unit5 1. quote dante alighieri: follow your own course, and let people talk. cultural information...

1. QuoteDante Alighieri: Follow your own course, and let people talk.

Cultural information


2. Belief


The concept of belief presumes a subject (the believer) and an object of belief (the proposition). So, like other propositional attitudes, belief implies the existence of mental states and intentionality, both of which are hotly debated topics in the philosophy of mind whose foundations and relation to brain states are still controversial. Beliefs are sometimes divided into core beliefs (those you may be actively thinking about) and dispositional beliefs (those you may ascribe to but have never previously thought about). For example, if asked “do you believe tigers wear

pink pajamas?”, a person might answer that they do not, despite the fact they may never have thought about this situation before. That a belief is a mental state has been seen, by some, as contentious. While some philosophers have argued that beliefs are represented in the mind as sentence-like constructs, others have gone as far as arguing that there is no consistent or coherent mental representation that underlies our common use of the belief concept and that it is therefore obsolete and should be rejected.


The writer realizes the present and the real of integrity. He wants to tell us that integrity is in every area of society and that it is something we must ourselves. He wants to convince us that only by in the face of personal pressure, by always and by , can we live a rich life of principle and success.

Summarize the main idea of the text.

Main idea

scarcity_________

Main ideaStructural analysis

importance _____________

what is fundamental _______________________

demand of ____________

standing firmly forour convictions

_____________________

_________________

giving others credit that is rightfully theirs ______________________________________________

being honest and open about what we really are_____________________________________________________

1. Work out the structure of the text by completing the table.

Structural analysis

Paragraph(s)

Main idea

1-2

3-14

This part contains a contrast: the author’s grandparents and their generation firmly believed in honesty and demonstrated it by the way they lived, but nowadays integrity is getting scarcer.This part is devoted to an explanation of what the author calls the Integrity Triad.


Paragraph(s)

Main idea

15The writer further explains what integrity means and points out what benefit and prospect a life of principle will bring you.


2. What are the two methods the author uses to explain the three principles that constitute the Integrity Triad?


The writer explains the principles mainly by using examples (as in the explanation of the first two principles) and persuasion (as in that of the third).

1. My grandparents believed you were either honest or you weren’t. There was no in-between. They had a simple motto hanging on their living-room wall, “Life is like a field of newly fallen snow; where I choose to walk every step will show.” They didn’t have to talk about it — they demonstrated the motto by the way they lived.

How to Be True to Yourself

Detailed reading

2. They understood instinctively that integrity means having a personal standard of morality and ethics that does not sell out to expediency and that is not relative to the situation at hand. Integrity is an inner standard for judging your behavior. Unfortunately, integrity is in short supply today — and getting scarcer. But it is the real bottom line in every area of society. And it is something we must demand of ourselves.

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3. A good test for this value is to look at what I call the Integrity Triad, which consists of three key principles:4. Stand firmly for your convictions in the face of personal pressure. There’s a story told about a surgical nurse’s first day on the medical team at a well-known hospital. She was responsible for ensuring that all instruments and materials were accounted for during an abdominal operation. The nurse said to the surgeon, “You’ve only removed 11 sponges, and we used 12. We need to find the last one.”

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5. “I removed them all,” the doctor declared. “We’ll close now.”6. “You can’t do that, sir,” objected the rookie nurse, “Think of the patient.”7. Smiling, the surgeon lifted his foot and showed the nurse the 12th sponge. “You’ll do just fine in this or any other hospital,” he told her.8. When you know you are right, you can’t back down.

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9. Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs. Don’t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.10. David Ogilvy, founder of the advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather, made this point clear to his newly-appointed office heads by sending each a Russian nesting doll with five progressively smaller figures inside.

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11. His message was contained in the smallest doll, “If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are, Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants.” And that is precisely what the company became — one of the largest and most respected advertising organizations in the world.

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12. Be honest and open about what you really are. People who lack genuine core values rely on external factors — their looks or status — in order to feel good about themselves. Inevitably they will do everything they can to preserve this façade, but they will do very little to develop their inner value and personal growth.13. So be yourself. Don’t engage in a personal cover-up of areas that are unpleasing in your life. When it’s tough, do it tough. In other words, face reality and be adult in our responses to life’s challenges.

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14. Self-respect and a clear conscience are powerful components of integrity and are the basis for enriching your relationships with others.15. Integrity means you do what you do because it’s right and not just fashionable or politically correct. A life of principle, of not succumbing to the seductive sirens of an easy morality, will always win the day. It will take you forward into the 21st century without having to check your tracks in a rearview mirror. My grandparents taught me that.

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demonstrate ： vt.1) show; make cleare.g. These figures clearly demonstrate the size of

the economic problem facing the country.Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother’s voice very soon after birth.

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2) make a public expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching or having a meeting

e.g. Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals.成千上万的人一起游行示威反对新提议。

Derivations:

demonstration: n. demonstrative: adj.

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Synonyms:

show, exhibit, displayTranslation:

Galileo demonstrated that objects of different weights fall at the same speed.伽利略证明，不同重量的物体下落时速度相同。Please demonstrate how the machine works.请示范机器的使用方法。

Translation:

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integrity: n.1) the quality of being honest and having strong

moral principles that you refuse to change

e.g. No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.You can trust him; he is a man of complete integrity.你可以相信他，他是一个刚正不阿的人。

2) the quality of being whole and complete

e.g. Our integrity as a nation is threatened by these separatist forces.我们国家的完整受到了这些分裂主义势力的威胁。

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Synonyms:

honesty, unity, wholeness

Collocation:in one’s integrity 完整，原封未动

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morality: n.a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behavior and character, or the quality of being right, honest or acceptablee.g. They are discussing the morality of cloning.

他们正在讨论克隆的道德性。 His ways of making money are certainly successful, but I doubt their morality.

Synonym:ethics

Antonym: immorality

Derivation:moral adj.

e.g. I am unconcerned with questions of religion or morality.我对宗教问题或者道德问题不感兴趣。Whether a country should have nuclear weapons or not should be a question of ethics, not of politics.一个国家是否该拥有核武器应该是个道德问题，而非政治问题。Ethics is a branch of philosophy.伦理学是哲学的分科。

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Comparison:

morality, ethicsmorality: the rightness or pureness of behaviorethics: It refers to the study of what is morally

right, what is not and the questions concerned.

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expediency: n. when something is helpful or useful in a particular situation, but sometimes not morally acceptable

e.g. His behaviour seems to be governed solely by expediency. All his actions are governed by expediency.他所有的行动都是一种权宜之计。

Synonym:

expedience

Derivation:

expedient adj.

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at hand: near in time or place

e.g. He always kept the picture of his girlfriend’s close at hand.他总是把女朋友的相片放在身边。Your big moment is at hand.你的重大时刻即将到来。

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scarce: adj.not easy to find or get

e.g. Food was scarce throughout the war. 在战争期间食物匮乏。Hotel accommodation was scarce during the Olympic Games.奥运会期间，旅馆房间很难找。Food and clean water were becoming scarce.

Synonym:

deficientDerivation:

scarcity n.

