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United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture

Forest Service

Southeastern ForestExperiment Station

General TechnicalReport SE-29

Reference Plant Collection

of the Coweeta

Hydrologic Laboratory

J. Dan PittilloMartha Lee

September 1984

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station200 Weaver Blvd.

Asheville, North Carolina 28804

Reference Plant Collection of the

Coweeta Hydro logic Laboratory, North Carolina

J. Dan PittilloProfessor of Biology

and

Martha LeeGraduate Assistant

Department of BiologyWestern Carolina University

Cullowh.ee, North Carolina 28723

Introduction

Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, an outdoor research facility, is situated onthe eastern flanks of the Nantahala Mountains of the Southern Blue Ridge Provincebetween the Blue Ridge escarpment 30 km (18.5 mi) to the southeast and the westernBlue Ridge escarpment 75 km (36 mi) to the northwest. Its intercepted watersdescend from the Nantahala crest that peaks at 1,575 m (5,200 ft) elevation to thevalley floor of Coweeta Creek at 670 m (2,200 ft) over a distance of only 4.4 km(2.7 mi), and continue eastward into the Little Tennessee River Valley.

The Laboratory is comprised of three major tributaries. Shope Fork and-BallCreek come together to form what is called the Coweeta Creek Basin. The Basintotals 1,626 ha (4,016 acres) and is compartmentalized into over 40 watershedunits that have been experimentally treated (or left intact in the case of controlwatersheds) since establishment of hydrological research here the early 1930's. Athird basin, drained by Dryman Fork Creek, is situated to the south of the othertwo basins, and is separated by a major dividing ridge. Dryman Fork Basin containsabout 558 ha (1,379 acres) and has not been treated since its acquisition in the1920's (Oils 1957; Hewlett and Douglass 1968).

Since 1968 Coweeta has served as a site for a variety of ecological studiesand is currently designated a site for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER), aprogram of the National Science Foundation. This collection project is a part ofthat effort. Coweeta was also designated a Biosphere Reserve under the Man andBiosphere Program of the United Nations in 1976 (UNESCO 1981). It is paired withthe Great Smoky Mountains National Park as the main treatment unit for ecosystemstudies. While Coweeta has a long history and a series of publications dealingwith various watershed function and management studies (Douglass 1972; Crossleyand Swank 1983), it did not have a comprehensive list and documentated vascularflora until this project. The Great Smoky Mountains, on the other hand, had floralists with herbarium documentation of the flora dating from the late 1920's andearly 1930's, with documentation in herbaria at the University of Tennessee (andto a lesser extent other herbaria) and the Park Headquarters (White 1982). Thecore of the flora listing was first completed by Jennison in 1937 and published in1939. Peter White reviewed and documented 1,492 taxa, including 288 he judged tobe exotics, in his annotated checklist (White 1982). Coweeta's flora listing ispractically nonexistent except for partial lists in publications or theses (e.g.,Williams 1954). No documentation in the form of herbarium specimens is known forthe cited plant materials. As ecosystem studies become more detailed withreference to vascular plants, documentation becomes much more important.

Methods

Since ecosystem studies often deal with various life stages of plants,collection of as many representatives of life stages of the Coweeta flora aspossible was a major objective. To accomplish this, a pattern of search wasestablished to cover as much of the varied habitats of the basin as practical.Roads, paths, disturbed areas, mature forests, woodland seeps, rock outcrops,cliffs, etc., were included in a collecting plan for a 2-day period to achievethis aim. Collections were made at about 2-week intervals over the growing seasonfor the 2-year collecting period. Specimens were normally collected in duplicate(some in triplicate); rare, threatened, or endangered species were collected onlyif there were three or more specimens present at the collection site. In somecases, only pieces of a species were collected. The best clue for theidentification of early life stage of a given species was observation of the

life-stage sequences in the field population. Venation patterns, pubescence, andother physical characteristics also helped with identifications. Field notebooksorganized by families with charts of life stages were found to be very helpful inrecord keeping. The Coweeta topographic map (scale 1:144,000) with grid lines wasused to coordinate the collection locations, and these coordinates were indicatedon each label. The entire label data set was filed on four flexible computerdisks using a pfs-FILE (personalized filing system for Apple II by Software Publ.Corp.) program, which should prove useful for future data manipulation. To ourknowledge, this was the first time an attempt was designed to cover an area aslarge as Coweeta with collections of all available life stages.

Results and Discussion

The collection consists of 604 taxa represented by 327 genera of 97 families.Seldom was it possible to collect all the life forms for a given species (32 ofthe 604 taxa have complete life-cycle sets). We did not expect to collectcomplete sets of most plants since germination of seeds or spores is of shortduration and infrequent for many species. Additionally, some species flower andfruit infrequently and thus were not found during the study. The main collectionis deposited in the herbarium at Coweeta Laboratory. The duplicate collection isdeposited at Western Carolina University Herbarium (WCUH) in Cullowhee.

Management of the collections is an important task. With about 2,400specimens that were processed by about 12 student workers over a period of 2years, careful management was required. In addition to the usual efforts ofcollecting and herbarium preparation, this project included attempts to filllife-stage gaps, accurate mapping of collection sites, collating multiple labelswith several specimens that make up the sets, and composing several specimens onthe herbarium sheet with a sense of proportion and attention to detail. Thisresulted in an effort of at least three times and perhaps six or seven times thatinvolved with single-stage collections.

Because of the care and attention given to the above efforts, the plant lifesets will be very valuable for ecosystem biologists. Some general knowledge ofplant identification may be required, such as recognition of general groupings,like plums, apples, oaks, etc., but once this is achieved, the local herbarium issmall enough that these specimens could be quickly compared. For those interestedin species biology, specimens with various life stages may save considerable timein searching for them in the field since the season and types of habitat will begiven by the labels.

Hopefully, this paper will be an encouragement to collectors to look foradditional life stages during routine collecting. Often it is possible with a fewextra small sampling bags to collect the seedlings or early juveniles of a givenspecies at the same time that flowers or fruits are collected. We have observedthat some species have all stages present at a given time, e.g., annuals such asspeedwell (Veronica arvensis) or perennials such as grass of parnassus(Parnassia asarifolia'). Closer observation will enable the collector to recognizethe variation that a species may display at the different life stages.

References Cited

Bailey, L. H. 1949. Manual of cultivated plants. The Macmillan Co., New York.1116 pp.

Crossley, D. A., Jr. and W. T. Swank. 1983. Publications of the Coweeta ForestEcosystem Project. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Expt. Sta.,Asheville, NC. 23 pp.

Oils, R. E. 1957. A quide to Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. USDA ForestService, Southeast Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 40 pp.

Douglass, J. E. 1972. Annotated bibliography of publications on watershedmanagement by the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1928-1970. USDAForest Service Res. Paper SE-93. 47 pp.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany, 8th ed. American Book Co.j NewYork. 1632 pp.

Hewlett, J. D. and J. E. Douglass. 1968. Blending forest uses. USDA ForestService Res. Paper SE-37, Asheville, NC. 15 pp.

Jennison, H. M. 1937. Preliminary checklist of ferns and seed plants of theGreat Smoky Mountains National Park. 54 pp (unpublished typescript availablefrom Great Smoky Mountains Nat. Park, Gatlinburg, TN).

Jennison, H. M. 1939. Flora of the Great Smokies. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 14:266-298.

Lawrence, G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan Co.5 NewYork. 823 pp.

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular floraof the Carolinas. Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1183 pp.

UNESCO. 1981. Biosphere reserves, compilation 2, July 1981. UNESCO, Paris. 313pp.

White, P. S. 1982. The flora of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: anannotated checklist of the vascular plants and a review of previous floristicwork. Res./Resour. Man. Rept. SER-55. National Park Service, Southeast Reg.Off., Atlanta. 219 pp.

Williams, J. G. 1954. A study of the effect of grazing upon changes invegetation on a watershed in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Ph.D.dissertation. Michigan State University, East Lansing. 140 pp.

Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude to Dr. Wayne Swank for his encouragement andsuggestion that we assist in this LTER project. Project leader, Dr. D. A.Crossley, Jr., has been most helpful in acquiring project funding and advice. Theseveral colleagues who have helped by advising in collection routes we alsoappreciate. Dr. Lindsay Boring has helped in adding about 100 specimens to thecollection and is responsible for several listed species. We also appreciate thehelpful manuscript comments of Drs. J. H. Horton and Wayne Swank.

