dcic`je la tme ilc` c`f tcne l` alrejilsure c`f ltmer jlsts ga c ilc`

g` tme prlbrck feacuits. Gf. ± 36. MUF‗s Fgrejt E`flrseke`t Ie`fg`b prlbrck gs lè la tme

AMC+g`suref klrtbcbe prlbrcks. Gf. ± 35. Rme` c Fgrejt E`flrseke`t Ie`fer -’FEI‛' gs

cutmlrgzef dy MUF tl pcrtgjgpcte g` tme prlbrck) MUF reiges l` tme FEI tl u`ferwrgte

klrtbcbe ilc`s) fejgfe wmetmer tme dlrrlwer represe`ts c` cjjeptcdie jrefgt rgsn alr MUF) c`f

jertgay ilc`s alr AMC klrtbcbe g`surc`je wgtmlut prglr MUF revgew lr cpprlvci. Gf. ±± 35+31.

Reiis Acrbl gs tme klst prligagj FEI g` tme AMC klrtbcbe g`surc`je prlbrck. Gf. ± 4.




6

C. U`ferwrgtg`b c`f Fue Fgigbe`je Tequgreke ts

C FEI gs respl`sgdie alr cii cspejts la tme klrtbcbe cppigjctgl`) tme prlperty c`ciysgs)

c`f tme u`ferwrgtg`b la tme AMC klrtbcbe. ACJ ± 32. Vme u`ferwrgter kust ’evciucte êcjm[

klrtbcblr‗s jrefgt jmcrcjtergstgjs) cfequcjy c`f stcdgigty la g`jlke tl keet tme perglfgj

pcyke`ts u`fer tme klrtbcbe c`f cii ltmer ldigbctgl`s) c`f tme cfequcjy la tme klrtbcblr‗s

cvcgicdie cssets tl jilse tme trc`scjtgl`) c`f re`fer c` u`ferwrgtg`b fejgsgl` g` cjjlrfc`je wgtm

cppigjcdie rebuictgl`s) pligjges c`f prljefures.‛ 46 J.A.T. § 48:.5-f'> see cisl ACJ ± 32. G`

cffgtgl`) tme u`ferwrgter kust ’mcve êcjm[ prlperty cpprcgsef g` cjjlrfc`je wgtm ^tme[

stc`fcrfs c`f requgreke`ts‛ presjrgdef dy MUF. 46 J.A.T. § 48:.5-e'> see cisl ACJ ± 32. Vl

qucigay alr AMC klrtbcbe g`surc`je) c klrtbcbe kust keet cii la tme cppigjcdie MUF+AMC

requgreke`ts -e.b.) g`jlke) jrefgt mgstlry) vciuctgl` la prlperty) etj.'. ACJ ± 35.

Klrtbcbees kust ekpily u`ferwrgters wml jc` fetejt wcr`g`b sgb`s tmct kcy g`fgjcte

grrebuicrgtges lr arcuf) c`f kust e`sure tmct u`ferwrgtg`b fejgsgl`s cre peralrkef wgtm fue

fgigbe`je g` c prufe`t kc`èr. MUF Mc`fdlln 6888.6 TEQ+3) ± 4+6-J'-5'> see cisl MUF

Mc`fdlln 6355.4 ± 4.C.6.d> ACJ ± 3=.3 Vme ie`fer kust cisl kcg`tcg` c jlkpigc`t

jlkpe`sctgl` systek alr gts stcaa) c` esse`tgci eieke`t la wmgjm gs tme prlmgdgtgl` l` pcyg`b

jlkkgssgl`s tl u`ferwrgters. MUF Mc`fdlln 6818.3 TEQ+4) ± 4+7-C'> ACJ ± 3=.

G` cffgtgl`) g` lrfer alr c ilc` tl de g`suref dy AMC) tme FEI kust jlkpiete c`

g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`) wmgjm) ckl`b ltmer tmg`bs) jertgages tmct tme ie`fer jl`fujtef fue

fgigbe`je c`f,lr e`suref fctc g`tebrgty sujm tmct tme e`flrsef klrtbcbe jlkpiges wgtm MUF

3 Cii la tme jurre`t MUF Mc`fdllns cre pudigjiy cvcgicdie ctmttp?,,www.muf.blv,laagjes,cfk,mufjigps,mc`fdllns,msbm -icst vgsgtef Aed. 1) 483:'. Alr tmeJlurt‗s jl`ve`ge`je) we cisl cttcjm tme reievc`t plrtgl`s la tme jurre`t c`f mgstlrgjci MUFMc`fdllns cs c` cppe`fgx.




5

ruies c`f gs ’eigbgdie alr MUF klrtbcbe g`surc`je u`fer tme Fgrejt E`flrseke`t prlbrck.‛

ACJ ± :=> see Fejicrctgl` la Flubics Dcrujm fctef Ocùcry 31) 483: -’Dcrujm Feji.‛') Ex. D.

Cffgtgl`ci jertgagjctgl`s cre requgref fepe`fg`b upl` wmetmer c ilc` gs cpprlvef tmrlubm

cutlkctef lr kcùci u`ferwrgtg`b) dut g` egtmer jcse) tme ie`fer cisl kust jertgay? ’G) tme

u`fersgbèf) cs cutmlrgzef represe`tctgve la klrtbcbee ct tmgs tgke la jilsg`b la tmgs klrtbcbe

ilc`) jertgay tmct G mcve persl`ciiy revgewef tme klrtbcbe ilc` fljuke`ts) jilsg`b stcteke`ts)

cppigjctgl` alr g`surc`je e`flrseke`t) c`f cii cjjlkpc`yg`b fljuke`ts. G meredy kcne cii

jertgagjctgl`s requgref alr tmgs klrtbcbe cs set alrtm g` MUF Mc`fdlln 6888.6.‛ Gf. ± :7> see

Dcrujm Feji. Ex. D ct :) 6. MUF reiges l` ecjm g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` tl e`flrse tme ilc`

alr g`surc`je c`f prlvgfe tme ie`fer wgtm c` AMC klrtbcbe g`surc`je jertgagjcte. Gf. ± 68.

D. Sucigty Jl`trli c`f Teplrtg b Tequgreke ts

Xursuc`t tl MUF ruies) every FEI kust kcne c` c`ùci jertgagjctgl` la jlkpigc`je wgtm

tme prlbrck‗s qucigagjctgl` requgreke`ts) g`jiufg`b fue fgigbe`je g` u`ferwrgtg`b c`f tme

gkpieke`tctgl` la c kc`fctlry qucigty jl`trli pic`. Gf. ± :2. Vme c`ùci jertgagjctgl` stctes?

G n`lw) lr ck g` tme plsgtgl` tl n`lw) wmetmer tme lperctgl`s la tme cdlve `ckefklrtbcbee jlàlrk tl MUF+AMC rebuictgl`s) mc`fdllns) c`f pligjges. G jertgaytmct tl tme dest la ky n`lwiefbe) tme cdlve `ckef klrtbcbee jlàlrks tl ciiMUF+AMC rebuictgl`s èjesscry tl kcg`tcg` gts MUF+AMC cpprlvci) c`f tmct tmecdlve+`ckef klrtbcbee gs auiiy respl`sgdie alr cii cjtgl`s la gts ekpilyeesg`jiufg`b tmlse la gts MUF+AMC cpprlvef drc`jm laagjes.

Gf. Cdse`t c trutmaui c`ùci jertgagjctgl`) c ie`fer gs `lt e`tgtief tl kcg`tcg` gts FEI stctus c`f

gs `lt e`tgtief tl jertgay ilc`s alr AMC g`surc`je. Gf.

Vl trutmauiiy caagrk MUF‗s requgref c`ùci jertgagjctgl` c`f tmus kcg`tcg` MUF+AMC

cpprlvci) c FEI kust gkpieke`t c`f kcg`tcg` c` g fepe`fe`t qucigty jl`trli prlbrck. Gf. ± 46.

MUF‗s qucigty jl`trli requgreke`ts kc`fcte tmct c ie`fer kust -ckl`b ltmer tmg`bs'? -c' revgew




1

c presjrgdef sckpie la cii jilsef ilc` agies tl e`sure tmey were u`ferwrgtte` g` cjjlrfc`je wgtm

MUF bugfeigès> c`f -d' jl`fujt c auii revgew la ’cii ilc`s blg`b g`tl feacuit wgtmg` tme agrst sgx

pcyke`ts)‛ wmgjm MUF feagès cs ’ecriy pcyke`t feacuits.‛ Gf. G` jl`fujtg`b c qucigty jl`trli

revgew la c ilc` agie) tme ie`fer kust) ckl`b ltmer tmg`bs) revgew c`f re+vergay spejgagj gteks la

gàlrkctgl` tmct trcjn tme MUF u`ferwrgtg`b c`f fue fgigbe`je requgreke ts alr jertgayg`b AMC

ilc`s alr e`flrseke`t. Zee gf. ± 45. Vme MUF Mc`fdlln prlvgfes c alur+ievei rctg`b systek alr

qucigty jl`trli revgews) tl rcte tme severgty la tme vglictgl`s alu`f? tmlse rctg`bs rc`be arlk

’Ilw‛) g.e.) `l lr kg`lr vglictgl`s) up tl tme tlp tger la ’Kctergci)‛ g.e.) gssues gfe`tgagef were

kctergci vglictgl`s la AMC lr klrtbcbee requgreke`ts c`f represe`t c` u`cjjeptcdie ievei la

rgsn) c`f mcve tl de replrtef tl MUF. Gf. ± 41. Zpejgagjciiy) tme MUF Mc`fdlln feagès

’Kctergci Tgsn‛ ilc`s cs aliilws?

Vme gssues gfe`tgagef furg`b tme revgew were kctergci vglictgl`s la AMC lr klrtbcbee requgreke`ts c`f represe`t c` u`cjjeptcdie ievei la rgsn. Alr exckpie) c sgb`gagjc`t kgsjcijuictgl` la tme g`surcdie klrtbcbe cklu`t lr tmecppigjc`t^‗[s jcpcjgty tl repcy) acgiure tl u`ferwrgte c` cssukptgl` lr prltejtcdc`flèf prlperty arlk fckcbe) lr arcuf. Klrtbcbees kust replrt tmese ilc`s)g` wrgtg b) tl tme Sucigty Cssurc`je Fgvgsgl` g` tme AMC Mlke LwèrsmgpJe`ter mcvg`b ourgsfgjtgl`.

Gf. ± 42 -ekpmcsgs cffef'.

U`fer MUF‗s ruies) c ie`fer kust replrt tl MUF -cil`b wgtm tme supplrtg`b

fljuke`tctgl`' ’^s[erglus feagjge`jges) pctter`s la `l`+jlkpigc`je) lr arcuf u`jlveref dy

klrtbcbees‛ furg`b tme ’`lrkci jlurse la dusgèss c`f dy qucigty jl`trli stcaa furg`b

revgews,cufgts la AMC ilc`s‛ wgtmg` 18 fcys la tme g`gtgci fgsjlvery. Gf. ± 4=.4 G` cffgtgl` tl

4 Dealre @lvekder 488:) ie`fers were requgref tl replrt tl MUF ilc`s caaejtef dy ’sgb`gagjc`tfgsjrepc`jges)‛ sujm cs ’c`y vglictgl` la icw lr rebuictgl`) acise stcteke`ts lr prlbrck cduses dy tme klrtbcbee) gts ekpilyees) lr c`y ltmer pcrty tl tme trc`scjtgl`.‛ ACJ ± 4=.




2

replrtg`b tmlse ilc`s tl MUF) tme ie`fer gs requgref tl tcne jlrrejtgve cjtgl` g` respl`se tl gts

ag`fg`bs. Gf. ± :8. G` pcrtgjuicr) qucigty jl`trli revgew ag`fg`bs kust ’de replrtef tl tme

klrtbcbee‗s se`glr kc`cbeke`t wgtmg` lè kl`tm la jlkpietgl` la tme g`gtgci replrt‛ c`f

’^k[c`cbeke`t kust tcne prlkpt cjtgl` tl feci cpprlprgcteiy wgtm c`y kctergci ag`fg`bs.‛ Gf.

Vme ag`ci replrt lr c` cffe`fuk ’kust gfe`tgay tme cjtgl`s deg`b tcne`) tme tgketcdie alr tmegr

jlkpietgl`) c`f c`y pic`èf aliilw+up cjtgvgtges.‛ Gf. Cpprlprgcte cjtgl` dy kc`cbeke`t

g`jiufes aliilwg`b up wgtm u`ferwrgters respl`sgdie alr kctergci vglictgl`s tl e`sure tmct tmey

cre prlperiy trcgèf c`f fgigbe`tiy revgewg`b ecjm agie dealre e`flrsg`b gt alr AMC g`surc`je. Gf.

J. Zudkgssgl` c`f Xcyke t la AMC Jicgks) c`f G`fek`gagjctgl` la MUF

L`je c ilc` gs jertgagef alr AMC g`surc`je dy c FEI) MUF e`flrses tme ilc` c`f cssgb`s

gt c u`gque AMC jcse ùkder. Gf. ± 68. Rmeèver c` AMC ilc` feacuits c`f c` g`surc`je jicgk

gs sudkgttef) MUF‗s eiejtrl`gj systek wgii jl`fujt c serges la jmejns c`f ga tmere cre `l

gkpefgke`ts tl pcyg`b tme jicgk) c fgsdurseke`t request gs se`t tl tme U`gtef Ztctes Vrecsury tl

gssue tme au`fs tl tme mlifer la rejlrf. Gf. ± 64. G` tme eve`t tmct MUF fgsjlvers tmct c ilc` wcs

e`flrsef fespgte deg`b gèigbgdie alr tme AMC prlbrck) MUF kcy seen g`fek`gagjctgl` arlk tme

FEI tmct jertgagef tme ilc` vgc c` g`fek`gagjctgl` cbreeke`t wmeredy tme ie`fer cbrees tl

g`fek`gay MUF smluif jicgks alr AMC g`surc`je de sudkgttef l` tmct ilc`. Gf. ± 68.

GG. REIIZ ACTBL‗Z SUCIGVW JL@VTLI XTLJEZZ

Reiis Acrbl‗s qucigty jl`trli prlbrck g`jiufes dltm tme Arcuf Tgsn Kc`cbeke`t

-’ATK‛' c`f Sucigty Cssurc`je -’SC‛' fepcrtke`ts. ACJ ± :3. Vme SC fepcrtke`t‗s

prljefures g`jiufef tme aliilwg`b wgtm respejt tl AMC+g`suref ilc`s? kl`tmiy revgews la c

rc`flk sckpie la ilc`s lrgbg`ctef c`f spl`slref wgtmg` tme prglr 18 fcys) revgews la ct iecst

Jcse 3?34+jv+82542+OKA Fljuke`t :8 Agief 84,3:,3: Xcbe 3= la 27



=

slke plrtgl` la gts ecriy pcyke`t feacuits -’EXFs‛') c`f prepcrctgl` c`f jgrjuictgl` la g`ter`ci

replrts la tme revgews‗ ag`fg`bs. Gf. Vme ATK fepcrtke`t cisl revgewef ilc`s reaerref tl gt cs

plte`tgciiy g`vlivg`b arcuf lr kgsreprese`tctgl`. Gf.

G` evciuctg`b tme ilc`s gt revgewef) Reiis Acrbl trcjnef MUF Mc`fdlln terkg`lilby)

rctg`b gts ag`fg`bs rebcrfg`b tme rgsns cssljgctef wgtm tme ilc`s cs egtmer ’Kctergci)‛ ’Klfercte)‛

lr ’Cjjeptcdie.‛ Gf. ± :4. Reiis Acrbl‗s feag`gtgl` la tme ’Kctergci‛ rctg`b kgrrlref MUF‗s g`

sudstc`je) c`f kcfe jiecr tmct c ilc` wgtm tmct rctg`b jl`tcgèf u`cjjeptcdie rgsn c`f wcs

gèigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je. Gf. Alr exckpie) Reiis Acrbl‗s Kcy 4886 Sucigty Jl`trli Xic`

alr AMC ilc`s) wmgjm wcs prlvgfef tl MUF) feagèf ’Kctergci rgsn‛ rctef ilc`s cs aliilws?

Vme ilc` jl`tcg`s sgb`gagjc`t fevgctgl`s arlk tme spejgagj ilc` prlbrck pcrcketers u`fer wmgjm gt wcs lrgbg`ctef lr sgb`gagjc`t rgsn acjtlrs caaejtg`b tmeu`ferwrgtg`b fejgsgl` c`f,lr jl`tcg s kgsreprese`tctgl`) kcng`b tme ilc`gèigbgdie alr scie tl tme g`vestlr lr resuitg`b g` plte`tgci repurjmcse lr g`fek`gagjctgl`.

Gf. ± ::. Vmct Xic` cisl frew exckpies fgrejtiy arlk MUF‗s ’Kctergci rgsn‛ feag`gtgl`) stctg`b?

’Exckpies la kctergci rgsns g`jiufe tme cppigjc`t‗s jcpcjgty tl repcy tme klrtbcbe) acgiure tl

u`ferwrgte c` cssukptgl` lr prltejt cdc`flèf prlperty arlk fckcbe) lr arcuf.‛ Gf.

Dltm tme SC c`f ATK fepcrtke`ts kcfe kl`tmiy replrts tl se`glr kc`cbeke`t)

g`jiufg`b tme Reiis Acrbl Sucigty Jl`trli -’SJ‛' Jlkkgttee. Gf. ± :6. Reiis Acrbl‗s SC

fepcrtke`t prlvgfef wrgtte` replrts sukkcrgzg`b tme ag`fg`bs arlk gts revgews la stctgstgjciiy

rc`flk kl`tmiy sckpies la ilc`s) cs weii cs ilc`s tmct were jcteblrgzef cs EXFs. Gf. Ckl`b

ltmer gàlrkctgl`) tmlse SC replrts set alrtm tme perje`tcbe la ilc`s revgewef g` vcrglus

jcteblrges c`f igès la dusgèss tmct jl`tcgèf ’Kctergci‛ rgsn rctg`bs. Gf. Ilc`s replrtef dy




7

ATK tl tme SJ Jlkkgttee g`jiufef tmlse jl`tcg`g`b kgsreprese`tctgl`s la cssets) jrefgt) c`f

g`jlke) cs weii cs cpprcgsci arcuf. Gf. ± :5.

GGG. REIIZ ACTBL‗Z ATCUF L@ VME AMC G@ZUTC@JE XTLBTCK

C. Reiis Acrbl Zudkgttef Vmlusc`fs la Acise G`fgvgfuci Ilc` Jertgagjctgl`s alr AMC

Ilc`s Vmct tme Dc`n Lrgbg`ctef Detwee` Kcy 4883 c`f Ljtlder 4885

Detwee` Kcy 4883 c`f Ljtlder 4885) Reiis Acrbl e`bcbef g` c rebuicr prcjtgje la

rejniess lrgbg`ctgl` c`f g`cfequcte u`ferwrgtg`b la gts retcgi AMC ilc`s. ACJ ± 66. Reiis

Acrbl‗s u`ferwrgters rlutgèiy acgief tl peralrk dcsgj fue fgigbe`je) g`jiufg`b acgig`b tl vergay

gàlrkctgl` g` tme ilc` agie tmct dlre fgrejtiy l` tme dlrrlwer‗s cdgigty tl kcne pcyke`ts l` tme

klrtbcbe. Gf. ±± 66+55. Jl`seque`tiy) tme dc`n experge`jef very serglus ilc` qucigty prldieks.

Gf. ±± 66+55) =6+=7. Furg`b tmct perglf) Reiis Acrbl‗s kc`cbeke`t nèw tmct c sudstc`tgci

perje`tcbe la gts retcgi AMC ilc` plrtaligl ‚ ècriy 58% g` jertcg` kl`tms ‚ fgf `lt keet jrgtgjci

MUF requgreke`ts) jl`tcgèf c` u`cjjeptcdie ievei la rgsn) c`f tmerealre wcs gèigbgdie alr

AMC g`surc`je. Gf. ± 65. Dut kc`cbeke`t acgief tl tcne eaaejtgve cjtgl` tl cffress tmese serglus

feagjge`jges. Gf. G`stecf) Reiis Acrbl aciseiy jertgagef tmct tmlusc`fs la tme dc`n‗s retcgi AMC

ilc`s mcf dee` prlperiy u`ferwrgtte`) ket MUF‗s requgreke`ts) c`f tmerealre were eigbgdie alr

AMC g surc`je) wme` tmey were `lt. Gf. C`f wme` tmese ilc`s feacuitef) tme dc`n sudkgttef)

c`f jcusef tmgrf pcrtges tl wmlk Reiis Acrbl slif tmese ilc`s tl sudkgt) acise jicgks alr AMC

g`surc`je pcyke`ts jcusg`b MUF tl g`jur mu`frefs la kgiigl`s la fliicrs g` ilsses. Gf.

Reiis Acrbl‗s severe ilc` qucigty prldieks debc` g` lr crlu`f tme kgffie la 4888) wme`

tme dc`n sgb`gagjc tiy g`jrecsef gts AMC ilc` lrgbg`ctgl`s. ACJ ± 61. Vl acjgigtcte tmgs

sudstc`tgci g`jrecse g` ilc` lrgbg`ctgl s) Reiis Acrbl expc`fef gts stcaa) g`jiufg`b mgrg`b

tekplrcry u`ferwrgters tl revgew AMC ilc`s) kc`y la wmlk were `lt cfequcteiy trcgèf wgtm




38

respejt tl tme requgreke`ts la tme AMC prlbrck. Gf. Reiis Acrbl‗s se`glr kc`cbeke`t wcs

cwcre tmct tmese ekpilyees mcf `lt rejegvef tme g`+feptm trcg`g`b èjesscry tl u`ferwrgte AMC

ilc`s g` cjjlrfc`je wgtm MUF requgreke`ts. Gf. ±± :3) :6) 61. @lètmeiess) kc`cbeke`t

pressuref u`ferwrgters tl kcne fejgsgl`s l` ilc`s l` extrekeiy smlrt tur`crlu`f tgkes)

ekpilyef icx c`f g`jl`sgste`t u`ferwrgtg`b stc`fcrfs c`f jl`trlis) c`f tlln l` c`

extrclrfg`crgiy mecvy vliuke la AMC ilc`s. Gf. ±± 6=+67. Vl jlkplu`f kctters) Reiis Acrbl

pcgf gts u`ferwrgters c dlùs -g` cffgtgl` tl tmegr scicrges' dcsef l` tme ùkder la ilc`s

cpprlvef) rctmer tmc` tme ùkder la ilc`s revgewef. Gf. ± 62. Vmgs gkprlper fe acjtl

jlkkgssgl` g`je`tgvgzef u`ferwrgters tl cpprlve cs kc`y AMC ilc`s cs plssgdie) rebcrfiess la

tme rgsn la feacuit lr tme ilc`‗s eigbgdgigty alr AMC g`surc`je. Gf.

Cs c resuit) tme qucigty la tme dc`n‗s retcgi AMC ilc`s frlppef prejgpgtlusiy) wmgjm

fejigè wcs fetejtef jl`tekplrcèlusiy dy Reiis Acrbl‗s SC fepcrtke`t c`f replrtef tl se`glr

kc`cbeke`t. Gf. ± 58. Alr exckpie) SC‗s replrt alr ilc`s lrgbg`ctef g` Fejekder 4888 cfvgsef

se`glr kc`cbeke`t tmct 41% la tme retcgi AMC ilc`s tmct were rc`flkiy sckpief jl`tcgèf c

kctergci vglictgl` la MUF‗s requgreke`ts. Gf. G` ltmer wlrfs) klre tmc` lè lut la every alur

retcgi AMC ilc` tmct Reiis Acrbl jertgagef tl MUF alr AMC g`surc`je wcs `lt eigbgdie. Gf.

Fespgte tmese trludig`b ag`fg`bs) Reiis Acrbl‗s kc`cbeke`t acgief tl tcne cjtgl`. Gf. ± 53.

Jl`seque`tiy) tme kctergci vglictgl` rcte wlrseèf sgb`gagjc`tiy debg``g`b g` Kcy 4883)

c`f esjcictef treke`flusiy tmrlubmlut 4884. Gf. ± 54. Furg`b tme 43 kl`tms arlk Kcy 4883

tmrlubm Ocùcry 488:) tme kctergci vglictgl` rcte alr rc`flkiy revgewef retcgi AMC ilc`s) cs

alu`f dy Reiis Acrbl SC) exjeefef 45% g` 3= la tmlse kl`tms. Gf. Rlrse stgii) furg`b tme

seve` kl`tms arlk Cprgi 4884 tl Ljtlder 4884) tme kctergci vglictgl` rcte èver fgppef deilw




33

64%) c`f recjmef cs mgbm cs 6=%. Gf. ± 5:. Vmgs wcs c` extrclrfg`cry fepcrture arlk Reiis

Acrbl‗s g`ter`ci kctergci vglictgl`s de`jmkcrn) set ct 5%. Gf. C`f SC‗s kctergci vglictgl` rcte

alr AMC ilc`s tmct we`t g`tl ecriy pcyke`t feacuit wcs eve` mgbmer) cvercbg`b 11% g` 4884) c`f

mgttg`b c` cstrl`lkgjci mgbm la ecriy 78% g` lè la tmlse kl`tms. Gf.:

Reiis Acrbl‗s rejniess u`ferwrgtg`b c`f serglus ilc` qucigty prldieks jl`tgùef arlk

Aedrucry 488: tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) yet Reiis Acrbl jl`tgùef tl jertgay gts e`tgre plrtaligl la

retcgi AMC ilc`s alr g`surc`je eve` tmlubm tme dc`n nèw tmct c sudstc`tgci perje`tcbe la tmlse

ilc`s fgf `lt keet MUF requgreke`ts. ACJ ± =6. Kl`tm cater kl`tm SC replrtef tl

kc`cbeke`t cdlut tme sgb`gagjc`t prldieks gt wcs ag`fg`b g` tme dc`n‗s retcgi AMC ilc`s. Gf. ±

=5. Alr exckpie) g` Ouiy 488:) SC jc`fgfiy cfvgsef tmct lè la tme ’lvercii rllt jcuse^s[‛ alr

tme exjeefg`biy mgbm u`ferwrgtg`b kctergci vglictgl` rctes cjrlss cii dusgèss igès wcs

’^v[liuke) pressure tl cpprlve ilc`s) c`f tme experge`je ieveis.‛ Gf. SC wcs eve` klre

expigjgt g` Cubust 488:? ’mecvy vliuke) pressure tl cpprlve ilc`s c`f keet cjjeptcdie tur`

tgkes cil`b wgtm gèxperge`jef stcaa cre ney jl`trgdutg`b acjtlrs lvercii tl tme gssues iecfg`b tl

kctergci ag`fg`bs.‛ Gf.

Fespgte tmese replrts) c`f SC‗s g`jrecsg`biy spejgagj cfkl`gtgl`s tl kc`cbeke`t

jl`jer`g`b tme very serglus u`ferwrgtg`b prldieks) `l eaaejtgve cjtgl` wcs tcne`. Gf. L` tme

jl`trcry) Reiis Acrbl sicsmef tme ùkder la gts AMC u`ferwrgters arlk 737 tl 683. Gf. ± =1.

Vmese u`ferwrgters rekcgèf g`cfequcteiy trcgèf c`f gkprlperiy g`je`tgvgzef wgtm tme fe acjtl

jlkkgssgl`. Gf. Cs c resuit) tme kctergci vglictgl` rcte alr rc`flkiy sckpief retcgi AMC ilc`s

rekcgèf very mgbm) lver 48% g` kc`y kl`tms. Gf. ± =2. Ct tme scke tgke) tme klfercte

: Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t jmcrts g fetcgi SC‗s kl`tm+dy+kl`tm ag`fg bs alr retcgi AMC ilc`sau`fef detwee` Kcy 4883 c`f Ljtlder 4885. Gf. ±± 56) =7.