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the bottom line: the most important fact in a situation

e.g. The bottom line is that we need another ten thousand dollars to complete the project.If you don’t make a profit, you go out of business: that’s the bottom line.不盈利，就停业：根本问题就在这里。

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Activity: Sentence Making

Direction: You are supposed to make sentences by using the following words or phrases as many as possible

the bottom line scarce expediency morality at hand scarce

My grandparents believed you were either honest or you weren’t. There was no in-between.

Translation:

我的祖父母坚信人要么是诚实的要么是不诚实的，不存在中间的品质。

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They had a simple motto hanging on their living-room wall, “Life is like a field of newly fallen snow; where I choose to walk every step will show.”

Translation:

他们起居室的墙上挂着一条简短的箴言。箴言写道：“生活就像一块刚刚下过雪的土地；我选择从哪里走过，哪里就会留下清晰的足迹。”

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出于直觉，他们领悟到“正直”意味着拥有自己的道德和伦理标准，不会出于权宜而牺牲这一标准，也不会将它与眼下的形式联系起来。

They understood instinctively that integrity means having a personal standard of morality and ethics that does not sell out to expediency and that is not relative to the situation at hand.

Explanation:

Integrity means that one should have a personal standard for judging what is morally right and wrong. He does what he thinks he should do, not what he thinks will help him and his judgment is not affected by any external circumstances.

Translation:

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但是，这是社会任何领域中真实的底线。

But it is the real bottom line in every area of society.

Paraphrase:

But it is the most important consideration in every social activity and, therefore, you must accept it, even though you may not like it.

Translation:

2) What prompted the writer to write about the topic?

Integrity is in short supply today, but it is the really fundamental thing in every activity of society and a basic quality that we must possess.

Detailed reading

Paragraphs 1-2 Questions

1) What is the contrast presented in the beginning? The writer’s grandparents and their generation firmly believed in honesty and demonstrated it by the way they lived, but nowadays integrity is getting scarcer.

consist of: be made of or formed from something

e.g. A week consists of seven days.Most people are familiar with the idea that all matter consist of atoms.大多数人熟悉一切物质都由原子组成这一概念。The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.It’s a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.

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Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

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Collocation:

consist in: have something as a main and necessary part or quality

e.g. Happiness consists in trying to do one’s duty,not in amassing wealth.快乐的源泉在于尽义务，而不在于积聚财富。The value of this teaching method consists in the interest it stimulates in the students.这种教学法的优点是在于能引起学生的兴趣。

Synonym:

be composed ofe.g.

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principle: n.1) a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how

something happens or works

e.g. The system works on the principle that heat rises.该项装置是按照热力上升的原理运转的。The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.

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e.g. We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly.我们必须坚持平等待人这一原则。She doesn’t have any principles.He was a man of principle.Anyway, I can’t deceive him — it’s against all my principles.I never gamble, as a matter of principle (= because I believe it is wrong).

2) moral rule or standard of good behavior

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Collocation:in principle: If you agree with or believe something in principle, you agree with the idea.

e.g. They have agreed to the proposal in principle but we still have to negotiate the terms.他们基本上同意了那项提议，但我们仍须商定具体条款。In principle I agree with the idea, but in practice it’s not always possible.They have approved the changes in principle.

Synonyms:

rule, law

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conviction: n. 1) a very firm belief

e.g. I have the conviction that he is right.我深信他是对的。I speak in the full conviction that I will win.我深信我会赢。

2) when someone is officially found to be guilty of a particular crime

e.g. They have no previous convictions.他们没有前科。

Derivations:

convince vt.convincing adj.

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be responsible for: have control and authority over something or someone and the duty of taking; care of it or them

e.g. Who’s responsible for the terrible mess?谁应该对这种混乱负责？The teacher is highly responsible for her work.

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ensure: vt. make something certain to happen e.g. We must ensure the purity of drinking water.

我们必须确保饮用水的纯净。If you want to ensure that you catch the plane, take a taxi.如果你要想确保能赶上那班飞机，就坐出租车去吧。The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft.The role of the police is to ensure (that) the law is obeyed.

Synonyms:

guarantee, assure, secure

Detailed reading

account for:give reasons for or be the reason or explanation for

e.g. He’ll have to account for where every cent goes.他得说明每一分钱是怎么花掉的。He has been asked to account for his conduct.他被要求解释他的行为。He could not account for his absence from school.他无法说明他旷课的原因。

Would anyone object if we started the meeting now?He objects to the label “magician” which he is often given.No one objected when the boss said it was time to go home.

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object:1) n. a thing that you can see or touch but that is not

usually a living animal, plant or person

e.g. Various objects were on the table.桌子上摆着各种各样的东西。

2) vi. feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone

e.g.

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Synonyms:

oppose, disagree, resist, protest

Antonym:

agree

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back down:admit that you were wrong or that you have been

defeatede.g. After being shown conclusive evidence, the other si

de had to back down.在出示确凿的证据之后，对方不得不作出让步。After several hours’ negotiations, they finally backed down on their unreasonable demands.经过几个小时的谈判后，他们终于放弃了不合理的要求。

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Activity: Making a Story

Direction: Make a story by group discussion. Use as many of the words and expression in Paragraphs 3-8 as possible. The representative from each group should tell the story in front of the class and will be judged by other groups.

In this sentence, the clause what I call Integrity Triad is called a “nominal relative clause,” and the pronoun what is used like a noun and a relative pronoun together, equivalent in meaning to the thing which. Nominal relative clauses can be introduced by what, whatever, whoever, whichever, where, wherever, when, and whenever. They can follow prepositions, and the prepositions cannot be left out.

A good test for this value is to look at what I call the Integrity Triad.

Explanation:

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e.g. I’ll vote for whoever promises to reduce taxes.I often think about when I was young.In my dream, I had very vivid picture of where we used to live.

The word “fine” is used as an adverb, meaning well, in some conversational expressions. That suits me fine.That machine works fine if you oil it.

You’ll do just fine.

Explanation:

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What is the first principle of the Integrity Triad?

The first principle of the Integrity Triad is, “Stand firmly for your convictions in the face of personal pressure.”

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Paragraph 4Question

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1) What was the surgical nurse responsible for? She was responsible for ensuring that all instruments and materials were accounted for during an abdominal operation and also the patient.

Paragraphs 5-8Questions

2) What quality did the nurse display when facing the surgeon’s insistence?

She knew she was right and didn’t back down. At last, the fact proved her claim.

If you can’t afford to pay cash, buy the furniture on credit.

Detailed reading

credit: n.1) approval or praise that you give to someone for

something they have done

e.g.Sam never once accepted all the credit for himself.

Collocation:

give (sb.) credit (for sth.)e.g. You could at least give him some credit for all

the effort he’s put in.

2) a system of buying goods or services and paying for them later

e.g.

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Comparison:

credit, credibilitycredibility: n. the quality of deserving to be believed and trusted

e.g. The latest scandal has damaged his credibility as a leader.

Derivations:

credit v.creditable adj.