This project was funded as a subcontract to Western Carolina University bythe University of Georgia (subcontract No. RR271-124) from the NSF-LTER grant(DEB-8012093).

The Collection

The following charts are organized into four major groups. On the assumptionthat most users would be familiar with the differences between ferns and fernallies, gymnosperms, monocots, and dicots, these four groups were organized byfamilies, genera, and species alphabetically. Scientific names are followed bycommon names. Scientific and most common names are the same as those used byRadford, Ahles, and Bell (1968) or Bailey (1949) for cultivated species, with somecommon names after Fernald (1950) or from local usage.

Definition of symbols used below are:

S = seedlings (specimens with cotyledons or seed coverings attached).

J = juvenile (a stage in which cotyledons have fallen off the plant [annuals] orthe specimen is 2 to several years old [perennials including ferns]).

Fl = flowers (or cones of gymnosperms) (reproductive stage at anthesis).

Fr = fruit (mature sporangia of ferns and fern allies, cones of gymnosperms, ormatured ovularies of angiosperms).

Rs = rosettes (plants with more than two leaves disposed around the crown or stemat ground level) .

Other = additional specimens, or if in parentheses, an indication of the characterstate of the specified stage.

** = specimen of the given type deposited at Coweeta and WCUH herbaria.

* = specimen at Coweeta herbarium only.

Species name (Common name)

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES

ASPIDIACEAE (Woodfern family)Athyriwn asplenio'Ldes (Michaux) A. A. Eaton

(Southern ladv fern)A. thelypter aides (Michaux) pesvaux

(Silvery spleenwort)Dryopteris goldiana (Hooker) Gray

(Goldie's woodfern)D. intermedia (L . ) Gray

(Fancy fern)D. marginalis (L.) Gray

(Margin shield fern, Woodfern)Onoolea sensibilis L.

(Sensitive fern)Polystiohum acrostiohoides (Michaux) Schott

( Ch ris tmas f e rn)The1ypter>is hexagonoptera (Michaux) Weatherby

(Broad beech-fern)T. noveboraeensis (L.) Nieuwland

(New York fern)

ASPLENIACEAE (Spleenwort family)Aspleniwn montanwn Willd.

(Mountain spleenwort)A. platynew?on (L.) Oakes

(Ebony spleenwort)A. tpiohomanes L.

(Maidenhair spleenwort)

ISOETACEAE (Quillwort family)Isoetes engelmannii A. Brown

(Quillwort)

LYCOPODIACEAE (Club moss family)Lycopodium olavatun L.

(Running clubmoss)L. flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanchard

(Running pine)L, lucidulwn Michaux

(Shining club moss)

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Grapefern family)Botryehiim alabamense Maxon

(Alabama grapefern)B. dissection Sprengel

(Common grapefern)B. vipginianwn (L. ) Swartz

(Rattlesnake fern)

S J

J..J-

ft*

*

**

**

**

ft*

*•*

**

Fl Fr

**

**

**

ft*

ft*

**

ft*

ftft

*ft

*ft

**

*ft

**

**

**

*ft

ft*

ft*

Rs Other

Red petiole

Young fronds

Red petiole

Frond

Frond lobed form

Young fronds

Germinatinggemmae

Dwarfed form

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette


OSMUNDACEAE (Royal fern family)Osmunda cinnamomea L.

(Cinnamon fern)0. claytoniana L.

(Interrupted fern)

POLYPODIACEAE (Polypody family)Polypoditm virginianun L.

(Rock cap fern)

PTERIDACEAE (Pteris family)Adiantum pe datum L.

(Maidenhair fern)Vennstaedtia punotilobula (Michaux) Moore

(Hay scented fern)PteTidium a,quilimm (L . ) Kuhn var. latins oulw(Devaux) Underwood (Bracken fern)

SELAGINELLACEAE (Small clubmoss family)Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring

(Meadow spike moss)

GYMNO SPERMS

CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress family)Juniperis virginiana L .

(Red cedar)

PINACEAE (Pine family)Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poire t

(Fraser fir , She-balsam)Pinus ifigida Miller

(Pitch pine)P. strobus L.

(White pine)Tsuga ccoiadensis (L.) Carr

(Canada hemlock, Eastern hemlock)

ANGIOSPERMS - MONOCOTS

ALISMATACEAE (Water-plantain family)Sagittaria latifolia willd. var. pubesoens(Muhl.) J .G. Smith (Duck potato, Wapato)

AMARYLLIDACEAE (Amaryllis family)Eypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville

(Yellow star grass)

S

**

ft*

J

*

* ft

ft ft

ft ft

j.

ft

i-

n

ftft

ftft

Fr

ft ft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

Aft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Rs

ftft

Other

Mature frond

Mature frond

Immature frond

Immature frond

Immature frond,sterile frond

Sterile branch

Sterile branches

Young shoots

Tuberous root

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette


AMARYLLIDACEAE CONT .Narcissus jonquilla L.

(Jonquill)N. pseudo -narcissus L.

(Daffodill)

ARACEAE (Arum family)Arisaema triphyllum (L . ) Schott

(Indian turnip, Jack— in -the -pulpit)A. triphyllum (L.) Schott (=A. quinatum(Nutt .) Schott) (Indian turnip)

COMMELINACEAE (Dayflower family)Commelina communis L.

(Dayflower)Tradescantia ohioensis Raf.

(Spiderwort)T. subaspera Raf .

(Spiderwort)

CYPERACEAE (Sedge family)Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke

(Bulb-styled sedge, Rush)Carex sp.

(Sedge)Carex sp.

(Sedge)C. aestivalis M.A. Curtis

(Sedge)C. austvo-caroliniana Bailey

(Sedge)C. oommunis Bailey

(Sedge)C. orebri flora Wei gland

(Sedge)C. crinata Lam.

(Sedge)C. debilis Michaux var. pubera Gray

(Sedge)C. debilis Michaux var. rudgei Bailey

(Sedge)C. inoomperta Bicknell

(Sedge)C. intunesaens Rudge

(Sedge)C. laxiflora Lam.

(Sedge)C. leptalea Wahlenberg

(Sedge)

S J

**

-k

I

Fl

**

-A-5'c

ft*

ft*

ft*

ft*

^ J.

*ft

*

*

ftft

ft*

ftft

ftft -

ft*

Fr

*ft

*

j-

j_

**

* ft

ft

ft*

ftft

ft ft

**

ftft

ftft

ftft

**

ftft

ftft

ft*

Rs Other

Double flowerform

(Fl. male)

(Fl. male)

(Fl. male)

Lvs . 2 forms(Fl. male)

m "Do — : t-r\ Got" •f'P


CYPERACEAE CO NT.Cavex lucidjoi Wahlenberg

(Sedge)C. muvioata L. var. rufhii (MacKenzie)Gleason (Sedge)C. pensylvan'ica Lam.

(Sedge)C. soabvata Schweintz

(Sedge)C. tribuloidss Wahlenberg

(Sedge)C. vulpinoidea Michaux

(Sedge)Cymophyllus fraseri (Andrz.) MacKenzie

(Erasers sedge; apparently a transplant)Cyperus sp.

(Umbrella sedge)C. strigosus L.

(Umbrella sedge)Rhynoliospora oapitellata (Michaux) Vahl.

(Beakrush)Soir>pus expansus Fern aid

(Bulrush)S. po lyphy 1 lus Vahl .

(Bulrush)Sclevia tviglomerata Michaux

(Nut rush)

DIOSCOREACEAE (Yam family)Diosoorea batatas Dene.

(Cinnamon vine)D. villosa L.

(Wild yam)

IRIDACEAE (Iris family)Iris sanguinea Donn

(Japanese iris)Sisyrinchium albidum Raf.

(Blue -eyed grass)

JUNCACEAE (Rush family)Juneus acuminatus Michaux

(Rush)J. effusus L.

(Bulrush, Soft -stem rush)J. gyrmocarpus Coville

(Bulrush)J. mavginatus Rostk.

(Rush)

S J

*>'e

Fl

&*

**

As1:

**

5'"

5<- j.

