unit4 120208204821-phpapp01[1]
TRANSCRIPT
Unit Outline
States, Nations, Nation-States
The Structure of the State
The History of The State
The Modern State
Important VocabularyBalkanization
Binational or Multinational State
Boundary
Centripetal Force
Centrifugal Force
Colonies
Command Economy
Compact States
Confederal System
Consequent Boundaries
Core Area
Core-Periphery
Cultural Boundary
Democratization
Devolution
The Four Boundary Disputes
Economic Force
Electoral Geography
Elongated States
Enclaves, Exclaves
Ethnic Force
Ethnonationalism
European Union
Federal System
Fragmentation
Fragmented States
Frontiers
Geometric Boundaries
Gerrymandering
Geopolitics
Imperialism
Institutions
Integration
Internal Boundaries
Irredentism
Landlocked States
Market Economy
Marketization
Microstates
Minority/Majority Districting
Mixed Economy
Multicore State
Nation/Nation-State/State
Perforated States
Physical Boundary
Political Geography
Politicization of Religion
Politics
Primate City
Privatization
Security Council
Separatist Movement
Shatter Belts
Sovereignty
Spatial Force
Stateless Nation
States
Supranational Organization
Territoriality
Unitary state
Important Models and Theories
Nicholas Spykman’s Rimland Theory
Friedrich Ratzel’s Heartland Theory
Wallerstein’s World System Theory
Guiding Unit Questions
• How is space politically organized into states and nations?
• How do states spatially organize their governments?
• How are boundaries established, and why do boundary disputes occur?
• How do geopolitics and critical geopolitics help us understand the world?
• What are supranational organizations and what is the future of the state?
Politically Organized
Permanent Population
Defined Territory and Government
Recognized by other States
State
Are the US States actual states?
Because the US States do not have sovereignty, they are not considered states but
districts.
Dates to the French Revolution
Created to inspire nationalism within
a state
Largely an ideal rather than fact
Unifies groups that may destroy the
state
Nation-State
Multinational State
• A state with more than one nation inside its borders.
• Nearly every State in the world is a multinational state.
• Iraq: Sunnis, Kurds, Shiites
Multistate Nations
• A nation that stretches across borders.
Stateless Nations
• A nation that does not have a state.
• Palestinians, Kurds
Territoriality is the efforts to control pieces of the earth’s
surface for political and social ends.
Sack’s Theory
• Human territoriality is different than animal territoriality.
• HT takes on different forms depending on the social and geographic context.
Boundaries are invisible lines that mark the extent of a
state’s territory and control its leaders have.
Physical
•Mountains
•Desert
•Water
Cultural (Consequent)
•Geometric
•Religious (India/Pakistan)
•Language
Compact State
The distance from the center to any boundary is about the same.
Promotes good communication.
Prorupted State
A compact state with a large projecting extension.
Exists to reach a natural resource.
Perforated State
A perforated state completely surrounds another.
To get to the other state you have to go through the other.
Problems arise if there are issues between the two states.
Fragmented State
A state that is separated by a physical or human barrier.
Communication is difficult.
Enclave State
A state completely surrounded by another state.
Does not have a political affinity for the surrounding state.
Size of States:
A microstate (Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Morino) may only be a few square miles.
The size of the state does not necessarily suggest power.
• Occur when states argue about where the border actually is.
• Ex: The United States and Mexico argued over their border position even after it was set by treaty in 1848.
Positional Disputes
• Arises over the ownership of a region.
• Conflicts arise if the people of one state want to annex a territory whose population is ethnically related.
• Ex: Germany invaded Poland and Czechoslovakia because there were German minorities living there.
Territorial Disputes
• Involve natural resources (mineral deposits, fertile farmland, or rich fishing groups) that lie in the border area.
• Example: The US and Canada have fought over fishing grounds in the Atlantic Ocean
Allocation Disputes
• When neighboring states cannot agree on policies that apply in a border area.
• Example: The US/Mexican Border in regards to immigration and transport of goods.
Operational Disputes
Internal Boundaries
Most modern countries divide themselves into districts, states, or provinces.
These boundaries may be physical, cultural or geometric.
A Core Area is heartland of a country, usually more
advanced than the rest of the country, with an intense
feeling of native culture and nationality.
Capital Cities
In most states, the capital city is both an economic and cultural center as well as a center
for government.
A primate city is the leading city in its country or region,
disproportionately larger than any others in the urban
hierarchy.
Examples of Primate Cities
• Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles has a population of 1.3 million.
• Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people.
• Mexico City, Mexico (8.6 million) outshines Guadalajara (1.6 million).
Forward Capital
When the capital city serves as a model for national objectives – such as economic development and future hopes.
(Example: Tokyo, and Brasilia)
Periphery
The Periphery is the outlying areas of a state.
Towns get smaller, factories less frequent, etc.
Colonies are areas dependent on another country – they often
establish boundaries and government where none
exist.
The 14th Century
What major discovery was made in the 14th
Century that inspired the start of colonialism?
What happened to the Western Colonies?
The United States – 1776 Independence
Most Latin American Countries – 1800-1824
What might this do to a nation’s morale?
The French Revolution
What was the French Revolution?
How did the French Revolution inspire nationalism?
The Enlightenment
National awakening grew out of the Enlightenment. It emphasized national identity
based on nationhood instead of for the established government.
“Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood”
Revolution!!
Many European states were being ruled by foreign authority. (Example: Greece by the Ottoman Empire)
The people overthrew their government and established a national identity.