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rightfully: adv. in accordance with what is legally and morally

correcte.g. The lands are rightfully yours; she always

intended you to have it.

Derivations:

rightful adj.rightfulness n.

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Practice:

1) Every effort was made to return the purse to its owner. 2) This diagram is not !

rightful________

right_____

rightful, rightrightful adj. according to what is legally and morally correctright adj. based on true facts, correct

Comparison:

hire v. employ someoneappoint v. (more formal)

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appoint: v.1) choose someone for a position or a job

e.g. They appointed a new teacher at the school.

Comparison:

2) arrange or decide a time or place for something to happen

e.g. The committee appointed a day in July for celebration.

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appointee n. someone who is chosen for a position or a jobappointment n.

Derivations:

他被任命为秘书。He was appointed secretary.We must appoint a day to meet again.我们要约好下次会面的日期。

Translation:

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progressively: adv. step by step; by stages; moving ahead or developing continuously

e.g. The economy in that country was progressively getting better.

Comparison:

progressively, graduallygradually adv. in a way that happens or develops slowly over a long period of time

e.g. The rock gradually wears away due to the action of the water.

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progressive adj.progressiveness n.

Derivations:

Detailed reading

Activity: Making sentences Directions: Make sentences by using the following words.

rightful right progressively gradually appoint

Russian nesting doll is a set of dolls that are similar in design but different in size and have been made for each to fit inside another that is one size larger.

David Ogilvy, founder of the advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather, made this point clear to his newly appointed office heads by sending each a Russian nesting doll with five progressively smaller figures inside.

Explanation:

广告业巨头奥格威 &马瑟公司的创始人大卫•奥格威很明确地把这一观点传达给那些刚刚走马上任的管理干部，他送给他们每个人一组内含 5个尺寸递减的俄罗斯套娃，以警示他们切勿妒才忌能。

Translation:

Detailed reading

The message was contained in the smallest doll, “If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are, Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants.”

他要传递的信息包含在最小的那枚套娃里：“如果我们每个人雇用的都是比我们自身弱小的人，那么我们会成为一群矮子。相反，如果我们雇用的都是比我们自身强大的人，那么奥格威 &马瑟公司会成为一个巨人的团体。”

Translation:

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core: n. the most important or central part of something

e.g.The club was beginning to develop a core of young people who were very active in the community.

core values/beliefs/concerns: the values, etc. that are most important to someone

Collocations:

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Comparison:core, centrecore: the most important or central part of somethingcentre: n. a place where most of the important things happen that are connected with a particular business or activity

e.g. It’s not exactly a cultural center like Paris.

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external: adj.connected with the outside of a surface or body

e.g. The external walls were in need of repair.

internal

Antonym:

externals: n. the outer appearance of a situationexternalize: v. express inner feelingsexternalization: n.

Derivations:

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inevitably: adv. as was certain to happen and could not be prevented

e.g. The was, inevitably, upset by her departure, but soon he got over it.

unavoidably

Synonym:

inevitable: adj.inevitability: n.

Derivations:

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preserve: v. make something continue without changing or being harmede.g.

I think these traditional customs should be preserved.

keep, maintain, retain

Synonyms:

preservable: adj.Derivation:

We must preserve our natural resources.我们必须保护自然资源。

Translation:

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tough: adj.1) difficult to do or deal with and needing a lot of

effort and determination

e.g. Life as a single mother can be tough and depressing.

rough: adj. having a lot of problems, difficulties; uncomfortable, with difficult conditions

Synonym:

toughness: n.

Derivation:

2) strong, able to live through difficult or severe conditions

e.g.Only tough breeds of sheep can live in the mountains.

have a guilty/bad conscience (about sth.): feel guilty because you have done something wrong

have no conscience (about sth.): not feel guilty about something

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conscience: n.an inner sense that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong

e.g. Be guided by your conscience.

e.g. I have a guilty conscience about not telling her the truth.

Collocations:

e.g. They have no conscience at all about cheating.

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Practice:

1) I was very of the fact that I had to make a good impression.

2) After he had committed the crime, his was troubled.

conscious__________

conscience____________

conscience, consciousconscious: adj. noticing or realizing something; aware

Comparison:

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People who lack genuine core values rely on external factors.

Paraphrase:

People who do not have real and fundamental moral principle rely on their looks or status.

Compare “lack” and “be short of”: Both can mean “not to have enough of something”. But “lack” (or commonly “be lacking in”) is used especially with abstract nouns.

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Lack: The teacher said that the child lacked / was lacking / in confidence.She seems to lack / be lacking in the will to succeed.

Be short of:It more common than “lack” when talking about objects and materials.

I’m short of money this week; can you lend me some?They were short of water because of the serious drought.

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succumb to (temptation ...)

succumb: v.(fml) stop opposing someone or something that is stronger than you, and allow them to take controle.g.

They held out for some hours in the face of our persuasive offers, but eventually they succumbed.

e.g. Gina finally succumbed to temptation and had some ice cream.

Collocation:

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surrender: v. stop fighting and give your soldiers or land to an enemy; allow yourself to be controlled or influenced by something

succumb, surrender

Comparison:

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seductive: adj. interesting or attractive, in a way that persuades one to do something one would not usually do

e.g. She had a low, seductive voice.

Derivations:

seductiveness: n.seduce: v.seduction: n.

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Practice:

1) Jim was into leaving the company by the offer of higher pay.

2) What could have you to do such a ridiculous thing?

seduced_________

induced_________

seduce: v. make someone want to do something by making it seem very attractiveinduce: v. make someone decide to do something, esp. something that seems unwise

Comparison:

siren voices/call/song: literary encouragement to do something that sounds very attractive, but will have bad resultsthe Sirens: a group of women in ancient Greek stories whose beautiful singing made sailors sail towards them into dangerous water

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siren: n.a piece of equipment that makes very loud warning sounds, used on police cares, fire engines, etc.

e.g. Police sirens are wailing in the distance.

Collocations:

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Activity: Writing an abstract

Directions: write an abstract of the text. You should use the following words in your abstract.

morality ethics scarce conviction credit preserve conscience succumb seductive

A life of principle, of not succumbing to the seductive sirens of an easy morality, will always win the day.

Explanation: In this sentence, “the seductive sirens of an easy morality” refers to the lure of the use of methods that bring the most immediate benefits, based on practical rather than moral considerations. We are always tempted to do what we think will help us. However, if we do what we believe is morally right and not just fashionable or easy to do, we will go through life successfully.

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Paragraph 11Questions

1) Why did David Ogilvy send each of his newly appointed office heads a Russian nesting doll? Because he wanted to convey his message: “If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are, Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants.” This vividly illustrates the second key principle: Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs.

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2) Why did the advertising firm founded by David Ogilvy become one of the largest and most respected advertising organizations in the world?

Because they acted upon the key principle: Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs. They hired those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter and more competent than they themselves. They respected individuals with talent and gave full play to their abilities.

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Paragraphs 13-14Question

Regarding the third principle, what advice does the writer offer?

He offers the following advice that be oneself and one should face the reality and challenges bravely. These are the basis to improve the relationship with others.

