Unit V(Chapter 13 – The Impending Crisis)

1. Why did U.S. leaders want to build the Erie Canal? How did the canal change the U.S.?2. When was the Fugitive Slave Act passed, and what were the consequences of this law?3. Do you think the Civil War was inevitable? Explain

The Story of US - Division

The US had once claimed Texas was part of the Louisiana Purchase and tried to purchase it twice.

Texas

Texas Open for Immigrants

In 1821, Mexico had gained independence from Spain. Texas (Tejas) was one of the northern regions of the new country.

Texas Open for Immigrants

From 1823 to 1825, Mexico passed colonization laws that offered cheap land to anyone who would settle Texas and a 4-10 year tax exemption.

Why would Mexico do this?

Texas Open for Immigrants

Under the National Colonization Act, Mexico gave 26 empresarios (“agents” or “contractors”) large tracts of land each. The empresarios would then get as many settlers as they could to fill the land.

Texas Open for Immigrants Moses Austin

(empresario) died and asked his son, Stephen F. Austin, to take over for him. Stephen founded the first American settlement in Texas in 1822.

He founded Washington-on-the-Brazos between the Rio Brazos

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/peopleevents/p_austin.html

Texas Open for Immigrants

Though the settlers became citizens of Mexico, they did not fully adopt Mexican custom. Not many learned Spanish and none completely followed the Catholic Church.

Tensions began to grow, and in 1826, Benjamin Edwards led a rebellion against the Mexican government. He tried to establish the nation of Fredonia, which was made up of American settlers.

He didn’t have a big following and Stephen Austin led troops that put down the rebellion.

Texas Open for Immigrants

In 1830 there were more than twice the number of Americans (about 7,000) than Mexicans living in Texas.

In fear of more rebellions in 1830 Mexico unsuccessfully closed its borders to immigrants and banned import of slaves (slavery now illegal there).

Mexico then placed taxes on imported goods in an attempt to discourage trade with the U.S.

By 1835 there were about 30,000 Americans (white and black) in Texas.

Texas at War

Austin, angered over the failed negotiations, sent a letter to Tejano leaders in San Antonio. He suggested that Texas should start reforming into its own state. Mexican officials intercepted the letter.

Austin then went to speak directly with the Mexican president, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Austin was successful in getting the immigration ban lifted (1833).

Texas at War On his way home, on January

1834, Austin was arrested by Mexican officials charged with treason on the basis of his letter and fear that he would lead an insurrection. He was thrown in jail and wasn’t released until July 1835.

Meanwhile, Santa Anna threw out the Mexican Constitution and named himself dictator.

When Austin was released, he told Texans were having a hard time forming an army while Santa Anna was ready to fight.

Texas at War The Texan army easily

defeated the Mexican army at Gonzales, a military post 75 miles from San Antonio. When the Mexicans ordered the Texans to give up their arms, the Texans pointed a cannon at the opposing army and held up a cloth with “Come and Take It” painted on it.

Texas at War With no orders to attack, the

Mexican army retreated to San Antonio and were followed by the Texans. The Texans forced out the Mexican army at San Antonio.

While Santa Anna organized a force of 6,000 men to put down the rebellion, Sam Houston, a former governor of Tennessee, took command of the Texan force.

Austin traveled east to try and gain annexation support from the U.S.

The Alamo On February 23, 1836, the return of General

Antonio López de Santa Anna's army outside San Antonio nearly caught the Texans by surprise.

Jim Bowie, renowned knife fighter, was put in charge of the Alamo by Houston. After falling ill he handed control over to William B. Travis.

The defenders held out for 13 days against Santa Anna's army.

William B. Travis sent couriers carrying pleas for help to communities in Texas. On the eighth day of the siege, a band of 32 volunteers from Gonzales arrived, bringing the number of defenders to nearly two hundred.

Legend holds that with the possibility of additional help fading, Colonel Travis drew a line on the ground and asked any man willing to stay and fight to step over — all except one did.

David Crockett famed frontiersman and former congressman from Tennessee also died at the Alamo.

While stories and records are conflicting, it is known that not one defender survived the Alamo.

The Battle of the AlamoThe Battle of the AlamoThe Battle of the AlamoThe Battle of the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Goliad

Mexican troops attacked a Texan army led by James W. Fannin two weeks later at Goliad, a town southeast of San Antonio. Fannin surrendered and Santa Anna ordered them executed. On March 27, at dawn, over 300 men were executed by firing squad.