*A

Aft

Aft

Aft

j. j-

ft A

Aft

Fr

ft ft

ftft

AA

AA

ft ft

ftft

ftft

AA

Aft

AA

A A

Aft

AA

ftft

Aft

Rs Other

(Fl. male)

Single leaf

Tubers

Young shoots

Young shoots

ITYI T?o s= v~r\ a o t" t"PS = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs = rosette


JUNCACEAE CONT.Juncus suboaudatus (Englem.) Coville & Blake

(Rush)J. tennis willd.

(Path Rush)Luzula aouminata Raf. var. camlinae (Watson)Fernald (Woodrush)L. echinata (Small) Hermann

(Woodrush)

LILIACEAE (Lily family)Aletvis farinosa L.

.(Stargrass, Colicroot)All-turn tricoacum Alton

(Ramps )A. wineale L.

(Field garlic)Amianfhiwn mus catoxicion (Walter) Gray

(Fly-poison)Clintonia wnbellata (Michaux) Morong

(Speckled wood lily)Disporwn lanuginoswn (Michaux) Nicholson

(Yellow mandarin)Erythroniun americanwn Ker.

(Dog-tooth violet, Trout lily, Fawn lily)Hemerocallis fulva L.

(Day lily)Lilium miohnuxii Poiret

(Turk's cap lily, Carolina lily)L. superbim L.

(Turk's cap lily)Medeola virg-iniana L.

(Cucumber root)Melanthium hybridun Walter

(Bunch- flower)Polygonatim biflonm (Walter) Ell.

(Solomon's seal)P. pubesoens (willd.) Pursh

(Solomon's seal)Smilasina racemosa (L.) Desf.

(False Solomon's-seal)Smilax glauca Walter

(Catbrier, Greenbriar, Smilax)5. herbaeea L. var. herbaeea

(Carrion flower)S. potmdifolia L.

(Greenbrier, Catbrier, Smilax)Strep topus roseus Michaux

(Twisted stalk)

S J

**

**

;'<*

A ^f

sV^t

**

sV*

ft

ft*

ft ft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

i.aniii. ii ii "I

Fl

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft'ft

ft

j-J-

ftft

ftft

ftft

in mi "

Fr

ftft

ft ft

ftft

..U..I.

ftft

ftft

ft*

ft ft

ftft

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ft*

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

i — *

Rs

ftft

ft

Other

Leafed plant

Early shoots

Young shoots

Young fruit

Twigs , roots to ck

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr - f ruit/cone/sporangium Rs rosette


LILIACEAE CONT.Trillium aatesbaei Ell.

(Trillium)T. evectwn L. var. eveatim

(Wake robin, Red trillium)T. erectwn var. vaseyi (Harbison) Ahles

(Wake robin, Red trillium)T. grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury

(Large white trillium)T. undulatwn Willd.

(Painted trillium)Uvularia grandiflora Smith

(Bellwort)U. pevfoliata L.

(Bellwort)U. pudica (Walter) Fernald

(Bellwort)U. sessilifolia L.

(Wild oats)Vevatrum parviflorwn Michaux

(Hellebore)

ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid family)Apleotrwn hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torrey

(Putty root, Adam-an d-eve )Cypripedium aaaule Ait on

(Pink lady's slipper)C. calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll

(Yellow lady's slipper)Goodyera pubesoens (Willd.) R. Brown

(Downy rattlesnake plantain)Habenaria oiliavis (L.) R. Brown

(Yellow-fringed orchid)H. olavellata (Michaux) Sprengel

(Small green wood orchid)H. flava (L . ) R. Brown var. herbiaola(R. Brown) Ames & Correll (?)

(Southern reinorchid)H. psycodes (L . ) Sprengel var. gpandiflora(Bigelow) Gray (Large purple-fringed orchid)Isotpia vevticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Raf .

(Large whorled pogonia)Liparis lilifolia (L.) Richard

(Lily-leafed twayblade)Orchis speatdbilis L.

(Snowy orchis)Spiranthes oernua (L.) Richard

(Nodding ladies' tresses, Twisted stalk)

S

*#•

5';*

J

s'"A-

A/V

3\i\

A j.

**

j- A.

"'"jfe

A*

A A

A A

AVc

A A

/

Fl

AA

J-J»

A A

-t- J-

AA

AA

j^Vc

AA

A A

AA

A A

A

AA

A

A

j.

AA

A

A A

A A

_ / _ _

Fr

AA

AA

AA

A A

A

A

A A

AA

A A

A

A A

A A

AA

AA

A A

A A

in ii i '—

Rs

A A

Other

(Fr. young)

(Fl. buds)

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl =

10


ORCHIDACEAE CONT .Spivanthes graoilis (Bigelow) Beck var.grao-ilis (Slender ladies' tresses)

Tipularia d-isoolor (Pursh) Nut tall(Crane fly orchid)

Triphom trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg(Three birds orchid)

POACEAE (Grass family)Agrostis elliottiana Schultes

(Bent grass)A. pevennans (Walter) Tuckerman

(Bent grass)A. stolonifeva L.

(Redtop)A. tenuis Sibthorp

(Bent grass)Andvopogon gerardii Vitman

(Bluestem, Turkeyfoot)A. ssoparius Michaux

(Little bluestem)A. tevnar-ius Michaux

(Broom-straw, Beard grass)A, virgi-n-iaus L.

(Broom sedge)Anthoxanthum odovatim L.

(Sweet vernal grass)Arundinaria g-Lgantea (Walter) Muhl.

(Cane)Eva/shy elytnm erectum (Schreber) Beauvois

(Brachyelytrum)Bromus purgans L.

(Broom grass)Calamagrostis ainnoides (Muhl.) Barton

(Reed grass)Danthonia eompressa Austin

(Oat grass)D. sericea Nut tall var. sepioea

(Wild oatgrass)D. spioata (L.) Beauvois

(Oat grass)Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trinis

(Hair grass)Vigitaria ischaemion (Schreber) Schreber Muhl.

(Crab grass)Elymus vivg-ini-cus L.

(Wild rye grass)Eragrostis hirsuta (Michaux) Nees

(Love grass)

S

**

A A

J

J. J.

5V A

A*

JL £

Fl

A

A A

A A

/v /'C

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

Fr

A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

AA

AA

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

Rs Other

Old shoots

Old shoots

Old shoots

Current & over-winter shoots

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr - f ruit/ cone /sporangium Rs rosette


POACEAE CONT.Epianthus dlopeoia>oides (L.) Ell.

(Beard grass, Plume grass)Festuaa elati-ov L.

(Fescue)F. oct-L flora Walter

(Six -weeks fescue)F. lubva L.

(Red fescue)Eolous lanatus L.

(Velvet grass)Hystm-x patula Moench

(Bottlebrush grass)Leevsia virginiaa Willd.

(Cut grass)Loli-wn pevenne L.

(Rye grass)Miorostigewn vimineum (Trinius) A. Camus

(Eulalia)Muhlenbergia sehvebevi J .G. Gmelin

(Muhly grass)M. tenuifolia (Willd.) BSP.

(Muhly grass)Paniawn anoeps Michaux var. anoeps

(Panic grass)P. angust-ifoliim Ell.

(Panic grass)P. alandes-binwn L.

(Panic grass)P. Qommutatim Schultes

(Panic grass)P. depauperatwn Muhl.

(Panic grass)P. didhotomiflorum Michaux

(Panic grass)P. lanuginosim Ell.

(Panic grass)P. villosissimun Nash

(Panic grass)Paspalun laeve Michaux

(Pa sp alum grass)P. setaceum Michaux

(Paspalum grass)Phlewn pmtense L.

(Timothy)Poa palustris L.

(Fowl bluegrass)P. sylvestv-Ls Gray (?)

(Blue grass)Setaria vividis (L . ) Beauvois

(Foxtail grass)

S

JUA

A*

J

Jt.»t.

j- j-

A*

A A

Fl

*A

* 5V

AA

•k*

A A

A A

AA

A A

AA

Fr

AA

A

A A

AA

A A

A A

AA

AA

..I. J-

A A

A.