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1) What does “that” in the last sentence refer to?

A life of principle, of not succumbing to the seductive sirens of an easy morality, will always win the day and will lead the people into the future without looking back.

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2) What does the writer say about people who lack genuine core values?They not only rely on but also try best to keep external factors, such as looks and statues, instead of developing their inner value and personal growth.

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3) How do you define integrity?

(Open) Integrity means honesty combined with firmness and strength of character or principle. A person of integrity stands firmly by his convictions and principles in the face of pressure and be self-respect. He respects others and always gives credit to those who deserve it.

Phrase practice

Word / Phrase comparison

Synonym / Antonym

Word derivation

Vocabulary Translation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWriting ListeningGrammar

at hand = that is current 当前的，在手边

e.g. I have no dictionary at hand. 我现在手头没有字典。


in short supply = difficult to find or obtain 缺货，不足

e.g. Stoves are always in short supply in hostile winter. 寒冷的冬天，煤炉常常缺货。

Luck is never in short supply if you possess ample confidence. 只要有充分信心，你是不缺好运的。


give … credit = always recognize and praise rightly sb’s achievement 给予赞扬

e.g. The teacher was given credit for encouraging students to face the difficulty. 老师因为鼓励学生面对困难得到了大家的称赞。


be oneself= behave in a way that is natural or

normal 显得自然

e.g. Facing great honor and fame, he found it difficult to be himself. 面对巨大的荣誉，他觉得很难保持自我本色。


elect: when people elect someone, they choose that person to represent them, by voting for them

e.g.The country is about to take a radical departure by electing a woman as its new president.

Group 1

choose: decide what you want from two or more things or possibilities

e.g.He chose a shirt from the many in his wardrobe.


select: if you select something, you choose it from a number of things of the same kind

e.g. The movie is being shown in selected cities.

Vocabulary Translation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWriting Listening

pick: choose a person or thing, for example because they are the best or most suitable

e.g. Students have to pick three courses from a list of fifteen.

Grammar

Group 1

demonstrate: show; make clear

e.g.

These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.

Group 2

show: let someone see something

e.g.The children proudly showed me their presents.


Group 2


display: show a feeling

e.g.The British traditionally tend not to display much emotion in public.

Grammar

express: show what you think or feel

e.g.He expresses himself easily in English.

Group 3

sell out: be disloyal or unfaithful to one’s principles or friends, esp. for money

e.g. French farmers feel they’ve been sold out by their government in the negotiation.

escape: get away from a place or dangerous situation when someone is trying to catch you or stop you

e.g. He broke down the locked door and escaped.


object: feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone

e.g.He objects to the label “magician” which is often given.


stand firmly: stay in a particular place without moving e.g. The car’s been standing firmly in the

garage for weeks.

Grammar

Group 3

inner: inner thoughts are ones that you feel strongly but not always show to other people

e.g.She never shared her inner thoughts with anyone.

inside: in or into a room, building, container, or something similar

e.g. Luckily, no one was inside the building when it collapsed.


Group 4

conscience: (n.) the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong

e.g. It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help.

within: (prep.) if something is within a place, area, or object, it is inside it or surrounded by it

e.g. Clients are entertained within private dining rooms.


Group 4

action: doing something for a particular purpose

e.g. The government is taking emergency action to deal with a housing crisis.

act: behavior which hides your real feelings or interests e.g. Was she really upset or was that just an act?


Group 5

deed: an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one

e.g.We should be true in word and resolute in deed.


Group 5

behaviour: the thing that a person or animal does

e.g. The headmaster will not tolerate bad behaviour.

rare: not seen or found very often, or not happening very often

e.g.This species of plant is becoming increasingly rare.

scarce: if something is scarce, there is not enough of it e.g. Food was scarce throughout the war.


Group 6


few: a small number of things or people

e.g. We saw few students there.

Grammar

Group 6

short: (be short of) to not have enough of something

e.g.We’re a bit short of coffee. I must get some more.

key: the key person or thing in a group is the most important one

e.g.He is expected to be the key witness at the trial.

main: large, more important, or having more influence than others of the same type

e.g. The main thing is not to worry.


Group 7

promise: tell someone that you will certainly do something

e.g.He promised faithfully to call me every week.

ensure: make certain that something will happen properly

e.g. Our task is to ensure the safety of every passengers on the plane.


Group 8

declare: announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially

e.g.They declared their support for the proposal.


assure: If you assure someone that something is true or will happen, you tell them that it is definitely true or will definitely happen, often in order to make them less worried.

e.g. He hastened to assure me that there was nothing important to report.

Grammar

Group 8

outer, external, exterior

Give synonyms or antonyms of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. My grandparents believed you were either

honest or you weren’t.

Synonyms: truthful, upright, frank

2. Integrity is an inner standard for judging your behavior.

Antonyms:


3. Unfortunately, integrity is in short supply today — and getting scarcer.

Synonyms: rare, uncommon, scant

4. If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs.

Antonyms:fire, sack, dismiss

5. Stand firmly for your convictions in the face of personal pressure.

Synonyms: resolutely, determinedly, unyieldingly


6. Don’t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.

Antonyms:fearless, dauntless, brave, bold

7. Don’t engage in personal cover-up of areas that are unpleasing.

Synonyms: unpleasant, disagreeable

8. Integrity means you do what is right and not just fashionable or politically correct.

Antonyms:unfashionable, old-fashioned, outdated


Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in the brackets.1. It is dangerous for an driver to

drive a car in the center of Paris during the mid-day rush. (experience)

inexperienced_______________

2. Douglas, now that you’re the head of the family, you must take your place at the head of the table

(right)

rightful_________


3. If you behave with this sort of to your other customers, I don’t think you’ll remain in business long. (polite)

4. Kenneth gave the child a of sweets. (hand)

handful________

impoliteness _______________


Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in the brackets.

5. Don’t put on any more of that perfume, Julie. It’s stuff. (head)

6. The speaker showed his nervousness by constantly

his tie. (straight)

heady________

straightening_______________



7. I feel so that I’m going to bed. (sleep)

8. The beggar stood on his head, from door to door. (beg)

sleepy_______

begging_________



experience (n. v.) experienced (adj.) experienceless (adj.) inexperienced (adj.) experiment (n.) experimental (adj.)


经历，经验有经验的无经验的，缺乏经验的，不老练的无经验的，不熟练的经验，实验，尝试实验（性）的，试验（性）的

1.

e.g. This was a new experience for him. 这一切于他都是全新的经历。

The experimental results show that the method is effective. 实验结果表明，该方法是正确有效的。


e.g. It was a successful experiment. 那是一次成功的试验。

We don’t want to hire inexperienced worker. 我们不想聘用没有经验的工人。


right (adj.)rightful (adj.) rightness (n.) righteous (adj.)righteousness (n.)

正确的，对的，右边的，合适的合法的，正确的，依法享有权利的正义性，正确性公正的，公义的，当然的正当，正义，正值

2.

e.g. Everyone admires his spirit of doing boldly what’s righteous.人人都赞美他这种见义勇为的精神。


e.g. Who is the rightful owner of this car? 谁是这辆汽车的合法主人？

They are just a rightness of simple farmers!他们只是朴实的农民！


polite (adj.)politeness (n.)impolite (adj.) impoliteness (n.)