Texas at War

Houston, needing time to reorganize, recruit, and train his soldiers, retreated to Louisiana. Houston waited for Santa Anna to attack.

When both armies were camping next to the San Jacinto River (near Houston) Santa Anna no longer threatened by Houston let his men sleep in the afternoon thinking that Houston would wait till the next day to attack.

Texas at War Houston’s soldiers

were ready to attack . Hidden by a hill the Texans surprised the sleeping Mexicans.

Texas at War The surprise

attack caused the Mexican army to go into a panic. The battle lasted only 20 minutes

Texas at War

Throughout the battle the Texans yelled “Remember the Alamo” and “Remember Goliad!”

Hundreds of Mexicans were killed and 700 were taken captive. There were only 9 Texans killed and 34 wounded.

Texas at War

Santa Anna himself was captured. Houston forced Santa Ann to sign the Treaty of Velasco that recognized Texas as an independent nation.

Though the Mexican Congress refused to accept the treaty it did not want to start another military campaign.

The Republic of Texas

In September 1836, the new Republic of Texas held its first elections.

Sam Houston was elected as the first president of the new republic.

3,277 to 91 voted in favor of being annexed as a part of the U.S.

The Republic of Texas

Even though Americans had supported the war and wanted to annex the republic, northern congressmen opposed admitting Texas because it was a slave state.

President Andrew Jackson also didn’t want to stir up conflict with Mexico by claiming Texas.

But on his last day in office, Jackson signed a resolution recognizing Texas as independent nation.

Van Buren and Harrison refrained from pushing the issue.

Texas and Oregon Enter the Union

1844, President Tyler brought the matter to the Senate

He included a letter written by Secretary of State John C. Calhoun that contained a fierce defense of slavery.

This upset Northerners said letter as evidence that annexation was pro-slavery plot.

Texas and Oregon Continued

By count of 35 to 16, the Senate voted against annexation -submitted as a treaty

This destroyed Tyler’s chance of winning a second presidential term.

The Election of 1844 Henry Clay, senator for the

Whigs (didn’t really take strong position)

Democratic chose James K. Polk

Polk promised to annexation Texas and Oregon territory and also to buy California from Mexico

This offer appeared to Southerners and Northerners.

PolkJames K.

….A lawyer and former congressman from Tennessee, James Knox Polk became a "dark horse" candidate for the Democratic Party in 1844. He narrowly defeated Whig Henry Clay in the general election and succeeded John Tyler to the presidency.

Polk- promised to annex, expanded country, maintain balance of free & slave states.

The Oregon Question Polk supporters took a strong stance on

Oregon It was said we had the right to it, despite the

British claims

Supporters said “Fifty – four Forty or Fight”, declaring they want all of Oregon to the line of 54*40’ north latitude

ClayHenry

… was a leading American statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He was a dominant figure in both the Second Party System to 1824, and the Third Party System after that.

Clay-Supported annexation of Texas as long as there was no war with Mexico, angered anti-slavery Whigs. He wanted it to be ok with Mexico.

Question

“Fifty-four Forty of Fight!”

Polk agreed to split territory

U.S. received all of Oregon south of

49 degrees north lat. Except Van Couver

The Orego

n

The Annexation

of Texas

Resolution to annexation succeeded because needed only simple majority of both houses rather than 2/3 to ratify.

Joined the union 1845 (John Tyler – pres)

Mexico broke diplomatic relations with U.S. Government.

Mexico & America argue over Texas border.

The War with Mexico

Issues Mexico saw the border with Texas as the

Nueces River, America believed it was the Rio Grande.

Santa Fe, New Mexico was a trading post established by Americans.

California was inhabited by whalers, merchants, and pioneers had settled the Sacramento Valley governed by John Sutter. Thomas Larkin (1844) was an appointed as an American consul in Monterrey and his job was to arouse sentiment in CA for annexation.

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., Nov., 18451845The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., Nov., 18451845 Mexican recognition of

the the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the disputed area & New Mexico for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

Mexican recognition of the the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the disputed area & New Mexico for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

John SlidellJohn Slidell

JoseHerrea

President of Mexico

Refused to meet with John Slidell

America (Polk rather) is ready to fight over the border issue.

