metal n nonmetals

8/12/2019 Metal n Nonmetals

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METALS AND NON

METALS


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1a) Physical properties of metals :- Metals are solids. (except mercury)

Metals are hard. (except Lithium, Potassium, Sodium)

Metals have metallic lustre. (shine)

Metals are malleable. (can be beaten into thin sheets)

Metals are ductile. (can be drawn into wires)

Metals have high melting points. (Gallium and Ceasium

have low melting points. They melt in the palm of the

hand)

Metals have high boiling points.

Metals are good conductors of heat. ( Best conductors

are silver and copper. Poor conductors are Lead and

Mercury)

Metals are good conductors of electricity. ( Best

conductors are Silver and Copper)

Metals are sonorus. (produce sound when beaten)


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b) Physical properties of non metals :- Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases. (Solids

Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus etc. LiquidBromine,

GasesOxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen etc.) Non metals are soft. (except diamond which is the hardest

natural substance)

Non metals do not have lustre.( except iodine cryatals)

Non metals are not malleable.

Non metals are not ductile.

Non metals which are solids and liquids have low meltingpoints.

Non metals which are solids and liquids have low boiling

points. Non metals are bad conductors of heat.

Non metals are bad conductors of electricity. (exceptgraphite)

Non metals are not sonorus.


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2) Chemical properties of metals :-

i) Reaction with oxygen :-Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.

When copper is heated it combines with oxygen to form copper oxide.2Cu + O2 2CuO

When aluminium is heated it combines with oxygen to form aluminium

oxide. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3Some metal oxides are basic oxides because they react with water to

form bases.

4Na + O2 2Na2O

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH

K + O2 K2O

K2O + H2O 2KOH

Some metal oxides show acidic and basic properties. They are called

amphoteric oxides. Eg :- Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide etc.Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

(basic)

Al2O3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O

(acidic) (Sodium aluminate)


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The reactivity of different metals with oxygen is different :-

Metals like potassium and sodium react vigorously with

oxygen and catch fire if kept in open. Hence they are

stored in kerosene to prevent burning.

If magnesium is heated, it burns with a bright flame.

If iron is heated it glows brightly.

If copper is heated it does not burn but forms a black

coating of copper oxide.

Silver and gold does not react with oxygen even at high

temperature.

Some metals like magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead etc.

forms an oxide layer over it which prevents further

oxidation. They are called self protecting metals.


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ii) Reaction with water :-

Metals react with water to form metal oxides or metal hydroxides and

hydrogen.

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H22K + H2O 2KOH + H2Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H22Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + H23Fe + 4H2O Fe2O3 + 4H2

The reactivity of different metals with water is different :--Sodiumand potassium react violently with cold water to form sodium

hydroxide and hydrogen and catches fire.

- Calcium reacts less violently with water to form calcium hydroxide

and water and does not catch fire.

- Magnesium reacts only with hot water to form magnesium hydroxideand hydrogen.

- Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc react only with steam to form

the metal oxides and hydrogen.

- Metals like lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water.


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iii) Reaction with acids :-

Metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen.

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

2Al + 6 HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

The reactivity varies from metal to metal. For the abovemetals the decreasing order of reactivity is Mg > Al > Zn > Fe.

Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute HCl.

Hydrogen gas is not evolved when metals react with

nitric acid (HNO3) because it is a strong oxidising agent andit oxidises the H2produced to water and is itself reduced to

oxides of nitrogen.

3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO2


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iv) Reaction of metals with metal salt solutions :-

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt

solution. (Displacement reaction)

Magnesium displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu

Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.

Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu

after 1520 minutes


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3) Reactivity series of metals :-The arranging of metals in the decreasing order of their

reactivity is called reactivity series of metals.

K - Potassium Most reactiveNa - Sodium

Ca - Calcium

Mg - Magnesium

Al - AluminiumZn - Zinc Reactivity decreases

Fe - Iron

Pb - Lead

H - HydrogenCu - Copper

Hg - Mercury

Ag - Silver

Au - Gold Least reactive


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4) How do metals an non metals react ?Metals:-lose electrons and become positive ions. So they are

called electropositive elements.