有礼貌的，客气的，有教养的，文雅的礼貌，优雅不礼貌的，粗鲁的失礼，粗鲁

3.

e.g. It is not polite to stare at others. 盯着别人看是一种不礼貌的行为。

One never loses anything by politeness. 礼多人不亏。

It’s impolite to smoke during a meal in France. 在法国就餐时吸烟是不礼貌的。


hand (n.) handy (adj.)

handful (n.)

手，掌握，协助方便的，手边的，灵巧的，便于使用的，现成的少数，一把，棘手之事

4.

e.g. This is a very handy tool for opening cans. 这是一种很简便的开罐头工具。

A handful of common sense is worth bushel of learning. 一点点常识胜过很多有价值的学问。


head (n.)heading (n.) heady (adj.)headless (adj.)

头脑，能力，领袖，硬币的正面，顶端标题，题目，航向顽固的，任性的，性急的不在意的，没有头的，愚笨的

5.

e.g. Where do you think web design is heading? 你认为网页设计现在的方向在哪儿？

He is heady with success. 他因成功而飘飘然。A headless man haunts the castle. 一个无头幽灵常在城堡出现。

e.g. She has long, straight, red hair. 她的红发又长又直。

I was straightening my schoolbag when you phoned me. 你给我打电话时，我正在整理书包。

Excuse me. Do I go straightly for the Mayflower Hotel? 对不起，去五月花旅馆是一直往前走吗？


straight (adj.) straighten (v.) straightening (v.) straightness (n.)

直的，准的，正直的，坦率的，连续的弄直，使正确，整顿，挺直变形矫正，整直，校正笔直，正值，直率

6.

e.g. Sleeping is the best cure for waking troubles. 睡眠是治疗一切醒时烦扰的良药。

She always has a sleepy expression. 她总是一副懒洋洋的表情。

She looked haggard after a sleepless night. 一夜失眠之后，她看上去很憔悴。

Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWriting Listening

sleep (n.v.) sleeping (n. adj.) sleepy (adj.) sleepless (adj.) sleeplessness (n.)

睡觉，睡眠睡着的嗜睡的不睡眠的，睡不着的，警觉的失眠

7.

e.g. Do not beg, steal, lie. 不要乞讨，偷窥，说谎。

The family had been beggared by the war. 战争使这家人沦为乞丐。

Idleness is the key of beggary, the root of all evil. 懒惰是行乞的敲门砖，是万恶的根源。

beg (v.) beggar (n.) (v.) begging (n.) beggarly (adj.) beggary (n.)

乞讨，恳求乞丐，穷人使沦为乞丐；使贫穷请求，乞求像乞丐的，赤贫的，下贱的赤贫

8.



Imperative sentences

Question tags added to imperative clauses

Another, other(s), the other(s)

1. Imperative sentences


Imperative sentences, also known as “commands” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a command, an instruction, an order, a warning, a request, a suggestion, a wish, an invitation, etc. There are three kinds of imperatives: the second person imperatives, the first person imperative, and the third person imperatives. For the second person imperatives, if we want to enhance the force of the imperative, we can add an emphatic DO or YOU at the beginning of the sentence.

Grammar


e.g. Mr. Smith, you sit over there. Do come in. Let me have a look.Let’s stop and finish it later. Don’t let anyone shirk his responsibility.

PracticeRewrite the following sentences using the imperative.


1. You’d better go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes.

Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes.

2. We shall never forget the brave men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice.

Let us never forget the brave men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice.


3. I would like somebody to open the door.

Somebody open the door.

4. In this play you will play the part of the princess and I’ll pretend to be the witch.

In this play you be the princess and I be the witch.


5. Would you please allow me to stay in to finish my letter? I want to get it off to London today.

Let me stay in to finish my letter. I want to get it off to London today.


Here “you” and “I” are explicit subjects of the imperative sentence.

2. Question tags added to imperative clauses Sometimes we add question tags to the imperative sentences to soften the imperative tone. For the second person imperatives, after a positive imperative, the question tag can be “will/would/can/can’t/won’t you/?” “Won’t” is used to invite. “Will you” is often used as request. “Won’t you” is used to show less forceful orders. “Would” is less forceful than “will” and much less common. “Can’t you” can show the speaker’s annoyance. After a negative imperative, the question tag is “will you?”



e.g. Don’t be so noisy, will you?Stop talking, will/won’t/would/can/can’t you? Let me drive you home, will you?Let’s take a taxi, shall we?

If the part addressed includes only the speaker the question tag usually is “will/won’t you?” If the part addressed includes both the speaker and the listener, the tag should be “shall we?”

1. Let’s go to the movies, ?

2. Don’t turn the lights on, ?

3. Let me come and stay, ? You can put it that it was arranged before.

4. Shut up, ?

5. Don’t let me have to speak to you again, ?

PracticeAdd a question tag to the following sentences.

shall we__________


will you_________

will/won’t you_________________

can’t you___________

will you_________


a negative imperative


to show annoyance

3. Another, other(s), the other(s)*“Another” means 1) additional, one more (sometimes two more, three more ...) person or thing of the same type; 2) a different one, not the same person or thing.


e.g. I need another week / two weeks to finish this investigation.We finally moved to another apartment.

*“Other” is always followed by plural nouns. It means 1) additional; 2) else, different. “Others” means more people or things.


e.g. Danny is playing with two other children. Saudi Arabia produces more oil than any other country (Singular noun must be used after “any other”.) I only know about this book, but there might be others (= other books).

*“The other (one)” means the second of the two people or things. “The others” (= the other ones) means the rest of the people or things. Note that here there must be a specific context.


e.g. You can park on the other side of the street. She’s much brighter than all the other children in her class (“In her class” serves as a specific context.).


Practicecomplete the following sentences with the words or phrases in the box.

another other the other others the others1. I spent half of my time teaching law and in London as a consultant to a big firm.

2. Cars are useful, but whether they are good for the environment is matter altogether.

3. The company says it has to reduce its labor costs. In

words, some of us are going to lose our jobs.

the other__________

another_________

other______

4. You shouldn’t expect to do your work for you.

5. She was the only person who replied to the invitation — none of bothered.

6. There is room for few people in the back of the bus.

7. A: Have you met Sally’s brothers?

B: I’ve met one. I didn’t know he has .

A: Oh, he has two .


others________

another other the other others the others

the others___________

another_________

another_________

others________


the second part of my time


a different one


different, usually it is followed by plural nouns


“Others” can refer to people in general, not including yourself.


the rest

1. 那个精神科医生因为在公共场合谈论他的病人而被指控违反了职业道德规范。 (ethics)

“Ethics” is the motivation based on ideas of right and wrong or the philosophical study of moral values and rules.

That psychiatrist who had talked about his patients in public, was charged with violating professional ethics.


Translate the following sentences into English.

The public relation department launched a program to promote business ethics in 2009.