34

vglictgl` rcte ‚ tme rctg`b oust deilw ’kctergci‛ ‚ snyrljnetef. Gf. Alr c ùkder la kl`tms

furg`b tmgs perglf) tme jlkdgèf kctergci c`f klfercte vglictgl` rcte exjeefef =8% la tme

rc`flkiy sckpief retcgi AMC ilc`s. Gf. C`f alr 3= jl`sejutgve kl`tms tmct jlkdgèf rcte

mlveref detwee` 28% c`f =8% c`f èver aeii deilw 1:%. Gf . Vmgs mgbm jlkdgèf vglictgl`

rcte wcs c pcrtgjuicriy serglus prldiek dejcuse tme ’klfercte‛ rgsn rctg`b jicssgagjctgl` g` tmgs

perglf e`jlkpcssef u`ferwrgtg`b vglictgl`s tmct cjtuciiy were kctergci tl wmetmer tme ilc`s ket

MUF‗s requgreke`ts c`f were eigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je. Gf. ±± =2+==.6

Cii tlif) arlk Kcy 4883 tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) Reiis Acrbl aciseiy jertgagef tmlusc`fs

la ilc`s alr g`surc`je c`f jcusef MUF tl pcy mu`frefs la kgiigl`s la fliicrs g` g`surc`je

jicgks alr ilc`s tmct were lt eigbgdie alr tme AMC prlbrck. Gf. ± 337.

D. Reiis Acrbl‗s N`lwg`b Acgiure tl Teplrt 1):48 Kctergciiy Feagjge`t Ilc`s tl MUF

Furg`b tmgs scke perglf c`f jl`tgùg`b tmrlubm Fejekder 4838) Reiis Acrbl cisl

purplseiy ailutef gts ldigbctgl` tl seia+replrt kctergciiy feagjge`t AMC ilc`s tl MUF. Cs

fgsjussef cdlve) MUF requgres FEIs) igne Reiis Acrbl) tl peralrk plst+jilsg`b revgews la tme

AMC ilc`s tmey lrgbg cte c`f replrt tl MUF ilc`s tmct mcve c` u`cjjeptcdie rgsn. ACJ ±± 46+

:8) 348. Vmgs requgreke`t prlvgfes MUF wgtm c` lpplrtu`gty tl g`vestgbcte tme ilc`s tmct cre

replrtef c`f request regkdurseke`t lr g`fek gagjctgl`) cs cpprlprgcte. Gf. ±± 68) 6:) 348.

Reiis Acrbl) mlwever) fejgfef u`gicterciiy `lt tl jlkpiy wgtm tmgs requgreke`t. Gf. ± 348. Xrglr

tl Ljtlder 4885) Reiis Acrbl ‚ tme icrbest lrgbg`ctlr la AMC g`suref ilc s g` tme jlu`try ‚

acgief tl replrt c sg`bie dcf ilc`. Gf. ±± 5) 33=) 342. C`f u`tgi tme Blver`ke`t debc` tme g`stc`t

6 Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t prlvgfes te` exckpies la klrtbcbes aciseiy jertgagef alr AMCg`surc`je dy Reiis Acrbl) g`jiufg`b tme fetcgis rebcrfg`b mlw tmlse klrtbcbes kctergciiy acgieftl keet AMC requgreke`ts) c`f tme cklu`t uitgkcteiy pcgf dy tme AMC prlbrck tl Reiis Acrblcs mlifer la tme klrtbcbes. Gf. ±± 51+=3) 78+335.




3:

g`vestgbctgl` g` 4833) tme dc`n replrtef lìy c very skcii ùkder la ilc`s? 4:= detwee`

Ljtlder 4885 c`f Fejekder 4838. Gf. ±± 3:3+:4. Vmgs fespgte tme dc`n‗s serglus ilc` qucigty

prldieks c`f gfe`tgagjctgl` la 1)55= ilc`s detwee` Ocùcry 4884 c`f Fejekder 4838 tmct

jl`tcg ef serglus vglictgl`s la MUF‗s requgreke`ts sujm tmct tmey were requgref tl de seia+

replrtef. Gf. ± 3:4.

Reiis Acrbl‗s g ter`ci keklrc`fc reveci tmct tme dc`n wcs cwcre la MUF‗s requgreke`t

tl prlkptiy replrt) g` wrgtg b) ilc`s caaejtef dy arcuf c`f ltmer serglus vglictgl`s. Gf. ± 344.

Demg`f jilsef fllrs) mlwever) Reiis Acrbl fejgfef tl fgsrebcrf tme seia+replrtg`b requgreke`t.

Gf. ± 34:. Gt fgf sl dy sgkpiy gb`lrg`b gts seia+replrtg`b ldigbctgl`s prglr tl 4886) c`f tme`

refeag`g`b tme replrtg`b requgreke`t sl `crrlwiy cs tl cii dut ldigtercte gt. Gf.

Zpejgagjciiy) g` tme sprg b la 4886) Reiis Acrbl debc` tl jl`jer` gtseia wgtm tme tlpgj la

replrtg`b dcf ilc`s tl MUF alr tme very agrst tgke. Gf. C` Cprgi =) 4886 keklrc`fuk stctes

tmct tme Qgje Xresgfe`t la Sucigty Kc`cbeke`t -tme ’QX la Sucigty Jl`trli‛' ’wgii lrbc`gze c

wlrng`b brlup tl cffress replrtg`b tl MUF. Zlke la tme gteks g` tme sjlpe la tmgs brlup cre?

arcuf) sgb`gagjc`t jrefgt rgsns) sgb`gagjc`t servgjg`b rgsns) EXF gssues) `l`+lwèr ljjupgef gssues)

acgr ie`fg`b gssues.‛ Gf. Dut `l replrtg`b ljjurref. Gf.

G` Cubust 4886) tme wlrng`b brlup fejgfef `lt tl replrt kctergci rgsn+rctef ilc`s cs

kc`fctef dy MUF rebuictgl`s. Gf. ± 346. Cjjlrfg`biy) `l ilc`s were replrtef tl MUF. Gf.

Vme`) g` 4885) cater MUF debc` questgl`g`b wmetmer Reiis Acrbl wcs jlkpiyg`b wgtm gts seia+

replrtg`b ldigbctgl s) tme dc`n igef tl MUF. Gf. ± 341. G` c Ocùcry 3=) 4881 ietter respl`fg`b

tl MUF‗s g`qugry) tme Fgvgsgl` Xresgfe`ts la Reiis Acrbl Mlke Klrtbcbe cjn`lwiefbef tmct

’MUF requgres tmct ”serglus feagjge`jges) pctter`s la `l`+jlkpigc`je) lr arcuf u`jlveref dy




36

klrtbcbees kust de replrtêf[ g` wrgtg`b)‗‛ c`f tme` represe`tef aciseiy tmct ’^p[rljefures cre)

c`f mcve dee`) g` picje tl replrt cpprlprgcte gteks tl tme MUF Mlkelwèrsmgp Je`ters.‛ Gf.

Reiis Acrbl‗s Fgvgsgl` Xresgfe`ts tme` fesjrgdef tmese prljefures) wmgjm supplsefiy g`jiufef

’ldtcg`g`b g`put arlk vcrglus brlups g`jiufg`b Sucigty Cssurc`je) Arcuf Tgsn kc`cbeke`t)

Iebci Zervgjg`b) etj.)‛ c`f cssuref MUF tmct ’^r[ebuicr keetg`bs cre meif tl fgsjuss wmct agies

smluif de replrtef.‛ Gf. Vmey expicgèf tme dc`n‗s prglr seia+replrtg`b pligjy cs aliilws?

’^m[gstlrgjciiy Reiis Acrbl g`terpretef MUF‗s ^seia+replrtg`b[ requgreke`t . . . tl kec` tmct

replrtg`b wcs requgref l` g`jgfe`ts tmct g`vlive severci agies lr pctter`s la arcuf lr `l`

jlkpigc`je . . . .‛ Gf. Dcsef l` tmgs g`terpretctgl`) ’Reiis Acrbl fgf `lt replrt every g`jgfe`t la

arcuf lr `l` jlkpigc`je tmct g`vlivef c sg`bie g`stc`je lr agie) dut rctmer aljusef l` replrtg`b

icrber bildci arcuf gssues wmgjm g`vlivef ùkerlus pcrtges c`f agies.‛ Gf. -ekpmcsgs cffef'.

Reiis Acrbl tme` cssuref MUF tmct gt mcf `lw ’drlcfeèf gts replrtg`b requgreke`ts tl keet tme

bugfc`je prlvgfef‛ g` MUF‗s Kcy 42) 4885 Klrtbcbee Ietter. Gf.

Aliilwg`b MUF‗s g`qugry) Reiis Acrbl debc` tl replrt dcf ilc`s) dut eve` tme` tme dc`n

acgief tl cfmere tl gts lw` seia+replrtg`b pligjy c`f) klre gkplrtc`tiy) n`lwg`biy acgief tl

jlkpiy wgtm MUF‗s rebuictgl`s. Gf. ± 34=. G`feef) arlk Ljtlder 4885 tmrlubm Fejekder

4838) tme dc`n‗s replrtg`b wcs jurslry ct dest) tltcig`b lìy 4:= ilc`s. Gf. ±± 34=) 3:4.

Reiis Acrbl‗s wleauiiy g`cfequcte replrtg`b wcs tme prlfujt la rebuicr kl`tmiy

keetg`bs la tme Reiis Acrbl SJ wlrng`b brlup. Gf. ± 347. Vmlse keetg`bs debc` g` Ljtlder

4885 c`f were ctte`fef dy ùkerlus mgbm+ievei ekpilyees) wml jl`fujtef lìy dcre revgews la

c mc`faui la ilc`s c`f) cjjlrfg`biy) replrtef tl MUF lìy c tg`y ùkder la ilc`s. Gf. Ckl`bst

tme ilc`s fgsjussef c`f `lt replrtef ct tmese SJ wlrng`b brlup keetg`bs were ilc`s alr wmgjm




35

Zuspgjglus Cjtgvgty Teplrts were agief dy Reiis Acrbl wgtm tme U`gtef Ztctes Fepcrtke`t la tme

Vrecsury. Gf. Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgve alr `lt replrtg b ilc`s tl MUF gs revecief g` g`ter`ci

fljuke`ts) wmgjm smlw tmct tme dc`n deigevef tmct replrtg`b wluif èbctgveiy caaejt prlagts dy

-g' requgrg`b g`fek`gagjctgl` la MUF alr tmese dcf ilc`s) c`f -gg' oelpcrfgzg`b tme dc`n‗s

reictgl`smgp wgtm gts wmliescie AMC drlners. Gf. ± 3:8.

Reiis Acrbl‗s seia+replrtg`b stc`fs g` stcrn jl`trcst tl tme ag`fg`bs la Reiis Acrbl‗s SC

revgews. Gf. ± 3:4. Arlk Ocùcry 4884 tmrlubm Fejekder 4838) Reiis Acrbl SC gfe`tgagef

1)55= ilc`s cs mcvg`b c ’kctergci‛ rgsn rctg`b) sujm tmct tmey èefef tl de replrtef tl MUF)

g`jiufg`b :)364 ecriy pcyke`t feacuits. Gf. ±± 41+42) :4+::) 3:4. Wet) Reiis Acrbl acgief tl

replrt 1):48 la tmese ’kctergci‛ rgsn+rctef ilc`s tl MUF) lver 71%. Gf. ± 3:4. Jicgks arlk

tmlse ilc`s cilè resuitef g` AMC‗s pcyke`t la ècriy &378 kgiigl` g` AMC deèagts l`

feacuitef klrtbcbe ilc`s. Gf. ±± 3:4) 3:5 ! Exs. C+J.

CTBUKE@V

G. VME BLQET@KE@V‗Z JICGKZ CTE @LV DCTTEF DW VME TEIECZE

Reiis Acrbl gs `lw estlppef arlk crbug`b tmct tme reiecse jl`tcg ef g` c Jl se`t

Oufbke`t arlk c sepcrcte igtgbctgl` g` tme Fgstrgjt Jlurt alr tme Fgstrgjt la Jliukdgc -tme

’Teiecse‛') U`gtef Ztctes v. Dc`n la Ckergjc et ci.) 34+jv+88:13+TKJ -tme ’F.J. Cjtgl`‛') dcrs

tme U`gtef Ztctes alr sug`b tme dc`n ’alr jl`fujt wgtmg` tme sjlpe la Reiis Acrbl‗s c`ùci

jertgagjctgl` tl MUF.‛ Zee Feae`fc`t Reiis Acrbl Dc`n @.C.‗s Keklrc`fuk la Icw g`

Zupplrt la Gts Kltgl` tl Fgskgss tme Agrst Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t -’RA Kek.‛' ct 7+38. 5 4) 7+34.

5 L` Cprgi 6) 4834) tme Fgstrgjt Jlurt alr tme Fgstrgjt la Jliukdgc e`teref c Jl`se`t Oufbke`tckl`b tme U`gtef Ztctes) alrty+`gè stctes) tme Fgstrgjt la Jliukdgc) c`f Reiis Acrbl. VmeTeiecse wcs cttcjmef cs Exmgdgt A tl tme Jl`se`t Oufbke`t. Zee Dcrujm Feji. Ex. F.




31

G` tme F.J. Cjtgl ) Reiis Acrbl klvef tl eòlg` tme Blver`ke`t arlk pursug`b tmgs jcse)

crbug`b ‚ oust cs gt mcs mere ‚ tmct tme Teiecse g` tme F.J. cjtgl` wcs drlcf c`f e`jlkpcsses tme

jicgks cssertef g tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t. L` Aedrucry 34) 483:) tme fgstrgjt jlurt reoejtef tme

dc`n‗s crbuke`t c`f fe`gef tme kltgl`. Zee U`gtef Ztctes v. Dc`n la Ckergjc et ci.) @l. 34+:13

-TKJ') \\ A. Zupp. 4f \\) 483: RI 586351 -F.F.J. Aed. 34) 483:'.

G` cffressg`b tme kergts la tme pcrtges‗ crbuke`ts) tme fgstrgjt jlurt alu`f tmct tme

’Teiecse gs jiecr c`f u`ckdgbulus) cs evgfe`jef dy gts picg` ic`bucbe.‛ Gf. ct /2. Cs sujm) tme

jlurt ruief tmct tme ’picg` ic`bucbe la tme Teiecse blver`s) c`f gt fles `lt mcve tme kec`g`b

csjrgdef tl gt dy Reiis Acrbl.‛ Gf. Tctmer) tme jlurt meif) jl`sgste`t wgtm tme Blver`ke`t‗s

plsgtgl`) tmct tme Teiecse lìy reigevef Reiis Acrbl la igcdgigty alr?

-3' Jicgks u`fer AGTTEC) AJC) c`f tme Jgvgi Xrlbrck Tekefges Cjt wmere tme’slie dcsgs‛ alr sujm jicgks gs tmct Reiis Acrbl sudkgttef c acise lr arcufuie`tc`ùci jertgagjctgl` ‚ wgtmlut rebcrf tl wmetmer c`y sujm ilc` jl`tcg`s ckctergci vglictgl` la MUF+AMC requgreke`ts.

-4' Jicgks u`fer AJC dcsef l` c acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` wmere tmeg`fgvgfuci ilc` fgf `lt jl`tcg` c kctergci vglictgl` la MUF+AMCrequgreke`ts.

Gf. ct /1. Mcvg`b ’jl`struef tme reiecse cs fesjrgdef g tme lpg`gl`)‛ tme jlurt ieat ’tme

g`terpretctgl` la tme ZF@W Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t‛ tl tmgs Jlurt. Gf. ct /2.

Reiis Acrbl gs dcrref dy jliicterci estlppei arlk reigtgbctg`b tme sjlpe la tme Teiecse.

Zee Cig v. Kuncsey) 547 A.:f 62=) 6=7 -4f Jgr. 488=' -’Jliicterci estlppei cppiges wme`? -3' tme

gssues g` dltm prljeefg`bs cre gfe`tgjci) -4' tme gssue g` tme prglr prljeefg b wcs ”cjtuciiy

igtgbctef c`f cjtuciiy fejgfef)‗ -:' tmere wcs c ”auii c`f acgr lpplrtu`gty alr igtgbctgl` g` tme prglr

prljeefg`b)‗ c`f -6' tme gssues prevglusiy igtgbctef were ”èjesscry tl supplrt c vcigf c`f ag`ci

oufbke`t l` tme kergts.‗‛' -qultg`b Beid v. Tlyci Bilde G`s. Jl.) 27= A.4f :=) 66 -4f Jgr.




32

37=1''. Klrelver) Reiis Acrbl fles `lt) c`f jc``lt) crbue tmct tme ciiebctgl`s la tme Cke`fef

Jlkpicg`t acii wgtmg` tme sjlpe la tme Teiecse cs g`terpretef dy tme fgstrgjt jlurt g` tme F.J.

Cjtgl`) dejcuse tme Blver`ke`t gs `lt cssertg`b jicgks dcsef slieiy l` c acise c`ùci

jertgagjctgl` wgtmlut rebcrf tl wmetmer c`y sujm ilc` jl`tcg`s c kctergci vglictgl` la MUF+AMC

requgreke`ts lr dcsef l` c acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` alr ilc`s tmct fl `lt jl`tcg` c

kctergci vglictgl` la MUF+AMC requgreke`ts.

G` pcrtgjuicr) g` Jlu`ts 3 c`f 4 la tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t) tme Blver`ke`t ciiebes)

g`ter cigc) tmct detwee` Kcy 4883 c`f Ljtlder 4885) Reiis Acrbl vglictef MUF‗s u`ferwrgtg`b

c`f fue fgigbe`je requgreke`ts wgtm respejt tl tmlusc`fs la retcgi AMC ilc`s tmct jl tcgèf

kctergci vglictgl`s la MUF‗s requgreke`ts) sudkgttef acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s tl MUF

alr tmlse ilc`s) c`f sudkgttef c`f jcusef tme sudkgssgl` la acise jicgks alr AMC g`surc`je

pcyke`ts wme` tmlse ilc`s feacuitef. ACJ ±± 66+56) =4+78) 3:4+36=. Ignewgse) g` Jlu`ts :

c`f 6 la tme ZF@W Jlkpicg`t) tme Blver`ke`t ciiebes) g`ter cigc) tmct Reiis Acrbl g`ter`ciiy

gfe`tgagef 1)55= AMC ilc`s tmct jl`tcgèf kctergci vglictgl`s la MUF+AMC requgreke`ts c`f

tmerealre were gèigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je) acgief tl seia+replrt 1):48 la tmese feagjge`t ilc`s tl

MUF cs requgref) c`f sudkgttef) lr jcusef c tmgrf pcrty tl sudkgt) c acise jicgk tl MUF alr

AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts wme` tmese ilc s feacuitef. ACJ ±± 331+3:3) 358+314 c`f Ex. C.1

Cjjlrfg`biy) Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgl` tl fgskgss dcsef l` tme Teiecse smluif de fe`gef.

1 Vme jicgks g` tme rekcg`fer la tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t cre dcsef l` tme scke acjts c`f sgkgicr iebci tmelrges. Zee gf. ±± 31:+486.




3=

GG. VME CKE@FEF JLKXICG@V XIECFZ REIIZ ACTBL‗Z ATCUF RGVM

ZUAAGJGE@V XCTVGJUICTGVW

Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke`t tmct tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t acgis tl sctgsay tme piecfg`b

requgreke`ts la Aef. T. Jgv. X. 7-d' gs g`jl`sgste`t wgtm tme blver`g`b icw c`f smluif de

reoejtef. Zee RA Kek. ct 32+46. Tuie 7-d' requgres tmct tme ’jgrjukstc`jes jl`stgtutg`b arcuf‛

de ’stcte^f[ wgtm pcrtgjuicrgty‛> mlwever) ’^k[cigje) g`te`t) n`lwiefbe) c`f ltmer jl`fgtgl`s la c

persl`‗s kg`f kcy de ciiebef beèrciiy.‛ Aef. T. Jgv. X. 7-d'. Vl piecf arcuf wgtm suaagjge`t

pcrtgjuicrgty) c jlkpicg`t kust ’-3' fetcgi tme stcteke`ts -lr lkgssgl`s' tmct tme picg`tgaa

jl`te`fs cre arcufuie`t) -4' gfe`tgay tme specner) -:' stcte wmere c`f wme` tme stcteke`ts -lr

lkgssgl`s' were kcfe) c`f -6' expicg` wmy tme stcteke`ts -lr lkgssgl`s' cre arcufuie`t.‛

Mcrsjl Jlrp. v. Zebug) 73 A.:f ::2) :62 -4f Jgr. 3771'. @ltwgtmstc`fg`b tmgs stc`fcrf) gt gs

’weii estcdigsmef tmct tmere gs `l drgbmt igè ruie alr fejgfg`b wmetmer c jlkpicg`t mcs sctgsagef

Tuie 7-d'.‛ G`t‗i Kltlr Zplrts Brlup) G`j. v. Blrfl`) @l. 7= Jgv. 5133 -KDK') 3777 RI

1371::) ct /: [email protected]. Cub. 31) 3777' -jgtctgl` lkgttef'. G`feef) ’g` c`ciyzg`b tme suaagjge`jy

la c piecfg`b u`fer Tuie 7-d') c fgstrgjt jlurt kust dcic`je tme ruie wgtm dltm Aef. T. Jgv. X.

=-c') wmgjm requgres lìy c ”smlrt c`f picg` stcteke`t la tme jicgks alr reigea)‗ c`f âlrker[ Aef.

T. Jgv. X. =-a') wmgjm prlvgfes tmct ”cii piecfg`bs smcii de sl jl`struef cs tl fl sudstc`tgci

oustgje.‗‛ Gf.> see U.Z. ex rei. Brudds v. Nc`èbc`tg) 515 A.:f 3=8) 3=1) 3=7 -5tm Jgr. 4887'

-Tuie 7-d' ’requgres lìy ”sgkpie) jl`jgse) c`f fgrejt‗ ciiebctgl`s la tme ”jgrjukstc`jes

jl`stgtutg`b arcuf)‗ wmgjm cater Vwlkdiy kust kcne reigea picusgdie) `lt kereiy jl`jegvcdie)

wme` tcne` cs true.‛'.

Klrelver) ’jlurts mcve reicxef Tuie 7-d'‗s megbmteèf piecfg`b requgreke`ts g` jcses

g`vlivg`b jlkpiex arcufuie`t sjmekes lr tmlse ljjurrg`b lver c ie`btmy perglf la tgke c`f




37

g`vlivg`b tmlusc`fs la dgiig`b fljuke`ts.‛ G` re U.Z. Allfservgje G`j. Xrgjg`b Igtgbctgl`) @l.

:?82 KF 3=76 -JAF') 4887 RI 581661=) ct /3= -F. Jl``. Fej. 35) 4887' -jgtctgl` lkgttef'>

see cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. Murl` Jl`suitg`b Brlup) G`j.) @l. 87 Jgv. 3=88 -OZT') 4833 RI

45:457) ct /4 [email protected]. Oc`. 46) 4833' -jgtctgl` lkgttef'. C`f alr AJC jicgks) ’tme ”tgke)

picje) jl`te`ts) c`f gfe`tgty‗ stc`fcrf gs `lt c strcgtocjnet alr Tuie 7-d'. Tctmer) tme ruie gs

jl`text spejgagj c`f aiexgdie c`f kust rekcg` sl tl cjmgeve tme rekefgci purplse la tme Acise

Jicgk^s[ Cjt.‛ Nc`èbc`tg) 515 A.:f ct 378 -jgtctgl` lkgttef'> see cisl G`t‗i Kltlr Zplrts

Brlup) 3777 RI 1371::) ct /6 -’Tuie 7-d' fles `lt requgre tmct c jlkpicg`t piecf arcuf wgtm

tme fetcgi la c fesn jcie`fcr lr c street kcp‛' -jgtctgl` lkgttef'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Ne`sg`btl`

Mlsp.) 218 A. Zupp. 3348) 3345+41 -E.F. Xc. 3773' -Tuie 7-d' lìy requgres tmct feae`fc`ts

rejegve ’acgr `ltgje la tme jmcrbes cbcg`st tmek‛'.

Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t picgìy prlvgfes ’acgr `ltgje‛ la tme jicgks cbcg`st Reiis

Acrbl. Vme Blver ke`t mcs pief Reiis Acrbl‗s AJC vglictgl`s tmrlubm c fetcgief explsgtgl` la

twl fgaaere`t dut reictef sjmekes tmct resuitef g` mu`frefs la kgiigl`s la fliicrs g` fckcbes tl

tme Blver`ke`t? Reiis Acrbl‗s rejniess u`ferwrgtg b c`f jertgagjctgl` la ilc`s alr AMC

g`surc`je arlk Kcy 4883 tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) c`f tme dc`n‗s n`lwg b acgiure tl replrt tl

MUF cs requgref AMC ilc`s wgtm kctergci u`ferwrgtg b vglictgl`s arlk 4884 tmrlubm 4838.

Rgtm respejt tl tme agrst sjmeke) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t icys lut g` brect fetcgi Reiis Acrbl‗s

rejniess u`ferwrgtg`b c`f acise jertgagjctgl` la g`fgvgfuci ilc`s alr AMC g`surc`je arlk Kcy

4883 tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885.

Zpejgagjciiy) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t gfe`tgages tme requgreke`ts alr tme g`fgvgfuci ilc`

jertgagjctgl`s tmct FEIs cre requgref tl sudkgt tl MUF) g`jiufg`b requgreke`ts reictg`b tl

Jcse 3?34+jv+82542+OKA Fljuke`t :8 Agief 84,3:,3: Xcbe :8 la 27



48

u`ferwrgtg`b fue fgigbe`je c`f e`surg`b fctc g`tebrgty) gf. ±± :=+:7> MUF‗s reigc`je l` tme

g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s tl e`flrse tme ilc`s alr g`surc`je) gf. ± 68> tme lrgbg`s la Reiis

Acrbl‗s severe ilc` qucigty prldieks) gf. ±± 66+58> se`glr kc`cbeke`t‗s cwcreèss la tme ilc`

qucigty prldieks) g`jiufg`b SC‗s ag`fg`bs tmct g` jertcg` kl`tms ècriy mcia la tme dc`n‗s retcgi

AMC ilc`s mcf kctergci u`ferwrgtg`b vglictgl`s) jl`tcgèf u`cjjeptcdie rgsn) c`f were gèigbgdie

alr AMC g`surc`je) gf. ±± 66+58> Reiis Acrbl‗s acgiure tl tcne cjtgl` tl cffress tme serglus ilc`

qucigty prldieks c`f acgiure tl `ltgay MUF la tmlse prldieks) gf. ±± 66+62) 53> kc`cbeke`t‗s

cjtgl`s tmct excjerdctef tme ilc` qucigty prldieks) g`jiufg`b mgrg`b tekplrcry u`ferwrgters tl

revgew AMC ilc`s) acgig`b tl prlvgfe prlper trcg`g`b) pressurg`b ilc` laagjers c`f u`ferwrgters tl

lrgbg`cte) cpprlve) c`f jilse icrbe quc`tgtges la ilc`s l` very smlrt tur`crlu`f tgkes) pcyg`b

gkprlper g`je`tgve dlùses tl u`ferwrgters tl aurtmer g`je`tgvgze tmek tl cpprlve AMC ilc`s)

c`f ekpilyg`b icx c`f g`jl`sgste`t u`ferwrgtg`b stc`fcrfs c`f jl`trlis) gf. ±± 66) 61+67) =5) =1>

tme sgb`gagjc`t wlrse`g`b la tme ilc` qucigty prldieks) g`jiufg`b c kl`tm+dy+kl`tm drecnflw`

la tme kctergci c`f klfercte vglictgl` rcte alu`f dy SC alr retcgi AMC ilc`s arlk Kcy 4883

tmrlubm Ocùcry 488:) gf. ±± 54+56> c fgsjussgl` la agve exckpies la ilc`s alr wmgjm Reiis

Acrbl sudkgttef c acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` c`f c acise jicgk alr AMC g`surc`je furg`b

tme perglf Kcy 4883 tmrlubm Ocùcry 488:) gf. ±± 52+=3> tme jl`tgùctgl` la tme severe ilc`

qucigty prldieks arlk Aedrucry 488: tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) g`jiufg`b c kl`tm+dy+kl`tm

drecnflw` la tme kctergci c`f klfercte vglictgl` rcte) gf. ±± =6+=5) =2+=7> Reiis Acrbl

kc`cbeke`t‗s jl`tgùef cwcreèss la tme prldieks) jl`tgùef acgiure tl tcne eaaejtgve cjtgl` tl

cffress tme gssues) c`f jl`tgùef acgiure tl replrt tme ilc` qucigty prldieks tl MUF> gf. ±± =6+

=7> c kl`tm+dy+kl`tm drecnflw` la tme kctergci c`f klfercte vglictgl` rcte alr retcgi AMC




43

ilc`s arlk Aedrucry 488: tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) gf. ± =7> c fgsjussgl` la agve exckpies la ilc`s

alr wmgjm Reiis Acrbl sudkgttef c acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` c`f c acise jicgk alr AMC

g`surc`je furg`b tme perglf Aedrucry 488: tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) gf. ±± 78+335> c`f tme dc`n‗s

kltgve alr e`bcbg`b g` rejniess lrgbg`ctgl` c`f u`ferwrgtg`b prcjtgjes) acgig`b tl rekefy lr

replrt gts ilc` qucigty prldieks) c`f sudkgttg`b tmlusc`fs la acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s

c`f acise jicgks tl MUF alr AMC g`surc`je) gf. ±± 4+5) 66+65) =4) 332.