Eg :- The atomic number of sodium is 11, its electronic configuration is

2,8,1, it has 1 valence electron. It loses 1 electron and forms a sodiumion Na +

Na Na + + 1 e-

AN = 11

EC = 2,8,1 2,8

Mg Mg 2+ + 2 e-

AN= 12EC = 2,8,2 2,8

Non metals:-gain electrons and become negative ions. So theyare called electro negative elements.

Eg:- The atomic number of chlorine is 17, its electronic configuration is

2,8,7, it has 7 valence. It gains 1 electron and forms a chloride ion Cl -Cl + 1 e- Cl -

AN = 17

EC = 2,8,7 2,8,8

O + 2e- O 2-

AN = 8

EC = 2,6 2,8


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5a) Formation of sodium chloride moleculeNaCl

Na . + Cl Na Cl NaCl

AN = 11 AN = 17

EC = 2,8,1 EC = 2,8,7

The atomic number of Na is 11, its electronicconfiguration is 2,8,1, it has 1 valence electron, it loses 1

electron to form Na +ion. The atomic number of Cl is 17, its

electronic configuration is 2,8,7, it has 7 valence electrons,

it gains 1 electron to form Cl -ion. Then the attraction

between the Na +ion and Cl -ion results in the formation of

sodium chloride moleculeNaCl.

xxx

x

xxx .

x

x x

x

x xx

+ -


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b) Formation of Magnesium chloride moleculeMgCl2Mg Mg 2+ + 2e -

AN = 12

EC = 2,8,2 2,8Cl + 1e - Cl -

AN = 17

EC = 2,8,7 2,8,8

Mg + Mg MgCl2

The AN of Mg is 12, its EC is 2,8,2, it has 2 valence electrons, it loses2 electrons to form Mg 2+. The AN of Cl is 17, its EC is 2,8,7, it has 7valence electrons, it gains 1 electron to form Cl -. Then the attractionbetween Mg 2+ ion and 2 Cl -ions results in the formation of Magnesium

chloride moleculeMgCl2.

.

.

xx

xx

x

xx

xx

xx

xxx

2+

-x

x xxx

xx

.

Cl

Cl-

x

x x x

xxx

.

Cl

Cl


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7a) Occurence of metals :-

Some metals like gold, silver, platinum etc are found in the free

state in the earths crust because they are least reactive. Most metals

are found as oxides, carbonates, sulphides, halides etc.Minerals:-are elements or compounds which occur naturally inside

the earths crust.

Ore:-is a mineral from which metals can be extracted profitably.

Gangue:-is the impurities present in the ore like rock particles,sand particles, clay particles etc.

b) Extraction of metals from their ores :-

Metals are extracted from their ores in three main steps. They are :-

i) Concentration of the ore (Enrichment of the ore).

ii) Reduction to the metal.

iii) Refining (Purification of the metal).

Concentration of the ore :-is the removal of gangue (impurities)

from the ore by different methods.


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8) Steps involved in the extraction of metals from their ores :-

Metals of Metals of Metals ofhigh reactivity medium reactivity low reactivity

Electrolysis of

molten ore Carbonate ore Sulphide ore Sulphide ore

Pure metal Calcination Roasting Roasting

Oxide of metal Metal

Reduction to metal Refining

Refining

Ore


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i) Extraction of metals low in the activity series :-

Metals which are low in the activity series can be

reduced to the metals by heating in the presence of oxygen

(Roasting).Eg :- Mercury is obtained from its ore Cinnabar (HgS)by

heating in the presence of oxygen. When it is heated in the

presence of oxygen it is first converted into mercuric oxide

(HgO) and on further heating it is reduced to mercury.2HgS + 3O2 2HgO + 2O2

2HgO 2Hg + O2

Copper is obtained from its sulphide ore (CuS) byheating in the presence of oxygen.

2CuS + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2

2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2

heat

heat

heat

heat


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ii) Extraction of metals in the middle of the activity series :

Metals in the middle of the activity series like Zn, Fe, Pb, are found as

oxide, sulphide or carbonate ores.