A A

A A

AA

A

AA

A A

A A

A A

AA

Rs

A A

Other

In f lo re s cen cesprouts

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr =

12


POACEAE CONT.SorghastTwn nutans (L . ) Nash

(Indian grass)Tridens flavus (L . ) Hitchcock var. flavus

(Purple top)

XYRIDACEAE (Yellow-eyed grass family)Xyris torta Smith

(Yellow-eyed grass)

ANGIOSPERMS - DICOTS

ACERACEAE (Maple family)AoeT pensy Ivan-Lawn L.

(Striped maple)A. rubrwn L.

(Red maple)A. sacaharwn Marshall

(Sugar maple)A. sp-ioatum Lam.

(Mountain maple)

AIZOACEAE (Mesembryanthemum family)Mollugo •oeTtio'Lllata L.

(Carpet -weed)

ANACARDIACEAE (Sumac family)Rhus oopallina L.

(Winged sumac)R. glabva L.

(Smooth sumac)R. Tad-loans L.

(Poison ivy)R. vemix L.

(Poison sumac, Poison ash)

APIACEAE (Parsley family)Angelica tviquinata Michaux

(Angelica)A. venenosa (Greenway) Fernald

(Angelica)Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC.

(Honewort)Dauous oavota L.

(Wild carrot, Queen Anne's lace)OsmoThiza clayton-ii- (Michaux) Clarke

(Sweet Cicely, Anise-root)Oxypolis rigidior (L. ) Raf.

(Cowbane, Water-dropwort)

S

^ JU

ft*

ft*

ftft

J

ftft

ftft

ftft

J* J

ftft

ftft

/

Fl

ft>'

ft-

ft ft

JU ^

ftft

ft 5'

ftft

ftft

J- JL.

ftft

ftft

ftft

_ /_,

Fr

A.

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft*

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft

Rs

ftft

Other

Twigs, (Fl.male + female)Twigs , stumpsprouts

Young shoots

Young shoot

Twigs , youngshoots

(Fr. young)

(Fr. young)

(Fr. young)

_ -n— — — .-. oat- 1~oS = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr =

13

Species name (Common name) Fl Fr Rs Other

APIACEAE CO NT.Sanioula gvegaria Bicknell

(Sanicle, Snakeroot)5. marilandica

(Sanicle, Snakeroot)Thas'pium barbinode (Michaux) Nuttall

(Meadow parsnip)Zizia aptera (Gray) Fernald

(Meadow parsnip)

APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane family)Apooynim canndbinum L.

(Indian hemp)Vinca minor L .

(Periwinkle)

AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly family)Ilex ambigua (Michaux) Torrey var. montana(T. & G.) Ahles (Mt. holly, Mt . winterberry)I, opaca Aiton

(American holly)

ARALIACEAE (Ginseng family)nudicaulis L.

(Wild sarsaparilla)vaaemosa L .

(Spikenard)A. spinosa L.

(Hercules club, Devil's walkingstick)Panax quinque folium L.

(Ginseng)

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Pipevine family)Ar-istoloohia macTophylla Lam.

(Dutchman's pipe)Rexastylis virgin-ica (L . ) Small

(Heart leaf, Wild ginger)

ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed family)Asolepias exaltata L.

(Poke milkweed)A. incarnata L. ssp. 'puidhva (willd.) Woodson

( Swamp mi Ikw ee d )A. quadrifolia Jacquin

(Milkweed)A. tuber1 os a L.

(Butterfly weed, Chigger weed)

A

ft* ft ft

ft:

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Young fruit

Young shoots

Twigs, youngshoots

Leaf portion

1 mature"3 prong"

(Fr. young)

Young shoots

= seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette

14


ASTEEACEAE (Aster family)Aohillea millefoliwn L.

(Milfoil, Yarrow)Ambrosia artemisii folia L.

(Ragweed)Antennaria plantagini folia (L.) Richardson

(Pussy-toes )A. solitaria Rydberg

(Pussy-toes )Aster cordifolius L.

(Heart-leaved aster)A. curtisii T . & G.

.(Aster)A. divaricates L. var. chlorolepsis (Burgess)

Ahles (Heart-leaved aster)A. divaricates L. var. divaricatus

(Heart-leaved aster)A. dumosus L.

(Blue aster)A. infirmis Michaux

(Aster)A. lateriflorus (L.) Brit ton

(Starved aster)A. macrophyllus L.

(Aster)A. patens Alton

(Aster)A. paternus Cronquist

(White topped aster)A. pilosus Willd.

(Frost aster)A. puniceus L.

(Blue aster)A. umbellatus Miller var. umbellatus

(Aster)A. widulatus L.

(Blue aster)Bidens bipinnata L.

(Spanish needles)B. frondosa L.

(Beggars ticks)Caoa lia atrip lioifo lia L .

(Pale Indian-plantain)C. muhlenbergii CSch.-Bip.) Fernald

(Great Indian-plantain)Carduus discolor (Muhl. ex. Willd.) Nuttall

(Thistle)C. lanceolatus L.

(Bull thistle)

S

-T- A

5> A

**

•}<&

J

**

JU .'-

A*

*ft

*

Fl

ft*

ft*

ft ft

ft

ft ft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

j-ju

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ft

ftft

•-

J?'r

ftft

5v/'C

ftft

JU

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

.** *\.

ftft

Rs

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

x-.v

_^«pM

Other

S tolons

Stolons

Resproutedflower

(Fr. immature)

Dwarf specimen

(h leaf)


15


ASTERACEAE CONT .Crirysanthemym leucantliemvm L.

(Ox-eye daisy)Coreopsis major Walter var. stellata(Nuttall) Robinson (Coreopsis)Coreopsis pubescens Ell.

(Coreopsis)Elepliantopits carolinianus Willd.

(Elephant's foot)Erscntites hieraoi folia (L . ) Raf .

(Fireweed)Erigeron annuus (L . ) Persoon

(Daisy fleabane)E. canadensis L.

(Horseweed, Hogweed, Butterweed)E. pulchellus Mi ch aux

(Robin's plantain)E. strigosus Muhl. ex. Willd.

(Daisy fleabane)Eupatorium album L.

(Tho ro ugh wo rt)E. avomaticum L.

(Th o roughwo r flE. coelestinwn L.

(Ageratum, Mistflower)E. fistulosum L.

(Queen-of-the-meadow, Joe-Pye weed)E. perfoliatum L.

(Boneset)E. purpureum L.

(Tho roughwo rt)E. rugoswn Houttuyn

(Tho roughwo rt)Galinsoga oiliata (Raf . ) Blake

(Peruvian daisy)Gnaphaliwn obtusi folium L.

(Rabbit tobacco, Everlasting)Helenium autunnale L.

(Sneeze-weed)Helianthus atrorubens L.

(Sunflower)H. rnioroeephalus T. & G.

(Coneflower)H. strumosus L.

(Sunflower)Hetevotheca mai>iana (L . ) Shinners

(Golden aster)Hieraciym paniculatum L.

(Hawkweed)

S

*

.1- JL.

A*

J

:VA

•!; A

A A

A A

A A

Fl

^U.U

J- -'-

J- J-

Jj J-

A A

A A

ft A

Aft

.'- »'j

.t..'-

A A

Aft

ft A

A A

ft A

Aft

ftft

A A

Aft

A ft

Aft

Aft

Fr

ft A

Aft

Aft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

A A

.'- JU

A A

Aft

Aft

Af t

-I- J^

*^t

-I- A

Rs

Aft

A ft

ftft

ft A

ft A

Aft

ft

Other

(Fr. young)

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = f ruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette

16


ASTERACEAE CONT .Eieraoewn pratense Tausch

(King devil)H. venosum L.

(Rattlesnake weed)Krigia montana (Michaux) Nut tall

(Blue Ridge dwarf dandelion)K. virginiaa (L. ) Willd.

(Dwarf dandelion)Lactuca oanadensis L.

(Wild lettuce)Liatris squavrosa (L.) Michaux

(Blazing star)Polyrmia uvedalia L.

(Bearsfoot)Pvenanthes Toanensis (Chickering) Chickering

(Roan rattlesnake)P. tvifoliolata (Cassini) Fernald

(Rattlesnake weed, Gall-of-the-earth)Pyrrkypappus oarolinianus (Walter) DC.

(Goat rue)Rudbeckia Trirta L.

(Black -eyed Susan)R. iao-inata L.

(Conef lower)Seneoio smallii Brit ton

(Ragwort)Silphium aomposi-tim Michaux

(Rosin weed)Solidago bioolor L.

