unit 7: bonding and naming. a quick review… atoms are electrically neutral ions charged particles...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 7: Bonding and Naming
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A Quick Review…
Atoms are electrically neutralIons
Charged particles
Anion Negative ion; gain electrons; nonmetals
Cation Positive ion; lose electrons; metals
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Unit 7 Objectives:
Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
Distinguish between ionic and molecular compounds
Name ionic and molecular compoundsWrite formulas for ionic and molecular
compounds
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Bonds
A valence electron from one atom is attracted to another atom’s nucleus
Remember… Everything wants a full valence shell Everything wants to have lower Kinetic Energy
Can tell the type using the atoms’ electronegativities, or by the type of atoms involved
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Ionic Bonds
Electrons are donated from one atom to the other
Very different electronegativities (difference is >1.7) One atom is MUCH more
attracted to electrons than the other
Which types of atoms are involved? Metals and non-metals – the
metal gives up electrons to the nonmetal
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Covalent Bonds
Electrons are “shared” by two atoms
Similar electronegativity values (difference < 1.7) Closer
electronegativities means more equal sharing
What types of atoms are involved? 2 nonmetals
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Covalent Bonds
Atoms always share pairs of electrons
Type of Bond Pairs SharedElectrons Shared
Single 1 2
Double 2 4
Triple 3 6
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Metallic Bonds
What type of atoms? 2 metals
Metal cations surrounded by a “sea of electrons”
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Determine the Bond Type
H-OH-ClNa-ClK-CrNa-BrC-H
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Types of Compounds - Ionic
Ionic Compounds Contain ionic bonds Electrically Neutral A metal is joined to a non-metal or a
polyatomic ionPolyatomic Ion
An ion made up of more than one element Covalently Bonded Almost always anions
Ex: SO42-
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Types of Compounds - Ionic
Law of Definite Proportions Small whole number ratios
The formula represents a formula unit (NOT a molecule)
Formula Units are always simplest ratio (REDUCE!)
Ions surround each other so you can’t see which is hooked to which
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Types of Compounds - Molecular
Contain covalent bondsNon-metals are joined to other non-metalsCalled molecules
Smallest electrically neutral unit that still maintains the properties of the substance
Can be one type of atom – O2
Can be a compound – CO2
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Distinguishing Between Ionic and Molecular
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Chemical Formulas
Show the kind and number of each type of atom in a compound
For molecules you can also say molecular formula
Subscripts are used to tell you if there is more than one of an atom. If there is only one, no subscript. NaCl, BaS CaCl2, C6H12O6
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Diatomic Elements
Some elements are never found as a single atomIf they aren’t bonded to another type of atom,
they bond to themselvesThere are 7:
1. Hydrogen (H2)
2. Nitrogen (N2)
3. Oxygen (O2)
4. Fluorine (F2)
5. Chlorine (Cl2)
6. Bromine (Br2)
7. Iodine (I2)
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Oxidation State
Remember the trend for the representative elements
Transition Metals don’t always have the same oxidation state
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Naming Ions
Two methods1. Classical Method – uses root word (in Latin) +
suffixes (-ous, -ic). Fe2+ = Ferrous Doesn’t give the true value Doesn’t work for everything
2. Stock System – uses Roman numerals in ( ) to indicate the numerical value.
Fe2+ = Iron (II) Much better because it works all the time.