Zgkgicriy) wgtm respejt tl tme sejl`f sjmeke) tme Blver`ke`t mcs icgf lut gts jicgk g`

fetcgi) g`jiufg`b spejgayg`b tme qucigty jl`trli c`f seia+replrtg`b requgreke`ts ct gssue) ACJ ±±

46+:8> Reiis Acrbl‗s SJ prcjtgjes) gf. ±± :3+:1> tme dc`n‗s replrtg`b la gts SJ ag`fg bs tl se`glr

kc`cbeke`t) gf. ±± :6) :1> kc`cbeke`t‗s n`lwiefbe la tme seia+replrtg`b requgreke`t c`f

acgiure tl seia+replrt c`y ilc`s prglr tl Ljtlder 4885 c`f wleauiiy g`cfequcte replrtg`b

tmerecater) gf. ±± 53) 55) =6) 344+4:> Reiis Acrbl‗s acise represe`tctgl`s tl MUF tmct gt wluif

jlkpiy) c`f mcf dee` jlkpiyg`b) wgtm tme seia+replrtg`b requgreke`t) gf. ±± 344) 341> Reiis

Acrbl kc`cbeke`t‗s fejgsgl`s) demg`f jilsef fllrs) tl estcdigsm c wlrng`b brlup tl cffress

seia+replrtg`b c`f tme` tl jl`strue tme requgreke`t sl `crrlwiy cs tl vgrtuciiy eigkg`cte gt) gf. ±±

34:+:5> Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgve alr acgig`b tl seia+replrt gts dcf ilc`s tl MUF c`f alr sudkgttg`b

acise jicgks tl MUF alr AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts wme` tmlse dcf ilc`s feacuitef) gf. ±± 65)

3:8+:5> c`f c igst la ecjm dcf ilc` tmct Reiis Acrbl acgief tl seia+replrt) g`jiufg`b sepcrcte igsts

la tme ilc`s alr wmgjm tme dc`n sudkgttef c`f jcusef tl de sudkgttef c acise jicgk tl MUF) gf.

Exs. C+J.

Cjjlrfg`biy) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t picg`iy sets alrtm tme fetcgis la tme ciiebef arcuf

wgtm suaagjge`t pcrtgjuicrgty. G`feef) jlurts mcve spejgagjciiy sc`jtgl`ef wmct tme Blver`ke`t




44

mcs flè mere ‚ pief ’c jlkpiex c`f acr+recjmg`b arcufuie`t sjmeke wgtm pcrtgjuicrgty) c`f

prlvgfe^f[ exckpies la spejgagj acise jicgks sudkgttef tl tme blver`ke`t pursuc`t tl tmct

sjmeke^.[‛ U.Z. ex rei. Diefsle v. Jkty. Mecitm Zys.) 583 A.:f 67:) 538 -1tm Jgr. 4882'> see cisl

U.Z. ex rei. Arc`nig` v. Xcrne+Fcvgs) 362 A. Zupp. 4f :7) 67 -F. Kcss. 4883' -wmere ciiebctgl`s

cre ’jlkpiex c`f acr+recjmg`b) piecfg`b every g`stc`je la arcuf wluif de extrekeiy u`bcgìy) ga

`lt gkplssgdie‛'> G` re Jcrfgcj Fevgjes Sug Vck Igtgb.) 443 A.T.F. :3=) ::: -F. Jl``. 4886'

-scke'.

Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke`ts tl tme jl`trcry aljus ciklst exjiusgveiy l` tme agrst la tme

arcufuie`t sjmekes ciiebef dy tme Blver ke`t ‚ tme dc`n‗s rejniess jertgagjctgl` la gèigbgdie

ilc`s detwee` Kcy 4883 c`f Ljtlder 4885 ‚ c`f rest upl` c jlàlu`fg`b reausci tl cjjept tme

ciiebctgl`s g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t. Agrst) Reiis Acrbl ckczg`biy -c`f kgstcne iy' stctes

tmct ’`l cjtuci jicgks alr pcyke t cre eve` piecfef‛ dy tme Blver ke`t. RA Kek. 37. Vl tme

jl`trcry) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t igsts dy ilc` ùkder tme 3)66: kctergciiy feagjge`t AMC ilc`s

tmct Reiis Acrbl acgief tl seia+replrt cs requgref c`f alr wmgjm c acise jicgk alr AMC g`surc`je

wcs sudkgttef tl MUF. ACJ ± 3:5) Exms. D ! J. G` cffgtgl`) tme ACJ prlvgfes te` exckpies

la klrtbcbe ilc`s lrgbg`ctef dy Reiis Acrbl‗s retcgi dusgèss ‚ gfe`tgagef dy street `cke) jgty)

c`f AMC jcse ùkder ‚ c`f tme prejgse wcys g` wmgjm tme dc`n‗s u`ferwrgtg`b alr tmlse ilc`s

kctergciiy acgief tl keet MUF requgreke`ts. Gf. ±± 52+=3) 73+335. Reiis Acrbl‗s cssertgl` tmct

tme Blver`ke`t kust piecf tme fetcgis la ecjm la tme tmlusc`fs la ilc`s alr wmgjm c acise jicgk

Jcse 3?34+jv+82542+OKA Fljuke`t :8 Agief 84,3:,3: Xcbe :: la 27



4:

wcs sudkgttef) RA Kek. ct 37) gs sgkpiy `lt tme icw. Zee) e.b.) Arc`nig`) 362 A. Zupp. 4f ct 67>

G`t‗i Kltlr Zplrts Brlup) 3777 RI 1371::) ct /6.2

Zejl`f) Reiis Acrbl refrcats tme ciiebctgl`s cs ga tme dc`n‗s g`fgvgfuci u`ferwrgters were

tme feae`fc`ts) sl tmct gt jc` crbue tmct tme Blver`ke`t mcs acgief tl gfe`tgay ecjm g`fgvgfuci

u`ferwrgter c`f ciiebe tmct ecjm ’nèw‛ tme g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` ’wcs acise ct tme tgke la

jertgagjctgl`.‛ RA Kek. ct 44. Dut tme dc`n‗s prekgse gs g`jlrrejt. Rmere) cs mere) picg`tgaa

’mcs ciiebef tmct tme jlrplrctgl` mcs jlkkgttef tme arcufuie`t cjts) gt gs tme gfe`tgty la tme

jlrplrctgl`) `lt tme gfe`tgty la tme `cturci persl`) tmct tme reictlr kust èjesscrgiy piecf wgtm

pcrtgjuicrgty.‛ Diefsle) 583 A.:f ct 581. G`feef) g` c jcse jgtef dy Reiis Acrbl) tme Zgxtm

Jgrjugt reoejtef tme jl`te`tgl` tmct tme reictlr mcf tl ’piecf tme gfe`tgty la tme spejgagj g`fgvgfuci

ekpilyees wgtmg` tme feae`fc`t jlrplrctgl` wml sudkgttef acise jicgks tl tme blver`ke`t‛

dejcuse gt wcs ’`lt requgref dy tme AJC lr Tuie 7-d'.‛ Gf.> see cisl Murl`) 4833 RI 45:457)

ct /4+/: ! `.: -fe`yg`b kltgl` tl fgskgss eve` tmlubm jlkpicg`t lìy ciiebef) g`ter cigc) tmct

tme acise stcteke`ts were ’cutmlref dy Murl` Jlrplrctgl`‛' -jgtg`b Diefsle'> G` re Iesige Acy

Jlkpc`ges) G`j. Zej. Igtgb.) @l. 74 Jgv. =8:1 -RJJ') 377: RI 6:=742) ct /: [email protected]. Ljt.

42) 377:'. Vme aljus la tme ACJ gs l` tme dc`n gtseia? tme Blver`ke`t ciiebes tmct Reiis Acrbl

n`lwg`biy ciilwef gts u`ferwrgters tl aciseiy jertgay tmct ilc`s were u`ferwrgtte` g cjjlrfc`je

2 Jlurts eve` fejigè tl requgre tme fetcgis la ecjm c`f every acise jicgk g` tme uitgkcte prlla)kujm iess piecfg`b) la arcuf) stctg`b tmct ’sckpig`b la sgkgicr jicgks c`f extrcplictgl` arlk tme

sckpie gs c rejlb`gzef ketmlf la prlla.‛ U`gtef Ztctes v. Icmey Jig`gj Mlspgtci) G`j.) :77 A.:f3) 3= `.37 -3st Jgr. 4885' -jgtg`b tme 7tm c`f F.J. Jgrjugts'> see cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. Tlbc`) 532A.:f 667) 65: -2tm Jgr. 488='> Cssuref Bucrc`ty Ku`gjgpci Jlrp. v. Aicbstcr Dc`n) AZD) @l. 33Jgv. 4:25 -OZT') 483: RI 668336) ct /:1 [email protected]. Aed. 5) 483:' -recaagrkg`b tme use la sckpig`b tl prlve igcdgigty c`f fckcbes g` c jl`trcjt jcse rebcrfg`b tme u`ferwrgtg`b la klrtbcbe ilc`s g` c ilc` plli'.




46

wgtm MUF ruies c`f eigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je) wme` tmey were `lt) c`f sudkgttef lr jcusef

tme sudkgssgl` la acise jicgks wme` tme ilc`s feacuitef.

Vmgrf) Reiis Acrbl‗s reigc`je l` tme jlurt‗s fgskgssci la tme qug tck jlkpicg`t g` U.Z. ex

rei. Jergjlic v. Aef. @ct‗i Klrtb. Csslj.) 547 A. Zupp. 4f 33:7 -J.F. Jci. 4882') tl supplrt gts

7-d' crbuke`t gs kgspicjef. RA Kek. ct 4:+46. Tctmer tmc` supplrtg`b tme dc`n‗s plsgtgl`)

Jergjlic kcnes jiecr tmct tme jlkpicg`t tmereg` acgief dejcuse gt icjnef tme fetcgi alu`f mere.

Jergjlic) 547 A. Zupp. 4f ct 3365+61. G` pcrtgjuicr) tme ’beèrci‛ ciiebctgl`s g` Jergjlic kcfe

’`l ke`tgl` la c`y cjtuci ilc`s) lr c`y spejgagj fesjrgptgl` la types la ilc`s) ciiebefiy

sudkgttef tl tme blver`ke`t . . . ^c`f[ cklu`têf[ tl c` cssertgl` tmct) dejcuse Ac``ge Kce

pcrtgjgpctef g` tme reievc`t kcrnet c`f tme pertgè`t blver`ke`tci prlbrck) gt kust mcve dee`

e`bcbef g` arcufuie`t cjtgvgty.‛ Gf. ct 3361. G`feef) ’tme lìy spejgagj ciiebctgl` ^wc[s tmct)

dcsef upl` Xicg`tgaa‗s experge`je wgtm Vgtie G ilc`s) cpprlxgkcteiy 28% la tme ilc`s lrgbg`ctef

g` tme 3775+7= perglf were gèigbgdie alr Vgtie G g`surc`je) c`f Ac``ge Kce purjmcsef

cpprlxgkcteiy 4=)888 Vgtie G ilc`s furg`b tmct perglf.‛ Gf. ct 3365 -ekpmcsgs cffef'. Vmct gs

`lt tme sgtuctgl` mere) cs tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t fetcgis Reiis Acrbl‗s rejniess ilc` lrgbg`ctgl`

c`f u`ferwrgtg`b l` c kl`tm+tl+kl`tm dcsgs dcsef l` tme dc`n‗s lw` SC ag`fg`bs c`f gfe`tgages

tme prejgse ilc`s tmct Reiis Acrbl acgief tl seia+replrt c`f alr wmgjm c acise jicgk wcs sudkgttef.

Ag`ciiy) Reiis Acrbl crbues g` pcssg`b tmct tme Blver`ke`t mcs acgief tl piecf sujjesslr

igcdgigty wgtm respejt tl tme jl`fujt la Reiis Acrbl Mlke Klrtbcbe G`j. -’RAMK‛') yet

cttcjmes `l fljuke`ts lr caagfcvgts supplrtg`b gts acjtuci jicgk tmct RAMK wcs tme e`tgty tmct

sudkgttef slke la tme acise jicgks ct gssue. RA Kek. ct 3=. Lìgè resecrjm g fgjctes tmct

tmere kcy mcve dee` c iebci kerber detwee` RAMK c`f Reiis Acrbl Dc`n) @.C.) g` 4886.




45

Tebcrfiess) tme feae`fc`t `ctgl`ci dc`n gs igcdie alr RAMK‗s kgsjl`fujt cs c kctter la icw

-wmgjm tme dc`n fgf `lt fgspute'. Zee 34 J.A.T. § 5.::-b'-6'-v'> see cisl Fei. G`s. Bucr. Css"` v.

Jmrgstgc`c Jcre Mecitm Zervs.) =74 C.4f 382: -Fei. 4881' -sujjesslr dy kerber tcnes l` tme

igcdgigty la tme prefejesslrs'. Mlwever) sg`je tmgs crbuke`t fgf `lt cppecr g` tme dc`n‗s kltgl`

tl fgskgss tme lrgbg`ci jlkpicg`t) c`f tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t gfe`tgages RAMK cs c jurre`t

sudsgfgcry la feae`fc`t Reiis Acrbl) ACJ ± 7) ga tme Jlurt jrefgts tmgs pcssg`b crbuke`t) tme

Blver`ke`t respejtauiiy requests iecve tl cke`f gts jlkpicg`t tl ciiebe sujjesslr igcdgigty. Zee

Aef. T. Jgv. X. 35-c'-4' -’Vme jlurt smluif areeiy bgve iecve wme` oustgje sl requgres.‛'.

GGG. VME CKE@FEF JLKXICG@V ZVCVEZ C JICGK ALT QGLICVGL@Z LAVME ACIZE JICGKZ CJV

U`fer Tuie 34-d'-1') c jlkpicg`t smluif survgve ga gt mcs ’suaagjge`t acjtuci kctter)

cjjeptef cs true) tl ”stcte c jicgk tl reigea tmct gs picusgdie l` gts acje.‗‛ Csmjrlat v. Gqdci ) 551

U.Z. 114) 12= -4887' -qultg b Deii Cti. Jlrp. v. Vwlkdiy) 558 U.Z. 566) 528 -4882''. ’Vme

picusgdgigty stc`fcrf gs `lt cng` tl c ”prldcdgigty requgreke`t)‗ dut gt csns alr klre tmc` c smeer

plssgdgigty tmct c feae`fc`t mcs cjtef u`icwauiiy.‛ Gf. ct 12= -jgtctgl` lkgttef'. ’C jicgk mcs

acjgci picusgdgigty wme` tme picg`tgaa piecfs acjtuci jl`te`t tmct ciilws tme jlurt tl frcw tme

recsl`cdie g`aere`je tmct tme feae`fc`t gs igcdie alr tme kgsjl`fujt ciiebef.‛ Gf.

Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t ciiebes tmct Reiis Acrbl vglictef tmree prl`bs la tme AJC?

alrker :3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3' -4881' -c`f) cs cke`fef) :3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3'-C'') alr

sudkgttg`b c`f jcusg`b acise jicgks tl de sudkgttef> alrker :3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-4' -4881' -c`f)

cs cke`fef) :3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3'-D'') alr usg`b acise stcteke`ts g` supplrt la acise jicgks>

c`f alrker :3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-2' -4881' -c`f) cs cke`fef) :3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3'-B'') alr

usg`b acise stcteke`ts tl cvlgf c` ldigbctgl` tl repcy tme Blver ke`t. ACJ ±± 3:=+312. G` gts




41

kltgl`) Reiis Acrbl crbues tmct tme Blver`ke`t fgf `lt ciiebe jcuses la cjtgl` u`fer tme agrst

twl prl`bs cdlve dejcuse -g' tme ciiebef acise stcteke`ts purplrtefiy cre `lt c jl`fgtgl` la

pcyke`t) c`f -gg' tme AJC requgres prlxgkcte jcusctgl` la fckcbes) wmgjm supplsefiy mcs `lt

dee` ciiebef. Reiis Acrbl aurtmer crbues tmct tme eieke`ts la c jcuse la cjtgl` u`fer tme tmgrf

prl`b) alr reverse acise jicgks) mcve `lt dee` pief) c`f tmct cii la tme Blver`ke`t‗s AJC jicgks

crgsg`b prglr tl Ou`e 45) 4881 cre tgke dcrref. Vmese crbuke`ts cre kergtiess alr tme recsl`s

fgsjussef deilw.

C. Vme Blver`ke`t Cfequcteiy Xief Vmct Reiis Acrbl N`lwg`biy Zudkgttef c`f

Jcusef tl De Zudkgttef Acise Jicgks tl MUF) c`f N`lwg`biy Kcfe lr Jcusef tl

De Kcfe Acise Ztcteke`ts tl MUF Kctergci tl Vmlse Jicgks

Vl piecf c jcuse la cjtgl` u`fer alrker § :247-c'-3') tme Blver`ke`t kust ciiebe tmct

Reiis Acrbl -3' kcfe) lr jcusef tl de kcfe) c jicgk) -4' tl tme Blver`ke`t) -:' tmct wcs acise lr

arcufuie`t) -6' n`lwg`b la gts acisgty. U.Z. ex rei. Ngrn v. Zjmg`fier Eievctlr Jlrp.) 183 A.:f 76)

33: -4f Jgr. 4838') rev‗f l` ltmer brlu`fs) 3:3 Z. Jt. 3==5 -4833'.= Vl ciiebe c jicgk u`fer :3

U.Z.J. § :247-c'-3'-D') tme Blver`ke`t kust ciiebe tmct Reiis Acrbl -3' kcfe) usef) lr jcusef

tl de kcfe lr usef) c stcteke`t) -4' tl tme Blver`ke`t) -:' tmct wcs n`lwg`biy acise lr

arcufuie`t) -6' c`f wcs kctergci tl c pcyke`t fejgsgl` dy tme Blver`ke`t. Zee U.Z. ex rei.

Aeifkc` v. Jgty la @ew Wlrn ) =8= A. Zupp. 4f 163) 155+51 [email protected]. 4833'. Vme ciiebctgl`s g`

tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t ecsgiy sctgsay tmese eieke`ts.

Zpejgagjciiy) wgtm rebcrf tl gts seia+replrtg`b jicgk) tme Blver`ke`t mcs ciiebef tmct

Reiis Acrbl gfe`tgagef tmrlubm gts SJ prljess) cater jilsg`b) 1)55= ilc`s tmct mcf `lt dee`

prlperiy u`ferwrgtte`) jl`tcg`ef u`cjjeptcdie rgsn) c`f fgf `lt qucigay alr AMC g`surc`je.

= Vmese eieke`ts cre cisl suaagjge`t tl piecf c jcuse la cjtgl` u`fer tme jurre`t § :247-c'-3'-C'.




42

@lètmeiess) Reiis Acrbl acgief tl `ltgay MUF cs requgref la 1):48 la tmese kctergciiy feagjge`t

ilc`s> acgief tl jlrrejt tme g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s alr tmese ilc`s) eve` tmlubm tme dc`n

nèw tmct tme ilc` jertgagjctgl`s were acise) nèw tmct MUF mcf reigef l` tmlse jertgagjctgl`s g`

e`flrsg`b tme ilc`s alr g`surc`je) c`f nèw tmct MUF wluif reiy l` tmlse jertgagjctgl`s g`

pcyg`b c jicgk alr AMC g`surc`je g` tme eve`t tme ilc`s feacuitef> c`f sudkgttef acise jicgks)

c`f jcusef tmgrf pcrtges tl sudkgt acise jicgks) tl MUF alr AMC deèagts wme` tmese ilc`s

feacuitef. ACJ ±± 358+314. Vmese acjtuci cverke`ts suaagje tl ciiebe tmct Reiis Acrbl

n`lwg`biy sudkgttef c`f jcusef tl de sudkgttef acise jicgks tl tme Blver`ke`t c`f n`lwg`biy

kcfe lr usef c acise stcteke`t tmct wcs kctergci tl tme Blver`ke`t‗s fejgsgl` tl kcne c

pcyke`t. Zee) e.b.) Ngrn ) 183 A.:f ct 33:> Jgty la @ew Wlrn ) =8= A. Zupp. 4f ct 155+51.

Zgkgicriy) wgtm respejt tl gts rejniess u`ferwrgtg`b jicgk) tme Blver`ke`t ciiebes tmct

Reiis Acrbl e`bcbef g` c beèrci prcjtgje la rejniess ilc` lrgbg`ctgl` c`f g`cfequcte

u`ferwrgtg`b tmct wcs aueief dy tme dc`n‗s lw` pligjges c`f prcjtgjes> tmct tme dc`n‗s

kc`cbeke t wcs cwcre la gts very serglus ilc` qucigty prldieks ‚ g`jiufg b g` jertcg kl`tms

tmct ècriy mcia la tme retcgi AMC ilc`s tmct tme dc`n jertgagef alr AMC g`surc`je were gèigbgdie

‚ dut tlln `l eaaejtgve cjtgl` tl cffress tme prldieks> tmct Reiis Acrbl jl`jecief gts serglus

ilc` qucigty prldieks arlk MUF c`f jl`tgùef tl jertgay gts e`tgre plrtaligl la retcgi AMC ilc`s

alr g`surc`je) g`jiufg`b tmlusc`fs la ilc`s tmct jl`tcgèf u`cjjeptcdie rgsn c`f were gèigbgdie

alr AMC g`surc`je> tmct c trutmaui g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` gs c jl`fgtgl` la pcyke`t la AMC

g`surc`je> c`f tmct Reiis Acrbl sudkgttef acise jicgks) c`f jcusef tmgrf pcrtges tl sudkgt acise

jicgks) tl MUF alr AMC deèagts alr ilc`s tmct were gèigbgdie alr tme AMC prlbrck. Gf. ±± 3:=+

Jcse 3?34+jv+82542+OKA Fljuke`t :8 Agief 84,3:,3: Xcbe := la 27



4=

367. Vmese ciiebctgl`s cisl picgìy sctgsay tme eieke`ts la tme rejniess u`ferwrgtg`b AJC jicgks.

Zee) e.b.) Ngrn ) 183 A.:f ct 33:> Jgty la @ew Wlrn ) =8= A. Zupp. 4f ct 155+51.

3. Reiis Acrbl‗s Jl`fgtgl` la Xcyke`t Crbuke t Gs Rrl`b

G` respl`se) Reiis Acrbl ekpilys c` crbuke`t utteriy fgvlrjef arlk tme Blver`ke`t‗s

ciiebctgl`s) crbug`b tmct gts acise stcteke`ts cdlut tme qucigty la gts ilc`s c`f acise jicgks alr

AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts slkemlw cre `l +cjtgl`cdie) acise gkpigef jertgagjctgl s. RA Kek. ct

45+:3. Vmct gs `lt c jlrrejt stcteke`t la tme acjts ciiebef g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t lr tme icw.

Cs c tmresmlif kctter) tme AJC recjmes dltm acjtuciiy c`f iebciiy acise jicgks. U.Z. ex

rei. Kgnes v. Ztrcus) 426 A.:f 1=2) 171+72 -4f Jgr. 4883'. Mere) jl`trcry tl Reiis Acrbl‗s

jmcrcjtergzctgl` la tme ACJ cs cttekptg`b tl ciiebe jicgks alr iebciiy acise gkpigef jertgagjctgl`s)

tme Blver`ke`t mcs ciiebef tmct Reiis Acrbl‗s g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s c`f jicgks alr AMC

g`surc`je pcyke`ts were acjtuciiy acise. Zpejgagjciiy) dy aciseiy jertgayg`b tmct ilc`s ket

MUF‗s strgjt u`ferwrgtg b requgreke ts) Reiis Acrbl jcusef MUF tl bucrc`ty tmlusc`fs la

ilc`s tmct mcf `lt dee` prlperiy u`ferwrgtte`) jl`tcgèf u`cjjeptcdie rgsn) c`f were gèigbgdie

alr AMC g`surc`je. C`f wme` tmese dcf ilc`s feacuitef) Reiis Acrbl sudkgttef acise jicgks alr

tme g`surc`je prljeefs. Cs tmese jicgks were acjtuciiy acise) see U`gtef Ztctes v. Dlr`steg`) 64:

U.Z. :8:) :82 -3721' -jicgks were acjtuciiy acise wmere bllfs were prlvgfef c`f kcrnef cs ga

tmey ket jertcg` qucigty spejgagjctgl`s) wme` tmey fgf `lt') tme Jlurt èef `lt c`ciyze wmetmer

tmey cre cisl ’iebciiy acise)‛ see Ngrn ) 183 A.:f ct 336 -wmere jicgks cre ’âcjtuciiy acise[)

cppigjctgl` la tme AJC gs acgriy strcgbmtalrwcrf'.

Tebcrfiess) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t cisl stctes jcuses la cjtgl` alr iebciiy acise jicgks.

Vme AJC recjmes twl types la ’iebciiy acise‛ jicgks? ’express acise jertgagjctgl`‛ c`f ’gkpigef




47

acise jertgagjctgl`‛ jicgks. C jicgk gs expressiy acise wmere c jicgkc`t expressiy) dut aciseiy)

jertgages jlkpigc`je wgtm c stctutlry) rebuictlry) lr jl`trcjtuci terk) wmere jlkpigc`je gs `lt

’grreievc`t tl tme Blver`ke`t‗s fgsdurseke`t fejgsgl`s.‛ Kgnes) 426 A.:f ct 172. C jicgk gs

gkpigefiy acise wmere c jicgkc`t) tmrlubm tme fekc`f alr pcyke`t) gkpigefiy dut aciseiy

represe`ts jlkpigc`je wgtm prerequgsgtes alr pcyke`t. Zee gf. ct 177+288. Rmgie tme Cke`fef

Jlkpicg`t‗s ciiebctgl`s supplrt Reiis Acrbl‗s igcdgigty u`fer dltm iebciiy acise jicgks tmelrges)

tme g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s c`f tme acise jicgks alr AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts tmct tme dc`n

sudkgttef c`f jcusef tl de sudkgttef were expressiy acise c`f mgbmiy reievc`t tl tme AMC‗s

fejgsgl` tl g`sure c`f pcy jicgks l` tme ilc`s. Ngrn ) 183 A.:f ct 336+335> U`gtef Ztctes v.