(White goldenrod, Silverrod)S. caesia T. & G.

(Goldenrod)S. auvt'is'ii- T. & G. var. cwftis'H-

( Golden rod)S. elliottii T. & G.

(Goldenrod)S. ereeta Pursh

(Goldenrod)S. g-igantea Aiton

(Goldenrod)S. nemoralis Aiton

(Goldenrod)S. odora Aiton

(Goldenrod)S. petiolaris Aiton

(Goldenrod)S. roanensis Porter

(Goldenrod)

S J

ftft

ft*

ftft

Fl

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

**

ftft

ft*

*

**

ftft

ft*

**

**

**

**

**

*

**

ft

ftft

ft*

ft

*

Fr

**

ftft

>v ft

ftft

ftft

* ft

ftft

ftft

ft*

ftft

ftft

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

**

*

ftft

ft

ft

-^—«—

Rs

ftft

**

ftft

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

**

ftft

J-JL.

••nan—"*t-> rr~\ i

Other

Corm

(Fr. young)

(Fl. buds only)

(Depauperate)

',m T?o — TnSPf1"P

17


ASTERACEAE CONT.Soli-dago rugosa Miller var. rugosa

(Golden rod)S. uliginosa Nuttall

(Goldenrod)Taraxacum offi-cinale Wiggers

(Common dandelion)

BALSAMINACEAE ( Touch ne -not family)Impatiens oapens-is Meerb.

(Spotted touch-me—not, Jewel-weed)I. palli'da Nuttall

(Pale jewel-weed, Touch -me —not)

BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry family)Berber-is thunberg-i-i DC.

(Japanese barberry)Caulophyllwn thaliotroides (L.) Michaux

(Blue cohosh, Papooseroot)Diphylleia cymosa Michaux

(Umbrella-leaf)Mahon'ia bealei Carr.

(Oregon grape)Podophyl'lwn peltatwn L.

(May apple)

BETULACEAE (Birch family)Alnus serrulata (Alton) Willd.

(Tag alder)Betula lento. L.

(Sweet birch)B. lutea Michaux f. (= B. allegheniens'isBritton) (Yellow birch)Carpinus aaroliniana Walter

(Ironwood, American hornbeam, Musclewood)

BRASSICACEAE (Mustard family)Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynhold

(Mouse -ear cress)Arabics canadens-is L.

(Rockcress)A. laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poiret var.laevigata (Rockcress)Barbarea verna (Miller) Ascherson

(Winter cress, Cressy greens)B. vulgaris var. avouata (Opiz.) Fries

(Winter cress)Cardamine olematitis Shuttlew.

(Bitter cress)

S

**

**

A>V

>'\ v'f

**

J

71* *V

A 5V

>V 5^

A>V

**

Fl

*A

**

>v

* *

A*

JUJ-

-A- A

**

**

**

ft*

ft*

j-j.f\ /\

ft*

ft*

ft*

Fr

A ft

ft ft

ft ft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Rs

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Other

Young shoots

Shoot

(Fr. young andmature)

(Fl. male +female)

Twigs

Twigs, bark

Twigs

,m Pe = i-nco-t-fp

18


BRASSICACEAE CONT.Cardamine diphylla (Michaux) Wood

(Toothwort, Branch mustard)C. hirsuta L.

(Winter cress)Lepidium campestre (L . ) R. Brown

(Cow cress)

CALYCANTHACEAE (Caly can thus family)Calyoanthus floridus var. laevigatus (Willd.)T. & G.- (Sweet-shrub, Spicebush)

CAMPANULACEAE (Bluebell family)Campanula divarioata Michaux

(Bluebell)Lobelia amoena Michaux

(Lobelia)L. inflata L.

(Indian tobacco)L. puberula Michaux

(Lobelia)L. siphilitica L.

(Great lobelia)L. spicata Lam.

(Indian tobacco)Speoularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.

(Venus' looking-glass)

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle family)Diervilla sessilifolia Buckley

(Bush -honey suckle)Lonioera japonica Thunburg

(Japanese honeysuckle)SambuGus canadensis L.

(Elderberry)S. pubens Michaux

(Red elderberry)Symphorioarpos orbioulatus Moench

(Coral-berry, Indian current)Triosteim per foliation L.

(Horse gentian)Viburnum aoeri folium L.

(Maple-leaved viburnum)V. cassinoides L.

(Withered).V. nudum L.

(Possum-haw, Swamp -haw)

S

ft

J

ftft

ftft

n

ft*

ft*

ftft

**

**

ft*

**

ftft

ft*

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft *

ft>v

ftft

ftft

ft/v

Fr

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft

ft*

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Rs

(Vft

ftft

Other

Small to largespecimens

Twig

(One dwarfed)

(One dwarfed)

Twigs , youngleaves

Twigs, red formflower

Twig

(Fr. immature)

Twig, vegetativeshoot

Leafy twig

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = f ruit/cone/sporangium Rs rosette

19


CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink family)Cerast-ium holosteo-Ldes var. vulgccce(Hartman) Hylander- (Mouse— ear cnickweed)Dianthus apmeria L.

(Garden pink)Saponaria offioinalis L.

(Soapwort, Bouncing bet)Silene antiTvh-ina. L.

(Sleepy catchfly)S. ovata Pursh

(Campion)5. stellata (L.) Alton f.

(Starry campion)5. vi-Tglnloa L.

(Fire pink)Stellam-a pubera Michaux

(Giant chickweed)

CELASTRACEAE (Staff -tree family)Euonymus amevicanus L.

(Strawberry bush, "Heart 's-a-bus tin")E. fortunei Hand.-Mazz.

(Spindle tree)

CISTACEAE (Rockrose family)Leohea raoemulosa Michaux

(Pin -weed)

CLETHRACEAE (White alder family)Clethpa aouminata Michaux

(Sweet pepperbush)

CONVOVULACEAE (Bindweed family)Calystegia serioata (House) Bell

(Bindweed)Convolvulus apvensis L.

(Bindweed)CusGuta compaeta Jussieu

(Compact dodder)C. gronovii Willd. ex R. & S.

(Dodder)C, rostvata Shuttlew. ex Englem.

(Dodder)Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F .W. Meyer

(Man-root)

CORNACEAE (Dogwood family)Cornus alternifoli-a L.

(Alternate -leaved dogwood)

S J

*>V

;'cA

Aft

Fl

J- J-

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ftft

ft*

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

s'c^t

ftft

ftft

. j.

ftft

ftft

/> 5*C

Fr

ftft

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft

Rs

ftft

ftft

ft ft-

ft

Other

Stolons

Twigs , roo tedlayers r

Sterile shootswith roots

Twigs(Fr . young}-

Twigs , layeredstem

irn Po sfi vn QOt" t"P

20


CORNACEAE CONT.Cornus amomwn Miller

(Swamp dogwood)C. florida L .

(Flowering dogwood)

DIAPENSIACEAE (Diapensia family)Galax aphylla L.

(Gal ax)

EBENACEAE (Ebony family)Diospypos vivginiana L.

(Persimmon)

ERICACEAE (Heath family)Chimaphilia maoulata (L.) Pursh

(Spotted wintergreen, pipsissewa)Epigaea repens Michaux

(Trailing arbutus)Gaylussaoia baooata (Wang.) K. Koch

(Black huckleberry, Dangleberry)G. iwsina (M.A. Curtis) T. & G. ex Gray

(Huckleberry, Buckberry)Kalrnia latifolia L.

(Mountain laurel)Leuoothoe axillavis (Lam.) D. Don var. edi-tor-urn (Fernald S. Schubert) Ahles-(Doghobble)L. rea-uvva (Buckley) Gray

(Fetter-bush)Lyania ligustrina (L.) DC.

(Male-blueberry, Male-berry)Menziesia pilosa (Michaux) Jussieu

(Minnie bush)Monotropa uniflora L.

(Indian pipe)Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.

(Sourwood)Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michaux) Torrey

(Flame azalea)R. oatawbiense Michaux

(Mt. rosebay, Purple laurel)E. maximum L .

(Rosebay, Great laurel)Vaccinium oonstablaei Gray (-V, oovymbosumGray)- (Highbush blueberry)V. Gonstablaei, Gray (=F. simulation)

(Highbush blueberry)V. erythpoearpum Michaux

(Bearberry)

S

*

J

**

j-j.

