INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE

Earth science- -study of Earth’s systems

Includes:MeteorologyAstronomyGeologyOceanography

Presentation Outline

1.What is Earth Science2.Observations vs. Inference

3.Metric Measurements4.Scientific Notation5.Percent Error6.Density7.Graphing8.Rate of Change

OBSERVATION- -Uses the 5 senses to gather information-We use technology to extend these senses

What are some instruments that you have used in science?

OBSERVATION- -Use senses for information-We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses

INFERENCE--make a conclusion-making sense of observations

What do you see and what do you think will happen?

What do you see and where do you think this photo was taken?

Come up with an observation and an inference based on this photo

Come up with an observation and an inference based on this photo

Metric MeasurementsWhat is approximately 3,000 mm?The height of the classroom.10 feet equals about 3 m or 3,000 mm

Conversions1 km = 1000 m60 m = ? cm.1 cm = ? mm 700 hm = ? cm

More Metric and UnitsKittens Kilometer 1000 m

Have Hectometer 100 m

Dirty Decamater 10 m

Mouths Meter 1 m

From

Drinking Decimeter 0.1 m

Chocolate Centimeter .01 m

Milk Millimeter .001 m

UnitsMass grams (g)1000 g = 1 kg

Volume milliliters (ml) for liquidsCubic centimeters (cm3) for solids

1000 ml = ?

Density mass /volume units ?

Scientific NotationScientific Notation: A number written as

the product of a coefficient between 1 and 10 and a power of 10. 

U238 half life = 4.5 x 109 years

Diameter of an atom = 2.44 x 10-10 m 

4,500,000,000 years

0.00000000024 m

Practice:

3.5 x 103 = ______________

8.6 x 105 =_______________

7.4 x 102 =_______________

80,000 = 8 x 104

9500=

520,000,000 =

42,000,000,000,000=

Age of Earth 4,600,000,000 years

Step 1: Write this number in scientific notation:4.6 x109 years

Step 2: Write this in # of years (text):4.6 Billion Years

Scientific Notation on the ESRTPAGE 1

Temperature?

?

Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100%

accepted value

Accepted value = correct answer

Measured value = your data

PERCENT ERROR- -how wrong you are

How many Jelly Beans do you think there are in the jar. Measure with your eyes…There are __________ jellybeans.

Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100%

accepted value

Practice: A student measures a table to be 1.9m long.

In reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent error of the student?

2.0 – 1.9 X 100 = 5%2.0

A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If the actual length is 7.5m, the student’s percent error is?

7.5 – 6.9 X 100 = 8% 7.5

DensityDensity: a mass/volume ratio that does not

depend on size or shapelength= 10 cm mass:

240gwidth = 2 cmheight = 4 cm

Volume = ?Density = mass/volumeDensity = ?

Mass = 240 grams

10 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm = 80 cm3

240 g / 80 cm3 = 3 g/cm3

What if…?If we cut the block into several smaller pieces,

what would the density of each piece be compared to the original block’s density?

(1) Less(2) Greater(3) Equal

********* (3) EQUAL ***********

PracticeA student determines the mass of a rock to

be 196 grams, but the actual mass of the rock is 200 grams. The students approximate percent deviation (percentage of error) is

(1)1.0%(2)2.0%(3)1.5%(4)4.0%

Density, Temperature, and Volume

What happens to the air inside a balloon if we heated it?

What happens to the volume? What happens to the density?

What if we cool the air?

Draw a graph that represents this relationship.

More Density Notes:What happens to the density of this box if you

increase the size of the box (volume) from 80 cm3 to 100 cm3?

If the volume increases (and mass stays the same) density decreases.

You are dividing the mass by a larger number, thus density will decrease.

Ex. 240 grams/100 cm3 = 2.4 g/cm3

240 grams

Density versus Volume Density

VolumeAs volume increases (when mass is constant), density

decreases.

Volume Density

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP

What if you decrease volume?If I compress an object, what happens to it’s

density?

Which is more dense?

Which is more dense?

Which is more dense?

Which is more dense?

Average densities: -water = 1 g/cm3 at 4o C

*** below 4oC the density of water decreases. Above 4oC, the density of water increases

-Ice 0.5 g/cm3

-Earth = 5.5 g/cm3

-Saturn = 0.7 g/cm3

-human = ?

Grasping GraphingGraph: Visual display of information or data

A way to organize and arrange data to be easily understood

3 main graphs (used in science) are bar, line, & pie

Parts of a GraphIndependent variable = “x” axis Ex. Time- causes change in the dependent

variableDependent Variable = “y” axis Ex. Temperature- this experiences the result of

(or depends on) the independent variableTitle compares the dependent variable to the

independent (y versus x)

LINE GRAPHSData changes due to a relationshipEx. temperature changes over timeAverage Daily Temperature for January 1-7

in Degrees Fahrenheit Date Temperature (F)

1 102 253 304 425 236 257 40

BAR GRAPHSCompare information collected by countingFavorite Student After School ActivityActivity NumberVisit W/Friends 175Talk on Phone 168Play Sports 120Earn Money 120Use Computers 65

PIE CHART/CIRCLE GRAPHSlices represent percentages of the total

Graph Relationships:Direct: as x increases, y increases

Indirect: as x increases, y decreases 

Constant: as x increases, y stays the same

Cyclic: it repeats in a predictable pattern

Example: the tides due to moon’s gravityExample: temperature vs. time of day (see sheet)

 

Types of graphs:-line graphs

direct indirect or inverse cyclic

relationship relationship relationship

Rate of ChangeRate of Change: the amount of change in a

field that occurs over timeR.O.C =change / time

Example: 6 am temp = 55 °F 2 pm temp = 82 °F

Change in temp = 82-55 = 27 °F Change in time =8 hours

Rate of change = 3.4 °F/ hour

Rate of ChangeWhat is

the rate of change here?

example: From 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm the air temperature

falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of change for temperature during this time?

Rate of change =

In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change for the shoreline?

Rate of Change=

Presentation Conclusion

1.What is Earth Science2.Observations vs. Inference3.Metric Measurements4.Scientific Notation5.Percent Error6.Density7.Graphing8.Rate of Change