Unit V Study Guide

I. Label the diagram below. In addition, identify the ends of the nucleotide strands and indicate which nitrogen bases are purines and which are pyrmidines.

II. Identify the scientist(s) described below:_____________________________ 1. Identified DNA replication as semi-conservative

_____________________________ 2. Expert in x-ray diffraction whose photograph was used to determine DNA structure

_____________________________ 3. Conclusively identified DNA as genetic material of chromosome

_____________________________ 4. Chemically proved nitrogen base-pairing rules

_____________________________ 5. First observed transformation in bacteria

_____________________________ 6. Credited with discovering double-helix structure of DNA

_____________________________ 7. Used enzymes to prove transforming material was DNA

III. Use the following letters to label the diagram below. Each letter may be used more than once or not at all. Then complete the paragraph about replication.

A. 5’ end of daughter strandB. 3’ end of daughter strandC. 5’ end of parental strandD. 3’ end of parental strandE. DNA polymeraseF. where DNA ligase will unite piecesG. Okazaki fragment

DNA replication occurs in the _____________________ of eukaryotic cells during _________ phase of the cell cycle. First, the __________________

bonds between the __________________________ are split with the enzyme, ___________________________, opening the double helix at points

called __________________________________________. Another enzyme known as _________________________ makes small cuts in the DNA,

then re-joins them to alleviate twisting of the DNA ahead of the ___________________________ fork. After separation of the parental strands,

_____________________________________________ hold them apart to prevent the __________________ bonds from re-forming. The enzyme,

_______________________________________ then moves in nucleotides according to ____________________ rules, _____________ with

________________ and ___________________ with ____________________. Nucleotides can only be added to an existing strand of nucleotides, so

first the enzyme, __________________ adds a short ____________________ at the point where replication begins. Synthesis always occurs in a

_______ to _________ direction, so one new strand is synthesized continuously producing the ___________________ strand; however the other strand

is forming away from the _______________________________ fork. This strand is known as the _____________________ strand and it is synthesized

in short pieces known as ______________________________________________. The fragments are then joined together by the enzyme,

___________________________ to form a continuous strand of nucleotides. Another ___________________________________ follows and

proofreads the newly synthesized strand of nucleotides. Each time replication takes place, a small portion of DNA is left unreplicated due to

______________________________________________________________________________; thus, a small, single-stranded segment of DNA is lost

at the ______’ end of each newly-synthesized strand with each cell cycle. The integrity of the genetic material is preserved by sequences of non-coding

nucleotides at the tips of chromosomes known as ___________________________. As cells divide, the tips shorten, leading to cell ________________

and eventually, __________________________. Two types of human cells, __________________________ and _____________________________

produce an enzyme known as ________________________________ that lengthen the non-coding tips, essentially making these cells capable of

unlimited cell division.

IV. Vocabulary Check – Each choice is used one time.________ 1. Portion of DNA; codes for a trait________ 2. Another name for body cells________ 3. Term used to describe paired homologues in prophase I________ 4. Asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells

A. actinB. alleleC. autosomeD. binary fissionE. cell plateF. centriolesG. centromereH. centrosome

________ 5. Division of cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell division________ 6. Term used to describe any cell with homologous pairs; 2n________ 7. Attachment site on chromosome for spindle fibers________ 8. Composition of spindle fibers________ 9. Term used to describe fine strands of DNA & associated proteins seen during interphase________ 10. Specific phase of cell cycle in which DNA replicates________ 11. Structures found only in animal cells; play a role in division of DNA________ 12. Mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled growth________ 13. Photograph of chromosome pairs; used to diagnose chromosomal number disorders________ 14. Location of a gene on a chromosome________ 15. Longest portion of eukaryotic cell cycle; composed of G1, S, G2