5% f\

%•&

*A

**

* A

Fl

A*

AA

A*

5'<A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

AA

A A

• •••!

Fr

AA

AA

AA

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

Rs

***/?

—

Other

Leaves, rootedbranches

Twigs(Fr.=seeds , calyx)

Twigs, fallleaves

Layered branch

Twigs

Twigs

Twigs , s tumpsprout

Twigs

Twigs

Sterile shoots

L. "'

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr - f ruit/cone/sporangium KS rosette

21

Species name (Common name) Fl Fr Rs Other

ERICACEAE CONT.Vaccinium stamina wn L.

(Squaw huckleberry)V. vacillans Torrey

(Lowbush blueberry)

EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge family)Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.

(Three-sided mercury)A. virginica L.

(Three-seeded mercury)Euphorbia corollata L. var. corollata

(Three-seeded mercury)E. corollata L. var. zinniflora (Small) Ahles

(Flowering spurge, Tramps, Spurge)E. maculata L.

(Flowering spurge)

FABACEAE (Bean family)Amphicarpa bracteata (L . ) Femald

(Hog peanut)Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Brown

(Wild Indigo)Cassia fassiculata Michaux

(Partridge pea)C. hebecarpa Fernald

(Wild senna)Desmodiwn nudiflorwn (L.) DC.

(Beggar's lice, Beggar's ticks)Lathyrus latifolius L.

(Everlasting pea)Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don

(Sericea lespedeza)L. intermedia (Watson) Britton

(Lespedeza)L. violaoea (L . ) Persoon

(Lespedeza)Melilotus offioinalis (L.) Lam.

(Yellow sweet clover)Robinia pseudo-acacia L.

(Black locust)Schrarikia microphylla (Solander ex Smith)Macbride- (Sensitive briar)

Styiosanthes hi flora (L.) BSP.(Pencil flower)

Tephrosia virginiana (L . ) Persoon(Goat's rue)

Thermopsis villosa (Walter) Fernald &Schubert- (Bush pea)

* A

5V ft

*ft

*ft

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ft ft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Twigs

Twigs

Root sprouts

Storage roots

Young shoots

(Fl. in bud)

Young shoots

Twigs, stumpsprouts

(Fr. young)

Winter sprouts

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs = rosette

22


FABACEAE COOT.Tpifoliun praten.se L.

(Red clover)T. campestPe Schreber

(Hop clover)T. repens L.

(White clover, Ladino clover)Vlcla angustlfolla Rei chard

(Common vetch)V. caroliniana Walter

(Vetch)

FAGACEAE (Beech family)Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh.

(American chestnut)C. mollissima Blume

(Chinese chestnut)C. pumila (L.) Miller

( Chinquapin)Fagus grandlfolia Erhart

(Beech)Quercus alba L.

(White oak)Q. ooccinea Muenchh.

(Scarlet oak)Q. faloata Michaux

(Spanish oak, Southern red oak)Q. imbrioaria Michaux

(Shingle oak)Q. mo.rilandica Muenchh.

(Black jack oak)Q. prinus L.

(Rock chestnut oak)Q. Pubva L. var. vubra

(Red oak)Q. Tubra var. borealis (Michaux f.) Farwell

(Northern red oak)Q. velutina Lam.

(Black oak)

FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory family)Con/dalis sempervirens (L.) Persoon

(Pale corydalis)Diaentra aanadensis (Goldie) Walpers

(Squirrel corn)D. oucullarla (L.) Bernh.

(Dutchman breeches)

S

j**<*

»'-

•k

A*

J

A A

A A

A A

A A

j- .'.

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A

A A

/

Fl

A A

j.-t.

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

. _ / _

Fr

.w.

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

Rs Other

Twigs , stumpsprouts

Twigs

Twigs, stumpsprouts

Twigs

Stump sprout

Juvenile shoot

Twigs , leafybranch

Stump sprout

Twigs, stumps p ro ut s

Twigs, stumpsprouts

(Leaves sun &shade types)

Cladophylls

ITT* "D c< — -*-n G a t* t"PS = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette

23


GENTIANACEAE (Gentian family)Gentiana decova Pollard

(Closed gentian)G. quinque folia L.

(Ague -weed)G, sa.pona.Tia L.

(Gentian)Sabatia angularis (L . ) Pursh

(Rose pink, Bitter-bloom)

GERANIACEAE (Geranium family)Geranium oaroliniantm L.

(Cranesbill)

HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witch-hazel family)Eamamelis virginiana L.

(Witch-hazel)

HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Buckeye family)Aesculus ootandra Marshall

(Buckeye)

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf family)Hydvophyllim canadense L.

(Water leaf)

HYPERICACEAE (St. John's wort family)Uyperioun buokleyi M.A. Curtis

(St. John's wort)E. gentianoides (L.) BSP.

(Pineweed)H. mutilum L.

(St. John's wort)H. punatatum Lam.

(St. John's wort)H. stragalun p. Adams & Robson

(St. John's wort)

JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut family)Carya glabra (Miller) Sweet

(Pignut hickory)C. ovalis (Wang.) Sargent

(Sweet pignut hickory)C. pallida (Ashe) Engler & Graebner

(Pale hickory)C. tomentosa (Poiret) Nut tall

(Mockernut hickory)

S

A*

5V

J

**

ft A

^*l-

**

ft ft

ftft

J?'l

ftft

>V A

ft*

ft*

ft*

Aft

**

A*

ft*

*

**

ftft

**

ftft

ft*

A*

H— «M •••

i'r

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft-

ft A

ftft

ftft

Rs

ftft

ftft

ftft

MB_^B- — •

Other

Twigs

Twigs, youngleaves

Young shoots

Twigs

Young shoots

*


24


JUGLANDACEAE CONT.Juglans oinerea L.

(Butternut, White walnut)J. nigra L.

(Black walnut)

LAMIACEAE (Mint family)Collins onia oanadensis L.

(Horsebalm)Draoooephalum virginianum L.

(Obedient plant)Gleooma hederaaea L.

(Ground ivy)Monarda clinopodia L.

(Lemon -mint)M. didyma L .

(Bee -balm, Oswego tea)Prunella vulgaris L.

(Self-heal)Pycnanthemum inoanum (L . ) Michaux

(Mountain mint)P. montanum Michaux

(Mountain mint)P. tenui folium Schrader

(Mountain mint)Salvia lyrata L.

(Sage)Scutellaria elliptioa Muhl.

(Skullcap)S. inoana Biehler

(Skullcap)Staohys latidens Small

(Hedge nettle)S. tenuifolia Willd.

(Hedge nettle)Tridho sterna diohotomum L.

(Blue curls)

LAURACEAE (Laurel family)Lindera benzoin (L. ) Blume

(Spicebush)Sassafras albidim (Nuttall) Nees

(Sassafras)

LINACEAE (Flax family)Linum striatum Walter

(Flax)

S

ftft

J

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Fl

ftft

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ft ft-

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

Fr

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

ftft

Rs

ft ft-

ft ft

« i-r-i i

Other

Twigs

Twigs

Young shoots

Young shoots

Young shoots

Twigs

Twigs , (Fr .calyx only)

im PC — : T-nQfaf-t-pS = see

25


LORANTHACEAE (Mistletoe family)Phoradendron flavesoens (Raf . ) M . C . Johnston

(Mistletoe)

MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia family)Liriodendron tulipifera L.

(Tulip poplar)Magnolia aowninata L.

(Cucumber tree, Umbrella tree)M. fraseri Walter

(Umbrella tree)

MELASTOMATACEAE (Melastoma family)Rhexia virginioa L. var. virgin-tea

(Meadow beauty)

NYSSACEAE (Sour gum family)Nyssa sylvatiaa Marshall

(Black gum)

OLEACEAE (Olive family)Chionanthws Virginians L.

(Fringe-tree)Forsythia viridissima Lindl.

(Forsythia, Yellow-bells)Fraxinus americana L.

(American ash, White ash)F, 'americana L. var. biltmoreana (Beadle)J. Wright ex Fernald— (American or White ash)Ligustnm sinense L.