The Rise of Politics
As people began to have more control over their country, nationalism began to be an important
point for politicians trying to win support.
Imperialism is the policy of extending a country’s
influence through diplomacy or military force to areas
already governed by a indigenous society.
Imperialism was a large part of the political landscape from the 19th and early 20th century in
both Africa and Asia by the European Nations.
The Scramble for Africa was a process of
invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of
African territory by European powers
The Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference formalized the Scramble for Africa.
It set ground rules.
Rules
Abolished Slavery
Congo and Niger River
Open for Ship Traffic
Any fresh colonization
would have to be approved
Established Regions of
Control
When did it end?
The Race for Africa ended after World War I –especially when Germany was stripped of its colonies.
Most African/Asian nations became independent after WWII because the European nations did not have the resources to maintain control.
Results
African Nations split at Colonial
Lines
Drastically increased the
number of Nation States
Loss of Tribalism
Race for Power
Important Questions
• How is the nation-state concept changing?
• Considering organizations like the United-Nations, is it possible that the flow of power might change?
• What are the differences between centripetal and centrifugal forces?
• What is devolution and how is it affecting governments?
Centripetal Forces
Nationalism
Flags, Symbols, Holidays
Schools and Education
Church and Religion
Transportation
Communication
Centrifugal Forces
Opposing Institutions
Oppositional Nationalism
Separatist Movements
Peripheral Locations
Ethnic Forces
Economic Forces
English Government
Imagine, as a Louisianan, that you were being governed by a group of people from North
Dakota.
How would this make you feel?
What problems might this cause?
English Government
England is largely governed by people out of London.
The problem is that many people feel that London does not adequately represent them so London has moved from a strict Unitary System
to a Federal System.
Ethnic Forces
When a state contains a strong ethnic group that is different than the majority it can cause
ethnonationalism.
This can be further exacerbated when the ethnic group lives in one central area.
Examples:
French Canadians in Quebec, India and Pakistan’s Separation, Yugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia,
and Serbia-Montenegro)
Economic Forces
When one area of a state is economically inequal to the other areas.
Examples:
Italy’s “Ancona Line”,
This is especially true in any areas separated from the core.
Spatial Forces
Distance, remoteness, and peripheral location promote devolution, especially if water, desert, or mountains separate the areas from the center of
power.
Examples:
Example: Puerto Rico. 2 + 2 = 5 in extremely large cases of 2.
Geopolitics is the study of spatial and territorial dimensions of power
relationships within the global political-territorial
order.
Examples of Geopolitics
• How does Chinese Trade affect American Interests?
• How does the European Union affect the individual governments of members?
• How does the conflict in the Middle East affect relationships between UN countries.
The Power Structure of Global Politics
Friedrich Ratzel
• States are like biological organisms
• They have a predictable rise and fall.
Sir HalfordMacKinder
• The Heartland Theory
• Eurasia has the resources to rule the world.
Nicholas Spykmann
• The Rimland Theory
• The Rimland (Encircles the Heartland of Eurasia) has Control
Supranational Organizations are organizations that
transcend national boundaries to make decisions
on a geopolitical level.
Historical Supranationals
The Concert of Europe
• Formed in the 19th
Century
• Formed to restore the balance of power after Napoleons fall.
• Voluntary Agreement
League of Nations
• Formed after WWI
• Failed at the advent of WWII
The United Nations
• Started with only 49 nation-states in 1945, has grown to 192 members.
• Membership is voluntary, but the body has limited-powers to force its members to abide by peace keeping principles.
• The Security Council (The U.S., Great Britain, France, China, and Russia) can establish a peace-keeping force in a hotspot and request states to contribute military forces.
• Contains many sub-organizations that promote general welfare and monitor world trade and economics.
The European Union
• Considered a regional organization.
• Fostered by the belief in integration(encourages states to pool sovereignty)
• Largely an economic organization (The Euro)
– Trade and other economic matters
– Justice and Home Affairs
– Common foreign and security policy
Effects of the
EU
Has large control over
Monetary Policy
Demonstrates the rise of the
S.O over National
Sovereignty
Provides Europe more power over
World Issues
Globalization
What is globalization?
How might globalization effect the way that states look and govern themselves?
Liberal Democracies
• Civil Liberties
• Equal Treatment
• Neutrality of Judiciary
• Open Civil Society
• Open Media
• Civilian control of the military
Illiberal Democracies
• Missing some or all of those characteristics.
Third Wave
• Defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers.
• More Recent
Second Wave
• After WWII – Post-Colonialism
First Wave
• Gradual
Samuel Huntington’s Theory
Reasons for Democratization
Loss of Legitimacy by Authoritarian
Regimes
The expansion of an urban middle
class
A new emphasis on “human
rights” by the United States
The “snow-ball” effect
When is a country considered democratic?
Democracy may be declared when a country has had at least two successive peaceful turnovers.
Types of Economies
Command Economy – The government determines the cost of product and what to sell.
Mixed Economy – Allows significant government control while still providing for market principles.
Market Economy – The producers determine the cost of product and what to sell based on what people determine what to purchase.
Global Economic Change
• Most countries have experienced or are experiencing Marketization – the movement from a command economy to a mixed economy.
• This does not necessarily connect with the government’s power (China, Russia)
Fragmentation
The division of states based on cultural identity.
How can you see fragmentation in the Middle East?
The politicization of religion is the use of religious principles to promote
political ends and vice versa.