We’ll use this one
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Roman Numerals
No, you don’t get these on the test…
Use with transition metals
Number Roman Numeral
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
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Naming Ions - Cations
Use the stock systemIf the charge is always the same
(representative elements, Cd, Ag, Zn), just say the name of the element followed by “ion” Example: Ca2+ = calcium ion
If it is a metal that varies (transitions, Sn, Pb) say the name of the element, the oxidation state as a Roman Number, followed by “ion” Example: Mb2+ = molybdenum (II) ion
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Naming Ions: Exceptions
Representative elements that need Roman Numerals Pb Sn
Transition metals that no not need a Roman Numeral (bc they always have the same oxidation state) Ag1+
Cd2+
Zn2+
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Naming Ions - Cations
Write the name of each cationNa1+
Ca2+
Al3+
Fe3+
Li1+
Pb2+
W6+
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Writing Formulas- Cations
Write the formula for each ion.Potassium IonMagnesium IonCopper (II) IonSilver IonMercury (II) IonChromium (VI) IonBarium Ion
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Naming Ions - Anions
Anions always have the same oxidation state (no need for Roman Numerals)
Change the ending of the element to –ide
Ex: F = FluorineF - = Fluoride Ion
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Naming Ions - Anions
Name the following ionsCl 1-
N 3-
Br 1-
O 2-
Ga 3+
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Writing Formulas - Anions
Write the formula for each ionSulfide IonIodide IonPhosphide IonStrontium Ion
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Polyatomic Ions
Ions containing more than 1 elementAlmost always anionsSee list on the back of your Periodic Table or
Packet
No, You need not memorize them
To name them, just check the list and use the name. No change to the ending
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Naming Ionic Compounds
Binary Compounds only have 2 elementsTo write the name, just name the 2 ions
NaCl - sodium chloride MgBr2 – magnesium bromide
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Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
A little harder with transition metals… Don’t forget the Roman numerals
Ex: CuO Overall, the compound is neutral We know O is 2- Copper must be 2+ Copper (II) Oxide
Ex: CoCl3 We know Cl is 1- and there are 3 of them That makes 3- Co must be 3+ Cobalt (III) Chloride
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A Few More Examples
Cu2S Sulfur is always: The Copper needs to add up to: There are 2 Copper atoms, so each one is: Name:
Fe2O3 Oxygen is always: There are 3 of them, which adds up to: The 2 Iron atoms should add up to: Each Iron is then: Name:
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Name some Binary Ionic Compounds
KClNa3NCrNSc3P2
PbOPbO2
Na2Se
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Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds
These have polyatomic ions. Name the cation, then name the polyatomic ion Ex: NaNO3
Na = Sodium NO3 = Nitrate Sodium Nitrate
The hardest part is remembering to check your list!
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Name the Ternary Ionic Compounds
LiCNFe(OH)3
(NH4)2CO3
NiPO4
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Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Remember, charges add up to ZEROGet the oxidation state of each pieceBalance charges out by adding subscriptsPolyatomic ions need ( ) if there is more than 1 of
itUse the criss-cross method
Make the oxidation state of one the subscript of the other. Like finding the least common multiple.
Calcium Chloride Ca2+ Cl 1-
CaCl2
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Write the formulas for these
Lithium SulfideTin (II) OxideTin (IV) OxideMagnesium FluorideCopper (II) SulfateIron (III) PhosphideGallium NitrateIron (III) SulfideAmmonium sulfide
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Keep in Mind…
If you see ( ) it’s telling you the oxidation state of the cation
Anions generally end in –ide if it’s an element, and –ate or –ite if it’s a polyatomic ion
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Molecular Compounds
Made of only Non-metalsElectronegativities are similar, they aren’t
being held together by opposite chargesThis means we can’t use the oxidation state
to see how many of each atom we haveThe name will tell you the amount of each
atom using prefixes
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Prefixes
1 Mono
2 Di
3 Tri
4 Tetra
5 Penta
6 Hexa
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nona
10 Deca
Yes, memorize these!!
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Naming Molecular Compounds
To write the name:Prefix + first element then Prefix + second element
Only one exception this time: if the prefix on the first element is “mono” we don’t write it
No double vowels (oa, oo) Rule of thumb: if it sounds weird, you need to drop a
vowel
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Name the Molecular Compounds
N2O
NO2
Cl2O7
CBr4
COBaCl2
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Write the Formulas for Molecular Compounds
Diphosphorous pentoxideTetraiodide nonoxideSulfur hexafluorideNitrogen trioxideCarbon trtrahydridePhosphorous trifluorideAluminum chloride
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Naming Acids
We will save the nomenclature for acids until we start talking about them.
For now, here are a couple you should know:
Acid Formula
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
Acetic Acid CH3COOH