(Privet)

ONAGRACEAE (Evening primrose family)Ciroaea lutetiana ssp . oanadensis (L.) MagnusAscherson- (Enchanter's nightshade)Epilobiiw Qoloratwn Biehler

(Willowherb)Ludwigia alterni folia L.

(Seed-box)L. palustris (L.) Ell.

(Water purslane)Oenothera biennis L.

(Evening primrose)0. tetragona Roth

(Sun drops)

OROBANCHACEAE (Broom-rape family)Conopholis amerioana (L.) Wallroth

(Squawroot, Cancer- root)

S

&*

J

j* Jf

A*

**

**

Fl

**

**

* *

5V*

**

?V Vc

.1- 1.

**

ft*

**

**

j~ j^

**

*<* j-

^-*-

**

Fr

**

**

ft*

* ft

**

**

ft *

* ft

**

5v*

*ft

**

ft*

ft*

**

*«-— • •—

Rs

**

* ft

ft*

Other

Twigs, stumpsprouts

Stump sprouts

Twigs

Stump sprouts

Twigs , youngshoots

Twigs, (Fl. m +f.)young shootsTwigs, leafy

branch

Young shoots

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = f ruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette

26


OROBANCHACEAE CONT.Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton

(Beech-drops)Ovobanohe un-L flora L.

(One-flowered cancer root)

OXALIDACEAE (Wood sorrel family)Oxalis grandis Small

(Wood sorrel, Lady's sorrel)0. stricta L.

(Wood sorrel)0. violacea L.

(Violet wood sorrel)

PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy family)Sanguinavia oanadensis L.

(Bloodroot)

PHRYMACEAE (Lopseed family)Fhyrma leptostachya L.

(Lopseed)

PHYTOLACCACEAE (Pokeberry family)Phytolacoa americana L.

(Poke , Pokeweed)

PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain family)Plantago lance otata L.

(English plantain)P. major L.

(Plantain)P. virginica L .

(Plantain)

PLATANACEAE (Sycamore family)Platanus occidental-is L.

(Sycamore)

POLEMONIACEAE (Polemonium family)Phlox caroliniana L.

(Phlox)

POLYGALACEAE (Milkwort family)Polygala curtisii Gray

(Polygala)P. sanguined L .

(Milkwort)P. verticillata L. var. verticillata

(Milkwort)

S

**

**

J

**

**

**

A*

A A

AV«

**

i;'i

* A

AA

A A

.U J-

A A

AA

AA

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

AA

AA

•in "i-

i'r

A A

J-JU

A A

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

A A

AA

AA

AA

Rs

A A

AA

A A

••ii •

Other

(Fr. young)

Twigs , winterIvs. (Fl. m + f)

— ' *

S = seedling J - juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit /cone /sporangium KS rose^ue

27


POLYGONACEAE (Smartweed family)Polygonwn cespitosum var. longisetwn(DeBruyn) Stewart- (Smartweed)P. pensylvaniown L.

(Smartweed)P. sagittatum L.

(Tear thumb)P. soandens L. var. arista-turn (Engelm. &Gray) Gleason- (Climbing buckwheat)P. scandens L. var. soandens

(Climbing buckwheat)P. tenue Michaux

(Knotweed)Rumex acetosslla L.

(Sheep -sorrel, Sour-grass)R. arispus L.

(Dock, Curly dock)R. obtusifolius L.

(Blunt-leaved dock)Tovaria virginiana (L.) Raf.

( Jumps eed)

PORTULACCACEAE (Portulacca family)Claytonia virginiaa L.

(Spring beauty)

PRIMULACEAE (Primrose family)Lysimaohia lanceolate, Walter var. lanaeolata

(Fringed loosestrife)L. quac&i folia L.

(Whorled loosestrife)

RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup family)Aconitum veolinatum Gray

(Wolfsbane)A. unoinatum L.

(Monks hood)Actaea paohypoda Ell.

(Baneberry, Little doll's eyes)Anemone quinque folia Linnaeus

(Thimbleweed)A. virginiana L.

(Thimbleweed)Cimieifuga americana Michaux

(Bugbane)C. raaemosa Nuttall

(Black cohosh)Clematis vipginiana L.

(Virgin's bower)

S

*#

J

*A-

AA

AA

A A

AA

PI

AA

AA

A A

AA

Jj J.

A A

A A

A A

AA

AA

AA

A A

.AnA.

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

Fr

AA

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

AA

Rs

A -,

A>'

Other

Root sprouts

Young shoot,young fruit

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs = rosette

28


RANUNCULACEAE CONT .Eepatica aoutiloba DC.

(Liverleaf )Ranunculus allegheniensis Britton

(Buttercup)R. hispidus Michaux

(Buttercup)R. resurvatus Poiret

(Buttercup)Thalictrum olavatum DC.

(Meadow rue)T. ooriaoeum (Britton) Small

.(Meadow rue)T. dio-ioum L.

(Meadow rue)T. polygamm Muhl.

(Meadow rue)T. thaliotr aides (L.) Boivin

(Win df lower, Rue anemone)TTautvetteria oaTolinensis (Walter) Vail

(Tassle-rue)Xanthorhisa simplicis sima Marshall

(Ye How- root)

RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn family)Ceanothus amevicanus L.

(New Jersey tea)

ROSACEAE (Rose family)Agrimonia parviflora Aiton

(Agrimony, Cocklebur, Harvest-lice)A. pubescens Wallroth var. miorocarpa(Wallroth) Ahles- (Agrimony, Harvest-lice)A. Tostellata Wallroth

(Agrimony, Cocklebur, Harvest-lice)Amelano'hier arborea (Michaux f . ) Fernald

(Shadbush, Serviceberry)Arunaus dioicus (Walter) Fernald

(Goat's-beard)Cvataegus flabellata (Bosc) K. Koch

(Hawthorn)Duchesnea i-ndica (Andrz.) Focke

(Indian strawberry, Mock strawberry)Fvagavia virginiana Duchesne

(Wild strawberry)Geum virginianum L.

(Avens)G-illenia trifol-iata (L.) Moench

(Indian -physic)

S

-A- A

?V>'v

*-'-'

5V;V

J

**

A*

* -k

**

j*j.

A:'v

A A

j.j.

A *

AA

/

Fl

A A

A A

A A

j-j-

A A

.t--t*

A A

A A

AA

Aft

AA

A A

A A

A A

-t- _U

A A

AA

A A

Fr

A A

J* .'-

Aft

A A

AA

ft*

Aft

ft*

AA

JL JL

5^ A

A

Aft

A A

AA

AA

A A

A A

Ay»

Rs

A A

ft*

Other

(Fr. immature)

(Fr. immature)

(Fl. male +female)

(Fl. female)

(Fr. young)

(Fr. young)

(Fr. young)

(Fr. young)TwigsStump sprouts(+ old male Fl.)

Leafy branch

m "Do — -» TT*GCit"t'P

29


ROSACEAE CONT.Kevvia japoniaa DC. var. plccniflova Witte

(Globeflower)Malus angustifolia (Alton) Michaux

(Crabapple)M. pumila Miller

(Common apple)Fhysocarpus opulifotius (L.) Maxim.

. (Ninebark)Potent-ilia canadensis L.

(Five-fingers)P. tridentata Alton

(Three-toothed cinquefoil)Prunns angus ti folia Marshall

(Chicks aw plum)P. pensylvanioa L.

(Fire cherry, Pin cherry)P. pevsica (L.) Batsch

(Peach)P. seTotina Erhart

(Black cherry)Rosa oar>o1iniana L.

(Wild rose)E, multiflora Thunberg

(Multiflora rose)E. pains tris Marshall

(Swamp rose)Eubus allegheniensis Porter

(Blackberry)E. argutus Link

(Blackberry)R. oanadensis L.

(Blackberry)R. flagillavis Willd.

(Dewberry)R. hispidus L.

(Dewberry)R. ocoidentalis

(Black-cap, Black raspberry)R. odovabus L.

(Flowering raspberry)Sovbus amevioana Marshall

(Mountain ash)S. arbutifolia (L.) Heynhold var. arbutifolia

(Red chokeberry)5. melanocarpa (Michaux) Schneider

(Black chokeberry)Spivea henryi Hensl. .