Americans (under the command of Zachary Taylor) cross the Nueces River. Mexico sees this as an invasion and fires.

Polk can now say, “American blood has been shed on American soil.” War is declared May 13, 1846.

CALLING ALL VOLUNTEERS!

Call for 50,000 volunteers -73,000 came

• 3-pronged military strategy planned by Polk

Zachary Taylor’s troops move south toward Mexico City seizing northeastern cities like Monterrey first.

Forces moved NW and take Santa Fe

March west to take California

http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/army_life_us.html

THE FIGHTING BEGINS!

Taylor’s troops defeated Mexicans

at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma,

and Monterrey (had marched

200 miles)

U.S. captured Santa Fe

(Colonel Kearny) which was deserted.

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C.

Frémont

The Revolt had occurred 25 days before Fremont

arrived June 14, 1846

The Revolt had occurred 25 days before Fremont

arrived June 14, 1846

Member of Whig Party

Led troops to capture Mexico City

Replaced Taylor

WinfieldScott

Scott’s Road to Victory

Assembled the army at Tampico and sailed down the coast to Vera Cruz.

Established a base at Vera Cruz and marched 14,000 troops 260 miles without losing a battle.

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

General Winfield Scott General Winfield Scott Enters Mexico CityEnters Mexico CityGeneral Winfield Scott General Winfield Scott Enters Mexico CityEnters Mexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Polk was ready for the war to be over and had sent a special envoy with the army to negotiate.

Polk ends up being very upset with Trist!

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gives up California, Utah, Nevada and parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).

http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gives up California, Utah, Nevada and parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).

http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html

The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000

and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 500,000 sq. mi. of land

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 500,000 sq. mi. of land

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

Manifest Destiny finally is Reached

Compromise of 1850

On January 29, 1850, the 70-year-old Clay presented a compromise. For eight months members of Congress, led by Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun debated the compromise. With the help of Stephen Douglas, a young Democrat from Illinois, a series of bills that would make up the compromise were ushered through Congress

California entered as free. Utah and New Mexico territories enter union with popular

sovereignty. Banned the slave trade in D.C. Texas gives up their claim to land in Mexico. Fugitive Slave Act

Fugitive Slave Act

It required citizens to assist in the recovery of fugitive slaves.

It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. Cases would be handled by special commissioners --

commissioners who would be paid $5 if an alleged fugitive were released and $10 if he or she were sent away with the claimant.

How did northern states react? What was Pierce’s response when he takes office?

Election of 1852

The Whig party avoided the slavery which caused anti-slavery members to put their support behind John Hale for president.

Democrat Franklin Pierce to defeat Whig candidate Winfield Scott.

Gadsden Purchase

Sec of War Jefferson Davis sent a southern railroad builder (James Gadsden) to purchase part of Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million.

A southern transcontinental railroad could now exist.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Stephen Douglas (Illinois) wanted a transcontinental RR in

the north. The argument against it was that it would go through Indian land. He introduced a bill in January 1854 to admit Nebraska.

He then proposed admitting Kansas and Nebraska into the union under popular sovereignty while repealing the Missouri Compromise.

The Whigs, Democrats, and Free-Soilers against the K-N Act formed the Republican party.

The Democrat Party into North and South. Franklin Pierce supported the bill and it became law in

May of 1854.

Kansas Rumors had spread to the South that 20,000 Northerners were

descending on Kansas, and in November 1854, thousands of armed Southerners, mostly from Missouri, poured over the line to vote for a proslavery congressional delegate.

The Missourians, or "Border Ruffians," poured over the line. At one location only 20 of over 600 voters were legal

residents. The proslavery forces won the election. 2,905 registered voters compared to 6,307 actual ballots cast.

Only 791 voted against slavery.

“Free Staters” defied the new government and created their own.

The abolitionist minister Henry Ward Beecher furnished settlers with rifles, which came to be known as "Beecher's Bibles."  

Most of the Free State settlers were part of a movement called Free Soil, which demanded free territory for free white people. They hated slavery, but not out of concern for the slaves themselves. They hated it because plantations took over the land and prevented white working people from having their own homesteads.. The Free Staters voted 1,287 to 453 to outlaw black people, slave or free, from Kansas. Their territory would be white.