Ebmdci ) 56= A.:f 34=3) 34=:+=6 -7tm Jgr. 488=' -acise stcteke ts tl g`fuje Blver ke`t tl

prlvgfe c ilc` bucrc`tee jl`stgtute c acise jicgk'. Cjjlrfg`biy) tme Blver`ke`t mcs stctef c`

express acise jertgagjctgl` jicgk c`f tme Jlurt èef bl `l aurtmer dejcuse tme requgreke`t upl`

wmgjm Reiis Acrbl reiges ‚ tmct c acise jertgagjctgl` kust de c jl`fgtgl` la pcyke`t ‚ cppiges

lìy tl gkpigefiy acise) `lt expressiy acise) jertgagjctgl`s. Zee Kgnes) 426 A.:f ct 288.

G` c`y eve`t) Reiis Acrbl cssertgl` tmct tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t acgis tl stcte c jicgk

dejcuse ’tme jertgagjctgl`s rebcrfg`b seia+replrtg`b lr qucigty jl`trli . . . reicte tl ”jl`fgtgl`s la

pcrtgjgpctgl`)‗ `lt ”jl`fgtgl`s la pcyke`t)‗‛ gs kgstcne`. RA Kek. ct 42> see cisl gf. ct 47.

Vmgs crbuke`t gs dcsef l` c jlkpiete kgsrecfg`b la tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t. Vme acise jicgks

tmct alrk tme dcsgs la Jlu`ts 3 -rejniess u`ferwrgtg`b' c`f : -seia+replrtg`b' cre `lt) cs Reiis

Acrbl subbests) tme c`ùci jertgagjctgl`s -wmgjm jertgay ckl`b ltmer tmg`bs tme dc`n‗s

jlkpigc`je wgtm qucigty jl`trli) g`jiufg`b seia+replrtg`b') dut rctmer tme g`fgvgfuci ilc`

jertgagjctgl`s alr AMC g`surc`je c`f tme jicgks alr AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts) dltm la wmgjm cre




:8

jl`fgtgl`s la pcyke`t. ACJ ±± 3:=+366) 358+51. 7 Ignewgse) wmgie tme c`ùci jertgagjctgl`s fl

jl`stgtute acise stcteke ts tmct tme dc`n sudkgttef kctergci tl gts acise jicgks g` Jlu`ts 4 c`f 6)

tmere cre ùkerlus ltmer acise stcteke`ts igstef) see gf. ± 318) g`jiufg`b klst gkplrtc`tiy tme

acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s wmgjm tme Blver`ke`t mcs ciiebef -c`f tme Jlurt kust cjjept

cs true alr purplses la tmgs kltgl`' were ’c jl`fgtgl` la pcyke`t la AMC g`surc`je.‛ Gf. ±±

36=) 355. Cjjlrfg`biy) Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke`ts cs tl tme c`ùci jertgagjctgl`s cre grreievc`t.

Tebcrfiess) tme c`ùci jertgagjctgl` gs dltm c jl`fgtgl` la pcrtgjgpctgl` c`f c jl`fgtgl` la

pcyke`t. Zee) e.b.) U.Z. ex rei. Me`flw v. U`gv. la Xmle`gx) 613 A.:f 3311) 3321 -7tm Jgr.

4881' -’Vme U`gversgty crbues tmct tme dc` gs kereiy c jl`fgtgl` la pcrtgjgpctgl`) `lt c jl`fgtgl`

la pcyke`t . Dut g` tmgs jcse) tmct gs c fgstg`jtgl` wgtmlut c fgaaere`je. . . . Vmese jl`fgtgl`s cre

cisl ”prerequgsgtes‗ c`f tme ” sgè quc `l`‗ la aeferci au`fg`b) alr lè dcsgj recsl ? ga tme

U`gversgty mcf `lt cbreef tl jlkpiy wgtm tmek) gt wluif `lt mcve bltte` pcgf.‛' -ekpmcsgs g`

lrgbg`ci'> Mcrrgsl` v. Restg`bmluse Zcvc``cm Tgver Jl.) 321 A.:f 221) 2=1 -6tm Jgr. 3777'

-scke'. Vme c`ùci jertgagjctgl`) stctes) g`ter cigc) tmct ’tme cdlve `ckef klrtbcbee jlàlrks tl

cii MUF+AMC rebuictgl`s èjesscry tl kcg`tcg gts MUF+AMC cpprlvci . . .‛ ACJ ± :2. Vmere

cre lìy c mc`faui la cppigjcdie requgreke`ts tmct cre ’èjesscry tl kcg`tcg`‛ Reiis Acrbl‗s

FEI cpprlvci) c`f lè gs tme gkpieke`tctgl` la c prlper qucigty jl`trli prlbrck. Gf. Bgve`

tmct c acgiure tl keet qucigty jl trli requgreke`ts gs c dcsgs alr revlng`b FEI stctus) see

Klrtbcbee Ietter =7+:4) 37=7 RI 334=311) ct /3 -MUFKI Fej. 41) 37=7') c acise c`ùci

7

Vme g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s cre gkpigef acise jertgagjctgl`s dejcuse ’tme ^FEI[ feterkgèstmct tme prlplsef klrtbcbe gs eigbgdie alr g`surc`je u`fer tme cppigjcdie prlbrck rebuictgl`s^)[‛46 JAT § 48:.5-c') c`f) l`je tme ilc` gs e`flrsef) ga `l aicbs cre rcgsef c`f tme AMC jcseùkder gs vcigf) tme jicgk gs prljessef c`f pcgf cutlkctgjciiy) ACJ ±± 68+6:. Vmus) gkpigjgt g`tme sudkgssgl` la jicgks gs tmct tmey cre alr ilc`s eigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je u`fer tmecppigjcdie ruies c`f rebuictgl`s) wmgjm tmey were `lt. Jgty la @ew Wlrn ) =8= A. Zupp. 4f ct 154.




:3

jertgagjctgl` gs c jl`fgtgl` la pcyke`t dejcuse ga c ie`fer gs `lt eigbgdie tl pcrtgjgpcte g` tme AMC

prlbrck) tme` gt wluif `lt de e`tgtief tl g`surc`je pcyke`ts alr tme ilc`s tmct gt lrgbg`ctef. Zee

Mcrrgsl`) 321 A.:f ct 2=1> U`gtef Ztctes v. Efujctgl` Kc`cbeke`t Jlrp) =23 A. Zupp. 4f 6::)

652 -R.F. Xc. 4834' -jlkpigc`je wgtm g`je`tgve jlkpe`sctgl` dc` wcs jl`fgtgl` la

pcrtgjgpctgl` c`f pcyke`t' -jliiejtg`b jcses'.38 Aurtmerklre) sg`je ’^j[l`fgtgl`s la pcyke`t cre

tmlse wmgjm) ga tme blver`ke`t nèw tmey were `lt deg`b aliilwef) kgbmt jcuse gt tl cjtuciiy

reause pcyke`t^)[‛ U.Z. ex rei. Jl`èr v. Zcig`c Tebgl`ci Mecitm Jtr.) 56: A.:f 3433) 3448

-38tm Jgr. 488=') tme acjt tmct MUF kcy seen g`fek`gagjctgl` alr ’klrtbcbes lrgbg`ctef g

vglictgl` la ÂMC[ requgreke`ts)‛ 34 U.Z.J. § 328=-j'-:'-E'-v') supplrts tme jl`jiusgl` tmct

c`ùci jertgagjctgl`s cre jl`fgtgl`s la dltm eigbgdgigty c`f pcyke`t.33

Reiis Acrbl cisl kgstcne iy subbests tmct tme Blver`ke`t gs jicgkg`b tmct tme ’prlbrck+

wgfe jertgagjctgl`s‛ g` tme c`ùci jertgagjctgl` ’cre gkpigef g` tme u`ferwrgters‗ g`fgvgfuci ilc`

38 Reiis Acrbl‗s g`cpplsgte jcse jgtctgl`s fl `lt supplrt fgskgssci. G`feef) cii tmree jcses tmctReiis Acrbl jgtes alr tme crbuke`t tmct tme represe`tctgl`s mere cre jl`fgtgl`s la pcrtgjgpctgl`)`lt pcyke`t) crgse g` tme mecitm jcre jl`text c`f g`vlive jertgagjctgl`s ciiebef tl de acise dejcuse

la tme kefgjci prlvgfer‗s lr suppiger‗s acgiure tl keet stc`fcrfs la jcre) lr slke tejm`gjci feaejtsujm cs tme kc`èr g` wmgjm g`ve`tlry smluif de agiief. Zee RA Kek. ct 42+47. Aurtmer) ReiisAcrbl kgsstctes tme icw cater Kgnes) crbug`b tmct) tl dcse c` AJC jicgk upl` gkpigef acisgty -`lttme Blver`ke`t‗s prgkcry tmelry mere') tme u`feriyg`b rebuictgl` kust expressiy scy tmct tmerequgreke`t gs c jl`fgtgl` alr pcyke`t. Mlwever) tme Zejl`f Jgrjugt g` Kgnes jlàgèf tmecffef requgreke`t tl jcses dcsef l` gkpigefiy acise jicgks dy kefgjci prlvgfers) tl cvlgf ’tmeaefercigzctgl` la kefgjci kciprcjtgje^.[‛ 426 A.:f ct 288. G`feef) tme jlurt g` Jgty la @ew Wlrn

fgstg`bugsmef Kgnes l` tmct dcsgs. =8= A. Zupp. 4f ct 15: -’^V[me Zejl`f Jgrjugt restrgjtef gtsmlifg`b tl AJC jicgks drlubmt cbcg`st ”c kefgjci prlvgfer.‗ . . . Gt gs jiecr) tmerealre) tmct Kgnesfles `lt fgrejtiy jl`trli tmgs jcse^.[‛ -qultg`b Kgnes) 426 A.:f ct 288''.

33

Zee cisl 34 U.Z.J. § 3232z+43-j'-3' -4881' -’Ga tme Zejretcry feterkgès tmct c klrtbcbeg`suref dy c klrtbcbee pursuc`t tl feiebctgl` la cutmlrgty u`fer tmgs sejtgl` wcs `lt lrgbg`ctefg` cjjlrfc`je wgtm tme requgreke`ts estcdigsmef dy tme Zejretcry) c`f tme Zejretcry pcys c`g`surc`je jicgk …) tme Zejretcry kcy requgre tme klrtbcbee … tl g`fek`gay tme Zejretcry alr tme ilss.‛'> 46 JAT § 48:.455-b' -’G`fek`gagjctgl`‛ requgreke`ts c`f prljefures'> 46 JAT §48:.5-f'-6' -’Klrtbcbee sc`jtgl`s‛ g`jiufes jctjm+cii'.




:4

jertgagjctgl`s.‛ RA Kek. ct :8 -ekpmcsgs g` lrgbg ci'. Cbcg`) `lt sl. Vme Blver`ke`t gs `lt

ciiebg`b tmct tme g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s cre acise dejcuse la g`cfequcte ilc` revgew dy

Reiis Acrbl‗s SC fepcrtke`t. Tctmer) tmey cre expressiy acise dejcuse Reiis Acrbl‗s

u`ferwrgters rlutg eiy fgf `lt peralrk tme fue fgigbe`je èjesscry tl e`sure tmct tme ilc`s

qucigagef alr AMC g`surc`je c`f aciseiy jertgagef tmct tme ilc`s ket prlbrck requgreke`ts.

Klrelver) jl`trcry tl Reiis Acrbl‗s subbestgl` -RA Kek. ct 47') tme g`fgvgfuci ilc`

jertgagjctgl`s fl `lt kereiy jertgay tme u`ferwrgter‗s sudoejtgve deigea tmct tme spejgagj klrtbcbe

wcs eigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je. Tctmer) tmey jl`tcg` c serges la spejgagj jertgagjctgl`s dy tme

’ie`fer‛ tl ’g`fuje ^MUF[ tl gssue c agrk jlkkgtke`t alr klrtbcbe g`surc`je lr c Klrtbcbe

G`surc`je Jertgagjcte u`fer tme @ctgl`ci Mlusg`b Cjt.‛ Dcrujm Feji. Ex. D ct 3. Ckl`b tmlse

jertgagjctgl`s cre -3' tmct tme gàlrkctgl` jl`tcgèf g` tme ilc` cppigjctgl` wcs ldtcgèf fgrejtiy

arlk tme dlrrlwer c`f gs true tl tme dest la tme ie`fer‗s n`lwiefbe c`f deigea) -4' tmct

vergagjctgl` la ekpilyke`t c`f feplsgts were requestef c`f rejegvef) -:' tmct tme prlplsef ilc`

keets tme g`jlke c`f jrefgt requgreke`ts la tme blver`g`b icw) -6' tmct alr kcùciiy

u`ferwrgtte` klrtbcbes) tme u`ferwrgter ’persl`ciiy revgewef tme cpprcgsci replrt -ga

cppigjcdie') jrefgt cppigjctgl ) c`f cii cssljgctef fljuke ts c`f ^[ usef fue fgigbe`je g`

u`ferwrgtg`b tmgs klrtbcbe)‛ c`f -5' tmct alr cutlkctef u`ferwrgtte` ilc`s) tme u`ferwrgter

’jertgages tl tme g`tebrgty la tme fctc suppigef dy tme ie`fer usef tl feterkgè tme qucigty la tme

ilc`) ^c`f[ tmct c Fgrejt E`flrseke`t U`ferwrgter revgewef tme cpprcgsci -ga cppigjcdie'.‛ Gf. ct

3+:. Cisl) tme u`ferwrgter kust stcte tmct ’tmgs klrtbcbe gs eigbgdie alr MUF klrtbcbe g`surc`je

u`fer tme Fgrejt E`flrseke`t Xrlbrck)‛ c`f ’kcne cii jertgagjctgl`s requgref alr tmgs klrtbcbe




::

cs set alrtm g` MUF Mc`fdlln 6888.6.‛ Gf. ct :.34 Reiis Acrbl fles `lt fgspute tmct c trutmaui

g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl` gs c jl`fgtgl` la pcyke`t) `lr jluif gt. Zee ACJ ±± 36:) 36=> see

Ebmdci ) 56= A.:f ct 34=:+=6.3: Vmus) tme dc`n‗s gkpigef jertgagjctgl` crbuke`t gs errlèlus.

4. Reiis Acrbl‗s Jcusctgl` Crbuke t Gs Rrl`b

Zejl`f) Reiis Acrbl kgstcneìy crbues tmct tme Blver`ke`t kust piecf prlxgkcte

jcusctgl`) wmgjm tme dc`n g`sgsts kec`s tme Blver ke`t kust stcte ’mlw tmê kctergci vglictgl`

la cppigjcdie MUF+AMC requgreke`ts[ wcs tme jcuse‛ la tme ilc`‗s feacuit c`f tmct gt mcs acgief

tl fl sl. RA Kek. ct :4. @lt lìy gs tme icw u`settief cs tl wmetmer ’dut alr‛ lr ’prlxgkcte‛

jcusctgl` gs tme cpprlprgcte test g` AJC jcses) dut wmere jlurts mcve cppigef prlxgkcte

jcusctgl`) tmey mcve `lt requgref tme piecfg`b alrkuictgl` cfvc`jef dy tme dc`n. Mere) tme

Blver`ke`t mcs ket dltm tme ’dut alr‛ stc`fcrf) wmgjm smluif de cppigef) c`f tme prlxgkcte

jcuse stc`fcrf cs fesjrgdef g` tme very jcses Reiis Acrbl jgtes.

G` crbug`b tmct ’”dut alr‗ jcusctgl` ciiebctgl`s cre g`suaagjge`t u`fer tme AJC)‛ Reiis

Acrbl reiges l` U`gtef Ztctes v. Mgdds) 51= A.4f :62) :67 -:f Jgr. 3722') alr tme prlplsgtgl` tmct

’tme AJC requgres prlxgkcte jcusctgl`) g.e.) c jcusci jl`èjtgl` detwee` tme cjtuci ilss c`f

arcufuie`t jl`fujt) g tmese jgrjukstc`jes.‛ RA Kek. ct :3+:4. Mgdds) mlwever) gs acr arlk

34 MUF Mc`fdlln 6888.6 jl`tcg`s sgkgicr jertgagjctgl`s rebcrfg`b tme u`ferwrgters‗ fuefgigbe`je) g`jiufg`b wgtm respejt tl tme klrtbcblr‗s use la tme prlperty cs c prgkcry resgfe`je)g`jlke) cdgigty tl pcy tme klrtbcbe) c`f jrefgt.

3: Reiis Acrbl cisl fles `lt jl`test tmct acise g`fgvgfuci ilc` jertgagjctgl`s cre dltm acise jicgks

c`f acise stcteke`ts kctergci tl pcyke`t la acise jicgks. C acise stcteke`t gs kctergci ga gt mcs c’`cturci te`fe`jy tl gàiue`je) lr gs jcpcdie la gàiue`jg`b)‛ MUF‗s pcyke`t fejgsgl`. Zee U.Z.

ex rei. Aeifkc` v. Qc` Blrp) @l. 8: Jgv. =3:5 -RMX') 4838 RI 5876684) ct /4 [email protected]. Fej.7) 4838' -g`ter`ci qultctgl`s lkgttef'. Cjjlrfg`biy) tme Blver`ke`t èef lìy smlw tmct MUF’kcy `lt mcve pcgf.‛ U.Z. ex rei. Iekkl` v. E`vgrljcre la Utcm) G`j.) 136 A.:f 331:) 3328-38tm Jgr. 4838'> see cisl Ngrn ) 183 A.:f ct 331.




:6

settief icw c`f smluif `lt de aliilwef mere. G`feef) tme Zeve`tm Jgrjugt expigjgtiy reoejtef tme

Mgdds stc`fcrf) mlifg`b tmct ’c fekl`strctgl` tmct tme blver`ke`t wluif `lt mcve bucrc`teef

tme ilc` ”dut alr‗ tme acise stcteke`t gs suaagjge`t tl estcdigsm tme jcusci reictgl`smgp detwee` tme

acise jicgk c`f tme blver`ke`t‗s fckcbes èjesscry tl perkgt rejlvery u`fer tme Acise Jicgks

Cjt.‛ U`gtef Ztctes v. Agrst @ct‗i Dc`n la Jgjerl) 752 A.4f 3:14) 3:26 -2tm Jgr. 3774'. G`

reoejtg`b Mgdds) tme jlurt expicgèf?

Ga tme blver`ke`t wluif `lt mcve kcfe c ag`c`jgci jlkkgtke`t cdse`t tmejicgkc`t‗s acise stcteke`t) c`f tme blver`ke`t gs èvertmeiess requgref tl pcy cklrtbcbe g`surc`je jicgk lr c ilc` bucrc`ty) tme blver`ke`t mcs suaaereffckcbe ’dejcuse la‛ tme acise stcteke`t) cs requgref dy tme ÂJC[. Re fgscbree

wgtm tme stcteke`t g` Mgdds tmct ’tme scke ilss wluif mcve dee` suaaeref dy tmeblver`ke`t mcf tme jertgagjctgl`s dee` cjjurcte c`f trutmaui.‛

Gf. -qultg`b Mgdds) 51= A.4f ct :53) c`f ruig b g` c` AJC jcse tmct eve` tmlubm c agre jcusef tme

jcr feciersmgp tl feacuit l` tme ilc`) tme Blver`ke`t mcf suaagjge`tiy fekl`strctef tmct tme

dc`n‗s kgsreprese`tctgl`s cdlut tme ilc` mcf jcusef tme Blver`ke`t‗s fckcbes'.

Klrelver) g` c Vmgrf Jgrjugt fejgsgl` sudseque`t tl Mgdds) tme jlurt alu`f tmct tme klre

restrgjtgve jcusctgl` requgreke`t g` Mgdds jc` de sctgsagef dy smlwg`b egtmer tmct c blver`ke`t

brc`t ’kgbmt `lt mcve dee` cpprlvef dut alr ^tme[ acise stcteke`ts‛ lr tmct tme aciseiy lkgttef

gàlrkctgl` ’jluif mcve kcfe tme fgaaere`je g` wmetmer ^tme[ brc`t wcs cpprlvef lr `lt.‛ U.Z.

ex rei. Jc`teng` v. U`gv. la Xgttsdurbm) 374 A.:f 684) 632 -:f Jgr. 3777'. Vmct stc`fcrf mcs dee`

ket mere. Zee ACJ ±± :2) 68+6:. Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t ciiebes tmct Reiis Acrbl‗s acgiure tl

u`ferwrgte AMC ilc`s g` jlkpigc`je wgtm MUF requgreke`ts dlre fgrejtiy upl` tme igneigmllf

tmct dlrrlwers wluif keet tmegr klrtbcbe ldigbctgl`s c`f g`jrecsef tme rgsn la feacuit) ACJ ±±

61+337> c`f tmct cdse`t tme acise ilc` jertgagjctgl`) tme ilc` wluif `lt mcve dee` g`suref c`f `l

jicgk wluif mcve dee` pcgf) gf. ±± :2) 68+6:. @ltmg`b klre gs requgref.




:5

Reiis Acrbl‗s jgtctgl` tl U.Z. ex rei. Acbl v. K!V Klrtb. Jlrp.) 53= A. Zupp. 4f 38=)

344 -F.F.J. 4882') gs kgsbugfef. RA Kek. ct :4. Vmere) prlxgkcte jcusctgl` wcs icjng b

dejcuse tme ciiebef acisgty wcs ’`l`+beùgè sgb`ctures l` vcrglus fljuke`ts g` tme ilc`

dg`fers‛ sujm cs terkgte gàestctgl` replrts) wmgjm mcf `l èxus tl c klrtbcbe‗s feacuit. Gf. ct

343. Klrelver) Acbl qultes acvlrcdiy arlk U`gtef Ztctes v. Zpgjer ) 52 A.:f 3354 -F.J. Jgr.

3775') wmlse ruig`b supplrts jcusctgl` mere. Zee Acbl) 53= A. Zupp. 4f ct 343 -aliilwg`b

Zpgjer '. G` Zpgjer ) tme feae`fc`t kgsreprese`tef jertcg` acjts l` cppigjctgl`s alr klrtbcbes tl

MUF. 52 A.:f ct 3355. G` recsl g`b fgrejtiy cppigjcdie mere) tme F.J. Jgrjugt meif tmct

picg`tgaas mcf smlw` prlxgkcte jcusctgl` dejcuse?

Zpgjer‗s kgsreprese`tctgl`s were kctergci tl MUF‗s feterkg`ctgl` tmct tmeklrtbcbe cppigjc`ts ket tme ag`c`jgci requgreke`ts tl qucigay alr AMC+g`surefklrtbcbes c`f mcf c suaagjge`t persl`ci ag`c`jgci stcne g` tme prlpertges tl mcvetme prlper g`je`tgves tl cvlgf feacuit. Vme kgsreprese`tctgl`s were tmus klretmc` c ’dut alr‛ jcuse> tmey prlxgkcteiy jcusef MUF‗s ilsses wme` tme duyers tlwmlk MUF gkprlvgfe`tiy brc`tef AMC+g`suref klrtbcbes l` tme dcsgs la Zpgjer‗s kgsreprese`tctgl`s la tmegr ag c`jgci qucigagjctgl`s feacuitef. . . . Gt gsu`fludtefiy true tmct g` ecjm jcse ltmer acjtlrs cisl ’jcusef‛ tme duyer‗s feacuit) dut tmct gs la `l klke`t) alr cs il`b cs Zpgjer‗s kgsreprese`tctgl`s were ckctergci c`f prlxgkcte jcuse) tmey èef `lt mcve dee` tme slie acjtlr jcusg`bMUF‗s ilsses.

Gf. ct 3357.

Zgkgicriy) ltmer jlurts mcve alu`f jcusctgl` g` AJC cjtgl`s wmere ’”tme acise

gàlrkctgl` aur`gsmef tl tme blver`ke`t dlre upl` tme igneigmllf la tme ^dlrrlwers[ keetg`b

klrtbcbe pcyke`ts.‗‛ Zee) e.b.) Ebmdci ) 56= A.:f ct 346= -qultg`b Mgdds) 51= A.4f ct :54'> see

cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. Kgiier ) 165 A.4f 62:) 625+21 -5tm Jgr. 37=3' -mlifg b tmct ’tme blver`ke`t

mcs jiecriy ciiebef tme èjesscry jcusctgl`‛ g` c` AJC cjtgl` ciiebg`b acise stcteke`ts g` AMC

ilc` cppigjctgl`s ’cs tl tme jrefgt wlrtmgèss c`f èt wlrtm la sujm mlke duyers‛ dejcuse tmlse




:1

stcteke`ts ’rebcrfg`b tme cdgigty la purjmcsers tl caalrf mlusg`b jluif very weii de tme kcolr

acjtlr alr sudseque`t feacuits‛' -ekpmcsgs cffef'> U`gtef Ztctes v. E`tg`) 258 A. Zupp. 534) 537

-Z.F. Aic. 3778' -acise stcteke`ts g` jl`èjtgl` wgtm c Blver`ke`t ilc` cppigjctgl` tmct ’decr

fgrejtiy l` jrefgt wlrtmgèss‛ estcdigsm ’c` cfequcte jcusci reictgl`smgp detwee` tme feae`fc`ts"

jl`fujt) tme fgsdurseke`t la au`fs c`f tme eve`tuci ilss‛' -fgstg`bugsmg`b Mgdds'. C`f oust icst

ween) g` re`ferg`b oufbke`t alr picg`tgaa g` c jcse rebcrfg`b tme qucigty la u`ferwrgtg`b la ilc`s

g` c` g vestke`t plli) Oufbe Tcnlaa meif tmct jcusctgl` wcs ket wmere tme drecjmes ’jcusef

picg`tgaa tl g`jur c` g`jrecsef rgsn la ilss)‛ rebcrfiess la wmct cjtuciiy jcusef tme ilc`s tl

feacuit. Cssuref Bucrc`ty Ku`gjgpci Jlrp) 483: RI 668336) ct /:5 -’gt gs grreievc t tl tme

Jlurt‗s feterkg`ctgl` la kctergci drecjm wmct Aicbstcr deigeves uitgkcteiy jcusef tme ilc`s tl

feacuit) wmetmer gt gs c igae eve`t lr ga tme u`ferwrgtg`b feaejts jluif de feekef ”gkkctergci‗

dcsef l` tweive kl`tms la pcyke`t. Tgsn la ilss jc` de recigzef lr `lt> gt gs tme acjt tmct

Cssuref acjef c brecter rgsn tmc` wcs wcrrc`tef tmct gs ct gssue alr tme questgl` la drecjm.‛'

-g`ter`ci qultctgl` kcrns lkgttef'. Cjjlrfg`biy) tme ACJ cfequcteiy ciiebes jcusctgl .

D. Vme Blver`ke t Xrlperiy Ciiebes Teverse Acise Jicgks

Reiis Acrbl‗s cssertgl` tmct tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t fles `lt piecf c jcuse la cjtgl` alr

reverse acise jicgks cisl acgis cs c kctter la icw. Zee RA Kek. ct ::+:5. Vme AJC re`fers

igcdie c`y persl` wml ’n`lwg`biy kcnes) uses) lr jcuses tl de kcfe lr usef) c acise rejlrf lr

stcteke`t tl jl`jeci) cvlgf) lr fejrecse c` ldigbctgl` tl pcy lr trc`skgt klèy lr prlperty tl tme

Blver`ke t^.[‛ :3 U.Z.J. § :247-c'-2'.36 ’Vmgs gs n`lw` cs c reverse acise jicgk dejcuse tme

36 Dejcuse c brecter plrtgl` la tme Blver`ke t‗s jicgks acii wgtmg` alrker § :247-c'-2') gtscrbuke`t aljuses l` tmct sejtgl`) dut alr tme scke recsl`s tme Blver`ke`t cisl mcs pief jicgksu`fer jurre`t § :247-c'-3'-B'.