(Spirea)

S J

**

A A

,

Fl

**

5V A

A A

AA

AA

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

Fr

A A

/> /v

A A

A

AA

AA

A A

AA

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

AA

A A

Rs

A A

AA

Other

Twigs(Fl. sterile)

Twigs

Twigs(Fr. sections)

Twigs , young +leafy shoots

Twigs

Primo canes ,twigs

Primo canes

Twigs,primo canes

Primo canes

Overwinter shts.primocanes

Primo canes

Leafy shoot

(Fr. young)

Root sprout,young fruitTwigs breaking

do rmacy

TT> "Dc? — t~r\ cot" t"P

30


RUBIACEAE (Madder family) 'Diodia teres Walter

(Buttonweed)Galiym aparine L.

( Be ds t raw)G. eivcaezans Michaux

(Wild licorice)G. latifolium Michaux

(Bedstraw)G. pilosum Aiton

(Bedstraw)G, tinctor>iwn L.

(Bedstraw, Galium)G, ti^iflonm Michaux

(Bedstraw)Rouston-ia oaevulea L.

(Bluets)H. purpurea L .

(Purple bluet)H. serpylli folia Michaux

(Bluet, Quaker ladies)H. tenuifol-ia Nut tall

(Purple bluet)M-itchella repens L.

(Partridge berry)

SALICACEAE (Willow family)FopuLus cf. canc&aans Ait.

(Balm-of-Gilead)P. ni-gra L.

(Black poplar)Salix hmilus Marshall

(Small pussy willow)5. nigTa Marshall

(Black willow)S. sericea Marshall

(Silky willow)

SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood family)Pyvularia pubeva Michaux

(Buffalo nut)

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage family)Astilbe bitemata (Vent.) Britton

(False goats beard)HeuoheTa americana L .

(Alum root)H. villosa Michaux

(Alum root)

S

AA

J

**

5V *

A*

A*

A A

A*

Fl

AA

A A

A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

j- *>-

A A

A A

AA

J* 3-

A A

AA

A A

Fr

A A

J-jt.

A A

•X.

A

A

A A

sV / v

AA

A A

AA

AA

AA

A A

A A

Rs

A A

A A

A A

AA

!•! I I "I''

Other

Early shoots

Trailing shoots

Twigs , young andleafy shoots

Twigs , leafyshoots

Leafy branch(Fl. m. + f.)Twigs, (Fl.male + female)

Twigs, (Fl.male + female)

Twig, leafyshoot

S = seedling J = juvenile Fl = flower Fr = f ruit/cone/sporanglum Rs rosette

31

Species name (Common, name)

SAXIFRAGACEAE CONT .Hydrangea arboresaens L.

(Hydrangea)Parnassia asari folia Vent.

(Grass of Parnassus)Ribes aynosbati L.

(Dogberry)Saxifraga michanxii Britton

(Saxifrage)S. mi cranthidi folia (Haw.) Steudel

(Branch lettuce)Tiarella aordifolia L.

(Foamf lower)

SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort family)Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell

(Gerardia)A. tenui folia (Vahl) Raf.

(Gerardia)Aureolaria flava (L.) Farwell

(False foxglove)A. laevigata (Raf.) Raf.

(Foxglove)Chelone glabra L.

(Turtleheads)Melampyrum lineare Desr.

(Cow-wheat)Mimulus ringens L.

(Monkey- face)Paulcwnia tomentosa (Thunberg) Steudel

(Princess tree, Royal Paulownia)Pedioularis oanadensis L.

(Lousewort)Penstemon smallii Heller

(Beard -tongue)Vepbasoun thaspus L.

(Woolly mullein)Veronica arvensis L .

(Speedwell)V. officinalis L.

(Speedwell)

SOLANACEAE (Nightshade family)Physalis heterophylla Nees

(Ground cherry)Solarium aarolinense L.

(Bullnettle)

S

* A

J

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

Fl

AA

AA

A A

A A

AA

AA

A A

A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

AA

A A

A A

AA

A A

AA

Fr

AA

AA

A A

J- J>

A A

A A

A

juy-

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A '

AA

A A

AA

A

AA

Rs

J-»U

A A

A A

AA

j- A

AA

A

Other

Leafy shoot

Stolons

Sun and shadeleaves

Leafy twig


32


SYMPLOCACEAE (Sweetleaf family)Symplooos tinotor>ia ( L . ) L'Her.

(Sweet leaf, Horse sugar)

TILIACEAE (Linden family)Tilia heterophylla Vent

(Linden, White basswood)

ULMACEAE (Elm family)Celtis oce-i dental-is L.

(Hackberry, Sugarberry)

URTICACEAE (Nettle family)Lapovtea canadensis (L.) Weddell

(Wood-nettle)Pilea pumila (L.) Gray

(Clearweed)

VERBENACEAE (Vervain family)Verbena UTtiai folia L.

(White vervain)

VIOLACEAE (Violet family)Viola blanda Willd. (?)

(Violet)7. canadensis L .

(Canada, White violet)V. cucullata Alton

(Blue violet)7. emarginata (Nuttall) LeConte var.emavginata (Blue violet)

7. eviooavpa Schweinitz var. leiocavpaFernald & Wiegland (Yellow violet)

7. hastata Michaux(Halberd-leaved violet)

7. maolos'keyi var. pallens (Banks, ex DC.)C.L. Hitchcock (White violet)

7. palmata L. var. triloba (Schweinitz) Ging.ex. DC. (Woolly woods violet)

7. papi lionacea Pursh(Violet)

7. papilionaoea Pursh var. prioeana (Pollard)Alexander (Confederate violet)

7. pedata L.(Birdfoot violet)

7. ^afinesquii Greene(Violet)

7. rotundifolia Michaux(Round-leaved violet)

S

i;-k

A*

A A

J

A A

AA

A A

A

A A

Fl

A A

J^JL.

AA

A A

A A

AA

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

Fr

A A

AA

A A

AA

AA

A A

A

A A

A A

A A

A A

A A

AA

Rs

A /V

„'..

A A

A^v

AA

A A

A A

AA

Other

Vegetativeshoots

Twig, youngstump sprouts

- - • — — "~"


33


VITACEAE (Vine family)Parthenooissus quinque folia ( L . ) Planchon

(Virginia creeper)Vitis aestivalis Michaux var. aestivalis

(Summer grape)V. aestivalis var. avgenti folia (Munson)Fernald (Silver-leaf grape)

V. bailey ana Munson(Possum grape)

V. labrus oa L .(Fox grape)

V. vulpina L.(Frost grape)

s

ftft

J

ft

(

i 1

Fl

ftft

ftft

ft ft

J

\

1

Fr

ftft

ft ft

ftft

ftft

Rs

I

Other

Twigs

Leafy shoots

Leafy shoots

Leafy shoot

\

\j

11

1

I

i\

I i I

M !I I I I JL—L.

L __!

=edling J = juvenile Fl = flox^er Fr = fruit/cone/sporangium Rs - rosette

34

Pittillo, J. Dan; Lee, MarthaReference plant collection of the Coweeta HydrologicLaboratory, North Carolina. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-29.Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1984.34 pp.

Describes the results of a botanical survey of the 4,000-acre Coweeta Creek Basin, a Long Term Ecological Researcharea.

KEYWORDS: Botanical survey, herbarium, flora, Long TermEcological Research.

Pittillo, J. Dan; Lee, MarthaReference plant collection of the Coweeta HydrologicLaboratory, North Carolina. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-29.Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1984.34 pp.

Describes the results of a botanical survey of the 4,000-acre Coweeta Creek Basin, a Long Term Ecological Researcharea,,

KEYWORDS: Botanical survey, herbarium, flora, Long TermEcological Research.

The Forest Service, U.S. De-partment of Agriculture, isdedicated to the principle of

multiple use management of

the Nation's forest resourcesfor sustained yields of wood,water, forage, wildlife, and

recreation. Through forestryresearch, cooperation with theStates and private forestowners, and management ofthe National Forests andNational Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—toprovide increasingly greaterservice to a growing Nation.

USDA policy does not permit discrimination becauseof race, color, national origin, sex or religion. Anyperson who believes he or she has been discrimi-

nated against in any USDA-related activity shouldwrite immediately to the Secretary of Agriculture,Washington, D.C. 20250.

united states department of agriculture reference …coweeta.uga.edu/publications/579.pdfallies,...

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