Practice ： Translate the following sentences into English.他的职业道德不容许他这么做。

社会力量，包括伦理，在法律通过前就已经形成。


The ethics of his profession don’t permit him to do that.

Social forces, including ethics, arise before laws are passed.

公共关系部于 2009 年开展了增强商业道德的活动。

2. 我们都信任董事长，因为他是个刚正不阿的人。 (integrity)

“Integrity” is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right. At the same time, “integrity” can also refers to the state of being united as a complete thing.


We all trust the president for his absolute integrity.

The tradition of integrity is very important for the company.

Practice ： Translate the following sentences into English. 他为人正直，决不食言。

罗马城墙尚可见到，但已经不完整了。


He’s a man of integrity and he never breaks his promises.

Roman Walls may still be seen, but not in their integrity.

良好的诚信记录对一个企业来讲非常重要。

3. 在我们投票支持他之前，我们想知道他的主张。 (stand for)

“To stand for something” means to support a particular set of ideas, values and beliefs.


Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.

Practice ：Translate the following sentences into English. 他的这种理论是站不住脚的。

我们坚持“平等互利”的原则。


He hasn’t a leg to stand for a theory of his.

We stand for the principle of equality and mutual benefit.

4. 这笔钱是在被告家里发现的，被告对此不能作出令人满意的解释。 (account for)

“To account for” is to give reasons or explanation for something. Another meaning is to form a particular amount or part of something.


The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.


Practice ： Translate the following sentences into English.中国的山区面积占国土总面积的 70% 。

他突然感到一阵莫名其妙的不安情绪。

Mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory.

He was suddenly seized with a relentlessness he couldn’t account for.


Dictation

Fill in the blanks


DictationYou will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check what you have written down.

Dictation In order to learn to be one’s true self, / it is necessary to obtain a wide and extensive knowledge / of what has been said and done in the world; / critically to inquire into it; / carefully to consider it; / clearly to analyze it; / and earnestly to carry it out. / It matters not what you learn, / but when you once learn a thing, / you must never give it up / until you have thoroughly understood it. / It matters not what you try to think of, / but when you once try to think of a thing, / you must never give it up / until you have done it thoroughly and well. / If another man succeeds by one effort, / you will use a hundred efforts. / If another man succeeds by ten efforts, / you will use a thousand.


Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate. Colors have long been associated with emotions and our moods. Consider, for example, (1) someone could be in a “black mood” or “tickled pink” or “green with envy”. But, can you really psychoanalyze people (2) on the color they choose? Dr. Paul Golden, a behavioral psychologist, says years of research (3) him to believe that colors can tell a lot about a person. “We found that if people (4) red and black in a particular sequence on the color spectrum they had an extremely bad headache,” says Dr. Golden. And based on

how_____

based_______

leads _______

chose_______


those (5) ，“ we put together a program so we could analyze people by their (6) to color.” At www.colorgenics.com, people click on rotating colored tubes based on (7) their preference is. Based on those choices, a psychological profile can be created of your mood and emotional (8) at that moment. Dr. Golden says the profile won’t provide any (9) answers or cures for whatever is troubling you, but it is a good first step. “The idea is for you to see yourself as you are,” says Dr. Golden. “(10) once you know how you are and how other people see you, you can then get into the driver’s seat.”

state______

direct _______

Because _________


discoveries____________

responses____________

what(ever) _____________

Here you can use a word asking an experience.


Colors have long been associated with emotions and our moods. Consider, for example, (1) someone could be in a “black mood” or “tickled pink” or “green with envy”. But, can you really psychoanalyze people (2) on the color they choose? Dr. Paul Golden, a behavioral psychologist, says years of research (3) him to believe that colors can tell a lot about a person. “We found that if people (4) red and black in a particular sequence on the color spectrum they had an extremely bad headache,” says Dr. Golden. And based on

how_____

based_______

leads _______

chose_______

Here you can use a phrase meaning “according to”.



how_____

based_______

leads _______

chose_______

Here you need a word meaning “cause” to collocate with “to”.



how_____

based_______

leads _______

chose_______

Here you can use a word meaning “pick out based on one’s preference”.



how_____

based_______

leads _______

chose_______


state______

direct _______

Because _________



what(ever) _____________

What is the word we always use to mean “findings” when we mention research?



state______

direct _______

Because _________



what(ever) _____________

Here you can use a word meaning “reaction”.



state______

direct _______

Because _________



what(ever) _____________

Here you need a conjunction referring to anything or everything of a particular type.



state______

direct _______

Because _________



what(ever) _____________

Here you need a noun referring to the condition people are in or what they are like at a particular time.



state______

direct _______

Because _________



what(ever) _____________


How can we describe an answer when it is open and says exactly what it means?


state______

direct _______

Because _________



what(ever) _____________

What is the relationship between the dependent clause and the independent clause here?



Giving a talk

Having a discussion

Giving a talk In recent years we’ve encountered quite a number of problems about the safety of food and drugs in our country, such as the Sanlu milk powder case, which has produced negative repercussions at home and abroad. The public have raised strong doubts about the professional ethics of some food and drug manufacturers. Give a talk to your class, voicing your opinions about problems of this kind. Probably you could begin your talk with “You may find it hard to believe that the food we eat every day and the medicine we take are not entirely safe. They may even do harm to our health. But this is a fact.”


1) You may use the following words or expressions in your talk:

For your reference


tainted, contamination, dangerous, unsafe, substandard, do harm to, damage, risk, hazard, wrongdoing, suffer, doubtful, loss of poverty, cause death, scandal, monitor, supervise, loophole, prevent, demand compensation for the damage, ensure the health


—

2) You may want to give the following reasons for such phenomenon:

— Some food and drug manufacturers are so greedy for quick profits that they disregard the professional ethics.

— Because of the ineffectiveness of security supervision, some food and drug manufacturers take the advantage of the loopholes in the law.


—

3) You may want to give the suggestions as follows:

— Illegal individual or manufacturers should be severely punished.

— The government should improve the laws and regulations for food and drug safety.

— Security supervision should be reinforced.

— Individuals should improve the awareness of risk prevention.

Having a discussion When Dr. Waitley says, “… integrity is in short supply today — and getting scarcer,” he is referring to the American society. But do you think this is also true to some extent of the current Chinese society? Dishonesty in society in general is spreading to schools and colleges, corroding integrity in the academic field. Hold a discussion in groups of four or five on such phenomena as cheating and plagiarism, asserting your views on these forms of intellectual dishonesty.


For your reference


1) You may use the following words or expressions in your discussion:

higher education, diploma-seekers, copy, cheating, plagiarism, dishonesty, deception, shame, a failing grade, face punishment, discipline, decay of moral standard, diplomas for sale, fake diploma, fake documents, depreciation of the certificates, counterfeiter, public opinion, doubt the effectiveness, academic integrity


—

2) You may want to express the following viewpoints:— Cheating is a shame.

— Cheating is a denial of one’s moral standard and inner quality.


—

3) You may want to give some reasons for this phenomenon:— Students seek quick success and instant

benefits.— Students have fluky mind.