:2

eaaejt la tme feae`fc`t"s n`lwg`biy acise stcteke`t gs c acgiure tl pcy tme Blver`ke`t wme`

pcyke`t gs requgref.‛ U`gtef Ztctes v. Jcrekcrn ) G`j.) 1:6 A.:f =8=) =35 -5tm Jgr. 4833'> see

cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. Tcykl`f ! Rmgtjlkd Jl.) 5: A. Zupp. 4f 6:1) 666+65 [email protected]. 3777'.

Jl`sgste`t wgtm § :247-c'-2') tme Blver`ke`t ciiebes tmct Reiis Acrbl kcfe ùkerlus acise

stcteke`ts tl cvlgf gts ldigbctgl` tl regkdurse lr g`fek`gay MUF wgtm respejt tl tme 1):48 dcf

ilc`s tmct tme dc`n nèw gt mcf aciseiy jertgagef alr AMC g`surc`je. ACJ ±± 348) 3:8) 31:+12.

Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke ts tl tme jl`trcry cre tmreealif. Agrst) Reiis Acrbl csserts tmct tme

Cke`fef Jlkpicg t acgis tl piecf tmct tme dc`n mcf c` ’ldigbctgl`‛ tl regkdurse lr g`fek`gay

MUF alr tmese kctergciiy feagjge`t ilc`s. RA Kek. ct :6. L` tme jl`trcry) tme Blver`ke`t

spejgagjciiy piecfs tmct lè la Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgves alr `lt seia+replrtg`b gts kctergciiy

feagjge`t ilc`s wcs tl cvlgf mcvg`b tl g`fek`gay MUF. ACJ ± 3:8 -fesjrgdg`b Cubust 6) 4885

kekl wmgjm jcutglèf tmct) ’^d[y seia replrtg`b cii sgb`gagjc`t cufgt resuits c`f suspejtef arcuf

tl MUF l` AMC lrgbg`ctgl`s) ^Reiis Acrbl Mlke Klrtbcbe[ mcs plte`tgciiy bgve` MUF c igst la

ilc`s wmgjm jluif resuit g` g`fek`gagjctgl` arlk MUF.‛'> see cisl gf. ± 68 -fesjrgdg`b

g`fek`gagjctgl` prljefure'> Dcrujm Feji. Ex. A ct 5: -Reiis Acrbl‗s laaer tl ’wlrn wgtm MUF

l` g`fek`gagjctgl` pcrcketers l` 67 ilc`s‛ gèigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je'.

Zejl`f) Reiis Acrbl jl`te`fs tmct tme acise rejlrfs c`f stcteke`ts tmct tme Blver`ke`t

reiges upl` cre `lt ’reictef tl c`y ldigbctgl` tl pcy lr trc`skgt klèy tl tme blver`ke`t.‛ RA

Kek. ct :5. Vmgs aiges g` tme acje la tme ciiebctgl`s g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t) wmgjm kust de

cjjeptef cs true l` tmgs kltgl`. Zee ACJ ±± 348+:5) 315+12.

Vmgrf) Reiis Acrbl jgtes severci jcses alr tme prlplsgtgl` tmct `l ldigbctgl` alr c spejgagj

c`f agxef cklu`t gs ciiebef. RA Kek. ct :5. G` jl`trcst) mlwever) wgtm tme jcses upl` wmgjm




:=

Reiis Acrbl reiges) tme ldigbctgl` mere gs `lt c plte`tgci agè) 35 dut g`stecf c spejgagj ldigbctgl`

crgsg`b lut la tme reictgl`smgp detwee` MUF c`f Reiis Acrbl tmrlubm wmgjm tme dc`n wcs tl

g`fek`gay MUF alr ilc`s tmct were fgsjlveref tl de gèigbgdie alr g`surc`je) tme cklu`t la

wmgjm gs spejgagjciiy agxef tl tme cklu`t la tme AMC g`surc`je jicgk. 31 Klrelver) Reiis

Acrbl‗s jgtef jcses g`jlrrejtiy g`terpretef tme ’ldigbctgl`‛ eieke`t. G` e`fecvlrg`b tl

’cffress^[ jurre`t jlàusgl`‛ g` tme very reverse acise jicgk jcses Reiis Acrbl jgtes) tme U.Z.

Ze`cte Oufgjgcry Jlkkgttee‗s 4887 Teplrt l` tme AJC cke`fke`ts reoejts tmegr `crrlw

g`terpretctgl` la alrker § :247-c'-2') plg tg`b lut tmct tme sejtgl` ’specns la c` ”ldigbctgl`)‗ `lt

c ”agxef ldigbctgl`.‗‛ Zee Arcuf Eàlrjeke`t c`f Tejlvery Cjt la 4887) Z. Tep. 333+38) 333tm

Jl`b.) 3st Zess. 4887) 4887 U.Z.J.J.C.@. 6:8) 663. Vme Teplrt aurtmer stctes tmct expressiy

’g`jiufg`b jl`tg`be`t ldigbctgl`s sujm cs ”gkpigef jl`trcjtuci) qucsg+jl`trcjtuci) brc`tlr+

brc`tee) igje`slr+igje`see) aee+dcsef) lr sgkgicr reictgl`smgp)‗ . . . reaiejt^[ tme Jlkkgttee‗s vgew)

meif sg`je tme pcsscbe la tme 37=1 Cke`fke`ts) tmct c` ”ldigbctgl` crgses . . . wmere tmere gs c

reictgl`smgp detwee` tme Blver`ke`t c`f c persl` tmct ”resuits g` c futy tl pcy tme Blver`ke`t

klèy) wmetmer lr `lt tme cklu`t lwef gs yet agxef.‗‛ Gf. -g`ter`ci jgtctgl`s lkgttef'> see cisl

U.Z. ex rei. Dcmrc g v. Jl`cbrc) G`j.) 615 A.:f 33=7) 3484 -38tm Jgr. 4881' -ag`fg`b gt

35 Zee RA Kek. ct :6 -jgtg`b Ck. Vextgie Kars. G`st.) G`j. v. Vme Igkgtef) G`j.) 378 A.:f 247) 2:7-1tm Jgr. 3777' -ciiebef ldigbctgl` wcs tme plte`tgci ’gkplsgtgl` la c agè) pcyke`t la igqugfcteffckcbes) gkplsgtgl` la c tcx) lr alraegture la prlperty.‛'> U`gtef Ztctes v. S G`t‗i Jlurger) G`j.)3:3 A.:f 228) 226 -=tm Jgr. 3772' -stctg`b deigea tmct Jl`bress fgf `lt jl`sgfer c` ’ldigbctgl`‛u`fer tme alrker § :247-c'-2' tl g`jiufe c ’plte`tgci agè‛ c`f `ltg`b tmct tme sc`jtgl` alr

cvlgfg`b c plstci aee gs c ’agè . . . `lt èjesscrgiy reictef tl tme cklu`t la plstcbe cvlgfef lr evcfef‛'> U.Z. ex rei. Dcg` v. Belrbgc Buia Jlrp.) :=1 A.:f 16=) 15: -5tm Jgr. 4886' -plte`tgciagès lr pe`citges alr acise ekgssgl s replrts were `lt c` ldigbctgl` alr reverse acise jicgkigcdgigty'.

31 34 U.Z.J. § 328=-j'-:'-E'-v'> 34 U.Z.J. § 3232z+43-j'-3' -4881'> 46 JAT § 48:.455-b'.




:7

’sgb`gagjc`t tmct § :247-c'-2' reaers tl ”c` ldigbctgl`‗ c`f `lt ”c agxef ldigbctgl`)‗ ’c`f

cbreeg`b‛ tmct tmere cre g`stc`jes g` wmgjm c pcrty gs requgref tl pcy klèy tl tme blver`ke`t)

dut) ct tme tgke tme ldigbctgl` crgses) tme suk mcs `lt dee` prejgseiy feterkgèf‛'.

Cjjlrfg`biy) tme Blver`ke`t mcs pief reverse acise jicgks.

J. Vme AJC Jicgks Vmct Crlse Xrglr tl Ouè 45) 4881 Cre @lt Vgke Dcrref

Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke`t tmct ’c`y ciiebef AJC vglictgl` tmct crlse prglr tl Ouè 45) 4881

gs tgke+dcrref‛ dy lperctgl` la tme AJC‗s stctute la igkgtctgl`s) RA Kek. ct 3:) gs kgstcne`.32

Cs c tmresmlif kctter) tme cppigjctgl` la stctutes la igkgtctgl`s tl dcr jicgks dy tme U`gtef Ztctes

gs espejgciiy fgsacvlref. Zee Dcfcrcjjl v. Jlkk‗r ) 616 U.Z. :=1) :73 -37=6'. G`feef) tme

Zupreke Jlurt reje`tiy recaagrkef tme il`bstc`fg`b ’ruie tmct stctutes la igkgtctgl`s cre

jl`struef `crrlwiy cbcg`st tme blver`ke`t.‛ DX Ck. Xrlf. Jl. v. Durtl`) 567 U.Z. =6) 75

-4881' -jgtg`b E.G. Fupl`t fe @eklurs ! Jl. v. Fcvgs) 416 U.Z. 651 -3746''. ’Vmgs jc`l` gs

rlltef g` tme trcfgtgl`ci ruie qulf ùiiuk tekpus ljjurrgt rebg ‚ tgke fles `lt ru` cbcg`st tme

Ng`b. . . C jlrliicry la tmgs ruie gs tmct wme` tme slveregb` eiejts tl sudoejt gtseia tl c stctute la

igkgtctgl`s) tme slveregb` gs bgve` tme deèagt la tme fludt ga tme sjlpe la tme stctute gs

ckdgbulus.‛ DX Ckergjc) 567 U.Z. ct 71 -jgtctgl` lkgttef'. Cjjlrfg`biy) ’prejefe`t jiecriy

m^lifs[ tmct `l stctute la igkgtctgl`s wgii diljn aeferci blver`ke`t cjtgl`s uìess Jl`bress

jiecriy c`f spejgagjciiy scys sl.‛ Jcplzzg v. U`gtef Ztctes) 7=8 A.4f =24) =25 -4f Jgr. 3774'> see

32 Reiis Acrbl g`jlrrejtiy subbests tmct tme AJC stctute la igkgtctgl`s alr ecjm la tmeBlver`ke`t‗s jicgks stcrtef tl ru` l` tme fcte wme` tme ’jicgk alr c` AMC+g`surc`je pcyke`t‛

l` c feacuitef klrtbcbe ilc` wcs sudkgttef tl MUF. RA Kek. ct 3:. Vme Zejl`f Jgrjugt mcskcfe jiecr tmct tme igkgtctgl`s perglf alr AJC jicgks jlkke`jes l` tme fcte tmct tme jicgkcjtuciiy wcs pcgf. Zee U.Z. ex rei. Nreg`fier ! Nreg`fier v. U`gtef Vejm. Jlrp ) 7=5 A.4f 336=)3352 -4f Jgr. 377:' -stctg b tmct tme igkgtctgl`s perglf ’”debg`s tl ru` l` tme fcte tme jicgk gskcfe) lr) ga tme jicgk gs pcgf) l` tme fcte la pcyke`t.‗‛' -qultg`b Diusci Kects) G`j. v. U`gtef

Ztctes) 1:= A. Zupp. =46) =47 [email protected]. 37=1') caa‗f ) =32 A.4f 3882 -4f Jgr. 37=2''.




68

cisl Dcfcrcjjl) 616 U.Z. ct :73 -’Ztctutes la igkgtctgl` slubmt tl de cppigef tl dcr rgbmts la tme

Blver`ke`t kust rejegve c strgjt jl`strujtgl` g` acvlr la tme Blver`ke`t.‛'. Klrelver) cs tme

pcrty cssertg`b c stctute la igkgtctgl`s feae`se) Reiis Acrbl decrs tme durfe` la prlvg`b gt. Zee)

e.b.) Nctt v. Jgty la @ew Wlrn ) 353 A. Zupp. 4f :3:) :6=+67 [email protected]. 4883' -sudseque`t mgstlry

lkgttef'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Jcreii ) 1=3 A. Zupp. 4f =26) ==: -K.F. Ve``. 4887'.

Mere) Reiis Acrbl jc``lt keet gts durfe` tl smlw tmct tme Blver`ke`t gs jlàgèf tl c

sgx yecr igkgtctgl`s perglf) g`stecf la tme citer`ctgve te` yecr igkgtctgl`s perglf prlvgfef g` tme

AJC u`fer § :2:3-d'-4'.3= U`fer tme ictter prlvgsgl`) tme Blver`ke`t kcy drg`b sugt wgtmg` up

tl te` yecrs la c acise jicgk vglictgl` prlvgfef tmct tme sugt wcs jlkke`jef wgtmg` tmree yecrs la

tme fcte tmct ’tme laagjgci la tme U`gtef Ztctes jmcrbef wgtm respl`sgdgigty tl cjt g` tme

jgrjukstc`jes‛ nèw lr recsl`cdiy smluif mcve n`lw` la tme acjts kctergci tl tme rgbmt la

cjtgl`. Reiis Acrbl jl`te`fs tmct MUF+LGB‗s 4886 cufgt replrt jl`jiusgveiy estcdigsmes tmct

tme laagjgci wgtm respl`sgdgigty tl cjt nèw tme acjts kctergci tl tme Blver`ke`t‗s jcuses la

cjtgl` g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t klre tmc` tmree yecrs dealre tme jlkpicg`t wcs agief. Zee RA

Kek. ct 36+31. Vmct cssertgl` gs wrl`b alr c mlst la recsl`s.

Agrst) Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke`t gs prekcture. C ’kltgl` tl fgskgss dcsef l` tme stctute la

igkgtctgl`s smluif de fe`gef ga c`y gssues la acjt cre g`vlivef.‛ Jcreii ) 1=3 A. Zupp. 4f ct ==:>

see cisl Lrtgz v. Jlrèttc) =12 A.4f 361) 367 -4f Jgr. 37=7' -kltgl` tl fgskgss dcsef l` stctute

la igkgtctgl`s smluif `lt de brc`tef uìess gt cppecrs deyl`f fludt tmct jicgk gs tgke dcrref>

3=

Zejtgl` :2:3-d' la tme AJC prlvgfes? C jgvgi cjtgl` u`fer sejtgl` :2:8 kcy `lt de drlubmt‚ -3' klre tmc` 1 yecrs cater tme fcte l` wmgjm tme vglictgl` la sejtgl` :247 gs jlkkgttef) lr -4'klre tmc` : yecrs cater tme fcte wme` acjts kctergci tl tme rgbmt la cjtgl` cre n`lw` lr recsl`cdiy smluif mcve dee` n`lw` dy tme laagjgci la tme U`gtef Ztctes jmcrbef wgtmrespl`sgdgigty tl cjt g` tme jgrjukstc`jes) dut g` `l eve`t klre tmc` 38 yecrs cater tme fcte l`wmgjm tme vglictgl` gs jlkkgttef) wmgjmever ljjurs icst. :3 U.Z.J. § :2:3-d'.




63

fgsputef gssues la acjt prejiufe fgskgssci'. G` tmgs jl`text) ’jlurts mcve repectefiy rejlb`gzef

tmct tme questgl` la wme` tme respl`sgdie blver`ke`t laagjgci ”smluif mcve n`lw`‗ acjts kctergci

tl tme AJC lr equgty jicgks gs beèrciiy ”c jlkpiex acjtuci feterkg`ctgl`.‗‛ Jcreii ) 1=3 A.

Zupp. 4f ct ==6 -qultg`b U.Z. ex rei. Ryne v. Ckergjc` G t‗i G j.) @l. 83+18387) 4885 RI

3547117) ct /: -E.F. Kgjm. Ouè 48) 4885' c`f jgtg`b U.Z. ex rei. Xurjeii v. KRG Jlrp.) 456 A.

Zupp. 4f 17) 2= -F.F.J. 488:' c`f U`gtef Ztctes v. Mess) 376 A.:f 3316) 3325 -38tm Jgr. 3777''>

see cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. D@X Xcrgdcs ZC) \\ A. Zupp. 4f \\) 4834 RI :4:64::) ct /2+= -Z.F.

Vex. Cub. :) 4834'. Dejcuse Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgl` tl fgskgss l` stctute la igkgtctgl`s brlu`fs

rcgses ùkerlus acjtuci gssues) gt smluif de fe`gef. Zee) e.b.) D@X Xcrgdcs) 4834 RI :4:64::)

ct /2 -ruig`b tmct tme ’ciiebctgl`s jl`tcgèf g` tme U`gtef Ztctes‗ Jlkpicg`t kcne jiecr tmct tme

questgl` la wmetmer tmgs cjtgl` wcs agief‛ klre tmc` : yecrs cater c FLO laagjgci nèw lr

recsl`cdiy smluif mcve n`lw` la acjts kctergci tl tme rgbmt la cjtgl` ’gs c questgl` la acjt tmct

jc``lt de c`sweref dcsef slieiy l` tme piecfg`bs dealre fgsjlvery mcs debu`‛'> Jcreii ) 1=3 A.

Zupp. 4f ct ==6 -scke'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Zicey) @l. 81+67:8) 4882 RI 4364:13) ct /: -E.F. Xc.

Ouiy 46) 4882' -’^V[me cppigjcdgigty la tme ÂJC[ tliig`b prlvgsgl` gs c pcrtiy acjt+frgve` g`qugry

tmct jc``lt de fejgfef ct tme piecfg`bs stcbe.‛'.

Zpejgagjciiy) tme Blver`ke`t ciiebes g` tme Agrst Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t tmct tme U`gtef

Ztctes Fepcrtke`t la Oustgje -’FLO‛' iecrèf tme acjts kctergci tl gts jicgks cbcg`st Reiis Acrbl

’`l ecriger tmc` 4833) tme yecr g` wmgjm tme U`gtef Ztctes Cttlrèy‗s Laagje alr tme Zlutmer`

Fgstrgjt la @ew Wlrn [ jlkke`jef gts g`vestgbctgl` resuitg`b g` tmgs cjtgl`.‛ ACJ ±± 33=) 3:1.

Vmct acjt kust de presukef true l` c kltgl` tl fgskgss. Zee) e.b.) Ie`teii v. Kerrgii Iy`jm !

Jl.) :71 A.:f 313) 315 -4f Jgr. 4885'. Klrelver) tmere gs `ltmg`b g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t




64

wmgjm estcdigsmes tmct c`y FLO laagjgci nèw lr recsl`cdiy smluif mcve n`lw` tmct Reiis Acrbl

wcs jlkkgttg`b arcuf dy aciseiy jertgayg`b retcgi AMC ilc`s alr g`surc`je furg`b tme perglf Kcy

4883 tmrlubm Ljtlder 4885) c`f acgig`b tl seia+replrt tmlusc`fs la kctergciiy feagjge`t AMC

ilc`s tl MUF furg`b 4884 tmrlubm 4838.

G` respl`se) Reiis Acrbl csserts tmct FLO‗s n`lwiefbe gs `lt tme reievc`t g`qugry alr

purplses la feterkg`g`b tme tgkeigèss la tme Blver`ke`t‗s jlkpicg`t u`fer § :2:3-d'-4'>

rctmer) tme dc`n plsgts tmct MUF‗s n`lwiefbe wcs suaagjge`t dejcuse tme ’MUF G`spejtlr

Beèrci . . . ^wcs[ jertcgìy tme laagjgci wgtm respl`sgdgigty tl cjt‛ u`fer tme Acise Jicgks Cjt.

RA Kek. ct 35> see cisl gf. ct :. Vmct jl`te`tgl` gs kergtiess. G` g`terpretg`b tme AJC‗s tliig`b

prlvgsgl`) jlurts mcve repectefiy meif tmct tme ’laagjgci la tme U`gtef Ztctes jmcrbef wgtm

respl`sgdgigty tl cjt g` tme jgrjukstc`jes‛ gs c` laagjgci wgtmg` FLO. Zee) e.b.) U`gtef Ztctes v.

Gsic`f Xcrn ) 273 A. Zupp. :56) :1: [email protected]. 3774'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Vejm Teargberctgl`) 36: A.

Zupp. 4f 3881) 3887 [email protected]. Gii. 4883'> Oc`c) G`j. v. U`gtef Ztctes) :6 Aef. Ji. 662) 653 `. 1 -Aef.

Ji. 3775' -’tme fgsjlvery tmct trgbbers :3 U.Z.J. § :2:3-d'-4' gs `lt n`lwiefbe la tme arcuf dy

c`y blver`ke`t laagjgci) dut n`lwiefbe la tme arcuf dy c` laagjgci mcvg`b tme cutmlrgty tl g`gtgcte

igtgbctgl` u`fer tme Cjt) beèrciiy jl`sgferef tl de c` laagjgci ct tme Jgvgi Fgvgsgl` la tme

Fepcrtke`t la Oustgje) wmgjm mcs exjiusgve igtgbctg`b cutmlrgty u`fer tme Acise Jicgks Cjt‛'>

U`gtef Ztctes v. Kcjlkd Jl`trcjtg`b Jlrp.) 21: A. Zupp. 424) 426 -K.F. Ve``. 3778' -scke'.

Vmct kcnes se`se bgve` tmct FLO‗s Jgvgi Fgvgsgl`) g`jiufg`b tme U`gtef Ztctes Cttlrèy‗s

laagjes) gs spejgagjciiy jmcrbef wgtm respl`sgdgigty alr AJC igtgbctgl`. Zee 4= J.A.T. § 8.65-f'. Gt

gs cisl jl`sgste`t wgtm tme picg` ic`bucbe c`f strujture la tme AJC) wmgjm prlvgfes tmct AJC

cjtgl`s kcy de agief lìy dy tme Cttlrèy Beèrci lr c prgvcte persl` g` tme `cke la tme U`gtef




6:

Ztctes. Zee :3 U.Z.J. § :2:8-c') -d'> Kcrtg` O. Zgknl Jl`str.) G`j. v. U`gtef Ztctes) =54 A.4f

568) 562 -Aef. Jgr. 37==' -’Tebcrfiess la wml g`gtgctes tme sugt) tme Cttlrèy Beèrci gs

spejgagjciiy cutmlrgzef tl cfkg`gster ÂJC[ jicgks alr tme blver`ke`t. @l ltmer cbe jy gs

ekplweref tl cjt u`fer tme stctute.‛' -ekpmcsgs g` lrgbg`ci'.37

Citer`ctgveiy) Reiis Acrbl csserts tmct MUF‗s n`lwiefbe jc` de ’cttrgdutef tl tme Oustgje

Fepcrtke`t‛ dejcuse tme 4886 MUF+LGB cufgt replrt wcs ’wgfeiy fgssekg`ctef tmrlubmlut

MUF) replrtef dy tme kefgc ct tme tgke) plstef l` MUF‗s wedsgte . . .) c`f aecturef prlkgè`tiy

g` c` Ljtlder 4886 ^MUF+LGB replrt tl Jl`bress[.‛ RA Kek. ct 36. Vmgs cssertgl` jc``lt

wgtmstc`f c`ciysgs. Agrst) Reiis Acrbl acgis tl prlvgfe c`y jgtctgl` alr gts jicgk tmct tme cufgt

replrt wcs ’wgfeiy fgssekg`ctef tmrlubmlut MUF)‛ c`f tmere gs `ltmg`b g` tme Cke`fef

Jlkpicg`t tl sudstc`tgcte tmct jicgk) wmgjm jiecriy rcgses c` gssue la acjt. Aurtmer) tme ’replrt^[

dy tme kefgc‛ tl wmgjm Reiis Acrbl jgtes gs c @ctgl`ci Klrtbcbe @ews crtgjie wmgjm jl`tcg`s c

sg`bie se`te`je replrtg b tmct u`ferwrgtg`b feagjge`jges were alu`f g` c skcii ùkder la ilc`s.

Zee RA Kek. ct 36 `.3:. Vmct pcssg`b reaere`je g` c pudigjctgl` la tmgs `cture picgìy fles `lt

supplrt tme cttrgdutgl` la MUF‗s n`lwiefbe tl FLO. Ignewgse) tme acjt tmct tme cufgt replrt

ciiebefiy wcs plstef l` MUF‗s wedsgte c`f jgtef g` c replrt tl Jl`bress fles `lt estcdigsm cs c

kctter la icw tmct FLO nèw lr smluif mcve n`lw` la gts jl`te`ts. Zee cisl gàrc ct `. 48.

37 Reiis Acrbl‗s reigc`je l` U.Z. ex rei. Nreg`fier ! Nreg`fier v. U`gtef Vejm Jlrp.) 222 A.Zupp. 375 [email protected][email protected]. 3773') caa‗f l` ltmer brlu`fs) 7=5 A.4f 336= -4f Jgr. 377:') tl supplrt gtscrbuke`t tmct MUF+LGB wcs tme respl`sgdie laagjgci u`fer § :2:3-d'-4' gs u`cvcgig`b. Zee RA

Kek. ct 31 `. 32. Reiis Acrbl acgis tl ke`tgl` tmct l` cppeci) tme Zejl`f Jgrjugt feterkg eftmct tme Nreg`fier fgstrgjt jlurt smluif `lt mcve recjmef tme stctute la igkgtctgl`s gssue. Nreg`fier ) 7=5 A.4f ct 3355. Cjjlrfg`biy) jlurts mcve rejlb`gzef tmct tme fgstrgjt jlurt fejgsgl`gs la ’igkgtef prejefe`tgci vciue.‛ Vejm Teargberctgl`) 36: A. Zupp. 4f ct 3838 `. :> U.Z. ex rei.

Jl`fge v. Dlcrf la Tebe`ts la tme U`gversgty la Jcigalr`gc) @l. J=7+:558+AKZ) 377: RI2683=5) ct /4 [email protected]. Jci. Zept. 2) 377:'.




66

Zejl`f) g` c`y eve`t) eve` ga FLO mcf dee` cwcre la tme 4886 MUF+LGB cufgt replrt)

tme ag`fg`bs g` tme cufgt were `lt suaagjge`t tl trgbber tme stctute la igkgtctgl`s. G` neepg`b wgtm

tme AJC‗s iebgsictgve mgstlry) jlurts mcve rejlb`gzef tmct tme ’”smluif mcve n`lw`‗ prlvgsgl`

smluif de cppigef spcrg`biy) c`f feae`fc`ts cre prltejtef cbcg`st g`lrfg`cte feicy dy tme te`+

yecr lutsgfe igkgt jl`tcgèf g` tme stctute.‛ Vejm Teargberctgl`) 36: A. Zupp. 4f ct 3838> see

cisl Jl`fge) 377: RI 2683=5) ct /4 -scke'. Cs g`fgjctef g` tme Jl`bressgl`ci rejlrf) ’”jlurts

smluif de ieery la ag`fg`b tmct tme Blver`ke`t mcf n`lwiefbe la tme exgste`je la c plssgdie

jcuse la cjtgl` dcsef kereiy upl` tme fgsjlvery la grrebuicrgtges tmct acii smlrt la c jl`jrete

suspgjgl` tmct arcuf mcs ljjurref.‗‛ Jl`fge) 377: RI 2683=5) ct /4 -qultg`b 3:4 Jl`b. Tej.

Z33466+65 -fcgiy ef. Cub. 33) 37=1''. Mere) c revgew la tme jl`te`ts la tme 4886 MUF+LGB

cufgt replrt fekl`strctes tmct gts ag`fg`bs were `lt suaagjge`t tl smlw cs c kctter la icw tmct FLO

nèw lr smluif mcve n`lw` la tme arcuf ciiebef g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t.