________ 16. Location where sister chromatids are held together; point of closest contact________ 17. Term used to describe phase of cell cycle maintained by non-dividing cells________ 18. Enzyme-protein complex that regulates timing of cell cycle________ 19. Process characterized by 2 cell divisions; produces egg, sperm cells________ 20. Term used to describe exchange of genetic information that occurs in prophase I________ 21. Region in eukaryotic cells that produces spindle fiber apparatus________ 22. DNA and protein complex; humans have 46 in nucleus of body cells________ 23. Portion of eukaryotic cell cycle in which cell is actively growing, metabolizing________ 24. Pinching in of cell membrane seen in animal cells during late telophase________ 25. Egg or sperm cell________ 26. Identical strands of DNA________ 27. Period of cell cycle in which a cell prepares to divide, centrioles replicate________ 28. Construction of this occurs in cytokinesis in plant cells ________ 29. Asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells________ 30. Term used to describe cells with a single set of chromosomes; n________ 31. Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly in meiosis, mitosis________ 32. Pair of chromosomes containing same genes________ 33. Spread of cancer cells through circulatory, lymphatic system________ 34. Site of exchange of genetic information in crossing over________ 35. Any chromosome other than X and Y________ 36. Genetic make-up of an organism________ 37. Ability of bacteria to take up genetic material from environment________ 38. Microfilaments used to produce cleavage furrow________ 39. Proteins that hold sister chromatids, tetrads together________ 40. Different versions of a gene

V. Each diagram below represents the DNA content in a cell: One diagram shows the changes in the DNA content in a germ cell undergoing a meiosis One diagram follows the DNA content in a somatic cell during the mitotic cell cycle

1. Which letter represents G2 in a somatic cell?2. Which letter(s) represents separation of homologous pairs?3. Which letter(s) represents separation of sister chromatids?4. In both diagrams, which letter(s) represents time periods in which the cell is haploid?

VI. Chromosome Number - For a cell in which 2n = 4, provide the correct answers to the questions below.

1. How many chromosomes in the cell in prophase of mitosis?

2. How many chromosomes in the cell in prophase I of meiosis?

3. How many chromosomes in a cell in prophase II of meiosis (assuming cytokinesis is complete after meiosis I)?

4. How many chromatids in a cell in prophase of mitosis?

5. How many chromatids in a cell in prophase I of meiosis?

6. How many chromatids in a cell in prophase II of meiosis?

A. actinB. alleleC. autosomeD. binary fissionE. cell plateF. centriolesG. centromereH. centrosome

7. How many chromosomes in each cell produced from mitosis?

8. How many total cells are produced from the original cell in mitosis?

9. How many chromosomes in each cell produced from meiosis?

10. How many total cells are produced from the original cell in meiosis?

VII. Identification - The diagrams below show cells in various phases of mitosis and meiosis. If 2n = 4, identify the phase of mitosis or meiosis represented by each cell.

VIII. A COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

IX. CELL CYCLE CONTROLIdentify the checkpoint (G1, G2, or M) primarily associated with each of the following factors:

Density-dependent inhibition Alignment of sister chromatids at metaphase plate Proper replication of DNA Presence of growth factors Integrity of spindle apparatus Nutrient availability Damage to DNA Anchorage dependence Cell Size

X. CHI SQUARE PROBLEMS Record the null hypothesis Calculate Chi Square

Round to the nearest hundredth Determine the P value Interpret the results

1. A study was done on baboons in a zoo to determine if aggressive behavior decreased in response to lowered light intensity in their environment. Sixty baboons were used for the study. After collecting data in normal light, the baboons were then placed in dim light for a period of time. The test results are shown below. According to the results, is there a correlation between light intensity and aggressive behavior?

Light Condition Number of Baboons with Aggressive Behavior

Normal Light 42Dim Light 31

2. A scientist predicts that 25% of the kittens born in a particular breed of cat will be born with a congenital defect due to a recessive gene common to the breed. After surveying several litters, he determined that 44 out of 125 kittens had the defect. Is his hypothesis correct?

3. A particular school is considering replacing their traditional math textbook with a newer version. Data was collected from a random sample of 30 students using the traditional textbook based on performance on a state test. That data was compared with data collected from a random sample of students using the new textbook on the same state test. Both groups were taught by the same teacher. Based on the results, would you recommend the new math book?

Student Group Passed State Test Failed State TestNew Textbook 26 4Old Textbook 22 8

4. A penny is flipped 300 times with the following results: 162 Heads and 138 Tails. Do these results indicate the penny is a fair penny?

5. A student rolled a pair of dice 144 times to see if he could increase his chances of rolling a twelve by blowing on the dice first. Using this technique, he rolled a 12 five times. Did blowing on the dice make a significant difference? (Please recall: To determine the probability of rolling a 12, you need to calculate the probability of rolling a 6 with each dice, then multiply the two probabilities together.)