It is easier to obtain metals from their oxides than from theirsulphides or carbonates. So non oxide ores are converted into oxide

form before reduction. Non oxide ores can be converted into oxide form

by roasting or calcination.

Roasting :-is heating of an ore in the presence of oxygen. It is used to

convert suphide ores into oxide form.Eg :- 2 ZnS + 3O2 2 ZnO + 2SO2

Calcination :-is heating of an ore in the absence of oxygen. It is used to

convert sulphide ores into oxide form.

Eg :- ZnCO3

ZnO + CO2

The oxide ore is then reduced to the metal by heating with a reducing

agent. The most common reducing agent is coke (carbon).

Eg :- ZnO + C Zn + CO

heat

heat

heat


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Thermit reactions :-

Sometimes reactive metals like Na, Ca, Al etc. are used

as reducing agents to obtain metals from their oxides.

Eg :- 3MnO2 + 4Al Mn + 3Al2O3 + Heat

(Manganese (Manganese)

dioxide)

The reaction between metal oxides and aluminium is

highly exothermic and the metals are obtained in molten

state. Such reactions are called thermit reactions.

The reaction between iron oxide and aluminium

produces molten iron. This reaction is used to join rail

tracks, broken machine parts etc.

Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat


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GENERAL

GENERAL


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iii) Extraction of metals at the top of the activity series :-

Metals at the top of the activity series like K, Na, Ca, Al etc. cannot

be obtained from their ores by simple heating or by heating with

reducing agents. They are obtained by electrolytic reductionof their

molten chlorides.

Eg :- When electric current is passed through molten sodium

chloride, sodium metal is deposited at the cathode and chlorine gas is

deposited at the anode.

At cathode :- Na + + e - Na (Sodium metal)

At anode :- 2Cl - Cl2 + 2e-(Chlorine gas)


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9) Refining of metals :-The removal of impurities from the metal to obtain the pure metal is

called refining of metals.The most common method for refining of

metals is electrolytic refining.

In this method a block of the impure metal is made the anode and athin sheet of the pure metal is made the cathode. The electrolyte is a salt

solution of the metal to be purified.

Eg :- In the electrolytic refining of copper, a block of impure copper is

made the anode and a thin sheet of pure copper is made the cathode.

The electrolyte is acidified copper sulphate solution. When electriccurrent is passed through the electrolyte, pure copper from the anode is

deposited at the cathode and the impurities settle down as anode mud.

10 ) C i


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10a) Corrosion :-Corrosion is the damage caused to metals due to the reaction of metals

with oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide etc.

Eg :- Formation of brown coating of rust over iron.

Formation of green coating of basic copper carbonate over copper.Formation of black coating of silver sulphide over silver.

To show that air and moisture are necessary for the rusting of iron :-

Take three test tubes marked 1,2,3 and put iron nails in each of them. Put some

anhydrous calcium chloride in test tube 1 to absorb moisture. Pour some boiled distilled

water in test tube 2 and pour some oil over it to prevent air into the test tube. Pour some

water in test tube 3. Cork the test tubes and leave them for a few days. The nails in test

tube 1 does not get rusted because it had only air and no water. The nails in test tube 2

does not rust because it had only water and no air. The nails in test tube 3 gets rusted

because it had air and water.


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b) Prevention of corrosion :-Corrosion of metals can be prevented by :-

i) Applying oil or grease.

ii) Applying paint.

iii) By galvanisation. (Coating with zinc)

iv) By tinning. (Coating with tin)

v) By electroplating. (Coating a less reactive metal like chromium)

vi) By alloying. (Making alloys)

c) Alloy :-

An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with other metals or

non metal.

Eg :- Steeliron, carbon

Stainless steeliron, carbon, cobalt, nickel

Brasscopper, zinc

Bronzecopper, tin

SolderLead, tin (used for welding electrical wires together)

If one of the metals in an alloy is mercury, it is called an amalgam.

metal n nonmetals

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