G`feef) MUF+LGB‗s ag fg`bs wgtm respejt tl Reiis Acrbl‗s g`cfequcte u`ferwrgtg`b were

`lt eve` tme iecf ag`fg`b g` tme 4886 cufgt replrt. Tctmer) tme iecf ag`fg`b ‚ c`f tme lè tmct

bcrèref tme very igkgtef kefgc ctte`tgl` ‚ wcs tmct ’Reiis Acrbl gkprlperiy sudkgttef 4):45

ÂMC[ ilc`s) tltcig`b &415):=3)=67) alr icte e`flrseke`t.‛ Zee Dcrujm Feji. Ex. A ct p. g.> RA

Kek. ct 36 `. 3:. Vmgs jl`fujt fles `lt reicte tl tme Blver`ke`t‗s jicgks ciiebef g` tme

Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t.48 Rgtm respejt tl u`ferwrgtg`b) tme cufgt replrt stctes tmct MUF+LGB

48 Reiis Acrbl‗s cssertgl` -RA Kek. ct 36+35' tmct MUF+LGB‗s ag`fg`bs wgtm respejt tl tme dc`n‗s u`ferwrgtg`b feagjge`jges were ’aecturef prlkgè`tiy‛ g` tme cbe`jy‗s sekgc`ùci replrttl Jl`bress c`f were tme sudoejt la c jcutgl` tmct tme jl`fujt ’sgb`gagjc`tiy g`jrecsef tme rgsn tltme AMC g`surc`je au`f)‛ gs wrl`b. Vme ictter stcteke`t wcs kcfe g` jl`èjtgl` wgtm tmecufgt‗s iecf ag`fg`b jl`jer`g`b Reiis Acrbl‗s gkprlper sudkgssgl` la &415 kgiigl` la AMCilc`s alr icte e`flrseke`t) `lt wgtm respejt tl tme dc`n‗s u`ferwrgtg`b feagjge`jges) see Dcrujm




65

sckpief lìy 26 feacuitef AMC ilc`s lrgbg`ctef detwee` Ocùcry 3) 4883 c`f Fejekder :3)

4884) c`f jl`jiufef tmct ’Reiis Acrbl fgf `lt lrgbg`cte 13 ilc`s) tltcig`b &1)116)628) g`

cjjlrfc`je wgtm MUF‗s requgreke`ts.‛ Dcrujm Feji. Ex. A ct p. g. Veiig`biy) tme replrt fles `lt

use tme wlrf ’arcuf‛ lr ’rejniess‛ lr eve` ’gkprlper‛ g` fesjrgdg`b tmgs ag`fg`b. Klrelver) g`

respl`fg`b tl Reiis Acrbl‗s jlkke`ts jl`jer`g`b tmgs ag`fg`b) MUF+LGB wrlte tmct) ’^d[csef

l` tme g`gtgctgves Reiis Acrbl fesjrgdef tl us furg`b tme cufgt c`f g` gts alrkci respl`se)‛ gt

u`ferstllf tme dc`n wcs gkprlvg`b gts lrgbg`ctgl` c`f u`ferwrgtg`b prljesses alr AMC ilc`s.

Gf. ct 42. MUF+LGB we`t l` tl rejlkke`f tmct MUF) tmrlubm gts cfkg`gstrctgve prljess)

requgre Reiis Acrbl tl g`fek`gay lr regkdurse tme cbe`jy wgtm respejt tl 58 la tme 26 feacuitef

ilc`s c`f vergay tmct tme dc`n mcs gkpieke`tef c` eaaejtgve jl`trli e`vgrl`ke`t tl preve`t tme

sudkgssgl` la ilc`s tmct fl `lt keet MUF requgreke`ts. Gf. ct 4=.

Vmgs ag`fg`b picgìy fgf `lt put FLO l` `ltgje la tme acise jicgks ciiebef g` tme Cke`fef

Jlkpicg`t. Cs Reiis Acrbl jc`fgfiy cfkgts) ’tme gssues MUF gfe`tgagef g` tme 4886 MUF+LGB

Cufgt were fecit wgtm cs rlutgè cfkg`gstrctgve kctters dy tme aeferci cbe`jy.‛ RA Kek. ct 1.

Vmere wcs `l ag`fg`b la arcuf lr eve` g`te`tgl`ci kgsjl`fujt. Klrelver) tme u`ferwrgtg`b

plrtgl` la tme cufgt lìy fecit wgtm c skcii sckpie la feacuitef ilc`s) c`f MUF+LGB replrtef

tmct Reiis Acrbl wcs ’kcng`b brect strgfes g` gkprlvg`b gts lrgbg`ctgl` c`f u`ferwrgtg`b

prljesses alr AMC ilc`s.‛ Dcrujm Feji. Ex. A ct 42. Vmct gs jertcgìy `lt c dcsgs alr ruig`b) cs c

kctter la icw) tmct FLO wcs l` `ltgje la kgsjl`fujt kergtg`b c Acise Jicgks Cjt g`vestgbctgl`.

C`f) klrelver) tme 4886 cufgt replrt fles `lt cffress ct cii tme Blver`ke`t‗s sepcrcte AJC

jicgks wgtm respejt tl Reiis Acrbl‗s acgiure tl seia+replrt kctergciiy feagjge`t ilc`s.

Feji. Ex. B ct 33) c`f tme e`tgre fgsjussgl` la tme 4886 cufgt g` tme replrt tl Jl`bress tcnes upmcia c pcbe la tme 3::+pcbe fljuke`t) gf.




61

Reiis Acrbl‗s mecvy reigc`je l` tme fejgsgl` g` U`gtef Ztctes v. Gsic`f Xcrn ) 273 A.

Zupp. :56 [email protected]. 3774') gs kgspicjef. RA Kek. ct 36) 31. Agrst) Gsic`f Xcrn wcs fejgfef

l` sukkcry oufbke`t) `lt) cs mere) g` tme jl`text la c kltgl` tl fgskgss wmere tmere gs `l

acjtuci rejlrf. 273 A. Zupp. ct :52> see D@X Xcrgdcs) 4834 RI :4:64::) ct /2 -fgstg`bugsmg`b

Gsic`f Xcrn g` fe`yg`b Tuie 34-d'-1' stctute la igkgtctgl`s kltgl`'. Zejl`f) tme rejlrf g` Gsic`f

Xcrn smlwef tmct MUF+LGB ’jl`fujtef c` exte`sgve g`ter`ci g`vestgbctgl` g`tl ciiebctgl`s la

kgsjl`fujt)‛ Gsic`f Xcrn ) 273 A. Zupp. ct :5=) jl`jiufef tmct tme ’blver`ke`t mcf iebciiy

cjtgl`cdie jicgks)‛ gf.) c`f fetcgief tme ’exte`sgve wrl`bflg`b‛ dy Gsic`f Xcrn laagjgcis c`f

resgfe`ts) gf. ct :1:. G` cffgtgl`) tme MUF+LGB replrt mcf dee` ’wgfeiy fgssekg`ctef

tmrlubmlut tme U`gtef Ztctes blver`ke`t‛ sujm tmct gts jl`te`ts were ’jlkkl` n`lwiefbe . . .

ct cii ieveis la tme aeferci blver`ke`t)‛ gf. @lè la tmese acjtlrs gs prese`t l` tme rejlrf mere

wgtm respejt tl tme 4886 cufgt la Reiis Acrbl. Cjjlrfg`biy) tme dc`n‗s Tuie 34-d'-1' kltgl` tl

fgskgss dcsef l` stctute la igkgtctgl`s smluif de fe`gef. Zee Vejm Teargberctgl`) 36: A. Zupp.

4f ct 3838 -fe`yg`b stctute la igkgtctgl`s kltgl`) ag`fg`b tmct tme ’rejlrf g` tmgs jcse gs `lwmere

ècr cs jiecr jut cs gt wcs g` Gsic`f Xcrn ‛'> see cisl) e.b.) D@X Xcrgdcs) 4834 RI :4:64::) ct /=

-fe`yg`b kltgl` tl fgskgss dejcuse tme ’Jlkpicg`t‗s ciiebctgl`s fl `lt caagrkctgveiy

fekl`strcte tmct tme picg`tgaa‗s jicgks cre dcrref dy tme stctute la igkgtctgl`s c`f fl rcgse slke

dcsgs alr tliig`b‛'> Kcjlkd) 21: A. Zupp. 4f ct 426> Jl`fge) 377: RI 2683=5) ct /4.

Ag`ciiy) eve` ga tme U`gtef Ztctes‗ jicgks fgf `lt acii wgtmg` tme tliig`b prlvgsgl` la tme

AJC) tmey cii cre tgkeiy drlubmt dy lperctgl` la tme Rcrtgke Zuspe`sgl` la Igkgtctgl`s Cjt

-’RZIC‛') 3= U.Z.J. § :4=2. Vme RZIC prlvgfes?

Rme` tme U`gtef Ztctes gs ct wcr lr Jl`bress mcs e`cjtef c spejgagj cutmlrgzctglàlr tme use la tme Crkef Alrjes) cs fesjrgdef g` sejtgl` 5-d' la tme Rcr Xlwers




62

Tesliutgl` -58 U.Z.J. § 3566-d'') tme ru``g`b la c`y stctute la igkgtctgl`scppigjcdie tl c`y laae`se -3' g`vlivg`b arcuf lr cttekptef arcuf cbcg`st tmeU`gtef Ztctes lr c`y cbe`jy tmerela g` c`y kc`èr) wmetmer dy jl`spgrcjy lr `lt). . . smcii de suspe`fef u`tgi 5 yecrs cater tme terkg`ctgl` la mlstgigtges cs prljicgkef dy c Xresgfe`tgci prljickctgl`) wgtm `ltgje tl Jl`bress) lr dy c

jl`jurre`t resliutgl` la Jl`bress. Alr purplses la cppiyg`b sujm feag`gtgl`s g`tmgs sejtgl`) tme terk ’wcr‛ g`jiufes c spejgagj cutmlrgzctgl` alr tme use la tmeCrkef Alrjes) cs fesjrgdef g` sejtgl` 5-d' la tme Rcr Xlwers Tesliutgl` -58U.Z.J. § 3566-d''.

3= U.Z.J. § :4=2 -4833'.43 Vme RZIC cppiges tl jgvgi arcuf jicgks drlubmt pursuc`t tl tme

AJC. Zee) e.b.) D@X Xcrgdcs) 4834 RI :4:64::) ct //34+3: -jgtg b jcses'> U`gtef Ztctes v.

Nlisny) 3:2 A. Zupp. :57) :14 -E.F. Xc. 3755'.

Mere) tme RZIC wcs trgbberef dy twl spejgagj Jl`bressgl`ci cutmlrgzctgl`s alr tme use

la tme Crkef Alrjes? -3' tme Cutmlrgzef Use la Kgigtcry Alrje gssuef l` Zeptekder 3=) 4883)

pursuc`t tl wmgjm tme Xresgfe`t lrferef U`gtef Ztctes‗ crkef alrjes tl Cabmc`gstc`) see Xud. I.

382+68) 335 Ztct. 446 -4883') Ze`cte Olg`t Tesliutgl` 4:) Zejtgl` 4-c'> c`f -4' tme Cutmlrgzef

Use la Kgigtcry Alrje Cbcg`st Grcq gssuef l` Ljtlder 31) 4884) pursuc`t tl wmgjm tme Xresgfe`t

lrferef U`gtef Ztctes‗ crkef alrjes tl Grcq) see Xud. I. 382+46:) 331 Ztct. 367= -4884'. Zee)

e.b.) U`gtef Ztctes v. Xrlsperg) 52: A. Zupp. 4f 6:1) 664+56 -F. Kcss. 488=' -mlifg`b) u`fer

prglr versgl` la stctute) tmct Grcq c`f Cabmc`gstc` jlàigjts trgbberef RZIC'. Klrelver)

ùkerlus jlurts mcve rejlb`gzef tmct cs la Ouè 4882 ‚ agve yecrs dealre tme pcrtges‗ tliig`b

43 Vme RZIC wcs cke`fef dy tme Rcrtgke Eàlrjeke`t la Arcuf Cjt la 488= -’REAC‛')eaaejtgve Ljtlder 36) 488=. D@X Xcrgdcs) 4834 RI :4:64::) ct /7. REAC exte`fef tmesuspe`sgl` perglf arlk tmree yecrs tl agve yecrs) c`f kcfe jiecr tmct tme suspe`sgl` perglfcppiges wmeèver ’tme U`gtef Ztctes gs ct wcr lr Jl`bress mcs e`cjtef c spejgagj cutmlrgzctgl`

alr tme use la Crkef Alrjes. . .‛ 3= U.Z.J. § :4=2. Vme REAC Cke`fke`ts cre cppigjcdiemere dejcuse cke`fke`ts tl stctute la igkgtctgl`s perglfs cre bgve` eaaejt ga tme igkgtctgl`s perglf l` tme u`feriyg`b jicgk mcs `lt ru` ct tme tgke la tme e`cjtke`t. Zee G` re E`terprgse Klrtbcbe Cjjeptc`je Jl.) IIJ) Zejurgtges Igtgbctgl`) :73 A.:f 683) 68=+87 -4f Jgr. 4886'>Qer`l` v. Jcsscfcbc Qciiey Je`t. Zjm. Fgst.) 67 A.:f ==1) =78+73 -4f Jgr. 3775'> Lrr v. U`gtef

Ztctes) 326 A.4f 522) 5=8 -4f Jgr. 3767'.




6=

cbreeke`t ‚ tmere mcf dee` `l ’terkg`ctgl` la mlstgigtges‛ u`fer tme RZIC wgtm respejt tl tme

Grcq c`f Cabmc`gstc` jlàigjts) c`f tmus tme reievc`t stctutes la igkgtctgl` jl`tgùef tl de tliief.

Zee U`gtef Ztctes v. Xaiuber ) 1=5 A.:f 6=3) 6=5 -5tm Jgr. 4834' -`l terkg`ctgl` la mlstgigtges cs

la 4834'> Qc`je v. Tuksaeif ) 15: A.:f 573) 141 -2tm Jgr. 4833' -rejlb`gzg`b tmct g` 4881) tme

U`gtef Ztctes wcs ’g` tme kgfst la c Jl`bressgl`ciiy+cutmlrgzef wcr g` Grcq‛' -sudseque`t

mgstlry lkgttef'> G` re Grcq c`f Cabmc`gstc` Fetcgèes Igt.) 627 A. Zupp. 4f =5) 384 -F.F.J.

4882' -rejlb`gzg`b scke alr 4882') caa‗f sud `lk. Cig v. Tuksaeif ) 167 A.:f 214 -F.J. Jgr.

4833'> Suciis v. Tuksaeif ) :52 A. Zupp. 4f 426) 4=: -F.F.J. 4885' -scke alr 4885'.

Cjjlrfg`biy) tme AJC jicgks cre tgkeiy. D@X Xcrgdcs) 4834 RI :4:64::) ct /36+35.

GQ. VME CKE@FEF JLKXICG@V ZVCVEZ JICGKZ U@FET AGTTEC

Reiis Acrbl‗s prgkcry tcjtgj wgtm rebcrf tl tme Blver`ke`t‗s AGTTEC jicgks gs tl

cttekpt tl `crrlw tme stctute‗s recjm dy seiejtgveiy jgtg`b gts iebgsictgve mgstlry. E.b.) RA Kek.

ct :7+66. Vme dc`n) mlwever) acgis tl gfe`tgay c`y vcigf dcsgs alr fgskgssg`b tmese jicgks.

C. Vme AGTTEC Ztctute

Jl`bress e`cjtef AGTTEC g` 37=7) g` tme wcne la tme scvg`bs c`f ilc` jrgsgs. Zee

AGTTEC) Xud. I. @l. 383+2:) 38: Ztct. 3=: -37=7'. Vme sweepg`b e`cjtke`t g`jiufes) ckl`b

ltmer prlvgsgl`s) e`mc`jef jgvgi c`f jrgkg`ci pe`citges alr dc`n arcuf. Gf. §§ 753+713) 38: Ztct.

ct 67=+583. Reiis Acrbl seia+servg`biy jmcrcjtergzes tme Cjt cs igttie klre tmc` c dlfybucrf alr

vgjtgkgzef ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s. E.b.) RA Kek. ct 66. Vme stctute gtseia kcnes jiecr) mlwever)

tmct gts au`fcke`tci purplses cre kujm drlcfer? tl prltejt tme pudigj agsj) g`jiufg`b tme sejurgty

la tme feplsgtlrs‗ aeferciiy g`suref au`fs) c`f tl fl sl g` pcrt dy rebuictg`b ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s‗

lw` prcjtgjes. Zee Xud. I. @l. 383+2:) §§ 383-:') -5') -7') -38') 38: Ztct. ct 3=2 -purplses la




67

tme Cjt g`jiufe tl ’jurtcgi g`vestke`ts c`f ltmer cjtgvgtges la scvg`bs cssljgctgl`s tmct plse

u`cjjeptcdie rgsns tl tme Aeferci feplsgt g`surc`je au`fs‛> ’put tme Aeferci feplsgt g`surc`je

au`fs l` c slu`f ag`c`jgci alltg`b‛> ’stre`btme` tme eàlrjeke`t plwers la Aeferci rebuictlrs la

feplsgtlry g`stgtutgl`s‛> c`f ’stre`btme` tme jgvgi sc`jtgl`s c`f jrgkg`ci pe`citges alr fearcufg`b

lr ltmerwgse fckcbg`b feplsgtlry g`stgtutgl`s c`f tmegr feplsgtlrs‛'.

G`feef) AGTTEC‗s iebgsictgve mgstlry gs repiete wgtm reaere`jes tl arcuf c`f cduse dy

ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s c`f tme resuitg`b fetrgke`t tl tme pudigj. Zee) e.b.) M.T. Tep. @l. 383+

56-G') ct :83 -37=7') reprg`tef g` 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. =1) 72 -`ltg b tmct ’^w[gtmlut cfequcte

supervgsgl`) tmrgats were aree tl e`bcbe g arcufuie`t c`f rgsny cjtgvgtges) late` ct tme expe`se la

tme AZIGJ‛'> see cisl Acgiure la G`fepe`fe`t JXC‗s tl Gfe`tgay Arcuf) Rcste c`f

Kgskc`cbeke`t c`f Cssure Cjjurcte Ag`c`jgci Xlsgtgl` la Vrludief Z!I‗s? Mecrg`bs Dealre

tme M. Jlkk. l` Dc`ng`b) Ag`c`je c`f Urdc` Caacgrs) 383st Jl`b. 5 -37=7') ct 3: -’G` Ocùcry

la tmgs yecr) we testgagef dealre tmgs jlkkgttee tmct ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`ci acgiures mcve late` dee`

cssljgctef wgtm kc`cbeke`t+reictef prldieks sujm cs serglus g`ter`ci jl`trli wecnèsses)

g`sgfer cduse c`f arcuf) u`respl`sgveèss tl rebuictlrs c`f fgsrebcrf alr tme scaety c`f

slu`fèss la ag`c`jgci lperctgl`s.‛' -stcteke`t la Arefergjn F. Rlia) Cssgstc`t Jlkptrliier

Beèrci) Beèrci Cjjlu`tg`b Laagje'. Klrelver) Jl`bress expigjgtiy rejlb`gzef tmct pllr ilc`

u`ferwrgtg b c`f ilc` cfkg`gstrctgl` ‚ tme very jl`fujt tcrbetef dy tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg t ‚

jluif serglusiy tmrecte` c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`‗s stcdgigty. Zee) e.b.) M.T. Tep. @l. 383+56-G') ct

477) 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. ct 75 -’Acgief g`stgtutgl`s mcve c ùkder la sgkgicr trcgts g`jiufg`b . . .

pllr u`ferwrgtg`b c`f ilc` cfkg`gstrctgl` stc`fcrfs‛'> M.T. Tep. @l. 383+56-G') ct :88) 37=7

U.Z.J.J.C.@. ct 71 -’Xllr ilc` u`ferwrgtg`b c`f cfkg`gstrctgl` stc`fcrfs mcve prlvef




58

pcrtgjuicriy fetrgke`tci tl tmrgat g`stgtutgl`s. Vmrgat rebuictlrs mcve replrtef wecnèsses reictef

tl pllr ilc` fljuke`tctgl` c`f g`cfequcte jrefgt c`ciysgs . . . G` cffgtgl`) kc`y cpprcgscis were

alu`f tl de g`cjjurcte lr g`suaagjge`tiy fljuke`tef.‛'.

G` lrfer tl prltejt tme pudigj arlk tme jl seque`jes la arcuf g`vlivg`b ag`c`jgci

g`stgtutgl`s) Jl`bress jrectef g` AGTTEC èw jgvgi pe`citges rejlvercdie vgc cjtgl`s g`stgtutef

dy tme Cttlrèy Beèrci alr vglictgl`s la jertcg` jrgkg`ci stctutes. Xud. I. @l. 383+2:) § 753)

38: Ztct. ct 67=+77.44 AGTTEC feagès tme plte`tgci tcrbets la tmgs èw jgvgi eàlrjeke`t

cutmlrgty cs drlcfiy cs plssgdie) stctg b tmct ’^w[mlever vglictes c`y prlvgsgl` la icw tl wmgjm

tmgs sejtgl` gs kcfe cppigjcdie . . . smcii de sudoejt tl c jgvgi pe`city g` c` cklu`t cssessef dy tme

jlurt g` c jgvgi cjtgl` u`fer tmgs sejtgl`.‛ 34 U.Z.J. § 3=::c-c' -ekpmcsgs cffef'.

Vme prefgjcte laae`ses alr wmgjm AGTTEC jrectes jgvgi pe`citges g`jiufe tme aliilwg`b)

wmgjm cre reievc`t tl tme Blver`ke`t‗s jicgks? 3= U.Z.J. § 3885 -reictg`b) g` reievc`t pcrt) tl

rejegvg`b klèy lr prlagt arlk tme U`gtef Ztctes tmrlubm c arcufuie`t trc`scjtgl` dy c ag c`jgci

g`stgtutgl`'> gf. § 3836 -acise stcteke`ts l` ilc` lr jrefgt cppigjctgl`s tl jertcg` aeferci cbe`jges

c`f aeferciiy g`suref ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s) g`jiufg`b tme AMC'> gf. § 3883 -acise stcteke`ts tl

tme Blver`ke`t'> c`f gf. §§ 3:63 c`f 3:6: -kcgi c`f wgre arcuf'. Zee 34 U.Z.J. § 3=::c-j'.

Rgtm rebcrf tl Zejtgl`s 3883) 3:63) c`f 3:6:) AGTTEC cffs tme requgreke`t la slke èxus tl c

aeferciiy g`suref ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`) stctg`b tmct tl trgbber jgvgi pe`citges) vglictgl`s la tmese

prefgjctes kust ’caaejt^[ c aeferciiy g`suref ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`.‛ 34 U.Z.J. § 3=::c-j'-4'.

44 AGTTEC cisl cke`fef severci prefgjcte jrgkg`ci prlvgsgl`s) cffef èw ag`c`jgci laae`ses)c`f g`jrecsef tme pe`citges alr exgstg`b laae`ses. Xud. I. @l. 383+2:) § 713) 38: Ztct. ct 677+583.




53

D. Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t Ztctes c AGTTEC Jicgk Dcsef Upl` Reiis Acrbl‗s

Qglictgl s la 3= U.Z.J. § 3885

3= U.Z.J. § 3885) g` reievc`t pcrt) gkplses jgvgi igcdgigty l`?

Rmlever wgtm g`te`t tl fearcuf tme U`gtef Ztctes lr c`y cbe`jy tmerela) lr c`yag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` reaerref tl g` tmgs sejtgl`) pcrtgjgpctes lr smcres g` lr rejegves-fgrejtiy lr g`fgrejtiy' c`y klèy) prlagt) prlperty) lr deèagts tmrlubm c`ytrc`scjtgl`) ilc`) jlkkgssgl`) jl`trcjt) lr c`y ltmer cjt la c`y sujm ag`c`jgcig`stgtutgl`.

Gf.4: Cs set alrtm g` tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t) Reiis Acrbl vglictef tmgs prlvgsgl` dy fearcufg`b

MUF g` jl`èjtgl` wgtm acise jicgks tmct were sudkgttef alr AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts. Zee

ACJ ±± 317+28. Reiis Acrbl‗s lìy jmciie`be tl tmgs jicgk gs tl cssert tmct ’wmlever‛ g` § 3885

purplrtefiy ’lìy cppiges tl dc`n g`sgfers -g.e.) g`fgvgfucis')‛ c`f tmerealre jc``lt cppiy tl tme

jl`fujt la c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`. RA Kek. ct :1. Vmgs crbuke`t acgis alr tmree recsl`s? -3' tme

picg` ic`bucbe la tme alurtm pcrcbrcpm la § 3885 jl`tcg`s `l igkgtctgl` tl g`fgvgfucis> -4' tme

jcses upl` wmgjm Reiis Acrbl reiges fl `lt cffress wmetmer e`tgtges acii wgtmg` tme sjlpe la

’wmlever‛ g` tme alurtm pcrcbrcpm) `lr fl tmey exjiufe) cs Reiis Acrbl jl`te`fs) e`tgtges cs

plte`tgci vglictlrs> c`f -:' tme iebgsictgve mgstlry la tme alurtm pcrcbrcpm fekl`strctes tmct `l

igkgtctgl` tl g`fgvgfucis smluif de gkplrtef arlk eisewmere g` tme stctute.

Agrst) ’^c[s wgtm c`y questgl` la stctutlry g`terpretctgl`) lur c`ciysgs debg`s wgtm tme

picg` ic`bucbe la tme stctute.‛ Ogkeèz v. Sucrterkc`) 555 U.Z. 33:) 33= -4887'. Mere) tme

alurtm pcrcbrcpm la § 3885 gfe`tgages plte`tgci vglictlrs la tme stctute usg`b tme wlrf ’wmlever)‛

wmgjm gs feagèf g` tme U.Z. Jlfe tl g`jiufe ’jlrplrctgl`s) jlkpc`ges) cssljgctgl`s) agrks)

pcrtèrsmgps) sljgetges) c`f olg`t stljn jlkpc`ges) cs weii cs g`fgvgfucis.‛ 3 U.Z.J. § 3. Vme

4: Zejtgl` 3885 jl`tcg`s alur sudstc`tgve pcrcbrcpms) ecjm settg b alrtm c fgaaere`t vglictgl`) csweii cs pcrcbrcpms settg`b alrtm pe`citges c`f feag`gtgl`s. Vme Blver`ke`t‗s Zejtgl` 3885 jicgkcrgses lìy arlk Reiis Acrbl‗s vglictgl`s la tme alurtm pcrcbrcpm. ACJ ± 317 ` .:.




54

Zupreke Jlurt mcs expicgèf tmct ’wmlever‛ kust de ’igderciiy g`terpretef)‛ pcrtgjuicriy g`

jl`èjtgl` wgtm tme Jrgkg`ci Jlfe. Zee U`gtef Ztctes v. C!X Vrujng`b Jl.) :5= U.Z. 343) 34:

`. 4 -375='. Mcf Jl`bress wgsmef tl igkgt tme cppigjctgl` la tme prlvgsgl` tl e`tgtges) gt jluif

mcve flè sl) dut gt fgf `lt. Reiis Acrbl laaers `l recsl` tl fepcrt arlk tme stctute‗s picg`

ic`bucbe c`f tme trcfgtgl`ciiy drlcf feag`gtgl` la ’wmlever)‛ wmgjm expressiy g`jiufes e`tgtges.

Zejl`f) tmere gs `l prejefe`t alr fgskgssg`b c AGTTEC jicgk dcsef l` pcrcbrcpm alur la

§ 3885 l` tme brlu`f tmct ’wmlever‛ fles `lt g`jiufe e`tgtges. G` urbg`b fgskgssci l` tmgs dcsgs)

Reiis Acrbl reiges l` jrgkg`ci jcses tmct fl `lt eve` cffress) kujm iess supplrt) tme jl`te`tgl`

tmct ’wmlever‛ g` tme alurtm pcrcbrcpm la § 3885 exjiufes ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s. RA Kek. ct

:1+:2. Alr exckpie) g` U`gtef Ztctes v. Tudg`,Jmckders) Fu`mgii G`s. Zervs.) 27= A. Zupp. 4f

532 [email protected]. 4833') tme U`gtef Ztctes jrgkg`ciiy jmcrbef tmree g`fgvgfucis wgtm laae`ses u`fer

tme alurtm pcrcbrcpm la § 3885 g` jl`èjtgl` wgtm c` ciiebef sjmeke tl kc`gpuicte tme kcrnet

alr ku`gjgpci fergvctgves. Gf. ct 548. Vme feae`fc`ts crbuef alr fgskgssci la tme g`fgjtke`t l`

tme brlu`f tmct § 3885 cppigef lìy tl dc`n g`sgfers) wmgjm tmey were `lt ciiebef tl de. Gf. ct

546. Jl`jer ef tmct klre wgfesprecf cppigjctgl` la § 3885 kgbmt resuit g` c ’aeferci dcf

jmejn‛ stctute) tme jlurt meif tmct pcrcbrcpm alur lìy cppigef tl dc`n g`sgfers. Gf. ct 542+4=.