— the ineffectiveness of the current assessment system

— the ineffectiveness of supervision


Subordinating conjunctions

Practice

Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses to main clauses. There are numerous subordinating conjunctions. The more commonly used ones are: after, although, as, as far as, as soon as, as if, as though, because, before, even if, even though, every time, for fear that, how, if, inasmuch as, in case (that) , in order that, in so far as, in that, just as … so, lest, next time, no matter how, now that, once, provided (that) , since, so that, supposing (that), than, that, the first/second time, the last time, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever,



where, wherever, whether, while, why. They are used to introduce subordinate clauses of various kinds. Generally, subordinate clauses have the following functions:

e.g.

A. Concession (though, although, even if, even).

Although no one was injured, more than two hundred homes were destroyed.


e.g.

B. Identification (that, when, who):

Firefighters, who came from several neighboring cities, fought the fire for two days.

e.g.

C. Time (before, when, after, while, as, as soon as, till, until):

While I was teaching in a high school, she was working as a nurse in a hospital.

The promoters installed loudspeakers outside in order that those waiting to get in could hear the music.


e.g.

D. Cause (since, because, as):

Since you missed the deadline, you will have to pay extra fees.

e.g.

E. Condition (if, unless, provided, in case, as long as):

If a new storm comes, the road will be closed.

e.g.

F. Purpose (so that, in order that):

I got up late so that I missed the train.


e.g.

G. Manner (as, as if, as though, how):

Please do as your doctor says.

e.g.

H. Place (where):

Where the road forks, you will find a service station.

e.g.

I. Result (so that):

PracticeCombine the following sentences with

appropriate subordinating conjunctions and delete

unnecessary words.1. Commercials are necessary for business.

Commercials can be annoying to the public.


Although commercials are necessary for business, they can be annoying to the public. [Concession]

2. Health is above wealth. The latter cannot give so much happiness as the former.


Health is above wealth because the latter cannot give so much happiness as the former. [Cause]

3. The police arrived. The thieves ran away.

When the police arrived, the thieves ran away. [Time]

4. One can not learn a foreign language well. He doesn’t study hard.


One can not learn a foreign language well unless he studies hard. [Condition]

5. The lecturer raised his voice. We could hear him clearly.

The lecturer raised his voice so that/in order that we could hear him clearly. [Purpose]Or: The lecturer raised his voice so that we heard him clearly. [Result]

Bosses or WorkersA. Listen carefully. Complete the following

chart with information about Caroline and George.


Caroline George

Position in the firm

Deal with

Personnel Manager____________________ Sales Manager_______________

People________ Facts and figures___________________


Caroline George

Problem

Solution

Everything she deals with is secondhand.

________________

________________

________________

He just sits there in his comfortable office with three telephones, but he can make or break a man just by looking at a sales chart.

______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

Be one of the workers.________________

________________

Go out on the road and try to get orders from people.

______________________

______________________

______________________

B. Listen again and answer the following questions.


1. According to Caroline, what is the trouble with the firm?There are too many bosses and too few workers.______________________________________________________________

2. According to George, what is the key to a prosperous firm?

So long as there’ s a good relationship between the managers and the workers the firm will prosper.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________


3. What does Caroline think every boss should do?

4. What does Caroline have to admit at last?

In practice, she’ d be of no use because she hasn’ t got any practical skills.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

She thinks every boss should spend at least three months every year working on the factory floor, subject to the same rules and discipline as all the other workers.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

C:

G:C:

You know, the trouble with this firm is that there are too many bosses and too few workers.What do you mean? We’re all workers.No, we’re not. We’re bosses. I’m in charge of Personnel and you’re Sales Manager. I engage staff and try to sort out their personal problems and generally keep them happy, but I don’t go looking for them. I wait for them to come to me. I don’t go down and work on the factory floor myself. Everything I deal with — aggression, individualism, racial prejudice — is secondhand.

Bosses or Workers


(C = Caroline G = George)


G:

C:

G:

Yes, but surely that’s the whole idea. You have to be objective. You wouldn’t be able to give them the right advice if you were mixed up in all their problems.Of course I would. I’d be one of them. I’d be able to judge much better if they were telling me their troubles, or if they were just having me on because they’d had a row with someone or thought the foreman had a down on them — things like that. As for you ...What about me?

C:

G:

C:

Well, all you deal with are facts and figures, not people. You don’t have to go out on the road and try to get orders from people you don’t like and spend most of your nights in second-rate hotels up and down the country.Most of our reps do a pretty good job. Sales figures have been most encouraging this year. I admit there are one or two areas where I think we could do better.That’s exactly what I mean. “You think” — you don’t know. You sit there in your comfortable office with your three telephones and you can make or break a man just by looking at a sales chart. You’re a boss. You don’t do the real work, but you’re paid twice as much as the people who do.



G:

C:

G:

Aren’t you getting things a bit out of proportion? Any organization needs managers and managers need the workers. So long as there’s a good relationship between them the firm will prosper.Oh, it’s all too easy from where you and I are standing. I think every boss should spend at least three months every year working on the factory floor, subject to the same rules and discipline as all the other workers.Would you be prepared to do that yourself?


C: In theory, yes, but in practice, no. I haven’t got any practical skills, you see, so I don’t think I’d be a lot of use. I’d probably always be running to the Personnel Office to try and get myself moved to another department.

Text II Memorable quotes

Lead-in questions

Text

Questions for discussion

Lead-in questions1. What do you think of human being’s role in nature?2. What can we do to improve children’s

environmental awareness?


1. If children discover the beauty of nature while they are young, they will respect nature and try to preserve it when they are older. Parents play an essential role in helping their children make this discovery. Although young children are not able to understand the complex relationship of man to his environment, they can be educated in this aspect and learn how to respect nature and gain a simplified understanding of the importance of a healthy ecological environment. Helping children to gain such an appreciation and understanding can be an exciting adventure which is available to all that are willing to explore and use their senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing.

Becoming a Child of Nature: It’s a twofold Task for Parents and Children


2. Wonderful phenomena of nature are all around us. For example, have you ever awakened early to watch the sun rise? Have you ever stopped to observe a setting sun, a star-filled sky, or an October moon? Have you ever gone out after a rainfall and delighted in the scent of the fresh air? Have you ever taken time to listen to the song of the birds, the trees rustling in the wind or the music of the crickets? Have you ever held a seashell to your ear and heard the roar of the ocean? Have you ever tasted fresh berries, melon or spring water? Have you ever shared the above experiences with your children?


3. To help children gain an understanding of the world around them and the importance of ecology, parents can use interesting objects from their children’s everyday lives. For example, most children are familiar with rocks. They have seen them, touched them, and played with them. However, they will not discover the beauty and uses of rocks unless you help them. Collect some rocks and point out that some rocks are minerals, others may be used for decorations, like marbles used in building houses, and still other rocks are used to build roads. Visiting mountains if possible can help them gain a better understanding of rocks.