In April of 1856 a three-man congressional investigating committee arrived in Lecompton (proslavery capital) to look into the Kansas troubles.

The majority report of the committee found the elections to be fraudulent, and said that the free state government represented the will of the majority. The federal government refused to follow its recommendations, however, and continued to recognized the proslavery legislature as the legitimate government of Kansas.

Bleeding Kansas

People (mostly free staters) were tarred and feathered, kidnapped, killed. On May 21, 1856, a group of proslavery men entered Lawrence, where they burned the Free State Hotel, destroyed two printing presses, and ransacked homes and stores.

In retaliation, the fiery abolitionist John Brown led a group of men on an attack at Pottawatomie Creek. The group, which included four of Brown's sons, dragged five proslavery men from their homes and hacked them to death. 

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

 The abolitionist senator Charles Sumner delivered a fiery speech called "The Crime Against Kansas," in which he accused proslavery senators, particularly Atchison and Andrew Butler of South Carolina, of [cavorting with the] "harlot, Slavery." In retaliation, Butler's nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, attacked Sumner at his Senate desk and beat him senseless with a cane.

http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/willis/Civil_War/documents/Crime.html “The Senator from South Carolina has read

many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight, with sentiments of honor and courage.  Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him, -- though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight:  I mean the harlot Slavery.”

Election of 1856

Stephen A. Douglas coveted the Democratic nomination in 1856, but his reputation had been badly tarnished by the ongoing violence in Kansas. In his place the Democrats turned to James Buchanan, who had been the minister to Britain from 1853 to 1856 and was not linked to the Kansas issue. Further, Buchanan was popular in the South because of his part in the Ostend Manifesto.

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h147.html The American Party (Know-Nothings) nominated former

president Millard Fillmore and capitalized on nativist discontent.

Election of 1856

The Republicans ran their first presidential campaign in 1856, choosing noted Western explorer John C. Frémont, "The Pathfinder." Frémont had no political record (regarded as a plus), but held abolitionist views (a negative in the eyes of many moderates).

Ran a campaign calling for repeal of the hated Kansas-Nebraska Act, opposition to the extension of slavery into the territories and support for internal improvement projects. They also took every opportunity to blame the Democrats for the horrors of "Bleeding Kansas."

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h85.html Buchanan emerged the victor, but failed to

gain a majority of the popular vote. In fact, a shift of a small number of votes in several states would have tipped the electoral tally to the Republicans. Mirroring the sectional feelings of the day, the Democrats were strong in the South, the Republicans in the North. The election in 1856 brought a weak president to leadership in a badly divided nation.

What is going on in the Supreme Court? Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857

Free or not? Decision - Dred Scott is not a citizen and cannot exercise

rights that he does not have. Endorsed by Buchanan Traveling in free states or territories does not make you free. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional Congress did not

have power to prohibit slavery in territories because of the 5th amendment (can’t take property without due process).

Basically the federal government is powerless on the issue of slavery.

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

What is going on in society?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852

Fictional account 2 million copies sold between 1852-1862.

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Sold 300,000

copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

John Brown isn’t finished…

Raid on Harper’s Ferry and his execution 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

Harriet Tubman

Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman

Frederick Douglass

The motto of The North Star was "Right is of no Sex — Truth is of no Color — God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren."

Lincoln/Douglas Debatesfor Illinois Senate seat 1858 "A house divided against itself

cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other." Lincoln's 'House-Divided' Speech in Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858.

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Election of 1860

Democrats North – Stephen

Douglas (12 elec, 29% popular vote)

South – John C. Breckenridge (current VP- 72 electoral votes and 18% popular vote)

Republicans North – Abraham

Lincoln (180 elect, 40% of pop vote)

Constitutional Union -John Bell

1860PresidentialElection

1860PresidentialElection

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860Republican Party Platform in 1860ß Non-extension of slavery [for the

Free-Soilers]

ß Protective tariff [for the N Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]

ß Protective tariff [for the N Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Secession: SC

Dec. 20, 1860

Secession: SC

Dec. 20, 1860

Secession

Abraham Lincoln wins election in 1860 with 180 electoral college votes, but without winning the majority popular vote.

Inaugural Speech March 4, 1861 The Confederate States of America

SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX, NC, TN, VA, AR

Border states – M – M – K- D