Vmgs mlifg`b fles `lt u`ferjut tme Blver`ke`t‗s § 3885 jicgk g` tmgs jcse) cs tme jlurt g`

Tudg`,Jmckders fgf `lt jl sgfer tme questgl` la wmetmer tme alurtm pcrcbrcpm cppiges tl

e`tgtges.46 Aurtmer) Reiis Acrbl fles `lt) c`f jc``lt) crbue tmct tme dc`n -c`f gts kc`cbeke`t)

tmrlubm wmgjm gt mcs jlkkgttef jgvgi vglictgl`s' gs `lt c` g`sgfer tl gts lw` arcufuie`t sjmeke.

46 Vme ltmer tmree jcses jgtef dy Reiis Acrbl) U`gtef Ztctes v. Efwcrfs) U`gtef Ztctes v. Dcrei )c`f U`gtef Ztctes v. Lrtgz ) cre ignewgse grreievc`t dejcuse tmey sgkgicriy fl `lt cffress tme gssue




5:

Klrelver) Tudg`,Jmckders wcs g`jlrrejt g` gkplrtg`b tme ’g`sgfer‛ requgreke`t arlk

tme agrst pcrcbrcpm la § 3885 tl tme alurtm. Xcrcbrcpm alur mcs c vcstiy fgaaere`t iebgsictgve

mgstlry arlk) c`f esse`tgciiy `l sudstc`tgve reictgl`smgp tl) tme rest la § 3885. Vme agrst tmree

pcrcbrcpms la § 3885 fcte dcjn tl 376= c`f were lrgbg`ciiy jl`tcgèf g` c sg`bie pcrcbrcpm wgtm

tme igkgtg`b ic`bucbe tmct gs `lw g`jiufef lìy g` tme agrst pcrcbrcpm la § 3885 -’Rmlever) deg`b

c` laagjer) fgrejtlr) cbe`t) lr ekpilyee la . . .‛'. Tudg`,Jmckders) 27= A. Zupp. 4f ct 545.

Xcrcbrcpm alur wcs cffef tl § 3885 lver alrty yecrs icter) cs pcrt la AGTTEC‗s èw jgvgi c`f

jrgkg`ci eàlrjeke`t sjmeke. Zee Xud. I. 383+2:) § 713-f'-:') 38: Ztct. ct 677. @ltcdiy) every

èw lr cke`fef prefgjcte laae`se cffef dy AGTTEC uses tme beèrci terk ’wmlever‛ -lr tme

equciiy drlcf ’persl`‛' tl feagè tme plte`tgci tcrbets la eàlrjeke`t cjtgl`s. Zee 34 U.Z.J. §

3=::c.45 Cjjlrfg`biy) g g`terpretg`b tme iebgsictgve mgstlry la pcrcbrcpm alur la § 3885) tme

Egbmtm Jgrjugt meif tmct tme ’g`sgfer‛ igkgtctgl` la tme agrst tmree pcrcbrcpms smluif `lt cppiy.

U`gtef Ztctes v. Qc` Drljnig`) 335 A.:f 5=2) 572 -=tm Jgr. 3772' -ag`fg`b tmct ’^p[crcbrcpm alur

gs `lt dy gts terks restrgjtef tl dc`n g`sgfers‛ c`f tmct ’AGTTEC wcs g`te`fef) g` pcrt) tl

stre`btme` tme eàlrjeke`t plwers la Aeferci rebuictlrs la feplsgtlry g`stgtutgl`s ^c`f tl[

stre`btme` tme jgvgi sc`jtgl`s c`f jrgkg`ci pe`citges alr fearcufg`b lr ltmerwgse fckcbg`b

feplsgtlry g`stgtutgl`s c`f tmegr feplsgtlrs^)[‛ sujm tmct ’^t[me iebgsictgve mgstlry la tme ltmer

la wmetmer c` e`tgty jc` de jgvgiiy prlsejutef u`fer AGTTEC alr c vglictgl` la Zejtgl` 3885.RA Kek. ct :1. Klrelver) `lè la tmese jcses eve` cffresses pcrcbrcpm alur la § 3885.

45

Zee 3= U.Z.J. § 3885 -alurtm pcrcbrcpm cffef dy AGTTEC) reaerrg`b tl ’^w[mlever wgtm g`te`ttl fearcuf tme U`gtef Ztctes lr c`y cbe`jy tmerela‛'> gf. § 3882 -’^w[mlever) alr tme purplse la gàiue`jg`b g` c`y wcy tme cjtgl` la tme Aeferci Feplsgt G`surc`je Jlrplrctgl`‛'> gf. §§ 3:63)3:6: -’^g[a tme vglictgl` caaejts c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`) sujm persl` smcii de agèf‛'> gf. § 3:66-’^w[mlever n`lwg`biy exejutes) lr cttekpts tl exejute) c sjmeke lr crtgagje‛'> gf. § :47:-stctute la igkgtctgl`s prlvgsgl`) reaerrg`b tl ’^`[l persl`‛'.




56

prlvgsgl`s . . . gs sgkpiy `lt cppigjcdie tl pcrcbrcpm alur.‛' -jgtctgl`s c`f g`ter`ci qultctgl`

kcrns lkgttef'> see cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. Jmrgste`se`) :66 A. Zupp. 4f 3476) 3471+72 -F. Utcm

4886' -aliilwg`b Qc` Drljnig`'.

Gt gs `lt surprgsg b tmct `l jrgkg`ci jcses mcve lpgèf l` wmetmer ’wmlever‛ g` pcrcbrcpm

alur cppiges tl c` e`tgty) sg`je jrgkg`ci jmcrbes cre gàreque`tiy drlubmt cbcg`st jlrplrctgl`s. G`

jl`trcst) tmrlubm AGTTEC) Jl`bress bcve tme Blver`ke`t èw jgvgi rekefges ‚ wmgjm cre

jlkklìy fgrejtef ct e`tgtges ‚ tl jlkdct ag`c`jgci arcuf. Rmgie Reiis Acrbl tcnes ukdrcbe ct

tme acjt tmct tme Fepcrtke`t la Oustgje gs usg`b AGTTEC tl jlkdct tme dc`n‗s klrtbcbe arcuf)

tmct gs `lt c dcsgs upl` wmgjm tl fgskgss tme Blver`ke`t‗s jicgks u`fer tme Cjt.

J. Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t Ztctes c AGTTEC Jicgk Dcsef Upl` Reiis Acrbl‗s

Qglictgl s la 3= U.Z.J. § 3836

Zejtgl` 3836 prlmgdgts kcng`b c`y acise stcteke`ts lr replrts alr tme purplse la

gàiue`jg`b tme cjtgl` la) g`ter cigc) tme AMC. 3= U.Z.J. § 3836. Dejcuse Zejtgl` 3836 lìy

cppiges tl ciiebef acise stcteke`ts kcfe cater Ouiy :8) 488=) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t expressiy

igkgts tmgs jicgk tl acise stcteke`ts c`f rejlrfs kcfe cater tmct fcte. ACJ ± 317 `. 6.

Reiis Acrbl‗s ilè crbuke`t alr fgskgssci la tme Blver`ke`t‗s Zejtgl` 3836 jicgks gs

tmct) g` supplsef jl`trcve`tgl` la Tuie 7-d') tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t ’èver gfe`tgages c`y

ciiebef acise stcteke`t lr replrt kcfe dy Reiis Acrbl cater Ouiy :8) 488=) ciiebefiy alr tme

purplse la gàiue`jg`b c`y AMC cjtgl`) lr fesjrgdes mlw AMC wcs gkprlperiy gàiue`jef dy

sujm c stcteke t.‛ RA Kek. ct :2. Vmgs crbuke`t) mlwever) gb`lres tme acjt tmct tme Cke`fef

Jlkpicg`t spejgagjciiy gfe`tgages c ùkder la sujm acise stcteke`ts) g`jiufg`b Reiis Acrbl‗s

plst+Ouiy :8) 488= acise seia+replrtg`b -pcrtgjuicriy) u`fer+replrtg`b' la gts kctergciiy feagjge`t

ilc`s) tme dc`n‗s sudkgssgl` la acise jicgks alr AMC g`surc`je pcyke`ts cater tmlse dcf ilc`s




55

feacuitef) c`f gts sudkgssgl` la acise c`ùci jertgagjctgl`s alr tme yecrs 4887 c`f 4838 tl tme

AMC. ACJ ±± 318) 315. Vmese acise replrts) jicgks) c`f jertgagjctgl`s were kcfe tl gàiue`je

tme AMC) `ckeiy tl ’bet acise lr arcufuie`t jicgks alr AMC g`surc`je pcgf dy MUF.‛ Gf. ± 318.

Cjjlrfg`biy) tme Zejtgl` 3836 jicgk gs pief wgtm klre tmc` suaagjge t pcrtgjuicrgty.

F. Vme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t Ztctes AGTTEC Jicgks Dcsef Upl` Reiis Acrbl‗s

Qglictgl s la 3= U.Z.J. §§ 3883) 3:63) c`f 3:6:

AGTTEC ievges jgvgi pe`citges alr vglictgl`s la 3= U.Z.J. §§ 3883) 3:63) c`f 3:6: ‚

prlmgdgtg`b) respejtgveiy) kcng`b acise stcteke`ts tl tme Blver`ke`t) kcgi arcuf) c`f wgre arcuf

‚ wmere tme kgsjl`fujt ’caaejt^s[ c aeferciiy g`suref ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`.‛ 34 U.Z.J. §

3=::c-j'-4'. Cs c` g`gtgci kctter) Reiis Acrbl fles `lt fgspute) `lr jluif gt) tmct tme dc`n aciis

wgtmg tme sjlpe la tme wlrf ’wmlever‛ g` ecjm la tmese stctutes. Reiis Acrbl jmciie`bes lìy

tme ’caaejtg`b‛ eieke`t la tmese jicgks) cssertg`b tmct? -3' c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` kcy `lt de

prlsejutef u`fer Zejtgl` 3=::c-j'-4' alr jl`fujt caaejtg`b gtseia -RA Kek. ct :7+66'> c`f -4'

tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t fles `lt ciiebe suaagjge`t eaaejts l` Reiis Acrbl -RA Kek. ct 66+61'.

Dltm la tmese crbuke`ts acgi.

3. Reiis Acrbl Jc` Qglicte AGTTEC Vmrlubm Kgsjl`fujt Vmct Caaejts Gts LwÀeferciiy G`suref Feplsgts

Reiis Acrbl agrst csserts tmct gt gs esse`tgciiy gkkuè arlk jgvgi prlsejutgl` u`fer

AGTTEC alr jl`fujt mcrkg`b gts aeferciiy g`suref feplsgts) dejcuse ’seia+caaejtg b‛ kgsjl`fujt

gs purplrtefiy `lt wgtmg` tme kec`g`b la ’caaejtg`b‛ g` 34 U.Z.J. 3=::c-j'-4'. RA Kek. ct :7+

66. G` seeng`b tl kcùacjture restrgjtgl`s l` tme drlcf) beèrci ic`bucbe la Zejtgl` 3=::c-j'-4')

Reiis Acrbl cbcg` cttekpts tl esjcpe tme sgkpie text c`f acr recjm la AGTTEC‗s eàlrjeke`t

prlvgsgl`s) c`f g`sgsts g`stecf tmct iebgsictlrs slubmt tl spcre dc`ns arlk igcdgigty alr tmegr lw`




51

kgsjl`fujt. Zujm c` cpprlcjm tur`s tme prg`jgpies la stctutlry jl`strujtgl` l` tmegr mecf c`f

u`ferkgès tme stctef purplses la AGTTEC. Zee suprc. Zejtgl` GQ.C.

AGTTEC fles `lt expressiy feagè wmct gt kec`s tl ’caaejt^[‛ c aeferciiy g`suref

ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`) c`f `l jlurt mcs yet g`terpretef tmct wlrf spejgagjciiy g` tme jl`text la

Zejtgl` 3=::c-j'-4') dut kc`y jlurts mcve g`terpretef vgrtuciiy gfe`tgjci ic`bucbe g` c`ltmer

prlvgsgl` la AGTTEC c`f jl`sgste`tiy reoejtef tme scke crbuke`t tmct Reiis Acrbl cfvc`jes

mere. G` Zejtgl` 713-i ' la AGTTEC) Jl`bress exte`fef tme stctute la igkgtctgl s alr kcgi c`f

wgre arcuf arlk agve tl te` yecrs wmere tme laae`se ’caaejts c ag`c`jgci g stgtutgl`.‛ Zee 3=

U.Z.J. § :47:-4'. G` g terpretg`b tmct prlvgsgl`) jlurts mcve meif tmct ’caaejt‛ gs c drlcf c`f

u`ckdgbulus terk kec`g`b tl ’prlfuje c` eaaejt l`‛ lr tl kctergciiy lr fetrgke`tciiy

’gàiue`je.‛ Zee) e.b.) U`gtef Ztctes v. Bmcvckg) @l. 38 Jr. 3432 -NKR') 4834 RI 4=2=341)

ct /5 [email protected]. Ouiy 3:) 4834' -ag`fg`b tmct tme ’klst jlkkl` kec`g`b la tme verd ”caaejt‗ gs

”tl prlfuje c` eaaejt upl`)‗‛ c`f tmct tme terk gs ’sejl`fcrgiy feagèf cs ”tl prlfuje c kctergci

gàiue`je upl` lr citerctgl` g`‗ c`f tertgcrgiy feagèf cs ”tl mcve c fetrgke`tci gàiue`je l`‗‛'

-jgtctgl` lkgttef'. Aurtmerklre) jlurts g`terpretg`b Zejtgl` :47:-4' mcve repectefiy reoejtef tme

crbuke`t tmct c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` jc``lt de ’caaejtêf[‛ dy c arcuf tmct gt mcs perpetrctef) c`f

g`feef mcve meif tmct ’caaejts‛ cppiges dltm tl perpetrctlrs c`f vgjtgks la arcuf.41

41Zee U`gtef Ztctes v. Zerpgjl) :48 A.:f 173) 175 -2tm Jgr. 488:' -mlifg`b dc`n wcs caaejtef dy

gts lw` arcufuie`t sjmeke'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Dluyec) 354 A.:f 374) 375 -4f Jgr. 377=' -’^Vmefeae`fc`t‗s[ crbuke`t wluif mcve klre alrje ga tme stctute prlvgfef alr c` exte`fef igkgtctgl`s

perglf wmere tme ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` gs tme ldoejt la tme arcuf. Jiecriy) mlwever) Jl`bressjmlse tl exte`f tme stctute la igkgtctgl`s tl c drlcfer jicss la jrgkes.‛' -jgtctgl` lkgttef'> U`gtef

Ztctes v. Kcrtgèz ) @l. 7=+36:=) 3777 RI :==64) ct /4 -4f Jgr. Oc . 42) 3777' -’Vme wlrf”caaejt^[)‗ g` tme stctute gs `lt tme scke cs ”fearcuf‗‛'> see cisl Bmcvckg) 4834 RI 4=2=341) ct/5 -tme terk ’caaejts‛ ’gs `lt igkgtef tl jgrjukstc`jes g` wmgjm c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` gs tmeldoejt lr vgjtgk la c sjmeke tl fearcuf‛ dut rctmer g`jiufes cjtgve pcrtgjgpc`ts'> U`gtef Ztctes v.




52

Alr exckpie) g` U`gtef Ztctes v. Zerpgjl) tme jrgkg`ci feae`fc ts jl`testef tme fgstrgjt

jlurt‗s cppigjctgl` la 3= U.Z.J. § :47:-4') crbug`b tmct tmegr kcgi arcuf fgf `lt ’caaejt‛ tme

ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s wml were ’wgiig`b pcrtgjgpc`ts‛ c`f ’cjtgve perpetrctlr^s[‛ la tme

arcufuie`t sjmeke. Gf.) :48 A.:f ct 17:+75. Vme Zeve`tm Jgrjugt reoejtef tmgs crbuke`t) mlifg`b

tmct ’tme kere acjt tmct pcrtgjgpctgl` g` c sjmeke gs g` c dc`n‗s dest g`terest fles `lt èjesscrgiy

kec` tmct gt gs `lt explsef tl cffgtgl`ci rgsns c`f gs `lt ”caaejtef.‗‛ Gf. ct 175. Vme jlurt

ldservef tmct tme dc`ns‗ g`vliveke`t g` tme arcuf fgf explse tmek tl rgsns) prgkcrgiy mcvg`b

rgsny ilc`s l` tmegr dllns. Gf. Cs tl lè la tme ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s tmct pief bugity tl

jl`spgrcjy) tme Jlurt alu`f ’gt mcrf tl u`ferstc`f mlw c dc`n tmct wcs put lut la dusgèss cs c

fgrejt resuit la tme sjmeke wcs `lt ”caaejtef)‗ eve` ga gt picyef c` cjtgve pcrt g` tme sjmeke.‛ Gf.

Ignewgse) g` Bmcvckg) c ùkder la g`fgjtef jl+jl`spgrctlr ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s mcf

e`teref g`tl jgvgi settieke`ts wgtm tme ZEJ c`f ltmer rebuictlrs) cs weii cs `l`+prlsejutgl`

cbreeke`ts wgtm FLO) g` jl`èjtgl` wgtm c ku`gjgpci g`vestke`t dgf+rgbbg`b sjmeke. 4834 RI

4=2=341) ct /3) /2. Rme` tme ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s‗ ekpilyees were sudseque`tiy prlsejutef)

tmey slubmt tl exjiufe evgfe`je reictg b tl tmese cbreeke`ts) wmgjm tme Blver`ke`t g`te`fef tl

laaer tl prlve tmct tme jl+jl`spgrctlr ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s mcf dee` ’caaejtêf[‛ dy tmegr lw`

jrgkes. Gf. ct /2. Teiyg`b l` Dluyec) Zerpgjl) Lmie c`f Fcuberfcs) tme jlurt ldservef tmct c

ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` kcy de ’caaejtêf[‛ dy c arcufuie`t sjmeke) eve` ga gt wcs c` cjtgve

pcrtgjgpc`t) wmgjm tmese ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s were) c`f ciilwef tme g`trlfujtgl` la evgfe`je

Fcuberfcs) @l. 87 Jr. 5=3 -RMX') 4833 RI 184833:) ct /3+4 [email protected]. Cpr. 5) 4833'-’caaejts‛ cppiges tl ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s tmct ’pcrtgjgpctef g` c arcuf‛ dejcuse ’^`[ltmg`b g` tmestctute‗s ic`bucbe prejiufes gts cppigjctgl` tl c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` tmct pcrtgjgpctef g` c arcuf‛'>U`gtef Ztctes v. Tudg`,Jmckders) Fu`mgii G`s. Zervs.) =:3 A. Zupp. 4f 227) 2=: [email protected]. 4833'-scke'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Lmie) 12= A. Zupp. 4f 435) 447 [email protected]. 4838' -scke'.




5=

jl`jer`g`b `l`+prlsejutgl` cbreeke`ts) cs weii cs settieke`t cbreeke`ts wgtm tme ZEJ c`f

ltmers) tl fekl`strcte tmct tme jl+jl`spgrctlr ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s were ’caaejtêf[ ag`c`jgci

g`stgtutgl`s.‛ 4834 RI 4=2=341) ct /5+/38> see cisl Tudg`,Jmckders) =:3 A. Zupp. 4f ct 2=3+

=5 -ciilwg`b evgfe`je la `l`+prlsejutgl` cbreeke`ts wgtm jl+jl`spgrctlr ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s

dcsef l` mlifg`b tmct ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s tmct pcrtgjgpcte g` arcuf kcy de ’caaejtêf[‛ dy gt'.42

Reiis Acrbl cttekpts tl sngrt tme l`+plg`t g`terpretctgl` la ’caaejts c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`‛

g` tme cdlve jcses -RA Kek. ct 68+63') dut tmere gs `l recsl` tl csjrgde c`y fgaaere`t kec`g`b

tl tme wlrf ’caaejtg`b‛ g` Zejtgl` 3=::c-j'-4'. L` tme jl`trcry) gt gs ’ilbgjci tl cssuke‛ tmct

wmere tme scke terk gs usef g` fgaaere`t pcrts la tme scke Cjt) tme terk ’wluif jcrry tme scke

kec`g`b wgtm respejt tl dltm prlvgsgl`s.‛ Fesert Xcicje) G`j. v. Jlstc) 5:7 U.Z. 78) 383 -488:'.

Eve` wmere tme scke terk gs usef g` fgaaere`t pgejes la iebgsictgl`) tme Zupreke Jlurt jrefgts

Jl`bress wgtm ’n`lwg`b tme g`terpretctgl` aeferci jlurts mcf bgve` tme wlrfs ecriger Jl`bresses

mcf usef agrst‛ g` ltmer icws) c`f sg`je ’^g[t usef tme scke wlrfs . . . we jc` lìy cssuke gt

g`te`fef tmek tl mcve tme scke kec`g`b tmct jlurts mcf cirecfy bgve` tmek.‛ Mlikes v. Zej.

G`vestlr Xrlt. Jlrp.) 58: U.Z. 45=) 41= -3774'. G`feef) ’^w[metmer c arcuf fles lr fles `lt

”caaejt c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`‗ gs c rejurrg`b jl`sgferctgl` g` aeferci jrgkg`ci ourgsprufe`je)‛ c`f

jcses g`terpretg b tmct pmrcse g` lè jl`text cre beèrciiy cppigef tl ltmers. U`gtef Ztctes v.

Brcss) 426 A. Zupp. 4f 16=) 156 `. 5 -K.F. Xc. 488:'.

42 Aurtmer) jlurts mcve sgkgicriy drlcfiy g`terpretef c prglr versgl` la tme Ze`te`jg`b Bugfeigès prlkuibctef aliilwg`b AGTTEC) wmgjm e`mc`jef pu`gsmke`t alr laae`ses tmct ’caaejtef cag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`.‛ Zee U`gtef Ztctes v. Mlaaejner ) 5:8 A.:f 3:2) 488 -:f Jgr. 488=' -ag`fg`bse`te`je e`mc`jeke`t smluif cppiy wme` ’c arcuf caaejts c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` tmct cjtef cs tmevemgjie alr tme arcuf‛'> see cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. Jliig`s) :13 A.:f :6:) :6= -2tm Jgr. 4886'.




57

Reiis Acrbl‗s cttekpt tl `crrlw tme kec`g`b la ’caaejtg`b‛ dy jmerry+pgjng`b AGTTEC‗s

iebgsictgve mgstlry -RA Kek. ct 63+66' gs u`cvcgig`b) cs tme wlrf ’caaejtg`b‛ gs u`ckdgbulus

c`f gts picg` kec`g`b blver`s. Zee) e.b.) Fcuberfcs) 4833 RI 184833:) ct /3 -’Vme iebgsictgve

mgstlry c`f cutmlrgtges jgtef dy Feae`fc`ts fl `lt exmlrt gkplsg`b c igkgtctgl` cdse`t arlk tme

picg` ic`bucbe la tme stctute. Gt gs cxglkctgj tmct tme picg` kec`g`b la c stctute jl`trlis gts

g`terpretctgl`) c`f tmct oufgjgci revgew kust e`f ct tme stctute‗s u`ckdgbulus terks.‛' -jgtctgl`

c`f g`ter`ci qultctgl` kcrns lkgttef'. G` c`y eve`t) tmere gs ckpie evgfe`je g` AGTTEC‗s

iebgsictgve mgstlry tmct Jl`bress fgf `lt tcne cs jrckpef c vgew la tme terk ’caaejtg`b‛ cs Reiis

Acrbl fles mere) dut rctmer lè g` igè wgtm tme drlcf g`terpretctgl` tmct jlurts mcve cppigef tl

tme ’caaejts c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`‛ ic`bucbe g` 3= U.Z.J. § :47:-4'.

@ltmg`b g` Zejtgl` 3=::c-j' requgres tmct tme ’caaejtêf[‛ aeferciiy g`suref ag`c`jgci

g`stgtutgl` de ’tme vgjtgk.‛ Tctmer) tme jgvgi eàlrjeke`t prlvgsgl`s sudtgtie la AGTTEC

gkplses ’Jgvgi Xe`citges Alr Qglictgl`s G`vlivg`b Ag`c`jgci G`stgtutgl`s)‛ `lt vglictgl`s

fearcufg`b lr vgjtgkgzg b tmek. Xud. I. @l. 383+2:) § 753) 38: Ztct. ct 67= -ekpmcsgs cffef'.4=

Reiis Acrbl cisl wrl`biy jl`te`fs tmct tme ’caaejtg`b c aeferciiy g`suref ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`‛

ic`bucbe g` Zejtgl` 3=::c-j'-4' kust ’kctjm^[ tme sjlpe la tme prefgjcte stctutes g` -j'-3' c`f

4=Zee cisl M. T. Tep. 383+56-G') ct :33) 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. ct 382 -AGTTEC ’g`jrecses jgvgi

c`f jrgkg`ci pe`citges alr jrgkes g`vlivg`b ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s c`f gkprlves ketmlfs tl fetejtkgsjl`fujt g` ag`c`jgci fecig`bs‛' -ekpmcses cffef'> M.T. Tep. 383+56-G') ct 624) 37=7U.Z.J.J.C.@. ct 41= -Zejtgl` 753 ’cutmlrgzes tme Cttlrèy Beèrci tl rejlver c jgvgi pe`city alr jl`fujt vglictg`b spejgagef prlvgsgl`s la tgtie 3=) U`gtef Ztctes Jlfe) g`vlivg`b ag`c`jgci

g`stgtutgl`s . . . klst la tme jcses igneiy tl de drlubmt u`fer tmgs sejtgl` wgii g`vlive ciiebctgl`sla arcuf‛' -ekpmcsgs cffef'> M.T. Tep. 383+56-Q') ct 5) 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. :72) ct :7=-’Zudtgtie E la Vgtie G] jl`tcg`s prlplsef èw jgvgi pe`citges alr jertcg` vglictgl`s g`vlivg`b ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s. Cs replrtef dy tme Jlkkgttee l` Dc`ng`b) Ag`c`je c`f Urdc` Caacgrs)vglictgl`s c`f jl`spgrcjges tl vglicte egbmt sejtgl`s la tgtie 3= wmgjm reicte tl ag`c`jgcig`stgtutgl`s cre kcfe tme dcsgs la jgvgi pe`citges.‛' -ekpmcses cffef'.