4. Most young children love to play in dirt. You can help your children to gain the concept that soil is not just “dirt” but something necessary for life. Most plant life grows in some form of soil. Take your children for a visit to gardens and farms where food is grown. Perhaps your children can have their own plants or gardens. You can explain to them that plants are necessary not only for food but also for controlling floods. During a time of heavy rain or snow, plants help to absorb the moisture.5. It’s difficult for young children to gain an appreciation of rain because rain to young children means that they can’t go out to play. However, you can try to help your children realize that rain is vital to life.


Without rain, plants and animals would die of thirst. Your children know what it feels like to be thirsty. If you have plants and allow your children to help you water them, this will help them to start recognizing the importance of water to life.6. You can also help your children gain some understanding of the importance of clean oceans. Even young children realize that an ocean filled with garbage is not good for sea life. Many fish can die or become contaminated from the trash that is thrown into the ocean. People, who unknowingly eat fish contaminated by pollutants in the water, can become seriously ill.


7. Many children, through the examples, can begin to become more aware of man’s relationship to his environment. However, even more importantly, you can help them by example to learn to respect their environment. Young children learn not only from first-hand experiences but by imitation. If you show your children by your actions that you respect the environment in which you live, this will start them on this path.8. Do you avoid putting pollutants in the air by never burning your leaves? Have you ever stopped smoking? Do you respect plant life? Do you stop anyone from carving in the bark of trees? Do you avoid walking on fresh grass? Do you conserve water and energy?


9. By setting a good example for your children, you are not only giving them a good model to imitate, you are also helping them to increase their chances for survival. It is not too soon to help your children to appreciate, understand, and respect the environment in which they live.


twofold (Title): having two important parts


e.g. The reason for the country’s economic collapse is twofold.

complex (Paragraph 1): consisting of many different parts or processes that are closely connected


e.g.There is a complex network of roads round the city.


simplified (Paragraph 1): being made easier or less complicated

e.g. She was reading a simplified version of “Great Expectations”.


ecological (Paragraph 1): connected with the way plants, animals, and people are related to each other and to their environment

e.g.The destruction of the rain forests is an ecological disaster that threatens the future of life on earth.


an exciting adventure (Paragraph 1): an exciting experiencee.g. We got lost on the Metro — it was quite an

exciting adventure.


an October moon (Paragraph 2): a full moon


taken time (Paragraph 2): If doing something takes time, it needs a relatively long period of time.

e.g. Learning a foreign language isn’t easy — it takes time.


Have you ever tasted fresh berries, ...? (Paragraph 2): The verb taste can be used in three ways:

e.g. This tastes delicious. What’s in it?/I can taste almond in this pudding.

(1) We can describe the taste of food, drink, etc. by using taste + adjective or taste + noun.

e.g. I think I can taste garlic and mint in the sauce.

(2)We can describe our sensations by using taste with a personal subject.


e.g. “Stop eating the cake.” — “I’m just tasting it.”

(3) We can also taste something in order to see whether it is all right, or to compare it with something else.


Collect some rocks (Paragraph 3): The word “collect” is used especially when you want to keep things together to form a collection.

e.g. The family’s been collecting modern art for thirty years.


concept (Paragraph 4): sb’s idea of something is or should be donee.g.

It’s difficult to grasp the concept of infinite space.


in some form of soil (Paragraph 4): The word “some” can be used with singular countable nouns to mean a person or thing, when you do not know or say exactly which.e.g. There must be some reason for her behaviour. Sh

e’s working for some insurance company in Birmingham.


vital to (Paragraph 5): extremely important and necessary for sth. to succeed or existe.g. Your support is vital to the success of my plan.

Such measures are vital to national security.


it feels like (Paragraph 5): it gives one a particular feeling of

e.g.I was only there two days but it felt like a week!


contaminated (Paragraph 6): made a place or substance dirty and dangerous by adding sth. to it, for example chemicals or poison

e.g. People feared that dumped waste would contaminate water supplies.


man’s relationship to his environment (Paragraph 7): 1) A relationship with sb. or sth. is usually close, and may i

nvolve strong feelings.

e.g. What kind of relationship does she have with her mother?

2) A relationship to sb. or sth. like a connection, is usually about a simple fact.

e.g.Jane’s relationship to Jeff is that he is her boss.


3) A relationship between people and other people or things may be either close and full of emotion, or simply a matter of fact.

e.g. They’re both called Smith, but there is no relationships between them. What’s the relationship between temperature and humidity?


… this will start them on this path. (Paragraph 7): …, this will help them learn to respect the environment in which they live because it will be good for them.


conserve (Paragraph 8): Compare “conserve” and “preserve”. “To conserve sth.” is to protect it and try to prevent it from changing or being damaged.

e.g. We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.

“To preserve sth.” is to keep it as it is for a long time in a good condition, or keep it as it is now.

e.g.I think these traditional customs should be preserved. The wreck was preserved by the muddy sea bed.


It is not too soon to help… (Paragraph 9): Something must be done about it right away…


1. What is the twofold task of parents and children the author talks about in this article?

Children discover and understand the beauty of nature and their parents take the initiative and help them to do so.


They will respect nature and try to preserve it when they are older.

2. How important is it for children to discover the beauty of nature?


3. Why is children’s discovery of nature an exciting adventure?

By exploring their environment children can gain an understanding of the world in an interesting and more complex way and create their own intellectual conceptions of reality.



4. Why does the author ask parents to share their own experience with their children?

The author believes that parents’ own experience can stimulate the natural curiosity of children and nourish their innate desire to learn.



5. Why does the author suggest that parents use interesting objects from their children?

By continually interacting with their environment, children can keep adding to and reshaping their conceptions of the world.



6. What does the author regard as the main value of giving children examples?Children have a natural power to learn and through the examples, they can begin to become more aware of man’s relationship to his environment.



7. What can we conclude from the passage about parents’ participation in the educational development of their children?

Parents can provide an education which can fulfill and enrich the current lives of their children as well as prepare them for the future.


Memorable QuotesRead the following quotes and tell what kind of qualities are needed in order to be honest.


Guidance: Honesty is considered one of the highest virtues among many cultures. Honesty is respected and greatly valued by many people across the globe. Honesty is one of the ingredients of a good human being. Being honest is being truthful, frank and sincere. Honesty also suggests strength of character and wisdom of the mind. An honest human being does not have anything to hide or camouflage from others, which indicates excellence.


Alexander Pope (1688–1744) was an eighteenth-century English poet, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer. George Washington (1732–1799) served as the first President of the U.S. from 1789 to 1797. He is often referred by Americans as the “Father of Our Country” because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States.

Memorable Quotes

1. An honest man’s the noblest work of God.

— Alexander Pope


An honest man is the work with the highest moral qualities created by God.

I consider an “Honest Man” is the most enviable title given to man. I hope I shall be strong-minded and righteous enough to keep to the qualities of an “Honest Man”. maintain: to keep in existence, sustain

2. I hope I shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain what I consider the most enviable of all titles, the character of an “Honest Man.”

— George Washington


e.g. Water and air are necessary to maintain life.

unit5 1. quote dante alighieri: follow your own course, and let people talk. cultural information...

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belief cultural information

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