18

-j'-:')‛ wmgjm gt crbues mcve `lt dee` ’jl`struef tl mcve tme perpetrctlr cisl de tme vgjtgk^.[‛

Zee RA Kek. ct :7+68. Mlwever) kc`y la tme laae ses g` Zejtgl`s 3=::c-j'-3' c`f -:' fl `lt

requgre tmct c ag c`jgci g`stgtutgl` de c vgjtgk ct cii.47

Ag`ciiy) Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke`t tmct gt gs ’u`èjesscry‛ tl use Zejtgl` 3=::c-j'-4' ’cs c

vemgjie tl pu`gsm Reiis Acrbl alr e`bcbg`b g` arcuf tmct supplsefiy caaejtef Reiis Acrbl)‛

dejcuse AGTTEC cisl brc`tef èw plwers tl dc`n rebuictlry cbe`jges tl rebuicte aeferciiy

g`suref ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`s) prlvgfes `l dcsgs alr fgskgssci. RA Kek. ct 66. G`feef) tme

iebgsictgve mgstlry la AGTTEC kcnes jiecr tmct tme èw jgvgi pe`citges were g`te`fef tl gkplse c

tmgrf pe`city alr kgsjl`fujt) wmgjm jluif jertcgìy de jukuictgve tl pe`citges gkplsef dy

rebuictlry cbe`jges. Zee M.T. Tep. 383+56-Q') ct 5) 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. ct :7= -’G` acjt) tme

Cfkg`gstrctgl` stctes tmct tme pe`citges jc` cisl de jukuictgve tl ltmer jgvgi pe`citges) wmgjm cisl

kcy de up tl &3)888)888) wmgjm kcy de gkplsef dy dc`n rebuictlry cbe`jges u`fer ltmer

prlvgsgl`s la tmgs dgii.‛'> see cisl M.T. Tep. 383+56-Q') ct 1) 37=7 U.Z.J.J.C.@. ct :77

-’Zudtgtie E gs tmerealre g`te`fef tl de usef tl gkplse c tmgrf klètcry pe`city) ecjm la wmgjm

kcy de up tl &3 kgiigl` per g`jgfe`t) alr tme scke vglictgl`.‛'. Mlifg b dc`ns respl`sgdie alr

jl`fujt tmct puts tmegr lw` aeferciiy g`suref feplsgts ct rgsn gs jl`sgste`t wgtm c`f aurtmers tme

iebgsictgve purplse la AGTTEC) c`f tme Jlurt smluif reoejt Reiis Acrbl‗s eaalrt tl refrcat

AGTTEC crdgtrcrgiy tl exjiufe igcdgigty alr tme dc`n‗s lw` kgsjl`fujt.

47 Alr exckpie) 3= U.Z.J. §§ 3882 c`f 3836 c`f 35 U.Z.J. § 165-c' kcne gt c jrgke alr c`y persl` lr e`tgty tl sudkgt acise stcteke`ts tl) g`ter cigc) tme AFGJ) tme AMC c`f tme ZkciiDusgèss Cfkg`gstrctgl`.




13

4. Reiis Acrbl Rcs Caaejtef dy Gts Arcuf Dejcuse Gt G`jurref Cjtuci Ilsses c`f McsDee` Explsef tl Tgsns la Ilsses

Ag`ciiy) Reiis Acrbl gs wrl`b g` jl`te`fg`b tmct tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t fles `lt

cfequcteiy ciiebe eaaejts la Reiis Acrbl‗s arcufuie`t jl`fujt l` gtseia. RA Kek. ct 66+61.

Jlurts g` tmgs ourgsfgjtgl` c`f eisewmere) g`terpretg`b sgkgicr ic`bucbe g sejtgl` 713-i ' la

AGTTEC) mcve meif tmct c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` gs ’caaejtêf[‛ dy c arcuf wmeèver gt gs ’explsef

tl c èw lr g`jrecsef rgsn la ilss.‛ Zee Bmcvckg) 4834 RI 4=2=341) ct /1 -’alr purplses la 3=

U.Z.J. § :47:-4') c wgre arcuf kcy de feekef tl ”caaejt^[ c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`‗ wmere gt

explses sujm g`stgtutgl` tl c èw lr g`jrecsef rgsn la ilss) eve` ga tmere gs `l cjtuci lr èt ilss‛'>

U`gtef Ztctes v. Kuiig`s) 13: A.:f 342:) 342=+27 -38tm Jgr. 4838'> Zerpgjl) :48 A.:f ct 176+75

-ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` gs ’caaejtêf[‛ alr purplses la Zejtgl` 713-i ' la AGTTEC ga gt wcs ’explsef

. . . tl c èw lr g`jrecsef rgsn la ilss‛'. C ’èw lr g`jrecsef rgsn la ilss)‛ cs tme jlurts mcve

recslèf) ’gs picgìy c kctergci) fetrgke`tci eaaejt l` c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` c`f aciis squcreiy

wgtmg` tme prlper sjlpe la tme stctute.‛ Kuiig`s) 13: A.:f ct 342=+27> see cisl Bmcvckg) 4834

RI 4=2=341) ct /5.:8

Mere) Reiis Acrbl‗s rejniess u`ferwrgtg`b prcjtgjes c`f acgiure tl jlkpiy wgtm qucigty

jl`trli requgreke`ts jertcgìy g`jrecsef gts rgsn la ilss) c`f eve` resuitef g` cjtuci ilsses)

dejcuse? -3' Reiis Acrbl mcs mcf tl g`fek`gay MUF alr mu`frefs la spejgagj ilc`s gt lrgbg`ctef

detwee` Kcy 4883 c`f Ljtlder 4885> -4' tme dc`n‗s pllr u`ferwrgtg`b c`f ilc` cfkg`gstrctgl`

prcjtgjes rgsnef tme scaety c`f sejurgty la aeferciiy g`suref dc`n feplsgts) explsg`b tme dc`n tl

sudstc`tgci ilsses> c`f -:' Reiis mcs explsef gtseia tl sudstc`tgci jgvgi igcdgigty) g`jiufg`b

:8 Aurtmer) sg`je c kere rgsn la ilss gs e`lubm tl fearcuf c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` u`fer 3= U.Z.J. §3:66) ’c iesser stc`fcrf . . . c`f g` c`y eve`t jertcgìy `lt c brecter lè‛ kust suaagje tl ’caaejt‛c ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl`. Kuiig`s) 13: A.:f ct 3427> Bmcvckg) 4834 RI 4=2=341) ct /5 `. 1.




14

settieke`t la lè cspejt la gts acise c`ùci jertgagjctgl` igcdgigty g` tme F.J. Cjtgl`) c`f plssgdie

tredie fckcbes c`f jgvgi pe`citges u`fer tme Acise Jicgks Cjt. ACJ ± 323. Reiis Acrbl‗s

kergtiess crbuke`ts jc``lt ercse tmlse piecfef eaaejts.

Agrst) Reiis Acrbl crbues tmct sg`je tme Blver`ke`t mcs `lt gfe`tgagef spejgagj ilc`s tmct

mcve dee` g`fek gagef dy tme dc`n) gt mcs `lt pief c` eaaejt. Vme Blver`ke`t) mlwever) mcs

jiecriy ciiebef tmct) cs c kctter la jlurse) wme` tme Blver`ke`t fgsjlvers c` gèigbgdie ilc`) gt

mcs c prcjtgje la seeng`b g`fek`gagjctgl` arlk Reiis Acrbl -c`f ltmer dc`ns') c`f tmct wme` c

jicgk gs kcfe l` c` g fek`gagef ilc`) ga Reiis Acrbl gs `lt tme mlifer la rejlrf) tme dc`n gs

dgiief. ACJ ±± 68+6:> see cisl Dcrujm Feji. Ex. A ct 5:. Cs sujm) tme dc`n suaaers c` g`jrecsef

rgsn la ilss wme` gt mcs kcfe acuity ilc s wmgjm) dy tmegr `cture) jc` c`f fl resuit g`

g`fek`gagjctgl`. Zee) e.b.) Zerpgjl) :48 A.:f ct 175 -arcufuie`t sjmeke ’caaejtef‛ dc`ns) eve`

tmlubm dc`ns expejtef tl kcne klèy l` tme fecis> dc`n kcfe rgsny ilc`s ct ilw g`terest rctes

tmct gt èver wluif mcve kcfe cdse`t tme sjmeke'.

Reiis Acrbl cisl crbues tmct tme Blver`ke`t mcs `lt ciiebef c suaagjge`tiy fgrejt ig`n

detwee` tme ciiebef arcuf c`f tme eaaejt. RA Kek. ct 65. Gt gs fgaagjuit tl see) mlwever) mlw c

pctter` c`f prcjtgje la rejniess u`ferwrgtg`b c`f acise jertgagjctgl`s tl MUF tl arcufuie`tiy

sejure AMC g`surc`je wluif `lt iecf tl sudstc tgci ilsses tl tme dc`n cater tme ilc`s feacuitef)

tmrlubm g`fek`gagjctgl`s c`f jgvgi eàlrjeke`t dy MUF c`f FLO. G`feef) g` arcufuie`tiy

fejgfg`b `lt tl replrt kctergciiy feaejtgve ilc`s tl MUF) cs requgref) Reiis Acrbl expressiy

cjn`lwiefbef tmct flg`b sl wluif èbctgveiy gkpcjt tme dc`n tmrlubm g`fek`gagjctgl`s c`f

mcrk tl drlner reictgl`smgps. ACJ ± 3:8. G` cffgtgl`) tme ig n wcs fgrejtiy kcfe g tme F.J.




1:

Cjtgl` wmere Reiis Acrbl pcgf kl`ges tl reslive lè cspejt la gts acise c`ùci jertgagjctgl`

igcdgigty alr gts AMC ie`fg`b prcjtgjes. Zee Dcrujm Feji. Ex. F.

Klrelver) tme Blver`ke`t mcs ecsgiy ket tme stc`fcrf set alrtm g` tme very jcse Reiis

Acrbl jgtes ‚ tmct gt smlw ’slke gkpcjt‛ arlk tme arcuf tmct gs ’suaagjge`tiy fgrejt‛ c`f `lt

’u`recsl`cdiy reklte.‛ Zee Dluyec) 354 A.:f ct 375> see cisl U`gtef Ztctes v. Xeiuiil) 716 A.4f

37:) 435+31 -:f Jgr. 3774'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Kcvcsmev) @l. 8=+JT+784 -FIG' -KFB') 4887 RI

6261:83) ct /6 [email protected]. Fej. 2) 4887'> Tudg`,Jmckders) =:3 A. Zupp. 4f ct 2=4> Lmie) 12= A.

Zupp. 4f ct 447. G` tmgs jcse) tme ig`n detwee` tme sudkgssgl` la g fgvgfuci acise ilc`

jertgagjctgl`s tl MUF c`f Reiis Acrbl‗s g`jrecsef rgsn la ilss l` te`s la tmlusc`fs la rgsny)

gèigbgdie ilc`s gs jertcgìy fgrejt e`lubm tl keet tmgs stc`fcrf.:3

Zejl`f) Reiis Acrbl jlkpicg`s tmct gt ’kcnes `l se`se‛ tmct tme jl`fujt bgvg`b rgse tl

tmgs icwsugt jluif ’caaejt‛ tme dc`n) dejcuse tme U`gtef Ztctes gs sgkpiy ’kcàcjtur^g`b[ tme

eaaejt‛ dy g gtgctg`b igtgbctgl`. RA Kek. ct 65. Rmct Reiis Acrbl acgis tl cpprejgcte gs tmct tme

rgsn lr ’eaaejt‛ mere wcs jrectef dy Reiis Acrbl‗s lw` kgsjl`fujt) `lt dy sudseque`t icwsugts

drlubmt tl rekefy gt.

Vmgrf) Reiis Acrbl crbues tmct tme &345 kgiigl` settieke`t la G` re Reiis Acrbl

Klrtbcbe Dcjnef Jertgagjctes Igtgb.) 87 Jgv. 3:21 -ZG' [email protected]. Jci.' -’KDJ Igtgbctgl`‛') jc``lt

fekl`strcte c` eaaejt l` tme dc`n dejcuse Reiis Acrbl fgf `lt ’cfkgt^[ c`y igcdgigty g` tmct

:3 Reiis Acrbl cisl jl`te`fs tmct gt gs `lt picusgdie tmct tme ciiebef mu`frefs la g`fek`gagjctgl`stmct tme dc`n mcs dee` requgref tl e`ter g`tl caaejtef ’lr eve` jluif mcve caaejtef Reiis Acrbl)‛

dejcuse tme Blver`ke`t jluif `lt plssgdiy jicgk tmct ’c` g`fek`gagjctgl` la MUF dy ReiisAcrbl . . . . wluif mcve c`y ”eaaejt‗ l` c` g`stgtutgl` tme sgze la Reiis Acrbl.‛ RA Kek. ct 65c`f `.51. Vmgs acjtuci crbuke`t gs g`cpprlprgcte ct tme kltgl` tl fgskgss stcbe c`f) g` c`y eve`t)gs g`jlrrejt. Zee U`gtef Ztctes v. Rgc`t ) :36 A.:f =41) =:8 -1tm Jgr. 488:' -’@lwmere fles tmeterk ^’eaaejt‛[ gkpiy c`y fe kg`gkgs igkgtctgl`> l` tme jl`trcry) tme drecftm la tme feag`gtgl`g`fgjctes tmct tme bugfeigè gs g`te`fef tl e`jlkpcss eve` kg`gkci gkpcjts.‛'.




16

settieke`t.‛ RA Kek. ct 61. Dut jlurts mcve meif tmct jgvgi settieke`ts kcy jl`stgtute

’eaaejts‛ rebcrfiess la wmetmer tme ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` cfkgttef igcdgigty. Bmcvckg) 4834 RI

4=2=341) ct /=.:4 Aurtmer) tme ilss la reputctgl` c`f justlker bllfwgii arlk fgsjlvery la Reiis

Acrbl‗s rejniess prcjtgjes gs cisl c` ’eaaejt‛ wgtmg` tme kec`g`b la Zejtgl` 3=::c.::

@lr fles tme acjt tmct tme KDJ Igtgbctgl` ciiebefiy fgf `lt spejgagjciiy g`vlive AMC

ilc`s citer tme c`ciysgs -RA Kek. ct 61') cs tme kgsjl`fujt ciiebef tmereg` ‚ systekctgjciiy

acgig`b tl cfmere tl u`ferwrgtg`b bugfeigès) fgsrebcrfg`b jrefgt rgsn c`f qucigty jl`trli) c`f

aljusg`b l` tme g`jlke beèrctef alr tme dc`n g`stecf la tme qucigty la tme ilc`s ‚ gs very sgkgicr

tl tme jl`fujt ciiebef mere. Zee G` re Reiis Acrbl Klrtbcbe‚Dcjnef Jertgagjctes Igtgb.) 234 A.

Zupp. 4f 75=) 723+24 [email protected]. Jci. 4838'. Alr tmese recsl`s) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg t cfequcteiy

stctes jicgks u`fer AGTTEC.

Q. VME BLQET@KE@V‗Z JLKKL@ ICR JICGKZ CTE XTLXETIW XIEF

Reiis Acrbl‗s crbuke`ts alr fgskgssci la tme Blver`ke`t‗s jlkkl` icw jicgks acre `l

detter.:6 Agrst) Reiis Acrbl g`jlrrejtiy g`sgsts tmct tme Blver`ke`t‗s drecjm la agfujgcry futy

:4Zee beèrciiy U`gtef Ztctes v. Zjmg`èii ) =8 A.:f 3816) 3828 -5tm Jgr. 3771' -arcuf cbcg`st

dc`n justlker caaejtef tme g`stgtutgl` wmere gt wcs ’recigstgjciiy explsef tl sudstc`tgci plte`tgciigcdgigty cs tme resuit la ^feae`fc`t‗s[ arcuf‛'> U`gtef Ztctes v. De`ètt ) 313 A.:f 323) 37: -:fJgr. 377=' -scke alr &3= kgiigl` settieke`t'> Bmcvckg) 4834 RI 4=2=341) ct /5 -ag`c`jgcig`stgtutgl` kcy de caaejtef dy settieke`ts la jrgkg`ci lr jgvgi igcdgigty'> Tudg`,Jmckders) =:3 A.Zupp. 4f 227 -scke'> U`gtef Ztctes v. Mcrtz) 471 A.:f 575) 188 -2tm Jgr. 4884' -scke'.

:: Zee U`gtef Ztctes v. Olm`sl`) 3:8 A.:f 3:54) 3:55 -7tm Jgr. 3772' -dc`n jc` de caaejtef dymcrk tl tme dc`n‗s ’ekpilyee klrcie c`f justlker reictgl`smgp)‛ ’reputctgl`‛ c`f ’gkkefgcte

c`f il`b+terk lperctgl`s c`f pligjges‛'> U`gtef Ztctes v. De`ètt ) 313 A.:f323) 37: -:f Jgr.377=' -jrgke caaejtef ag`c`jgci g`stgtutgl` tmct pcgf &3= kgiigl` tl settie c icwsugt c`f wcsexplsef tl ’èbctgve pudigjgty tmct mcrkef gts reputctgl`‛'.

:6 G` c allt`lte) Reiis Acrbl kgstcneìy subbests tmct klst la tme Blver`ke`t‗s jlkkl` icwjicgks smluif de fgskgssef cs tgke dcrref. Zee RA Kek. ct 61 ! `. 57. Citmlubm tme dc`n jlrrejtiy stctes tmct tme jlkkl` icw jicgks cre blverèf dy tme igkgtctgl`s perglfs g` 4= U.Z.J.




15

jicgk acgis dejcuse tme Blver`ke`t mcs `lt suaagjge`tiy ciiebef tmct c agfujgcry futy exgstef

detwee` tme U`gtef Ztctes c`f Reiis Acrbl. RA Kek. ct 62+6=. C agfujgcry futy crgses ’wme`

lè mcs replsef trust lr jlàgfe`je g` tme g`tebrgty lr agfeigty lâ[ c`ltmer wml tmeredy bcg`s c

resuitg`b superglrgty la gàiue`je lver tme agrst) lr wme` lè cssukes jl`trli c`f respl`sgdgigty

lver c`ltmer.‛ Arcter`gty Au`f Itf. v. Decjl` Mgii Csset Kbkt. IIJ ) :21 A. Zupp. 4f :=5) 63:+

36 [email protected]. 4885' -jgtctgl` lkgttef'. ’^D[ejcuse tme exgste`je la c agfujgcry reictgl`smgp

`lrkciiy fepe`fs l` tme acjts la c pcrtgjuicr reictgl`smgp) c jicgk ciiebg`b sujm c reictgl`smgp gs

beèrciiy `lt fgskgssef alr acgiure tl stcte c jicgk.‛ Ml Kyu`b Kllisc` Jl. v. Kc`gtlu Kgèrci

Rcter) G`j.) 115 A. Zupp. 4f 4:7) 45= [email protected]. 4887' -jgtg`b Rlrif Rrestig`b E`tk‗t) G`j. v.

Ocnns Xcjgagj) G`j.) 5:8 A. Zupp. 4f 6=1) 586 [email protected]. 4882') caa‗f ) :4= Aef Cpp‗x 175 -4f Jgr.

4887''.

Mere) tme Blver`ke`t mcs ciiebef klre tmc` suaagjge`t acjts tl stcte c prgkc acjge

agfujgcry futy. MUF c`f Reiis Acrbl mcf c spejgci reictgl`smgp la trust c`f jlàgfe`je dy

vgrtue la tme dc`n‗s pcrtgjgpctgl` g` tme FEI prlbrck. Zee ACJ ±± 35+:8) :2+6:) 321+=3.

Zpejgagjciiy) tme FEI prlbrck ekplweref Reiis Acrbl tl ldigbcte MUF tl g`sure klrtbcbes gt

gssuef wgtmlut c`y g`fepe`fe`t MUF revgew. Vmus) MUF replsef brect trust c`f jlàgfe`je g`

§ 4635) see RA Kek. ct 61 `. 57 ) Reiis Acrbl èbiejts tl ke`tgl` tmct tmese tgke igkgts cresudoejt tl tme tliig`b prlvgsgl` g` 4= U.Z.J. § 4631-j') wmgjm prlvgfes tmct ’â[lr purplse la jlkputg`b tme igkgtctgl`s perglfs g` sejtgl` 4635) tmere smcii de exjiufef cii perglfs furg`bwmgjm ‚ . . . -j' acjts kctergci tl tme rgbmt la cjtgl` cre `lt n`lw` c`f recsl`cdiy jluif `lt den`lw` dy c` laagjgci la tme U`gtef Ztctes jmcrbef wgtm tme respl`sgdgigty tl cjt g` tmejgrjukstc`jes.‛ Cjjlrfg`biy) alr tme scke recsl`s set alrtm wgtm respejt tl tme AJC jicgks) tme

jlkkl` icw jicgks cre `lt sudoejt tl fgskgssci cs u`tgkeiy. Zee) e.b.) Vejm Teargberctgl`) 36:A. Zupp. 4f ct 3833 -fe`yg`b stctute la igkgtctgl`s kltgl` wgtm respejt tl jlkkl` icw jicgks’alr tme scke recsl`s `ltef . . . wgtm rebcrf tl tme AJC jicgks‛'. Ignewgse) Reiis Acrbl‗sjl`jiuslry cssertgl`s tmct tme jlkkl` icw jicgks ’cre sudoejt tl fgskgssci u`fer Aef. T. Jgv. X.7-d') lr acgi tl cfequcteiy piecf jcusctgl` u`fer Aef. T. Jgv. X. 34-d'-1')‛ RA Kek. ct 61+62)acgi alr tme recsl`s expicgèf cdlve wgtm respejt tl tme Blver`ke`t‗s AJC jicgks.




11

Reiis Acrbl) wmgjm wcs g` c plsgtgl` la cfvc`tcbe lr superglrgty g` reictgl` tl MUF) c`f wmgjm

tmerealre wcs requgref tl cjt wgtm tme utklst bllf acgtm g` e`surg`b tmct tme klrtbcbes gt jertgagef

g` acjt jlkpigef wgtm MUF‗s requgreke`ts c`f were eigbgdie alr AMC g`surc`je. Zee) e.b.) gf. ±±

35+:8) :2+6:) 321+=3. G`feef) MUF mcs kcfe tmgs jiecr g` cfkg`gstrctgve jcses. Zee) e.b.) G` re

Zckuei V. Gsccj ! Csslj.) G`j.) MUFDJC @l. =8+654+K4) 37=: RI 3::43) ct /3=+/37 -@lv.

38) 37=:' -AMC klrtbcbee drecjmef agfujgcry futges dy) g`ter cigc) kcng`b acise stcteke`ts'> G`

tme Kctter la Aicbsmgp Klrtbcbe Zervs.) MUFCIO 78+356+KT) 3773 RI 3311=545

-M.U.F.C.I.O. Oc`. 31) 3773' -scke'. Vmus) tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t stctes c drecjm la agfujgcry

futy jicgk.

Zejl`f) Reiis Acrbl kgstcneìy subbests tmct tme Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t‗s ’jicgk alr

”auture ilsses‗ cklu`ts tl `l klre tmc` c` gkperkgssgdie cttekpt tl seen auture

g`fek`gagjctgl`.‛ RA Kek. ct 62. Vme rgpeèss fljtrgè) l` wmgjm tme dc`n cppcre`tiy gs

reiyg`b) gs dcsef upl` jl`jer`s rebcrfg`b cfvgslry lpg`gl`s) c`f gs cgkef ct ’preve`t^g`b[ tme

jlurts) tmrlubm cvlgfc`je la prekcture cfoufgjctgl`) arlk e`tc`big`b tmekseives g` cdstrcjt

fgscbreeke`ts.‛ Cddltt Icds. v. Bcrfèr) :=2 U.Z. 3:1) 36= -3712') cdrlbctef l` ltmer

brlu`fs dy Jcigac`l v. Zc`fers) 6:8 U.Z. 77 -3722'. Mere) tmere gs `l cdstrcjt fgscbreeke`t.

Cjjlrfg`biy) feicyef cfoufgjctgl` wluif `lt aurtmer oufgjgci ejl`lky. Vl tme jl`trcry) tme

pcrtges‗ fgspute cdlut wmetmer feacuitef AMC ilc`s were arcufuie`tiy) èbigbe`tiy) lr ltmerwgse

wrl`bauiiy lrgbg`ctef c`f jertgagef dy Reiis Acrbl crgses arlk tme scke jl`fujt rebcrfiess la

wmetmer MUF cirecfy mcs pcgf g`surc`je jicgks l` tme ilc`s. Aurtmer) tme Blver`ke`t wgii

prese`t evgfe`je ct trgci fekl`strctg`b tme auture fckcbes tmct MUF wgii g`jur g` tme alrk la

g`surc`je pcyke`ts c`f ltmer jlsts reictg`b tl AMC ilc`s tmct Reiis Acrbl wrl`bauiiy




12

lrgbg`ctef c`f jertgagef alr g`surc`je. Vmgs gs c reci gòury lr tmrect la gòury tl MUF) tme prejgse

cklu`t la wmgjm wgii de feterkgèf furg`b acjt c`f expert fgsjlvery. Zee) e.b.) G` re Frexei

Dur`mck Ickdert Brlup) 775 A.4f 33:=) 3361 -4f Jgr. 377:' -rgpeèss fljtrg e ’tur s l`

wmetmer tmere cre èduilus auture eve`ts sl jl`tg`be`t g` `cture tmct tmere gs `l jertcg`ty tmey

wgii ever ljjur‛'.

Icstiy) Reiis Acrbl jl`te`fs tmct tme Jlurt smluif fgskgss tme Blver`ke`t‗s jicgks alr

uòust e`rgjmke`t c`f pcyke`t u`fer kgstcne la acjt dejcuse MUF purplrtefiy wcs cwcre la

Reiis Acrbl‗s kgsjl`fujt wme` gt pcgf tme dc`n‗s g`surc`je jicgks l` feacuitef AMC ilc`s.

RA Kek. ct 67. Cs fgsjussef cdlve) tmgs crbuke`t acgis dejcuse tme 4886 MUF+LGB cufgt l`

wmgjm Reiis Acrbl reiges fgf `lt put tme cbe`jy l` `ltgje la tme kgsjl`fujt ciiebef g` tme

Cke`fef Jlkpicg`t. Reiis Acrbl‗s citer`ctgve crbuke`t tmct tmlse jlkkl` icw jicgks cre

dcrref dejcuse tme AMC ilc`s ct gssue cre blverèf dy c` express jl`trcjt -tme Klrtbcbe

G`surc`je Jertgagjcte' cisl icjns alrje. Zee gf. ct 6=+67. Veiig`biy) Reiis Acrbl mcs `lt put tme

Klrtbcbe G`surc`je Jertgagjcte dealre tme Jlurt. Vmct gs dejcuse tme Jertgagjcte fles `lt blver`

tme pcrtges‗ rgbmts c`f rekefges wgtm respejt tl ilc`s tmct were aciseiy jertgagef alr AMC

g`surc`je. Cs sujm) tme Blver`ke`t‗s jicgks alr uòust e`rgjmke`t c`f pcyke`t u`fer kgstcne

la acjt cre `lt prejiufef. Zee Vcder`c Jcpgtci Kc`cbeke`t) IIJ v. Fu`klre) @l. 8= Jgv. 3=32

-OZT') 4887 RI 4=581=5) ct /: [email protected]. Zept. 4) 4887' -express jl`trcjt dcrs uòust

e`rgjmke`t jicgk lìy wmere gts terks blver` tme sudoejt kctter la tme fgspute'> Keitl` v.

Jcrlig`c Xlwer ! Igbmt Jl.) @l. 6?33+jv+88428+TDM) 4834 RI 46831:5 -F.Z.J. Ouè 45)

4834') ct /4 -uòust e`rgjmke`t jicgk kcy prljeef ’l` c plg`t `lt jlveref dy c` express

jl`trcjt‛' -g`ter`ci qultctgl` kcrns c`f jgtctgl` lkgttef'.




JL@JIUZGL@

Alr tme alreblg`b recsl`s) Reiis Acrbl‗s kltgl` tl fgskgss smluif de fe`gef.

Fctef? @ew Wlrn) @ew Wlrn

Aedrucry 3:) 483:Tespejtauiiy sudkgttef)

XTEEV DMCTCTCU`gtef Ztctes Cttlrèy alr tmeZlutmer` Fgstrgjt la @ew Wlrn

Dy? ,s, .

OEAATEW Z. LEZVETGJMET ZCTCM O. @LTVMTEDEJJC Z. VG@GL

Cssgstc`t U`gtef Ztctes Cttlrèys=1 Jmckders Ztreet) Vmgrf Aillr @ew Wlrn) @ew Wlrn 38882Veiepmlè @l. -434' 1:2+4=88Acjsgkgie @l. -434' 1:2+42:[email protected]`glHusflo.blv


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